Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Leishmania |
LeishmaniaNoun1. Flagellate protozoan that causes leishmaniasis. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| Domain | Definitions |
Health | A genus of flagellate protozoa comprising several species that are pathogenic for humans. Organisms of this genus have an amastigote and a promastigote stage in their life cycles. As a result of enzymatic studies this single genus has been divided into two subgenera: Leishmania leishmania and Leishmania viannia. Species within the Leishmania leishmania subgenus include: L. aethiopica, L. arabica, L. donovani, L. enrietti, L. gerbilli, L. hertigi, L. infantum, L. major, L. mexicana, and L. tropica. The following species are those that compose the Leishmania viannia subgenus: L. braziliensis, L. guyanensis, L. lainsoni, L. naiffi, and L. shawi. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Cutaneous infections shown with obvious skin reactions. Most common is the Oriental Sore (l. major. l. tropica and l. aethiopica; all are Old World). The common New World cutaneous culprits are l. mexicana and l. viannia braziliensis.
Mucocutaneous (espundia) infections will start off as a reaction at the bite, and can go metastasis in to the mucus membranes and be fatal.
Visceral infections (a l. donovani exclusive)are often recognized with with fever, weight loss, swelling of the liver and spleen and anaemia. An important aspect to the life of the Leishamania protozoan is its glyconjugate layer of lipophosphoglycan (LPG). Held together with a phopshoinosite membrane anchor; tripartite structure, it consists of a lipid domain, a neutral hexasaccharide core and a phosphorylated galactose-mannose, with a termination in a neutral cap. Not only do the little unfriendlies not develop post-phlebotmus digestion but, it is thought to be essential to oxidative bursts, thus allowing passage for infection. Along with oxidative bursts, the parasites destroy macrophages through acidification and digestion. Chararacteristics of digestion include an endosome fusing with a lysosome, releasing acid hydrolases which degrade DNA, RNA, proteins and carbohydrates.
The origins of leishmania is a well thought out subject. One scientist suggested a palaearctic migration of leishmania into the New World. This is much like the palaearctic migration of human across the Bering Strait land bridge. Most of both theories concur. In the theory, the reservoirs are humans and rats. The humans migrate in North America and South America and leishmania picks up its current New World vectors in their respective ecologies. This is the cause of the epidemics now evident. One recent New World epidemic (an area being studied by Auburn University's Laboratory of Animal Health, including the author's mother) concerns foxhounds of Tennessee. The study is being done as these words are written.
Leishmania currently effects 12 million people in 88 countries. Visceral infections are most common in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal and Sudan. Mucocutaneous infections are most common in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru. Cutaneous infections are most common in Afghanistan, Brazil, Iran, Peru, Saudi Arabia and Syria. Treatments of the disease generally involve a solution containing antimony. A solution which breaks down the LPG is also a form of treatment being looked at. Those who feel they are infected should seek immediate attention. Transmission is intravenous, with the aid of sand flies and needle-sharing drugs users. Most at risk are humans infected with HIV, canines and rodents.
There are 37 different species, including:
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Leishmania."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| LeIF | English | Leishmania eukaryotic initiation factor | Medicine |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonym: LeishmaniaSynonym: genus Leishmania (n). (additional references) |
Crosswords: Leishmania |
| English words defined with "Leishmania": genus Leishmania ♦ leishmaniasis, leishmaniosis. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "Leishmania": Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania donovani, Leishmania enriettii, Leishmania guyanensis, Leishmania infantum, Leishmania major, Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania tropica, Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous, Leishmaniasis, Visceral, Leishmaniavirus ♦ Trypanosomatina. (references) |
| Domain | Title |
Books | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Skin touch preparation showing Leishmania tropica amastigotes. Intact macrophage is practically filled with amastigotes, several of which have a clearly visible nucleus and kinetoplast (arrows). Parasite.Credit: CDC. |  | Histopathology of leishmaniasis of subcutaneous tissue due to Leishmania donovani. Parasite.Credit: CDC. |
 | Histopathology of leishmaniasis of skin due to Leishmania brasiliensis. Parasite.Credit: CDC. |  | Leishmania donovani in bone marrow cell. Smear. Parasite.Credit: CDC. |
 | Leishmania donovani, leptomonad forms. Parasite.Credit: CDC. |  | Leishmania tropica, leptomonad form. Parasite.Credit: CDC. |
 | Leishmania tropica, leptomonad form. Parasite.Credit: CDC. |  | Bone marrow smear showing Leishmania donovani parasites in a bone marrow histiocyte from a dog (Giemsa stain).Credit: CDC. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease that is transmitted by sandflies and caused by obligate intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Leishmania" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 66.67% of the time. "Leishmania" is used about 3 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (proper) | 66.67% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Noun (singular) | 33.33% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 3 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "Leishmania": genus Leishmania ♦ Leishmania braziliensis ♦ Leishmania donovani ♦ Leishmania enriettii ♦ Leishmania guyanensis ♦ Leishmania infantum ♦ Leishmania major ♦ Leishmania mexicana ♦ Leishmania tropica. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
leishmania | 79 |
leishmania mexicana | 9 |
leishmania donovani | 7 |
leishmania braziliensis | 6 |
leishmania tropica | 5 |
brazilensis leishmania | 2 |
braziliensis cutaneous leishmania leishmaniasis | 2 |
amastigotes leishmania | 2 |
exon leishmania mini | 2 |
leishmania lpg | 2 |
brasilensis leishmania | 2 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "Leishmania"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||
Danish | leishmaniosis cutanea (caneotica, Leishmania tropica, leishmaniose), orientbyld (Aleppo boil, Bagdad boil, caneotica, cat-boil, Delhi boil, Delhi sore, Deli fever, Leishmania tropica, leishmaniose, oriental boil, oriental sore), aegyptisk furunkulose (Egyptian furunculosis, Leishmania furunculosis). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
Dutch | leishmania furunculosa (Egyptian furunculosis, Leishmania furunculosis), caneotica (caneotica, Leishmania tropica, leishmaniose). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
French | cutanée de Crète (Leishmania tropica, leishmaniose), bouton des pays chauds (Leishmania furunculosis). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
German | caneotica (caneotica, Leishmania tropica, leishmaniose), aegyptische Furunkulose (Egyptian furunculosis, Leishmania furunculosis). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
Greek | αιγυπτιακή δοθιήνωσις (Egyptian furunculosis, Leishmania furunculosis), τροπική ή δοθιηνογόνος λεισμανία (caneotica, Leishmania tropica, leishmaniose). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
Italian | leishmaniosi cutanea (Aleppo boil, Bagdad boil, cat-boil, cutaneous leishmaniasis, Delhi boil, Delhi sore, Egyptian furunculosis, Leishmania furunculosis, oriental boil, Oriental sore), foruncolosi dei paesi caldi (Egyptian furunculosis, Leishmania furunculosis). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | eishmanialay furunculose egípcia (Egyptian furunculosis, Leishmania furunculosis). (various references) leishmaniosis (caneotica, Leishmania tropica, leishmaniose), leishmaniasis (Bombay boil, caneotica, Leishmania tropica, leishmaniasis, leishmaniose), furunculosis egipcia (Egyptian furunculosis, Leishmania furunculosis). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "Leishmania": leishmanial, leishmanias, leishmaniases, leishmaniasis. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-e-h-i-i-l-m-n-s" | |
-2 letters: alienism, mainsail. | |
-3 letters: amnesia, anemias, animals, haemins, inhales, laminae, laminas, malaise, malines, manilas, menials, mislain, seminal. | |
-4 letters: aaliis, ahimsa, aliens, alines, almahs, almehs, amines, anemia, animal, animas, animes, animis, ashman, ashmen, elains, emails, haemal, haemin, halmas, hamals, hansel, hemins, hiemal, imines, inhale, inmesh, inseam, lamiae, lamias, lamina, lanais, lemans, liaise, lianas, lianes, limans. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-e-h-i-i-l-m-n-s" | |
+1 letter: leishmanial, leishmanias. | |
+3 letters: leishmaniases, leishmaniasis. | |
+5 letters: machinabilities, mechanistically, thermalizations. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)4C 65 69 73 68 6D 61 6E 69 61 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).-.. . .. ... .... -- .- -. .. .- |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001100 01100101 01101001 01110011 01101000 01101101 01100001 01101110 01101001 01100001 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)L e i s h m a n i a |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)004C 0065 0069 0073 0068 006D 0061 006E 0069 0061 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)46717585747967807567 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Photo Album 6. Quotations: Non-fiction 7. Usage Frequency 8. Expressions | 9. Expressions: Internet 10. Translations: Modern 11. Abbreviations 12. Acronyms | 13. Derivations 14. Anagrams 15. Orthography 16. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
