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King

Definition: King

King

Noun

1. A male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom.

2. A competitor who holds a preeminent position.

3. A very wealthy or powerful businessman: "an oil baron".

4. United States woman tennis player (born in 1943).

5. United States guitar player and singer of the blues (born in 1925).

6. United States Baptist minister and charismatic civil rights leader who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968).

7. One of the four playing cards in a deck bearing the picture of a king.

8. Weakest but most important chessman.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "king" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references)

 

Specialty Definition: King

DomainDefinition

Satire

KING, n. A male person commonly known in America as a "crowned head," although he never wears a crown and has usually no head to speak of. A king, in times long, long gone by, Said to his lazy jester: "If I were you and you were I My moments merrily would fly -- Nor care nor grief to pester." "The reason, Sire, that you would thrive," The fool said -- "if you'll hear it -- Is that of all the fools alive Who own you for their sovereign, I've The most forgiving spirit." Oogum Bem KING'S :EVIL:, n. A malady that was formerly cured by the touch of the sovereign, but has now to be treated by the physicians. Thus 'the most pious Edward" of England used to lay his royal hand upon the ailing subjects and make them whole -- a crowd of wretched souls That stay his cure: their malady convinces The great essay of art; but at his touch, Such sanctity hath Heaven given his hand, They presently amend, as the "Doctor" in Macbeth hath it. This useful property of the royal hand could, it appears, be transmitted along with other crown properties; for according to "Malcolm," 'tis spoken To the succeeding royalty he leaves The healing benediction. But the gift somewhere dropped out of the line of succession: the later sovereigns of England have not been tactual healers, and the disease once honored with the name "king's evil" now bears the humbler one of "scrofula," from scrofa, a sow. The date and author of the following epigram are known only to the author of this dictionary, but it is old enough to show that the jest about Scotland's national disorder is not a thing of yesterday. Ye Kynge his evill in me laye, Wh. he of Scottlande charmed awaye. He layde his hand on mine and sayd: "Be gone!" Ye ill no longer stayd. But O ye wofull plyght in wh. I'm now y-pight: I have ye itche! The superstition that maladies can be cured by royal taction is dead, but like many a departed conviction it has left a monument of custom to keep its memory green. The practice of forming a line and shaking the President's hand had no other origin, and when that great dignitary bestows his healing salutation on strangely visited people, All swoln and ulcerous, pitiful to the eye, The mere despair of surgery, he and his patients are handing along an extinguished torch which once was kindled at the altar-fire of a faith long held by all classes of men. It is a beautiful and edifying "survival" -- one which brings the sainted past close home in our "business and bosoms.". Source: Devil's Dictionary.

Bible

King is in Scripture very generally used to denote one invested with authority, whether extensive or limited. There were thirty-one kings in Canaan (Josh. 12:9, 24), whom Joshua subdued. Adonibezek subdued seventy kings (Judg. 1:7). In the New Testament the Roman emperor is spoken of as a king (1 Pet. 2:13, 17); and Herod Antipas, who was only a tetrarch, is also called a king (Matt. 14:9; Mark 6:22). This title is applied to God (1 Tim. 1:17), and to Christ, the Son of God (1 Tim. 6:15, 16; Matt. 27:11). The people of God are also called "kings" (Dan. 7:22, 27; Matt. 19:28; Rev. 1:6, etc.). Death is called the "king of terrors" (Job 18:14). Jehovah was the sole King of the Jewish nation (1 Sam. 8:7; Isa. 33:22). But there came a time in the history of that people when a king was demanded, that they might be like other nations (1 Sam. 8:5). The prophet Samuel remonstrated with them, but the people cried out, "Nay, but we will have a king over us." The misconduct of Samuel's sons was the immediate cause of this demand. The Hebrew kings did not rule in their own right, nor in name of the people who had chosen them, but partly as servants and partly as representatives of Jehovah, the true King of Israel (1 Sam. 10:1). The limits of the king's power were prescribed (1 Sam. 10:25). The officers of his court were, (1) the recorder or remembrancer (2 Sam. 8:16; 1 Kings 4:3); (2) the scribe (2 Sam. 8:17; 20:25); (3) the officer over the house, the chief steward (Isa. 22:15); (4) the "king's friend," a confidential companion (1 Kings 4:5); (5) the keeper of the wardrobe (2 Kings 22:14); (6) captain of the bodyguard (2 Sam. 20:23); (7) officers over the king's treasures, etc. (1 Chr. 27:25-31); (8) commander-in-chief of the army (1 Chr. 27:34); (9) the royal counsellor (1 Chr. 27:32; 2 Sam. 16:20-23). (For catalogue of kings of Israel and Judah see chronological table in Appendix.). Source: Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary.

Dream Interpretation

To dream of a king, you are struggling with your might, and ambition is your master.
To dream that you are crowned king, you will rise above your comrades and co-workers.
If you are censured by a king, you will be reproved for a neglected duty.
For a young woman to be in the presence of a king, she will marry a man whom she will fear. To receive favors from a king, she will rise to exalted positions and be congenially wedded. Source: Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted ....

Literature

King The Anglo-Saxon cyng, cyning, from cyn a nation or people, and the termination- ing, meaning "of," as "son of," "chief of," etc. In Anglo-Saxon times the king was elected on the Witena-gemòt, and was therefore the choice of the nation.
The factory king. Richard Oastler, of Bradford, the successful advocate of the "Ten Hours' Bill" (1789-1861).
Ré Galantuomo (the gallant king), Victor Emmanuel of Italy (1820-1878)
King
A king should die standing. So said Louis XVIII. of France, in imitation of Vespasian, Emperor of Rome. (See Dying Sayings Louis XVIII.)
Like a king. When Porus, the Indian prince, was taken prisoner, Alexander asked him how he expected to be treated. "Like a king," he replied; and Alexander made him his friend.
Pray aid of the king. When someone, under the belief that he has a right to the land, claims rent of the king's tenants, they appeal to the sovereign, or "pray aid of the king." Source: Brewer's Dictionary.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: British monarchy

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The British monarch or sovereign is the head of state of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, and is the source of all executive, judicial and (as the Queen-in-Parliament) legislative power. The monarch is also Supreme Governor of the Church of England as well as Head of the Commonwealth and head of state of 15 other Commonwealth Realms. Although the monarch plays an important ceremonial role, in practice the United Kingdom uses the Westminster system of constitutional monarchy, so the power of the monarch in British politics is greatly limited by convention.


Queen Elizabeth II

There are two situations in which the monarch may have political power. By convention, the monarch dissolves parliament and issues a writ for new elections at the request of the Prime Minister, however it is an open question as to whether the monarch must always grant such a dissolution. Another possible situation is if no party gains a majority in Parliament. The monarch would by convention offer the post of Prime Minister to the head of the party most likely to form a government, but it is possible that this may not be the party with the most seats.

The monarch must formally assent to all acts of Parliament before they can become law. Royal assent is given in Norman French by a representative of the monarch. The last time royal assent was withheld was by Queen Anne. Although there is a popular consensus in support of the continuing existence of the monarchy, there is a wide belief that this would rapidly change were the monarch to exercise power in opposition to the democratically elected government.

The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II (since February 6 1952) and the Heir Apparent is Charles, Prince of Wales (son of the Queen, born November 14 1948). Although Charles is the formal heir-apparent, there has been continuing speculation that when the Queen dies or abdicates then the crown will pass not to Charles, but to his eldest son. Advocates for this suggest that Charles is unsuitable as a monarch because of his divorce from Diana, Princess of Wales. There is also a large Royal Family made up of the Queen's other children and cousins.

The present monarch's style is Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.

Succession to the British throne is restricted to Protestant descendants of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, with male heirs having precedence over females, and those who have married a Roman Catholic excluded, though there have been moves to amend these restrictions in recent years.

Labour minister Lord Williams of Mostyn said in 1998 that the government would like to change the law to give equal precedence regardless of sex. However, the government also believes that such a change would take up a lot of parliamentary time, and would require the approval of the other countries of which the British monarch is head of state. Despite public calls for change by two female cabinet ministers, Patricia Hewitt and Tessa Jowell, no moves have yet been taken.

The Guardian newspaper has campaigned in recent years for an abolition of the restriction on non-Protestants from succeeding to the throne. It argues that the restriction may be incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights, which is now part of British law. A "ten minute rule" bill to overturn this restriction was introduced in the British House of Commons by Labour MP Kevin McNamara in 2001, and won a symbolic victory when forced to a vote, but did not become law.

Upon the death of a Monarch, an Accession Council meets at St James's Palace. Attending are the members of the House of Lords, Privy Counsellors, the Lord Mayor of London, Aldermen of the City of London, and High Commissioners of Commonwealth countries. The Council makes a proclamation declaring the death of the previous monarch and names the individual who is to succeed to the Crown. The proclamation is then read aloud at various places in London, Edinburgh, Windsor, and York.

See also

External links

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Chakri dynasty

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Chakri dynasty ruled Thailand after king Taksin was declared mad in 1782. The name Chakri derived from the name Phya Chakri which Rama I, the first king in the dynasty, had while he was a general in Taksin's army.

Kings of the Chakri Dynasty

External link

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Charles I of England

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles I (November 19, 1600 - January 30, 1649) was King of Scotland, England, and Ireland (March 27, 1625 - January 30, 1649), and is most notable for being the only British monarch to be overthrown and beheaded. He was the son and successor of James VI and I.


Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland

Born at Dunfermline Palace (his father at this time being King of Scotland but not yet of England), he was an underdeveloped child (he is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as Britain's shortest king) and was not regarded with the same confidence as his elder brother, Henry, Prince of Wales. However, when Henry died of typhoid in 1612, Charles suddenly found himself the heir to two thrones and was created Prince of Wales in 1616. He was greatly influenced by his father's favourite, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, who took him on an expedition to Spain in 1623 to look for a suitable bride; the quest was unsuccessful, because the Spanish demanded he convert to Roman Catholicism.

He came to the throne while much of Europe was moving towards domination by all-powerful monarchs, such as Louis XIV of France. Charles would attempt to pursue similar policies but would be limited by a robust parliamentary opposition. There was widespread opposition to many of Charles' actions. These included the use of the Court of the Star Chamber to suppress dissent; a policy of taxation without the approval of Parliament; and a religious policy that was seen by the Puritans as attempting to bring the Anglican Church closer to Roman Catholicism.

Marriage

On June 13, 1625 he married Henrietta Maria de Bourbon, daughter of King Henry IV of France. Together, they had nine children, four sons and five daughters.:

Although the marriage seems to have been a successful one, it was never popular with the British people.

Conflict with Parliament

Conflict with Parliament became intense over the issue of the Huguenots. The expedition to relieve La Rochelle under Buckingham had been disastrous. The Commons passed resolutions against arbitrary taxes, and arbitrary arrest, and passed the Petition of Right. Buckingham was assassinated by John Felton on August 23 1629. Parliament tried to pass further motions obnoxious to the king, and was dissolved on March 29 1629. The years that followed were called the Personal Rule or the eleven years' tyranny. Charles was barely able to keep government functioning without further taxes being voted, and was forced to rely on inventive methods of raising finance. One of these was ship money.

After the death of Buckingham, two new men assumed growing importance in the government: Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford and William Laud. Laud, made archbishop of Canterbury, was instrumental in a policy of imposing a strict conformity on the Church: but it was a conformity in line with his Arminianism, and was met with continued hostility by the Puritans. England, however, remained quiet and even prosperous, until Charles tried in 1637 to impose this same conformity on the Scots.

The result was the revival of the National Covenant and the first of the Bishops' Wars, which ended in a humiliating truce for Charles on June 18 1639. It was in order to raise money to subdue the Scots that he was forced to take the fateful step of recalling Parliament in April 1640. This Short Parliament proved unamenable to Charles's wishes, and was dissolved on May 5. After another defeat in Scotland, Charles was once again persuaded to recall Parliament.

This Long Parliament soon brought matters to a head, and took measures which both threatened Charles's political position and caused him deep personal grief. Wentworth was impeached, and, that having failed, executed by bill of attainder. Laud was imprisoned and was executed at a later time. Charles was forced into one concession after another - the affirmation of Presbyterianism in Scotland and the abolition of ship money and the Star Chamber. But he could not agree to the Militia Bill, which would have taken control of the army from him. The threat of this and attacks on Henrietta Maria, led him to try and seize control of events by seizing the persons of five members of Parliament identified as the key ringleaders. By violating Parliament with an armed force, he made the breach permanent. It was no longer safe for him to be in London, and he went north; the Queen went abroad.

Civil War

The English Civil War had not yet started, but both sides began to arm. After futile negotiations Charles raised the royal standard (an anachronistic medieval gesture) in Nottingham on August 22 1642. Charles set up court at Oxford, from where his government controlled roughly the north and west of England, Parliament remaining in control of London and the south and east. The war went on indecisively through 1643 and 1644, until the Battle of Naseby tipped the military balance decisively in favour of Parliament. There followed the Siege of Oxford, from which Charles escaped in April 1646. He put himself into the hands of the Scottish Presbyterian army at Newark, who delivered him to Parliament as part of a deal in January 1647. He was imprisoned at Holdenby House in Northamptonshire, until cornet George Joyce took him by force to Newmarket in the name of the army. At this time, mutual suspicion had developed between the army and Parliament, a suspicion that Charles was eager to exploit.

He was then transferred first to Oatlands and then to Hampton Court, where more involved but fruitless negotiations went on. He was persuaded that it would be in his best interests to escape - perhaps abroad, perhaps to France, or perhaps to the custody of Robert Hammond, Parliamentary governor of the Isle of Wight. He decided on the last course, believing Hammond to be sympathetic, and fled on November 11. Hammond, however, was appalled and confined him in Carisbrooke Castle.

Here he continued to try and bargain with the various parties, eventually coming to terms with the Scottish Presbyterians that he would allow the establishment of Presbyterianism in England as well as Scotland for a trial period. The Royalists rose in July 1648, and the Scots invaded. When the Scottish armies were finally defeated at the Battle of Preston, pressure grew in the army for Charles to be put on trial.

Trial and Execution

This was a novel idea; monarchs had been deposed before, but never brought to trial as monarchs. The leaders of the plan believed the king had to die, but were determined that this would be no act done in a corner. Instead Charles, as King of England, would face a show trial. On January 20, 1649, the trial began. Many of the famous names of the opposition to his name refused to have any part in it; he was tried by an illegal parliament of 135 members. His trial lasted from January 19 to January 27, 1649. He was convicted of treason against the state by 68 votes that found him guilty to 67 votes for acquittal. Some sources claim that the deciding vote belonged to Cromwell who chose to vote last.

Charles was beheaded on January 30, 1649 by Richard Brandon, a professional hangman, in front of the Banqueting House at the Palace of Whitehall. His death warrant refers to him as "Charles Stuart, King of England". The execution was not greeted with any enthusiam, but by near silence. In an unprecidented gesture, Cromwell allowed the king's head to be sewn back on his body so the family could pay its respects. King Charles I is buried in the Henry VIII vault at Windsor Castle.

Parliament asserted its legal authority even over the monarch, rather than claiming that he was no longer king. Oliver Cromwell would soon become Lord Protector of England, a position which made him a virtual dictator.

Commemoration

There are several Episcopalian churches dedicated to Charles I as "King and Martyr," in England, Canada, and the United States of America. A commemoration of Charles I was added to the Book of Common Prayer by Charles II upon the Restoration, observed on January 30. The commemoration was removed by order of Queen Victoria in her capacity as head of the Church of England.

Restoration of the Monarchy

In the Restoration, his eldest surviving son regained the thrones of Scotland, England, and Ireland as Charles II.

Quotations

Preceded by:
[[James I of England|James I of England/
James VI of Scotland]]		 List of British monarchs Succeeded by:
Oliver Cromwell

Fiction

The TV special "Blackadder: The Cavalier Years" features a surreal version of the events leading to his execution.

Charles's life has more often been treated seriously in novels and plays and on film.

See Also

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Charles II of England

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles II (May 29, 1630 - February 6, 1685) was King of England, Scotland and Ireland (proclaimed by monarchists January 30, 1649; assumed throne at the restoration May 29, 1660 - February 6, 1685).

Childhood

Charles was the eldest son of King Charles I of England and Queen Henrietta Maria, born at St James's Palace. Although he took the title of Prince of Wales, he was never formally invested with it, partly because of the English Civil War that was brewing during his childhood and broke out violently in 1642. By the time his father, the King, was executed on January 30, 1649, Charles had only just reached maturity (though he already had considerable military experience). He had been forced to flee to France in 1646.


Charles II
King of England, Ireland and Scotland

King of the Scots

Charles lived for some time in The Hague with his remaining family. Shortly after his father's death, on February 5, 1649 with his declaration as King of Scotland in Edinburgh he had been given the opportunity to acquire the throne of Scotland, on the understanding that he would sign the Scottish Covenant. He did this upon his arrival in Scotland on the June 23, 1650. As a result, on January 1, 1651, he was crowned King of Scots at Scone. It was in Scotland that he found the support he needed to mount a serious challenge to Oliver Cromwell. This ended after his own defeat at the Battle of Worcester in 1651, following which Charles is said to have hidden in an oak tree at Boscobel House, subsequently escaping to the continent in disguise.

He remained abroad, living a rather licentious life and fathering numerous illegitimate children (350 or so by rumour), who included James, Duke of Monmouth, born in 1649 to a Welsh noblewoman, Lucy Walter, whom Charles was alleged to have secretly married.

Restoration of the Monarchy

After Richard Cromwell's resignation in 1659 and the civil and military unrest that followed, General George Monck sent a delegation to Charles in Holland, headed by Thomas Fairfax to negotiate terms under which Monck would support Charles' return as King, resulting in the 1660 Declaration of Breda. As a result, the Convention Parliament declared Charles to be King on May 8, 1660.

Charles set out of England, arriving on May 23, 1660, reaching London on May 29, 1660 which is considered the day of his restoration to the throne. Charles was crowned king at Westminster Abbey on 23 April, 1661.

Although Charles granted an amesty to Cromwell's supporters in the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, this was not extended to those judges and officials involved in his father's trial and execution. Nine (ten?) of these regicides were hanged, drawn and quartered in 1660, nineteen were given life imprisonment, and others fled overseas. Three of these were extradited and hanged in 1662. In addition, the bodies of Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton and John Bradshaw were exhumed and hung in chains at Tyburn, while the body of Admiral Robert Blake was exhumed from Westminster Abbey and dumped in a common grave.

The period following the "Restoration" of the monarchy became a recognisable period of English history, characterised by the rebuilding of London following the great plague of 1665 and Great Fire of London in 1666. Theatres reopened with women eventually allowed to perform on stage and the Church of England became more liberal after the severe restrictions of Cromwell's administration. Charles himself became known as "The Merry Monarch".

Finance, France and Catholicism

Parliament granted Charles a lifetime revenue. In return Charles gave up the remaining mediaeval rights including knight service and feudal dues from wardships.

To raise cash, in 1662 Charles sold Dunkirk to France for 40 000 pounds. In 1667 he was responsible for appointing George Downing, (the builder of Downing Street,) to radically reform the Treasury and the collection of taxes. And, in a secret protocol to the 1670 Treaty of Dover he received French financial assistance in exchange for his agreement to "declare himself a Catholic as soon as the welfare of his realm will permit". When the protocol later became known, it seriously compromised Charles, losing him the nation's trust, though it did recover in the 1680s.

Politics

During the early years of his reign, Charles's chief advisor was Edward Hyde, whom he created Earl of Clarendon in 1661. Clarendon was also the father-in-law of Charles's younger brother, the Duke of York. However, by 1667, after the disastrous Second Anglo-Dutch War, Clarendon had fallen out of favour and was sent into exile. Clarendon was replaced by a quintet of advisors: Clifford, Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, Ashley and Lauderdale, whose initials are believed by some to be the origin of the term cabal. There was considerable religious controversy, even within this small group, and the groundswell of opinion in the country reached an anti-Catholic climax with the discovery of the so-called "Popish Plot", the invention of a charlatan, Titus Oates.

Charles II dissolved the Cavalier Parliament on January 24, 1679.

Charles continued to keep mistresses, the most famous of whom was the actress, Nell Gwyn. Others included Louise de Keroualle (Duchess of Portsmouth), and Barbara Villiers (Duchess of Cleveland and Countess of Castlemaine). In 1662, he had married Catherine of Braganza, a Portuguese princess, which gave him posession of Bombay and Tangier. However their marriage was childless, resulting in some uncertainty about the succession when he died of a stroke at the Palace of Whitehall. He converted to Roman Catholicism on his deathbed. He was succeeded by his younger brother as James II of England and James VII of Scotland. In 1692 Catherine moved to Spain.

The illegitimate children of Charles II

Charles left no legitimate heirs but fathered an unknown number of illegitimate children. He acknowledged 14 children to be his own, including Barbara Fitzroy who almost certainly wasn't his child.

By Lucy Walter (1630-1658):

James Crofts "Scott" (1649-1685), created James, Duke of Monmouth (1663)
Mary Crofts. (c. 1693) Not acknowledged. She married a William Sarsfield and later a William Fanshaw and became a faith healer operating in Covent Garden.

By Elizabeth Killigrew (1622-1680):
Charlotte Jemima Henrietta Maria Boyle, "Fitzcharles" 1650-1684

By Catherine Pegge, Lady Green:
Charles Fitzcharles (1657-80), known as "Don Carlos", created Earl of Plymouth (1675)
Catherine Fitzcharles (born 1658, died young)

By Barbara Palmer (1640-1709) (nee Villiers), Countess of Castlemaine and Duchess of Cleveland:
Anne Palmer (Fitzroy) (1661-1722)
Charles Fitzroy(1662-1730) created Duke of Southampton (1675), Duke of Cleveland (1709)
Henry Fitzroy (1663-90), created Earl of Euston (1672), Duke of Grafton (1709)
Charlotte Fitzroy (1664-1718), Countess of Lichfield
George Fitzroy (1665-1716), created Earl of Northumberland (1674), Duke of Northumberland (1683)
Barbara (Benedicta) Fitzroy (1672-1737) - She was acknowledged as Charles' daughter, but was probably the child of John Churchill, later Duke of Marlborough

By Eleanor "Nell" Gwynne (c.1642-1687)
Charles Beauclerk (1670-1726), created Duke of St Albans
James Beauclerk (1671-1681)

By Louise Renée de Penancoet da Kéroualle (1648-1734), Duchess of Portsmouth (1673)
Charles Lennox (1672-1723), created Duke of Richmond (1675)

By Mary 'Moll' Davis:
Mary Tudor (1673-1726)

Other mistresses
Hortense Mancini, Duchess of Mazarin
Winifred Wells - one of the Queen's Maids of Honour
Mrs Jane Roberts - the daughter of a clergyman
Mary Killigrew - the widowed Countess of Falmouth
Elizabeth Fitzgerald, Countess of Kildare
Frances Stuart, later Countess of Lichfield

Preceded by:
Richard Cromwell 		List of British monarchs Succeeded by:
James II of England/
James VII of Scotland

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles II of England."

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Charles XIV of Sweden

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Karl XIV Johan
'Carl III Johan
ReignFebruary 5, 1818-March 8, 1844
CoronationOn May 11, 1818 in Sweden.
On September 7, 1818 in Norway.
Royal motto "Folkets kärlek min belöning"
("The love of the people my reward ")
QueenDesirée Clary
Royal HouseBernadotte
PredecessorCharles XIII, as the Swedish title and
Carl II, as the Norwegian title.
SuccessorOscar I of Sweden and Norway
Date of BirthJanuary 26, 1763
Place of BirthPau, France
Date of DeathMarch 8, 1844
Place of DeathRoyal Palace in Stockholm
Place of BurialRiddarholmskyrkan, Stockholm

Charles XIV, Karl XIV Johan, or Carl III Johan, (1763-1844), king of Sweden and Norway, born at Pau, France on January 26, 1763. Original name Jean Baptiste Bernadotte, created Prince of Ponte Corvo by Napoleon in 1806. He was the son of Henri Bernadotte (1711 - 1780), procurator at Pau, and Jeanne St. Jean (1725 - 1809). The family name was originally Deu Pouey, but was changed into Bernadotte at the beginning of the 17th century. Bernadotte’s christian names were Jean Baptiste; he added the name Jules subsequently.

Military career

Bernadotte entered the French Army on September 3, 1780, and first saw service in Corsica. On the outbreak of the French Revolution his eminent military qualities brought him speedy promotion. In 1794 we find him as brigadier attached to the army of the Sambre Ct. Meuse, and after Jourdan’s victory at Fleurus (26 June 1794) he became a general of division. At the battle of Theiningen (1796), Bernadotte contributed, more than any one else, to the successful retreat of the French army over the Rhine after its defeat by the Archduke Charles of Austria. In 1797 he brought reinforcements from the Rhine to Bonaparte’s army in Italy, distinguishing himself greatly at the passage of the Tagliamento, and in 1798 served as ambassador to Vienna, but had to quit his post owing to the disturbances caused by his hoisting the tricolour over the embassy.

On 16 August 1798 he married Desirée Clary (1777 - 1860), the daughter of a Marseilles banker, and sister of Joseph Bonaparte’s wife Julie Clary. From July 2 to September 14 he was minister of war, in which capacity he displayed great ability. About this time he held aloof from Bonaparte, but though he declined to help Napoleon in the preparations for the coup d’état of November 1799, he accepted employment from the Consulate, and from April 1800 to August 18, 1801 commanded the army in the Vendée.

On the introduction of the Empire Bernadotte became one of the eighteen Marshals of France, and, from June 1804 to September 1805, he acted as governor of the recently-occupied Hanover. During the campaign of 1805, Bernadotte with an army corps from Hanover co-operated in the great movement which resulted in the shutting up of Mack in Ulm. As a reward for his services at Austerlitz (December 2, 1805) he became Prince of Ponte Corvo (June 5, 1806), but during the campaign against Prussia, in the same year, was severely reproached by Napoleon for not participating with his army corps in the battles of Jena and Auerstädt, though close at hand. In 1808, as governor of the Hanseatic towns, he was to have directed the expedition against Sweden, via the Danish islands, but the plan came to nought because of the want of transports and the defection of the Spanish contingent. In the war against Austria, Bernadotte led the Saxon contingent at the Battle of Wagram (6 July 1809), on which occasion, on his own initiative, he issued an order of the day attributing the victory principally to the valour of his Saxons, which order Napoleon at once disavowed.

Offer of the Swedish throne

Bernadotte, considerably piqued, thereupon returned to Paris, where the council of ministers entrusted him with the defence of the Netherlands against the English. In 1810 he was about to enter upon his new post of governor of Rome when he was, unexpectedly, elected heir to King Charles XIII of Sweden, partly because a large part of the Swedish Army, in view of future complications with Russia, were in favour of electing a soldier, and partly because Bernadotte was very popular in Sweden, owing to the kindness he had shown to the Swedish prisoners during the late war with Denmark. The matter was decided by one of the Swedish couriers, Baron Karl Otto Mörner, who, entirely on his own initiative, offered the succession to the Swedish crown to Bernadotte. Bernadotte communicated Mörner's offer to Napoleon, who treated the whole affair as an absurdity. Bernadotte thereupon informed Mörner that he would not refuse the honour if he were duly elected. Although the Swedish government, amazed at Mörner's effrontery, at once placed him under arrest on his return to Sweden, the candidature of Bernadotte gradually gained favour there, and, on August 21, 1810, he was elected Crown Prince.


Charles XIV

Crown Prince and Regent

On the November 2 Bernadotte made his solemn entry into Stockholm, and on the November 5 he received the homage of the estates and was adopted by Charles XIII under the name of "Charles John". The new crown prince was very soon the most popular and the most powerful man in Sweden. The infirmity of the old king and the dissensions in the Privy Council placed the government, and especially the control of foreign affairs, entirely in his hands. The keynote of his whole policy was the acquisition of Norway and Bernadotte proved anything but a puppet of France. In 1813 he allied Sweden with Napoleon's enemies Great Britain and Prussia of the Sixth Coalition, in order to secure this. After the defeats of Lützen (2 May 1813) and Bautzen (21 May 1813), it was the Swedish crown prince who put fresh heart into the allies; and at the conference of Trachenberg he drew up the general plan for the campaign which began after the expiration of the truce of Plaswitz. Charles John, as commander-in-chief of the northern army, successfully defended the approaches to Berlin against Oudinot in August and against Ney in September; but after Leipzig he went his own way, determined at all hazards to cripple Denmark and secure Norway.

King of Sweden and Norway

As unional king, Charles XIV John, who succeeded to that title in 1818 following the death of Charles XIII, was popular in both countries. Though his ultra-conservative views were detested, and as far as possible opposed, especially after 1823, his dynasty was never in serious danger, and Swedes and Norwegians alike were proud of a monarch with a European reputation. It is true that the Riksdag of the Estates of 1840 meditated compelling him to abdicate, but the storm blew over and his jubilee was celebrated with great enthusiasm in 1843. His reign saw the completion of the southern Göta kanal begun 22 years earlier to link Lake Vänern to the sea at Söderköping 180 miles to the east. Though he converted from Catholicism to the Lutheranism of the Swedish court on his adoption, he never learned to speak Swedish or Norwegian.

He died at Stockholm on March 8, 1844. His reign was one of uninterrupted peace, and the great material development of the two kingdoms during the first half of the 19th century was largely due to his energy and foresight. He was succeeded by his son, Oscar I of Sweden and Norway.

See also

External links

References

Preceded by:
Charles XIII of Sweden
Carl II of Norway 		List of Swedish monarchs
List of Norwegian monarchs 		Succeeded by:
Oscar I

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles XIV of Sweden."

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Edward VI of England

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Edward VI (October 12, 1537 - July 6, 1553) was King of England from January 28 (crowned at Westminster Abbey on February 20), 1547 to July 6,1553.


Edward VI
King of England, Ireland and France

Edward VI, the only surviving son of King Henry VIII was England's first protestant king. Though his father had broken the link between English Catholicism and Rome, it was in Edward's reign that the decisive move was made from catholicism to a form of protestantism which came to be known as Anglicanism.

Edward VI was born on October 12, 1537, the son of Jane Seymour, who died a few days later. The boy's father, Henry VIII, was delighted by his birth, but devastated by the death of his third wife. Henry had long hoped for a male heir, but the boy turned out to be sickly (in fact, Edward suffered from congenital syphilis, passed on by his father) and he was not expected to have a long life, leading Henry to re-marry quickly in the hope of fathering more healthy children.

When Edward came to the throne at age nine, his uncle, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset (1506 - 1552), became regent, consigning the boy to a purely ceremonial role. The story of Edward's reign is that of a number of nobles attempting to take over as Lord Protector. Somerset was removed from office by the efforts of John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and later Duke of Northumberland. The latter took power, and Seymour was executed for treason. The other major figure of Edward's reign was Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, who forged ahead with the Protestant impetus begun during the reign of Edward's father. The first prayer book in English was published in 1548 - the Book of Common Prayer.

By the time of his death, on July 6, 1553, Edward was enough the master of his own destiny to have concerns about the succession. He had been brought up a Protestant and had no wish to see England revert to Catholicism. This led him to support the claim to the throne of Northumberland's daughter-in-law and puppet, Lady Jane Grey, against his own half-sister, Mary.

King Edward VI is buried at Westminster Abbey.

He is the subject of historical fiction novel "The Prince and the Pauper"- 1881 by Mark Twain. Edward is the Prince of the title.The Pauper is Tom Canty, a look-alike of Edward born in a poor family of London on the same day as Edward: October 12, 1537. The book at first examines their parallel lives, one in poverty and one in riches, until the fatal day that the two boys meet and end up changing places for a while between January 27 and February 20 of 1547. Edward is introduced to the life of poverty and to social injustice and Tom to the thrown and the intrigues of the court. The boys change places again on the day of Edward's coronation. Tom stays by Edward's side as a favorite of the young King who now has a stronger sense of responsibility to his poor subjects for the rest of his short life.

Preceded by:
Henry VIII		 List of British monarchs Succeeded by:
(Jane)

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Edward VI of England."

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George I of Great Britain

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

George I of Great Britain (May 28, 1660 - June 11, 1727) was the first Hanoverian king of Great Britain (as well as King of Ireland) from August 1, 1714, to June 11, 1727. George, unlike most British kings in the past 300 years, did not speak English -- he spoke German and was ridiculed by many of his subjects for this and the harem of German women he maintained, earning him the nickname Geordie Whelps.


George I
King of Great Britain, Ireland
Elector of Hanover

George was born on May 28, 1660 in Hanover, Germany, and was the son of the Electress Sophia of Hanover who was a granddaughter of King James I of England. In 1682, he married Sophia, Princess of Zelle, and they had two children.:

George was elector of Hanover from 1698 until his death in 1727.

George divorced Sophia in 1694 for committing adultery with Count von Konigsmarck.He had her imprisoned in the Castle of Ahlden, where she remained until her death in 1726.

George's mother died only a few weeks before her cousin, Queen Anne of Great Britain, and thus it was George who inherited the throne on Queen Anne's death on August 1, 1714. The Hanoverian ruling family were the closest Protestant relatives, but they faced opposition from supporters of the Stuart pretender. An unsuccessful rebellion took place in 1715, in an attempt to put James Francis Edward Stuart, the son of King James II of England on the throne. See Jacobitism.

George never learned to speak English properly, and divided his time between Britain and his other territory of Hanover. He had a poor relationship with his own son, George, who was created Prince of Wales shortly after arriving in Britain. The birth of a second grandson in 1717 was the occasion for a family quarrel, and the Prince of Wales was banished from the royal residence along with his wife and children. Some reconciliation was eventually achieved, but they were never on cordial terms.

George I died at Osnabrück in 1727 from a stroke while on his way to Hanover, where he was buried. His son succeeded him as King George II of Great Britain. George's remains were shifted to the Schloss Herrenhausen after World War II.

Preceded by:
Anne 		List of British monarchs Succeeded by:
George II

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "George I of Great Britain."

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George III of the United Kingdom

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

George III (June 4, 1738 - January 29, 1820), the third king of the House of Hanover, ruled the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland (from 1801 a single kingdom known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) and was also King of Hanover from October 25,1760 until his death on January 29, 1820. During his reign, however, his son, the Prince of Wales, later King George IV, ruled the country as regent briefly in 1787-1788 and again from February 5, 1811 to January 29, 1820, after the king was rendered mentally incapable by illness (now thought by many to have been porphyria).


George III
King of Great Britain, Ireland until 1800
King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1801
King of Hanover

Reign

George III's reign saw the revival of two-party politics after half a century of Whig dominance of political life, the expansion and subsequent loss of most of Britain's colonies in North America, protracted war with France and the beginning of the most rapid phase of British industrialisation.

Whig political supremacy under the earlier Hanoverians was challenged by the king's promotion of supporters of greater royal control of government, who came to be styled Tories (the name attached to earlier opponents of the Whigs in 1680-1715). The Whigs subsequently became the party increasingly of the country's newer commercial and industrial interests, becoming in the latter stages of the reign the party of limited social and political reform.

During his early reign, George III appointed a rapid succession of Prime Ministers, many of them favorites and not fully qualified for the position. This beauracratic instability led to denouncements of George by the Whig party as an autocrat seeking to follow in the footsteps of Charles I of England.

Under William Pitt the Elder Britain won the Seven Year's War (known as the French and Indian War in North America), and Britain acquired all of France's possessions on the North American mainland, including French Canada, and the Ohio Valley area. However, winning the war plunged Britain deep into a debt so large that at one point almost half of the national revenue went merely towards paying interest on it. The problem of resolving this debt would indirectly lead to the American Revolution.

The king's experiment (1770-82) in government through the ministry of Lord North ended in the disastrous loss in the American War of Independence (1775-83) of the thirteen British North American colonies which became the United States of America.

Partly as a consequence of this, the British Government claimed Australia as the new place of penal servitude of convicts, a purpose that America had served up to that time. The eastern two-thirds of Australia had been claimed by Captain James Cook as a British possession in 1770. The first settlement was set up in Sydney in 1788.

The subsequent premiership of William Pitt, the Younger (1783-1801 and 1804-06) started the restoration of Britain's fortunes and the successful prosecution (largely through subsidies to European allies) of war with revolutionary and Napoleonic France (1793-1802 and 1803-1814) and the final defeat of Napoleon I in 1815.

Founded largely on technical advances in cotton manufacture from the 1760s onwards, Britain's industrialisation took off with the revival of trade in the 1780s, transforming the country within half a century from a predominantly rural society still earning its principal income from agriculture into the "workshop of the world" through its reliance on steam power and factory production.

Family

He was the son of Frederick, Prince of Wales and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, and grandson of King George II.Among his siblings was Princess Caroline Matilda, who became Queen of Denmark and Norway for a few years. His first cousin , and Caroline's husband, was Christian VII of Denmark, who also had psychological problems, though these differed from that of George.

He married Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in 1761 and they had nine sons and six daughters.:

Queen Charlotte herself died in November 17, 1818.

George is alleged to have married a Quakeress named Hannah Lightfoot in April 17, 1759, prior to his marriage to Charlotte in 1761. If such a marriage did exist, then his marriage to Charlotte was bigamous and all of George's successors have been usurpers. Some documents said to have supported the existence of this marriage were impounded in 1866 and studied by the Attorney-General. These are now in the Royal Archives in Windsor Castle, and their contents have never been made public.

Later Years

In 1811, George became permanently insane , something that was probably triggered by the death of his youngest and favorite daughter, Princess Amelia, from erysipelas. His son, George, Prince of Wales, took over ruling Great Britain as Regent for the rest of George's reign.

King George III died in 1820 at Windsor Castle and was buried at St George's Chapel, Windsor. He was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV.

General Notes

The movie The Madness of King George explored the period of his life in the 1780s when he had his first bout of madness.

Preceded by:
George II 		List of British monarchs Succeeded by:
George IV

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "George III of the United Kingdom."

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George V of the United Kingdom

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

His Majesty George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert Windsor, né Wettin) (3 June 1865-20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (from 1927, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) and Emperor of India from 6 May 1910 until his death. He was the first British monarch of the House of Windsor.


George V
King of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

His Royal Highness Prince George Frederick Ernest Albert of Great Britain and Ireland was born at Marlborough House in London, the second son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales and his wife, Princess Alexandra of Denmark. As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was no expectation that Prince George of Wales, as he was then styled, would take the throne. His elder brother, Prince Albert Victor, later Duke of Clarence and Avondale, known to the family as "Eddy," was second in line to the throne. As children, the two boys were very close and were sent away together to naval college as a way of finishing their education, but their characters were very different. Eddy was unstable -- possibly even mentally retarded -- whilst George had inherited the steady, dutiful disposition of his grandmother, Queen Victoria.

After becoming engaged to marry his second cousin, Her Serene Highness Princess Victoria Mary ("Princess May") of Teck (26 May 1867-24 March 1953), the Duke of Clarence died suddenly leaving Prince George directly in line for the throne. On 24 May 1892, Queen Victoria created Prince George Duke of York, Earl of Inverness, and Baron Killarney. He married his late brother's fiancée Princess May on 6 June 1893 in the Chapel Royal at St. James's Palace. The Duke and Duchess of York lived mainly at York Cottage, Sandringham House, a relatively small house where their way of life was almost that of an ordinary family. However, they set very high standards for their children, of whom they had six, five boys and a girl:

In the Duke and Duchess of York there was a genuine love match. Indeed the couple were so devoted that they could not bear to spend a day apart; whenever they were separate, they wrote to each other several times daily.

Following his father's accession to the throne on 22 January 1901, George, as the surviving son of the new British Sovereign, automatically became Duke of Cornwall in the peerage of England and Duke of Rothesay in the peerage of Scotland. For much of 1901, he was known as His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall and York. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 9 November 1901, titles which he held until his father's death on 6 May 1910, when he succeeded to the throne.

King George V and Queen Mary were crowned at Westminster Abbey on 22 June 1911. They were subsequently enthroned as Emperor and Empress of India at New Delhi on 11 December 1911.

As king and queen, George and Mary saw Britain through World War I, a difficult time for the royal family as they had many German relatives. Although a female-line great granddaughter of King George III, Queen Mary was the daughter of the Duke of Teck, a morganatic scion of the Royal House of Württemberg. King George's paternal grandfather was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha; the King and his children bore the titles Prince and Princess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Duke and Duchess of Saxony. The German Emperor Wilhelm II, who was widely despised by the British public, was the king's first cousin, "Willy." The King had brothers-in-law and cousins who were British subjects but who bore German titles such as Duke and Duchess of Teck, Prince and Princess of Battenberg, Prince and Princess of Hesse and By Rhine, and Prince and Princess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenberg. On 20 July 1917, George V issued an Order in Council that changed the name of the British Royal House from the German-sounding House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to the House of Windsor, to appease British nationalist feelings. He specifically adopted Windsor as the surname for all descendants of Queen Victoria then living in the United Kingdom, excluding females who married into other families and their descendants. (By doing so, he resolved the issue of whether the Royal Family had the personal surname, and if so, what it might be.) Finally, he relinquished, on behalf of his various relatives who were British subjects, the use of all German titles and styles and adopt British-sounding surnames. George V compensated serveral of his male relatives by creating them British peers. Thus, overnight his cousin, Prince Louis of Battenberg, become Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford-Haven, while his brother-in-law, the Duke of Teck, became Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge. Others, such as Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein and Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, simply stopped using their territorial designations. In Letter's Patent dated 30 November 1917, the King restricted the style Royal Highness and the titular dignity of Prince or Princess of Great Britain and Ireland to the children of the Sovereign, the children of the sons of the Sovereign, and the eldest living son of the eldest living son of a Prince of Wales. The Letters Patent also stated that "the titles of Royal Highness, Highness or Serene Highness, and the titular dignity of Prince and Princess shall cease except those titles already granted and remaining unrevoked." Finally, relatives of the British Royal Family who fought on the German side, such as Prince Ernst August of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale (the senior male-line great grandson of George III) and Prince Carl Eduard, 2nd Duke of Albany and the reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (a male line grandson of Queen Victoria), were simply cut off; their British peerages suspended by a 1919 Order in Council under the provisions of the 1917 Title Deprivation Act.

Following the war, George's health began to deteriorate. He had always had a weak chest, and this weakness was exacerbated by his heavy smoking. But he managed to see the silver jubilee of his reign, in 1935, by which time he had become a well-loved king. He died on 20 January 1936, at Sandringham House and is buried at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. He was succeeded by his eldest son, who became King Edward VIII.

King George also reigned as king in many states, including the Irish Free State, becoming 'King of Ireland' under the Royal Titles Act. An astute judge of people, he once advised Ireland's High Commissioner in London to send a personal message from him to Eamon de Valera: "Don't make so many promises. They are so damned difficult to carry out." "Too true", de Valera is supposed to have remarked with a laugh. "I could do with someone like His Majesty in my cabinet!"

George was a well-known stamp collector, and played a large role in building the Royal Philatelic Collection into the most comprehensive assemblage of United Kingdom and Commonwealth stamps in the world, in some cases setting record purchase prices for items. His enthusiasm for stamps, though denigrated by the intelligentsia, did much to popularize the hobby.

Note

[1] King George V's original surname may have been Wettin and the Royal House name was Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. In 1917, both the dynastic name and personal surname were changed to Windsor due to their German origins (because the UK was at war with Germany). The actual surname that may have borne by Ernestine branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is not clear.

Preceded by:
Edward VII 		List of British monarchs Succeeded by:
Edward VIII

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "George V of the United Kingdom."

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Hawaiian monarchy

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The united Hawaiian monarchy lasted from 1810 until 1893, and included eight kings and queens.

Kamehameha I ruled the island of Hawaii. With the assistance of Western ships and cannons he was able to bring the entire island chain under his rule. He then gave his kingdom the name of his native island, Hawaii.

The monarchy ended when Lili'uokalani was deposed by a republican revolution led by Sanford Dole in 1893 as part of a struggle over the future of the islands. Dole became President of Hawaii, and began to campaign for a political union with the United States.This eventually lead to the 1897 treaty of annexation, under which the U.S. took "all rights of sovereignty of whatsoever kind in and over the Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies." The treaty was signed by American ministers.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Hawaiian monarchy."

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Henry III of France

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henri III (September 19, 1551 - August 2, 1589) was King of France from 1574 to 1589.

- King Henri III -

Henri was born Edouard-Alexandre at the Royal Palace of Fontainbleau, Seine-et-Marne, the son of King Henri II and Catherine de Medici. He was elected king of Poland in 1573 but shortly after, at the death of his brother Charles IX, he returned to France. He was crowned King of France in 1575 in the cathedral at Reims.

Prior to ascending to the throne, he was a leader of the royal army in the French Wars of Religion against the Protestants. While still duke, he aided his mother in the massacre of the Huguenots on Saint Bartholomew's Day and his reign as king would see France in constant turmoil over religion.

In 1576, King Henri III signed the Edict of Beaulieu granting minor concessions to the Protestants. His action resulted in the Catholic extremist Henri, Duke of Guise, forming the Catholic League. After much posturing and negotiations King Henri III was forced to rescind most of the concessions made to the Protestants in the Edict of Beaulieu.

In 1584 the king's brother and heir presumptive died. Under the Salic Law, the next heir to the throne was Protestant Henri of Navarre, a descendant of St. Louis. Under pressure from the Duke of Guise, head of the Catholic League, Henri III issued an edict suppressing Protestantism and annulling Henri of Navarre's right to the throne.

On May 12, 1588 Henry III fled Paris after Henry of Guise entered the city.

On December 23, 1588, in the Chateau Blois, the Duke of Guise arrived in the council chamber where his brother the Cardinal waited. He was told that the King wished to see him in the private room adjoining the King’s bedroom. There, guardsmen murdered him, and then the Cardinal. In order to make sure that no contender for the French throne was free to act against him, the king had the Duke’s son imprisoned. Though deceitful and cruel, the Duke of Guise was highly popular in France and the citizenry turned against the king for the murders. The French Parliament instituted criminal charges against the king, and he fled Paris to join forces with Henry of Navarre.

On August 1, 1589, Henri III, lodged with his army in Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine, prepared to attack Paris when a young fanatical monk named Jacques Clément, carrying false papers, was granted access to deliver important documents to the king. The monk gave the king a bundle of papers and stated he had a secret message to deliver. The king signaled for his attendants to step back for privacy and Clément whispered in his ear while plunging a knife in his stomach. At first the wound did not appear fatal but the King commanded all his officers around him that in the event he did not survive, they were to be loyal to Henri of Navarre as their new king. The following morning, King Henri III of France died, the day he was to have launched the assault to retake Paris.

Although he had been married on February 13, 1575 to Louise de Lorraine-Vaudémont, and expected to produce an heir, the homosexual King Henri III was not highly respected by the citizens or the nobility as he paraded around dressed in women's clothes, accompanied by a number of youthful male attendants referred to as his mignons (darlings).

Henri III was interred in the Saint Denis Basilica. Childless, he was the last of the Valois kings.

Henri of Navarre succeeded him as Henri IV, the first of the Bourbon kings.

Preceded by:
Charles IX 		List of French monarchs Succeeded by:
Henry IV

Preceded by:
Sigismund II of Poland 		List of Polish rulers Succeeded by:
Stephen Bathory

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry III of France."

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House of Savoy

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The House of Savoy was a dynasty of nobles who traditionally had their domain in Savoy (a small region between Piedmont, Italy, and France).

They became Kings of Sardinia and later of Italy.

Their Kingdom ended with the referendum by which Italians chose the republic as the form of state - see also birth of the Italian Republic. Under the Constitution of the Italian Republic, male descendants of the House of Savoy were forbidden from entering Italy. This provision was removed in 2002.

The house descended from Humbert I, Count of Sabaudia (or "Maurienne") (italian Umberto I "Biancamano", (1003-1047 or 1048), and includes the Counts of Savoy, the Dukes of Savoy, the Kings of Sardinia, and the Kings of Italy. Piedmont was later joined with Sabaudia, and the name evolved into "Savoy" (Italian "Savoia").

Counts of Savoy

Main Branch

Dukes of Savoy

Kings of Sardinia

Savoy-Carignano Branch

Kings of Italy:

Heads of the House of Savoy since 1946:

See also: Lists of incumbents, President of Italy

Name of the dynasty: Real Casa di Savoja.

Motto: FERT

The Motto is believed an acronym of
but others suggest:

Titles of the Crown at the time of Vittorio Amedeo III:

VITTORIO AMEDEO III, per la grazia di Dio Re di Sardegna, Cipro e Gerusalemme; Duca di Savoja, Monferrato, Chablais, Aosta, e Genevese; Principe di Piemonte ed Oneglia; Marchese d'Italia Saluzzo, Susa, Ivrea, Ceva, Maro, Oristano, Sezana; Conte di Moriana, Geneva, Nizza, Tenda, Asti, Alessandria, Goceano; Barone di Vaud e di Faucigny; Signore di Vercelli, Pinerolo, Tarantasia, Lumellino, Val di Sesia; Principe e Vicario perpetuo del Sacro Romano Imperio in Italia.

External links

  1. Brief history of the House with a picture of coat-of-arm
  2. Genealogy of recent members of the House

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "House of Savoy."

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James II of England

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

James II of England (James VII of Scotland), James Stuart, (October 14, 1633 - September 16, 1701), was a King of England, Scotland and Ireland, and the first Catholic monarch for 97 years, since Mary I of England.

Childhood

The third son of King Charles I, James was born at St. James's Palace in 1633 and created Duke of York in January 27, 1644. He spent much of his early life in exile, following the execution of his father during the English Civil War. James himself was rescued from confinement at St. James's Palace in London in April 1648 and was taken, in disguise, to The Hague. In 1652, he became an officer in the French army and saw active service under the Vicomte de Turenne. James's exile on the continent exposed him to Roman Catholicism, and he and his first wife eventually converted to that religion. Unfortunately for him, the English people viewed Catholicism with great fear and mistrust.


James II
King of England, Ireland
James VII
King of Scotland

Return from exile

Despite his Catholicism, James returned from exile with his older brother Charles II to great popular joy. There was at this time little prospect of his becoming king, Charles being still a young man and more than capable of fathering legitimate children (in view of the number of illegitimate ones he already had). James reclaimed the title Duke of York. As Lord High Admiral, he commanded the navy and defeated the Dutch at the Battle of Lowestoft (1665). However, he suffered when the king was forced to introduce the Test Act of 1673, removing Catholics from official positions. For a period between 1679 and 1681, he remained in Scotland, where the religious controversy was made even more complex by the strength of the Presbyterians. James's activities there resulted in his becoming extremely unpopular.

Succession

When Charles died without a legitimate child, in his fifties, James was next in line for the thrones of both England and Scotland.

He succeeded on the throne on February 6, 1685. He was crowned on April 23, 1685, at Westminster Abbey. However, he never took the Scottish coronation oath.

Catholicism

Many people in Britain were extremely concerned about a Catholic monarch. Attempts had already been made, unsuccessfully, to exclude him from the succession. The first challenge to his kingship came as soon as June 11, 1685, when James, Duke of Monmouth, an illegitimate son of King Charles II and a Protestant, arrived in the West Country and proclaimed himself king. He was defeated at the Battle of Sedgemoor on July 5 and executed at the Tower of London a few days later.

Despite the lack of popular support for Monmouth, the public's fears remained and were compounded by James's efforts to secure religious tolerance for all minorities, including Catholics, and by his apparent preference for Catholic officials, especially in Ireland. Public opinion became even more concerned when James tried to create a standing army. The activities of his officials, such as the notorious Judge Jeffreys (who had been responsible for rounding up Monmouth's supporters in the south-west), added to James's reputation for cruelty and thoughtlessness.

William of Orange

The dissatisfaction with James led to a conspiracy to replace him with his estranged daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, both dedicated Protestants. When James's queen gave birth to a living male heir, Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, the matter became urgent.

In 1688 William landed in England with a large Dutch army, the English army deserted to his side, and James was left with no supporters and forced to flee the country. Parliament decided that James's flight was an abdication of the throne, and it therefore gave William and Mary the legal right to assume power. This coup d'état cemented the primacy of parliament over monarch and became known as The Glorious Revolution or the "Bloodless" Revolution - though it was not the latter.

On December 11, 1688 he was allowed to flee Britain, an event that effectively ended his reign there. The Parliament of England declared his abdication on January 28, 1689. The Estates of Scotland followed on April 11, 1689. He continued to reign in Ireland until the Battle of the Boyne on July 1, 1690.

James was given a pension by King Louis XIV of France, and lived in the royal château at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. For the rest of his life, James fought in France and Ireland, attempting to retake his throne. He was little more than a pawn in the great series of intrigues between Louis and William. His apparently cowardly behaviour after a succession of Jacobite defeats in Ireland (culminating in the Battle of the Boyne) won him no friends.

He never officially abdicated and continued to claim the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland until his death.

Marriage

James married twice, firstly Anne Hyde in Breda on Nov 24, 1659. Anne has the distinction of being the last Englishwoman to marry the heir to the English throne before Lady Diana Spencer. She was the daughter of Edward Hyde, later Earl of Clarendon. Despite her respectable parentage, she was not considered a suitable wife, and the marriage was kept secret until Anne was visibly pregnant; in all they had eight children, but only two daughters survived.:

Lady Anne died on March 31,1671. On November 21, 1673, James married Marie Beatrix d'Este, Princess of Modena, by whom he had six children.:

James also had a number of illegitimate children, mostly by his long-standing mistress, Arabella Churchill. These included James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick and Henry FitzJames, 1st Duke of Albemarle.

Death

On September 16, 1701, James died in exile at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, France. He is buried in the Church of Saint-Germain, at Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

Miscellaneous

James was responsible for the last major redevelopments at the Palace of Whitehall prior to its destruction by fire.

External links

Preceded by:
Charles II 		List of British monarchs Succeeded by:
William III & Mary II jointly

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "James II of England."

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King

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

simple:King

People whose surname is or was King include:

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "King."

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King (chess)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The king is a piece in the game of chess. The king represents the prize the opposition seeks to win. If the king is threatened and cannot escape capture, the king is said to be in checkmate and the game is lost. Each player starts with his king in the middle of his first rank, between the queen and the king's bishop. In algebraic notation, the white king starts on e1 and the black king on e8.

A king can move one square in any direction (horizontally, vertically, and diagonally as shown at left), except that it may not move onto a square that is under attack by an enemy piece. As with most pieces, it captures by moving onto a square occupied by an enemy piece. Also, in conjunction with a rook, the king may make a special move called castling.

If an opponent's move places the king under attack, it is said to be in check, and the player in check is required to immediately remedy this situation by moving the king, capturing the attacking piece, or interposing a piece between the king and the attacking piece. If none of these three options are possible, the player has been checkmated and loses the game.

A player may not make any move that leaves his king exposed to attack. If the king is not under attack, and all available moves for that player would place the king under attack, then that player has been stalemated and the game is drawn.

In the opening and middlegame, the king rarely plays an active role, instead seeking safety on the edge of the board behind friendly pawns. In the endgame, however, the danger of checkmate is minimal, and the king emerges to play an active role in assisting the promotion of friendly pawns.

It is impossible to assign a value to the king relative to the other chess pieces, because the king can't be exchanged. Its value in that sense is infinite. However, in the endgame the king has a power of attack and defense somewhat greater than a bishop or a knight.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "King (chess)."

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King County, Washington

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

\King County is a county located in the State of Washington. As of 2000, the population is 1,737,034. The county seat is at Seattle.

The county was named after William Rufus King, vice president under president Franklin Pierce. In 1986, the County Council passed a motion "setting forth the historical basis for the 'renaming' of King County in honor of Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr"; however, the motion has no legal or practical force, and the "name change" is not widely publicized in the county. The full text of the motion appears at http://www.metrokc.gov/exec/mlk/motion.htm.

King County

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 5,974 km² (2,307 mi²). 5,506 km² (2,126 mi²) of it is land and 467 km² (180 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 7.82% water.

Geographic Features

Major Highways

Adjacent Counties

Demographics

As of the census1 of 2000, there are 1,737,034 people, 710,916 households, and 420,151 families residing in the county. The population density is 315/km² (817/mi²). There are 742,237 housing units at an average density of 135/km² (349/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 75.73% White, 5.40% African American, 0.92% Native American, 10.81% Asian, 0.52% Pacific Islander, 2.56% from other races, and 4.06% from two or more races. 5.48% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There are 710,916 households out of which 28.40% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.40% are married couples living together, 9.00% have a female householder with no husband present, and 40.90% are non-families. 30.50% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.50% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.39 and the average family size is 3.03.

In the county, the population is spread out with 22.50% under the age of 18, 9.30% from 18 to 24, 34.70% from 25 to 44, 23.10% from 45 to 64, and 10.50% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 99.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 97.30 males.

The median income for a household in the county is $53,157, and the median income for a family is $66,035. Males have a median income of $45,802 versus $34,321 for females. The per capita income for the county is $29,521. 8.40% of the population and 5.30% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 9.40% are under the age of 18 and 7.40% are 65 or older.

Cities and Towns

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King of Hongnong of Han China

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Format of naming convention in English is under discussion at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Chinese).

zh-tw:漢弘農王 zh-cn:漢弘农王

King or Prince of Hongnong of Han China, trad. ch 漢弘農王, sim. ch 漢弘农王, py. hàn hóng nóng wáng, wg. Han Hung-nung-wang, (d. 189) was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty. Dong Zhuo had him desposed and later poisoned.

Personal information
Family name Liu (劉 liú) in Chinese
Given name Bian (辯 py. bìan)
Era name Guangxi (光熹 py. gūang xī) 189
Zhaoning (昭寧 py. zhāo níng) 189
Father Emperor Ling of Han China
Mother Empress Dowager He
Wife
Major concubines
Children
Duration of reign 189
Tomb
Temple name
Courtesy name
Posthumous name
Posthumous name in short

Preceded by:
Emperor Ling of Han China		 Eastern Han Dynasty Succeeded by:
Emperor Xian of Han China

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "King of Hongnong of Han China."

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King of Ireland

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The title King of Ireland is attested many times in the annals of the early medieval period. In its earlier range this usage reflects dynastic aspiration and propaganda rather than reality but towards the twelfth century a real office of this name was being contested between three regional dynasties. The title together with its nascent kingdom was extinguished in the wake of the Anglo-Norman invasion of 1169.

History

A new kingship going by the name 'King of Ireland' was created by an act of the Irish Parliament of 1541, which replaced the Lordship of Ireland which had existed from 1171 with the Kingdom of Ireland. By the terms of the act (the Crown of Ireland Act) whoever was king of England was to be king of Ireland and so its first holder was King Henry VIII of England.

The title 'King of Ireland' remained as an adjunct to the kingship of England (since 1707 assumed into the kingship of Great Britain) until 1801, when the Act of Union which merged the Kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain, came into force. The new kingdom was called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. This version of the United Kingdom was abolished when twenty-six of Ireland's counties were formed into the Irish Free State in 1922. Under the 1922 Constitution of the Free State, the King became king in Ireland. However evolution in the concept of the monarchy in the late 1920s replaced the British Empire's concept of a shared crown with a multiple crown, whereby the sovereign became king separately in each of his dominions. This change, introduced in the Royal Titles Act, recreated the office of King of Ireland.

In this role, the King exercised a role in the Irish state independent to his role in Britain. The full meaning of this fact was shown when in 1931 the King as 'King of Ireland' signed an international treaty on Ireland's behalf as King of Ireland personally presented to him by Ireland's Minister for External Affairs, Patrick McGilligan, in the absence of any British minister. The King also awarded the Irish Free State an unprecedented degree of independence from Britain, namely its own Great Seal to use. The rest of the Commonwealth still used Britain's Great Seal of the Realm. (See also Victor Emmanuel III of Italy)

In 1936, the 1922 Constitution was amended to remove references to the King, Crown and Governor-General of the Irish Free State. However the King of Ireland's role continued by virtue of the External Relations Act, 1936. This procedural role of representing the Irish Free State in international affairs continued when a new constitution, Bunreacht na hÉireann, was introduced in 1937. It only ceased with the passage of the Republic of Ireland Act, 1948, which came into force in April 1949. This act, as the name suggested, made Ireland a republic.

The Crown of Ireland Act was repealed in the republic of Ireland by the Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes) Act 1962.

Kings or Queens of Ireland

Pre-1169

A kingship of Ireland was contested between three dynasties in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The following were described as Rig Erenn co fressabra ('Kings of Ireland with opposition'), indicating that the monarchy was not yet settled in the hands of a single family. Periods of heightened contention can be deduced from overlapping dates.

under the 1541-1800 Kingdom of Ireland

(George III from 1801, George IV, William IV, Victoria, Edward VII and George V served as monarchs as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland between 1801 and 1922)

under the Irish Free State/Éire

Though the 1937 constitution, Bunreacht na hÉireann, provided for a 'president of Ireland', King George VI was proclaimed 'King of Ireland' in 1936. No legislative amendment was introduced to amend that title, which in Ireland operated under a combination of the External Relations Act, 1936 and Article 28 of the Bunreacht. (When in 1952, the Union of South Africa accidentally included the title 'queen of Ireland' among Queen Elizabeth II's titles, the mistake was immediately rectified.)

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "King of Ireland."

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King of Sweden

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with a representative democracy based on a parliamentary system. The Head of State is the highest public office in Sweden. According to the Constitution of Sweden that office is inherited within the House of Bernadotte.

Head of State

Head of State: His Royal Majesty King Carl XVI Gustav (since September 19, 1973)
Elections: No elections. Hereditary, in accordance with the constitutional Act of Succession (1810)
Heir Apparent: Crown Princess Victoria, daughter of the monarch (born July 14, 1977)

History

Main article: Swedish monarch

Sweden has been a kingdom for more than a 1000 years, hereditary since 1541. The present Bernadotte dynasty was established during the Napoleonic Wars through the Constitution of 1809 and the Act of Succession of 1810, in a bloodless Revolution after present day Finland, then the eastern half of the Realm, having been lost to Russia.

The Constitution divided the Powers of Government between the Riksdag and the Monarch. However, since the break-through of Parliamentarism in 1917 the king has in practice given up political power. In 1974 a new Instrument of Government became part of the Constitution which abolished the Privy Council and stripped the Monarch of virtually all formal powers, less of being a ceremonial Head of State. A more recent constitutional reform changed the rules for sucession to full cognatic primogeniture. This allowed for female succession to the throne and created Victoria of Sweden heir apparent over her younger brother.

See also: List of Swedish monarchs, Royal mottos of Swedish monarchs, Government of Sweden, Parliament of Sweden

External links

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King, North Carolina

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

King is a city located in North Carolina. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 5,952.

Geography


King is located at 36°16'25" North, 80°21'12" West (36.273555, -80.353460)1. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.5 km² (5.2 mi²). None of the area is covered with water.

Demographics


As of the census of 2000, there are 5,952 people, 2,303 households, and 1,697 families residing in the city. The population density is 441.1/km² (1,141.6/mi²). There are 2,438 housing units at an average density of 180.7/km² (467.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 96.59% White, 1.73% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.57% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.34% from other races, and 0.62% from two or more races. 2.05% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 2,303 households out of which 36.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.8% are married couples living together, 9.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 26.3% are non-families. 24.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.48 and the average family size is 2.93. In the city the population is spread out with 24.5% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 32.4% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 82.8 males. The median income for a household in the city is $48,897, and the median income for a family is $55,767. Males have a median income of $38,443 versus $27,992 for females. The per capita income for the city is $22,257. 4.0% of the population and 0.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 0.5% are under the age of 18 and 16.1% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "King, North Carolina."

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King, Ontario

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

King (population approx. 20,000) is a township in York Region north of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. King is part of the Greater Toronto Area.

The Township of King is located half-way between Toronto and Barrie, stretching from Bathurst Street to just east of Highway 50. King is approximately 40 minutes north of Pearson International Airport and accessible by Highways 400, 27, 9 and 11.

King features some of the most picturesque countryside in Ontario. The rolling hills of the Oak Ridges Moraine are King's most prominent geographical features. The Holland Marsh, considered to be Ontario's "vegetable basket," is also located in King Township. King is also known for its prestigious horse farms and cattle farms.

While King Township is predominately rural, the communities of King City, Nobleton, and Schomberg are where most of King's residents are concentrated.

Law/Government

King Township's current mayor is Margaret Black. The Town Council includes the mayor and six Councillors representing the township's six wards.







North: New Tecumseth, 
 Bradford West Gwillimbury		





West: Caledon
King
East: East Gwillimbury, 
 Newmarket, 
 Aurora, 
 Richmond Hill		


South: Vaughan


Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "King, Ontario."
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King, Wisconsin
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
King is a town located in Lincoln County, Wisconsin.  As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 842.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 95.6 km² (36.9 mi²).  87.7 km² (33.9 mi²) of it is land and 7.9 km² (3.0 mi²) of it is water.  The total area is 8.24% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 842 people, 362 households, and 270 families residing in the town.  The population density is 9.6/km² (24.9/mi²).  There are 623 housing units at an average density of 7.1/km² (18.4/mi²).  The racial makeup of the town is 98.81% White, 0.00% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 0.36% from other races, and 0.48% from two or more races.  0.59% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 362 households out of which 21.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.5% are married couples living together, 3.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 25.4% are non-families. 22.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.  The average household size is 2.33 and the average family size is 2.71.
In the town the population is spread out with 18.5% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 30.3% from 45 to 64, and 20.2% who are 65 years of age or older.  The median age is 45 years.  For every 100 females there are 104.9 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 102.4 males.
The median income for a household in the town is $37,500, and the median income for a family is $45,417. Males have a median income of $35,804 versus $23,333 for females. The per capita income for the town is $18,549.  5.1% of the population and 2.0% of families are below the poverty line.  Out of the total people living in poverty, 4.3% are under the age of 18 and 2.2% are 65 or older.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "King, Wisconsin."
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Kings of Nepal
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The following is a list of kings of Nepal:


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Kings of Rome
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

There were seven traditional Kings of Rome before the establishment of the Roman Republic. They were, according to the writings of Livy:




KingTraditional Reign


Romulus753 BC-716 BC


Numa Pompilius715 BC-674 BC


Tullus Hostilius673 BC-642 BC


Ancus Marcius642 BC-617 BC


Lucius Tarquinius Priscus616 BC-579 BC


Servius Tullius578 BC-535 BC


Lucius Tarquinius Superbus535 BC-510 BC



The earliest kings and dates may well be mythical.

Rome was, according to tradition, founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus, twin sons of the mortal woman Rhea Silvia and the god Mars. They were also descendants of Aeneas and the Trojan refugees whose story Virgil later told in his epic poem the Aeneid. Romulus killed Remus, and became the first king of Rome (see founding of Rome).  Most of the succeeding six kings had Etruscan names, suggesting that members of the mature Etruscan civilization to the north of Rome dominated the city. 

The last king was thrown out by the citizens and replaced by a republican government.  The expulsion of the king and the founding of the Republic in 509 BC is sometimes presented as the breaking away of a Latin-speaking population from the control of an Etruscan ruling family.

See also: Timeline of Ancient Rome
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Kings of Rome."
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List of British monarchs
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This is a list of British monarchs, that is, the monarchs on the thrones of the various kingdoms that have existed on, or incorporated, the island of Great Britain, namely:


Complications over Title and Style

Royal titles are also complicated because in some cases, names of kingdoms are used that did not officially come into existence until later, or came into existence earlier without immediate adoption of the royal title. 


The list of monarchs below cannot be exhaustive. For succession to the many thrones often did not pass smoothly from parent to child; lack of heirs, civil wars, murders and invasions affected the inheritance in ways that a simple list does not show.
The relationships that formed the basis for claims to throne are noted where we know them, and the dates of reign indicated.

Scottish monarchs

Prior to the formation of Scotland, Dalriada, Strathclyde, Bernicia  and the seven kingdoms of the Picts occupied the northern third of Britain.


The kingdom of Scotland is taken to have begun when Kenneth mac Alpin became king of the Picts and the Dalriadan Scots.  However the kingdoms of Strathclyde and Bernicia were still independent of it.  Strathclyde became part of Scotland in the reign of Duncan I.


The House of Alpin


The House of Dunkeld


The Wars of Scottish Independence

When Margaret died, there was no clear heir, and King Edward I of England took over, installing a puppet.



John Balliol rebelled, and Scotland was plunged into war.
In the end, independence was secured under a new dynasty.

The House of Bruce


The House of Balliol


The House of Stewart (Stuart)


In 1707, with the Act of Union, the thrones of England and Scotland were formally united as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, keeping the numbering system of England.
See GB and UK monarchs below.


Rulers of Wales

Prior to 1282, Wales was independent of England, consisting of a number of separate principalities. See List of rulers of Wales for full details.


English monarchs

After the departure of the Romans and prior to the formation of England, various British, Viking and Anglo-Saxon kingdoms existed in the southern two-thirds of Britain.  Between 400 and 1000 the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms gradually conquered the others, amalgamating to form England.


The Bretwalda

The Bretwalda were chosen from among the rulers of the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England.
There was not always a Bretwalda.


The Saxon kings

By this time, the kings of Wessex had become established as kings of England.


The Danelaw

For a period of time, both Danish and Saxon kings claimed the throne of England.


The Saxon restoration


The Norman kings

After the Norman Conquest in 1066, numbering of kings begins anew, although this affects only the Edwards. (This is because the numbering of monarchs was originally a French tradition, brought to England by the Normans. The numbers given to pre-conquest kings were added by later historians.)


The Angevins or Plantagenets


The House of Lancaster


The Houses of Lancaster and York fought the Wars of the Roses over the English crown.


The House of York


The House of Tudor


The House of Stuart


The Commonwealth and Protectorate

There was no king between Charles I's execution in 1649 and the restoration in 1660, but there were two Lords Protector during the Protectorate.


The Stuart restoration


Monarchs of Great Britain

In 1707, with the Act of Union, the thrones of England and Scotland were formally united as the throne of the Kingdom of Great Britain.


The House of Stuart


The House of Hanover


Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland
 

In 1801, the Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
(George III's reigns spanned both the separate kingdoms and their merged entity. For clarity and ease of use, Wikipedia has placed George III as 'George III of the United Kingdom')

In 1877, Victoria became also Empress of India


The House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha


The House of Windsor

The name of the Royal house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha was changed to Windsor in 1917 due to anti-German feelings aroused by World War I.


Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland


The Irish Free State left the United Kingdom in 1922. The name of the UK was changed to reflect that change, becoming the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland' in 1927. Note also: from 1927, each dominion in the Commonwealth became a separate kingdom, with George V as native king in each. Hence, in 1927, he became 'King of Ireland', 'King of Australia,' 'King of Canada', 'King of New Zealand', and 'King of South Africa'


In 1947, India and Pakistan were granted independence, and George VI ceased to Emperor of India, but became King of India and King of Pakistan.  (and, in 1948, King of Sri Lanka, also granted independence.)  In 1949, Ireland became a Republic, and George ceased to be King of Ireland.  India did the same in 1950




Mnemonics

A useful rhyme for memorising the names of the English and UK monarchs since the Norman Conquest in chronological order:

Willy Willy Harry Steve, 

Henry Dick John Henry three;

Then three Edwards Richard two, 

Henry Four, Five Six then who? 

Edward four five, Dick the bad, 

Two more Henries, Ned the lad; 

Bloody Mary she came next, 

Then we have our Good Queen Bess. 

From Scotland we got James the Vain; 

Charlie one, two, James again. 

William and Mary, Anna Gloria, 

Four Georges, William, and Victoria. 

Edward, George, the same again, 

Now Elizabeth - and the end.

(Compare with Chinese history mnemonics.)




See also


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List of French monarchs
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The following list of French monarchs is one of several Wikipedia lists of incumbents.

The actual beginnings of the French monarchy are somewhat debatable. Much of the question stems from the beginnings of France as a distinct kingdom in the Middle Ages -- that is, several hundred years after the Romans lost control over what is now most of Central and Western Europe.

Most medieval historians would argue that the existence of France proper did not begin until the advent of the Capetian Dynasty in 987, or, at the very earliest, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Western Francia at the Treaty of Verdun in 843. This view is somewhat problematic in layman's terms, however, in part due to the existence of centuries-old tradition that considers the beginnings of France to lie in the Merovingian Frankish kingdom established under Clovis I.  This kingdom was founded in the 5th century, and its rulers deposed in the 8th century. This tradition itself is based in part on the need of the post-Carolingian Capetian kings to strengthen their claims to the throne.  
Over time, these claims became part of the French national identity. Since the 1990s, the very question of nationality, especially for nations who consider their foundations to be in the period  from the 5th to 9th centuries, has come under fire. This re-examination has already resulted in several interesting studies (see below), some of which will surely lead to a further redefinition of what it means to be a nation, and how nationality can be better defined.

In light of these recent trends, this list begins with the creation in 843 of Charles the Bald's Kingdom of Western Francia, the state which would directly evolve into modern France.  For earlier Frankish monarchs, see  List of Frankish Kings.

(Names of regents are included for convenience's sake, though they are of course not actually French monarchs.  Note that Charlemagne (768-814) is usually considered to be "Charles I of France", and his son Louis the Pious is numbered as Louis I.)

Carolingian Dynasty (843 to 987).


Capetian Dynasty (987 to 1328).

The Capetian Dynasty, the male-line descendants of Hugh Capet ruled France continuously from 987 to 1792.  The branches of the dynasty which ruled after 1328, however, are generally given the specific branch names of Valois and Bourbon


Valois Dynasty (1328-1589)

Main Branch (1328-1498)


Valois-Orleans Branch (1498-1515)


Valois-Angoulême Branch (1515-1589)


Bourbon Dynasty (1589-1792)


First Republic (1792-1804)

Convention (1792-1795)

Directory (1795-1799) 

Consulate (1799-1804)


Bonaparte Dynasty -- First Empire (1804-1814)


Bourbon Dynasty, Restored (1814-1848)


Bourbon-Orleans, The Monarchy of July
Second Republic (1848-1852)
Bonaparte Dynasty -- Second Empire (1852-1870)
The chronology continues on Presidents of France.


References

For a study of France and its rulers, see also:

Related articles


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List of Kings of Greece
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
These are the Kings of Greece:


Republic 1923 - 1935


Republic 1973 - present [2]




see also: list of Prime Ministers of Greece, lists of incumbents





Notes

[1] Constantine went into exile in 1967. Regents assumed his role. The monarchy was abolished by referendum in 1973.

[2] The 1973 republic was declared by the Regime of the Colonels. In 1974, democracy was restored. A new referendum on the monarchy took place. The republican side won by 2:1.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of Kings of Greece."
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List of Norwegian monarchs
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Rulers of Norway up until the present, including:


The early Viking kings are listed using the name used by the historic sources. Note also that before the Law of Succession was introduced in 1163, the inheritance of the throne was an affair filled with deep conflicts. In many cases, brothers would initially share it.


See also


External Links


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List of Polish rulers
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)



Poland was ruled by dukes (c.962-1025, 1032-1076, 1079-1295, 1296-1300 and 1306-1320) and kings (1025-1032, 1076-1079, 1295-1296, 1300-1305 and 1320-1795). The best-known dynasties are the Piast (c.962-1370) and Jagiellonian (1386-1572): intervening and subsequent monarchs were often rulers also of neighboring lands, or princes drawn from foreign dynasties. Polish kingship ended after the third Partition in 1795, and independence was restored on a republican basis in 1918. 


Early Piast dynasty 
 Dynastia Piastów (962-1138)


Regional division 
 Rozbicie dzielnicowe (1138-1306)

Note: only rulers acknowledged as overlords (or high-dukes) of all Poland (usually those who inherited the "royal province of Cracow") are listed. 


Piast unification (1306-1370)


Angevin dynasty (House of Capet-Anjou) 
 Dynastia Andegawenów (1370-1386 ?)


Jagiellonians 
 Dynastia Jagiellonów (1386-1572)


Electoral kings 
 Królowie elekcyjni (1572-1795)


House of Vasa Kings of Sweden and Poland (1587 - 1668):
Wettin Electors of Saxony of Holy Roman Empire etc (1697-1706, 1709-1766):

Duchy of Warsaw 
 Ksiestwo Warszawskie (1807-1815) (dependent from France)


Congress Kingdom, Kingdom of Poland 
 Kongresówka, Królestwo Polskie (1815-1832)

(in personal union with Russia)


Republic (since 1918)


See also: 

Royal coronations in Poland

Dukes of Silesia

Dukes of Masovia

Dukes of Greater Poland

Dukes of Little Poland

Dukes of Cuiavia

Dukes of Leczyca

Dukes of Sieradz

Guidelines for the spelling of names of Polish rulers
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of Polish rulers."
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List of Spanish monarchs
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)



This is a list of Spanish monarchs - that is, rulers of united Spain. The forerunners of the Spanish throne were the following:


These lineages were eventually united by the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. Although their kingdoms continued to be separate, with their personal union they ruled them together as one dominion. Ferdinand also conquered the southern part of Navarre and annexed it to Spain. Isabella left her kingdom to her daughter Joanna. Ferdinand served as her regent during her insanity; though rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband Philip I of Castile, he resumed his regency after Philip's death. Joanna's son, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, succeeded her on the throne of Castile; and he also succeeded his grandfather Ferdinand on the Aragonese throne when Ferdinand died in 1516; thereafter the thrones were united.

Habsburg

(1516-1556) Charles I of Spain, a.k.a. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

(1556-1598) Philip II

(1598-1621) Philip III   

(1621-1665) Philip IV  

(1665-1700) Charles II, "the Bewitched"  

Bourbon

(1700-1724) Phillip V

(1724) Louis

(1724-1746) Philip V (restored)

(1746-1759) Ferdinand VI

(1759-1788) Charles III  

(1788-1808) Charles IV  

Bonaparte

(1808-1813) Joseph Bonaparte

Bourbon (restored)

(1813-1833) Ferdinand VII, "the wished one" 

(1833-1868) Isabella II  

Savoy

(1871-1873) Amadeus I

Monarchy Abolished

(1873-1875) First Spanish Republic

Bourbon (restored)

(1875-1885) Alfonso XII


(1886-1931) Alfonso XIII

Monarchy Abolished

(1931-1939) Second Spanish Republic

(1939-1976) Franco Regime declared to be a Kingdom in 1947

Bourbon (restored)

(1975-Present)      Juan Carlos I

'See also:\' Kings of Spain family tree
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of Spanish monarchs."
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List of Swedish monarchs
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This is a list of Swedish monarchs, that is, the Kingss and ruling Queenss of Sweden with Regents and Viceroys of the Kalmar Union up until the present time. 

There are lists of Swedish (pagan) monarchs with dates far older than these. These records contain the early kings and gives an explanation to the numbering of the monarchs, particularly the names Erik and Karl (Eric and Charles). However these records are in many cases dubious and includes kings who supposedly reigned for 150 years. Because of this, lists of succession traditionally start with the first baptized christian king of Sweden, Olof Skötkonung and his father Erik Segersäll.



Monarchs, Regents and Viceroys of Sweden

The House of Yngling


The Houses of Sverker and Eric


The House of Folkung


Regents of the Kalmar Union and Viceroys (Riksföreståndare)


The House of Vasa


The House of Palatinate


The House of Hesse


The House of Holstein-Gottorp


The House of Bernadotte


See also


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Louis XVI of France
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)



Louis XVI of France (August 23, 1754 - January 21, 1793) succeeded his grandfather (Louis XV of France) as King of France on May 10, 1774; he was crowned on June 11, 1775. His  father, the dauphin, had died in 1765. Louis was his father's third son by Marie Josephe of Saxony.

On May 16, 1770 he married Marie Antoinette, daughter of Francis I of Austria and Empress Maria Theresa , a Habsburg. They had four children:


The government was deeply in debt, the radical reforms of Turgot and de Malesherbes disaffected the nobles (parlements) and Turgot was dismissed and de Malesherbes resigned in 1776 to be replaced by Jacques Necker. Louis supported the American Revolution in 1778, but in the Treaty of Paris (1783) the French gained little except an addition to the country's enormous debt. Necker had resigned in 1781 to be replaced by de Calonne and de Brienne before being restored in 1788. A further taxes reform was sought, but the nobility resisted at the Assembly of Notables (1787).

In 1788 Louis ordered the first election of an Estates-General (États Généraux) since 1614 in order to have the monetary reforms approved. The election was one of the events that transformed the general malaise into the French Revolution, which began in June 1789. The Third Estate had been admitted to the assembly and had proved radical, Louis' attempts to control them resulted in the Tennis Court Oath (Jeu de Paume, June 20) and the declaration of the National Assembly. In July , an act which provoked the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789. In October the royal family were forced to move to the Tuileries palace in Paris.

Louis himself was very popular and not unobliging to the social, political and economic reforms of the Revolution, but the bad influence of his wife in politics caused him to reject the principles of the Revolution. This caused his popularity to drop dramatically and the mistrust against him grew, thus undermining his position as monarch. Other persons who had bad influence on him were his brothers, the comte d'Artois and the comte de Provence. Especially Artois had much influence on Louis' reactionary tedencies.

On June 21, 1791 Louis attempted to flee secretly from France to Germany with his family, but on the way they were recognized at Varennes and captured by the revolutionaries. He was returned to Paris where he remained as constitutional king until 1792. In August 1792 the National Assembly abolished the office of King. Louis was arrested (August 10), tried (from December 11) and convicted of treason before the National Assembly. He was sentenced to death (January 17) by guillotine with 361 votes to 288, with 72 effective abstentions.

King Louis XVI was beheaded in front of a cheering crowd on January 21, 1793. On his death, his eight-year-old son, Louis-Charles de France, automatically became to royalists the de jure King Louis XVII of France, the 'lost dauphin'.

His wife, Marie Antoinette, followed him to the guillotine on October 16, 1793.








Preceded by:
Louis XV

List of French monarchs

Succeeded by:
Louis XVII



Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis XVI of France."
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Louis XVIII of France
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Louis XVIII (1755-1824) was King of France from 1814 until his death in 1824.

-Louis XVIII -

Louis-Stanislas-Xavier was born on November 17, 1755 in the Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, the fourth son of the dauphin Louis, the son of King Louis XV. At birth, he received the title of Count of Provence but throughout most of his life he was known as "Monsieur." After the death of his two elder brothers and the accession of his remaining elder brother as Louis XVI of France in 1774, he became heir presumptive.

The birth of two sons to King Louis XVI, left him third in line to the throne of France. He was living in exile in Westphalia when the King was guillotined in 1793. On the king’s death, Louis-Stanislas-Xavier declared himself Regent for his nephew, the new King Louis XVII. On the 10-year-old king’s death in prison on June 8, 1795, Louis-Stanislas-Xavier proclaimed himself as King Louis XVIII.

In 1814, he gained the French throne with the assistance of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand after Napoleon's downfall. Eventually, he fled Paris on the news of the return of Napoleon, but returned after the Battle of Waterloo had ended Napoleon's rule of the Hundred Days.

King Louis' chief ministers were at first moderate, including Armand Emmanuel, Duc de Richelieu, and Élie Decazes.  The ultraroyalists, led by Louis's brother, the Comte d'Artois (later King Charles X), triumphed after the assassination of the count's son, Charles Ferdinand, Duc du Berry.  The new ministry headed by the Comte de Villèle was thoroughly reactionary.

Louis XVIII died on September 16, 1824, and was interred in the Saint Denis Basilica. His brother, the Comte d'Artois, succeeded him as Charles X.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis XVIII of France."
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Louis-Philippe of France
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Louis-Philippe of France (October 6, 1773 - August 26, 1850), served as the "Orleanist" King of the French from 1830 to 1848.

Born in Paris, Louis-Philippe, as the son of Louis Philippe Joseph, Duc d'Orléans (known as "Philippe Égalité"), descended directly from King Louis XIII.


- King Louis-Philippe  -

During the French Revolution and the ensuing regime of Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis-Philippe remained mostly outside France, travelling extensively, including in the United States where he stayed for four years in Philadelphia. His only sister, Princess Louise Marie Adelaide Eugènie d'Orléans, married in the US.

In 1809 Louis-Philippe married Princess Marie Amalie of Bourbon-Sicilies (1782-1866), daughter of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.
They had the following children:

  1.  Prince Ferdinand-Philippe, Duke of Orleans (b.9/3/1810)

  2.  Princess Louise of Orleans (b.4/3/1812)

  3.  Princess Marie of Orleans (b.4/12/1813)

  4.  Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours (b.10/25/1814)

  5.  Princess Francisca of Orleans (b.3/28/1816)

  6.  Princess Clementine of Orleans (b.6/3/1817)

  7.  Prince Francois, Duke of Joinville (b.8/14/1818)

  8.  Prince Charles, Duke of Penthievre (b.1/1/1820)

  9.  Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale (b.6/16/1822)

  10.  Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier (b.7/31/1824)
    

After the abdication of Napoleon, Louis-Philippe returned to live in France, claiming sympathy with the liberated citizens of the country. With the restoration of the monarchy under his cousin King Louis XVIII and then under the reign of Louis' brother, King Charles X, the popularity of Louis-Philippe grew.


King of the French

In 1830, the July Revolution overthrew the repressive regime of Charles X. Charles abdicated in favour of his grandson, whom monarchists regarded as the legitimate Bourbon king. (Supporters of the Bourbon pretender, called 'Henry V', came to be called Legitimists. His grandson was offered the throne again in the 1870s but declined over a dispute over the French tricolour.) Due to his Republican policies and his popularity with the masses, the Chamber of Deputies ignored the wishes of the legitimists that Charles's grandson be accepted as king and instead proclaimed Louis-Philippe as the new French king. The new monarch took the style of "King of the French", a constitutional innovation known as Popular monarchy which linked the monarch's title to a people, not to a state, as the previous King of France's designation did. 

In 1832, his daughter, Princess Louise-Marie Thérèse Charlotte Isabelle (1812-1850), became Belgium's first queen when she married King Leopold I.

For a few years, Louis-Philippe ruled in a unpretentious fashion, avoiding the arrogance, pomp and lavish spending of his predecessors. Despite this outward appearance of simplicity, Louis-Philippe's support came from the wealthy middle classes. At first, he was much loved and called the 'Citizen King', but his popularity suffered as his government was perceived as increasingly conservative and monarchical. Under his management the conditions of the working classes deteriorated, and the income gap widened considerably. An economic crisis in 1847 led to the citizens of France revolting against their king once again.


Abdication

On February 24, 1848, to general surprise, King Louis-Philippe abdicated in favour of his young grandson (his son and heir, Prince Ferdinand, having been killed in an accident some years earlier). Fearful of what had happened to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, he quickly disguised himself and fled Paris. Riding in an ordinary cab under the name of  'Mr Smith', he escaped to England. However the National Assembly, though initially planning to accept his grandson as king, pulled along by the tide of public opinion, accepted the Second Republic proclaimed in controversial circumstances at Paris City Hall. In a popular election, Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected as President. In 1851 he declared himself president for life. Within a year, he named himself Emperor Napoleon III and resurrected the concept of a "Napoleonic Empire". 

Louis-Philippe and his family lived in England until his death on August 26, 1850), in Claremont, Surrey. He is buried with his wife Amelia  (April 26, 1782 - March 24, 1866) at the Chapelle Royale, the family necropolis he had built in 1816, in Dreux, France.


The Clash of the Pretenders

The clashes of 1830 and 1848 between the Legitimists and the Orleanists over who was the valid monarch had its epilogue in the 1870s when, after the fall of the Empire, the National Assembly with the support of public opinion offered a reconstituted throne to the Legitimist pretender, 'Henry V', the Comte de Chambord. As he was childless, it was expected (and agreed by all but the most extreme Legitimists) that the throne would then pass to the Comte de Paris, Louis-Phillippe's grandson, so healing the ancient rift between France's two royal families. However Chambord, with infamous stubbornness, refused to accept unless France abandoned the flag of the revolution, the Tricolore, and replaced it with what he regarded as the flag of pre-revolutionary France. This the National Assembly was unwilling to do. A temporary Third Republic was established, to be disestablished and replaced by a constitutional monarchy when Chambord died and the more moderate Comte de Paris became the agreed pretender. However Chambord lived far longer than expected. By the time of his death in 1883 support for the monarchy had declined, with most people accepting the Third Republic as the form of government that 'divides us least', in Adolphe Thiers's words. Thus France's monarchical tradition came to an end, though some, notably Dwight D. Eisenhower, did suggest a monarchical restoration under a later Comte de Paris after the fall of the Vichy regime. Instead however, the Third Republic was briefly resurrected before being replaced by the Fourth Republic in 1946. 

Most French monarchists regard the descendants of Louis Philippe's grandson, who hold the title Comte de Paris, as the rightful pretender to the French throne. A small minority of Legitimists however insist on a nobleman of Spanish birth, Don Luis-Alfonso de Borbon, Duke of Anjou (to his supporters, 'Louis XX') as being the true legitimist pretender. Both sides even challenged each other in the French Republic's law courts, in 1897 and again almost a century later, in the latter case, with Henri, Comte de Paris (d. 1999) challenging the right of the Spanish-born 'pretender' to use the French royal title Duc d'Anjou. The French courts disagreed with the Comte de Paris and threw out his claim.

See also Members of the French Royal Families
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Louis-Philippe of France."
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Monarch
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)




A monarch is a hereditary ruler, figure-head or head of state, except in certain states like the former Kingdom of Poland, the various Irish kingdoms before english rule, and current-day Malaysia which feature or featured elected monarchs.   A nation or state that is ruled by a monarch is called a kingdom. A system of governance involving a monarch is known as a monarchy.


Kings and Queens

"King" designates a male monarch (when he does not use another title such as emperor or tsar). A female monarch is called queen, or in full "reigning queen" or "queen regnant", to distinguish from "queen consort," the wife of a king. In some countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and the Pacific, a "King" is the hereditary head of a nation-state, except when a queen or other head of state fills the role.

In China, "king" is the usual translation for the term wang, which designated the sovereign before the Qin dynasty and during the Ten Kingdoms period. During the early Han dynasty, China had a number of small kingdoms, each  about the size of a county and subordinate to the Emperor of China.

Other Monarch Titles

Where there is a difference, male titles are left of the slash and female titles are to the right.


By Region


General monarch titles


Monarchs Today

Few monarchs today exercise absolute authority.  Although there are a number of hereditary monarchies still existing in the world, many countries with hereditary royalty are de facto ruled by a democratically elected leader such as a prime minister, while the monarchy continues to hold a symbolic or ceremonial position (eg. United Kingdom; see also constitutional monarchy).

In a few cases a monarch is associated with a particular group (or nation) within a state, such as Te Arikuini Te Atairangikaahu of the Maori (the Maori Queen) and Osei Tutu II of the Ashanti. Malaysia provides an example of a monarch-rich state.

The system for succession to the throne varies from monarchy to monarchy. Traditionally, succession to the eldest son of the monarch has been most common; if the monarch had no sons, the throne would pass either to the eldest daughter, or to the nearest male relative, depending on whether the monarchy accepted female rulers and/or descent in the female line. Some monarchies have abolished this preference for males, and the eldest child of the monarch ascends to the throne, be that child male or female, e.g. some European monarchies such as Sweden. There are also elected monarchs of elected monarchies, and dictators who proclaim themselves rulers of a self-proclaimed monarchy.

In some monarchies, e.g. Saudi Arabia, succession to the throne has passed to the monarch's next eldest brother, and only to the monarch's children after that. In some other monarchies, the monarch chooses who will be his successor, who need not necessarily be his eldest son, e.g. Jordan.

See also: dauphin, regent, queen consort


Reigning Monarchs

There are thirty reigning sovereign monarchs in the world:


Some countries have reigning monarchs who are not head of state, for example the individual emirs of the United Arab Emirates and the kings of the Wallis and Futuna islands.



A monarch is also a type of butterfly.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Monarch."
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Oscar II of Sweden
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)





Oscar II



Portrait by Anders Zorn, 1898

ReignFrom September 18, 1872

- until June 7, 1905 in Norway

- until December 8, 1907 in Sweden

CoronationOn May 12, 1873 in Sweden.

On July 18, 1873 in Norway.

Royal motto
"Brödrafolkens väl" (until 1905)
("The welfare of the brother peoples"

"Sveriges väl" (after 1905)
("The welfare of Sweden")


QueenSophia Wilhelmina of Nassau

Royal HouseBernadotte

PredecessorCharles XV, as the Swedish title and with
Carl IV, as the Norwegian title.

SuccessorsGustav V in Sweden

Haakon VII in Norway

Date of BirthJanuary 21, 1829

Place of BirthStockholm

Date of DeathDecember 7, 1907

Place of DeathStockholm


Place of BurialRiddarholmskyrkan, Stockholm


Oscar II (1829-1907), king of Sweden and Norway, son of Oscar I of Sweden, was born in Stockholm on January 21, 1829. He entered the navy at the age of eleven, and was appointed junior lieutenant in July 1845. Later he studied at the University of Uppsala, where he distinguished himself in mathematics. On June 6, 1857 he married Princess Sophia Wilhelmina, youngest daughter of Duke William of Nassau. He succeeded his brother Charles XV of Sweden, on the September 18, 1872, and was crowned in the Norwegian cathedral of Trondheim on July 18, 1873. At the accession he adopted as his motto Brödrafolkens väl, "The Welfare of the Brother Peoples". While the King and the Royal Court resided in Sweden, Oscar made the effort of learning to be fluent in Norwegian and from the very beginning he realized the essential difficulties in the maintenance of the union between the two countries. The political events which led up to the final crisis in 1905, by which the thrones were separated could hardly have been attained but for the tact and patience of the king himself. He declined, indeed, to permit any prince of his house to become king of Norway, but better relations between the two countries were restored before his death, which took place at Stockholm on the December 8, 1907. 


Politics

His acute intelligence and his aloofness from the dynastic considerations affecting most European sovereigns gave the king considerable weight as an arbitrator in international questions. At the request of Great Britain, Germany and the United States in 1889 he appointed the chief justice of Samoa, and he was again called in to arbitrate in Samoan affairs in 1899. In 1897 he was empowered to appoint a fifth arbitrator if necessary in the Venezuelan dispute, and he was called in to act as umpire in the Anglo-American arbitration treaty that was quashed by the senate. He won many friends in England by his outspoken and generous support of Great Britain at the time of the Boer War (1899-1902), expressed in a declaration printed in The Times of the May 2, 1900, when continental opinion was almost universally hostile.


Science and arts

Himself a distinguished writer and musical amateur, King Oscar proved a generous friend of learning, and did much to encourage the development of education throughout his dominions. In 1858 a collection of his lyrical and narrative poems, Memorials of the Swedish Fleet, published anonymously, obtained the second prize of the Swedish Academy. His "Contributions to the Military History of Sweden in the Years 1711, 1712, 1713," originally appeared in the Annals of the Academy, and were printed separately in 1865. His works, which included his speeches, translations of Herder's Cid and Goethe's Torquato Tasso, and a play, Castle Cronberg, were collected in two volumes in 1875-1876, and a larger edition, in three volumes, appeared in 1885-1888. His Easter hymn and some other of his poems are familiar throughout the Scandinavian countries. His Memoirs of Charles XII of Sweden were translated into English in 1879. In 1885 he published his Address to the Academy of Music, and a translation of one of his essays on music appeared in Literature on the igth of May 1900. He had a valuable collection of printed and MS. music, which was readily accessible to the historical student of music.


Children


  1. Prince Gustav Adolf, Duke of Wermelandia (1858-1950)

  2. Prince Oscar, Duke of Gotlandia, later know as Count Oscar Bernadotte of Wisborg (1859-1953)

  3. Prince Carl, Duke of Westrogothia (1861-1951)

  4. Prince Eugene, Duke of Nericia (1865-1947)
    

His eldest son, Oscar Gustavus Adolphus, duke of Wermelandia, succeeded him as Gustav V of Sweden. His second son, Oscar, resigned his royal rights on his marriage in 1888 with a lady-in-waiting, Miss Ebba Munck, when he assumed the title of Prince Bernadotte and from 1892 he was known as Count Wisborg. The king's other sons were Charles, duke of Westrogothia, who married Princess Ingeborg of Denmark; and Eugene, duke of Nericia well known as an artist.


References



Preceded by:
Charles XV of Sweden/

Carl IV of Norway
List of Swedish monarchs
Succeeded by:
Gustav V

List of Norwegian monarchs
Succeeded by:
Haakon VII
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Oscar II of Sweden."
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Sassanid dynasty
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Sassanid dynasty (also Sassanian) was the name given to the kings of Persia during the era of the second Persian Empire, from 224 CE until 651, when the last Sassanid shah, Yazdegerd III, lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the Islamic Saracens.

The Sassanid era began in earnest in 228, when the Shah Ardashir I destroyed the Parthian Empire which had held sway over the region for centuries. He and his successors created a vast empire which included those lands of the old Achaemenid Persian empire east of the Euphrates River. It was their long sought-after goal to reunify all of the old empire, and this brought them into frequent wars against the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire.

Shah  Khosrau II (Kasrâ in Persian) fleetingly achieved this goal in a series of wars against the Byzantine Empire between 602 and 616, conquering Egypt, Syria and Palestine. However, the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius turned the tide with a daring invasion of Persia itself. In 628, Khosrau was deposed with Heraclius' army at the gates of the capital of Ctesiphon. In the peace that followed, the Sassanids retreated to their traditional frontiers.

The long war exhausted both sides, and the Sassanids were soon destroyed by the rise of Islam.


Sassanid rulers


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William Lyon Mackenzie King
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

William Lyon Mackenzie King 



Rank:10th


Date of Birth:December 17, 1874


Place of Birth:Kitchener, Ontario


Spouse:never married


Profession:lawyer


Political Party:Liberal Party of Canada



The Right Honourable William Lyon Mackenzie King (December 17, 1874 - July 22, 1950) was the tenth Prime Minister of Canada from December 29, 1921 to June 28, 1926, September 25, 1926 to August 7, 1930, and October 23, 1935 to November 15, 1948.  He had the longest combined time in the Prime Minister position in British Commonwealth history. His 22 years as prime minister may be the all-time record for a freely elected head of government.


Early Life

Mackenzie King was born in Berlin, Ontario (now Kitchener). A grandson of William Lyon Mackenzie, leader of the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1837, King held five university degrees. He obtained three from the University of Toronto: B.A. 1895, LL.B. 1896, and M.A. 1897.  After studying at the University of Chicago, Mackenzie King proceeded to Harvard, receiving an M.A. Political Economy degree 1898 and a Ph.D. 1909.

He was first elected to Parliament as a Liberal in 1909. He lost his seat in 1911 and lost again in the election of 1917 due to his opposition to conscription (a view not shared by the majority of English Canadians). In 1919 he was re-elected and became the leader of the Liberal Party, a position he held until 1948. In the 1921 election his party defeated Arthur Meighen and the Conservatives and he became Prime Minister. 


The "King-Byng" Affair

In his first term as Prime Minister he was opposed by the Progressive Party, who did not support trade tariffs. King called an election in 1925, in which the Conservatives won the most seats, but as they did not have a majority in the House of Commons King formed a government with the Progressives. Soon into his term, however, anwhile King was involved in a bribery scandal in the Ministry of Customs, which led to more support for the Conservatives and Progressives and the possibility that King would be forced to resign. King asked Governor General Lord Byng to dissolve Parliament and call another election, but Byng refused, one of the rare times in Canadian history that the Governor General has exercised such a power. As King no longer had a majority in Parliament, there was technically no Prime Minister. Byng asked Meighen to form a new government, but when Meighen called a new election in 1926 a short time later, King was re-elected and the Liberals returned to power.


Depression and War

In his second term he introduced old-age pensions, but he lost the election of 1930 to Richard Bedford Bennett. Unfortunately for Bennett, his government was in power during the beginning of the Great Depression, and King was re-elected once more in the 1935 election. The worst of the Depression had passed, and King implemented relief programs such as the National Housing Act and National Employment Commission, and also created the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1936 and Trans-Canada Airlines (the precursor to Air Canada) in 1937.  

King hoped an outbreak of war in the 1930s could be avoided. He had met with Adolf Hitler and found him to be a reasonable man, working to improve his country in the midst of the Depression. Fortunately for those opposed to Nazi Germany, King realized the necessity of World War II when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939, but unlike World War I when Canada was automatically at war as soon as Britain joined, King asserted Canadian independence by waiting until September 10 to declare war.

After the fall of France in 1940, Canada introduced conscription. However, because many francophone Quebecers were opposed to what they saw as a British war, only volunteers were to be sent overseas. King wanted to avoid a second crisis if possible. By 1942, the military were pressing King hard to send conscripts to Europe. In 1942 King held a national plebiscite on the issue. Effectively, King was asking the nation at large to relieve him of his commitment to Quebec. He fought the campaign on the motto of "conscription if necessary, but not necessarily conscription." Not surprisingly, Quebec was overwhelmingly opposed, but the majority of English Canada supported it. For the next two years King tried to avoid the issue with a massive campaign to recruit volunteers, despite heavy losses in the Dieppe Raid in 1942, in Italy in 1943, and after the Battle of Normandy in 1944. At the end of 1944 he finally decided it was necessary to send conscripts to Europe after all.  This led to a brief political crisis (see Conscription Crisis of 1944), but the war ended just a few months later. None of these conscripts ever saw combat.


Post-War Canada

Mackenzie King won the election of 1945, and began to introduce social programs such as unemployment insurance and universal health care. Although considered a minor player in the war by United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (despite hosting a wartime conference in Quebec City in 1943), King helped found the United Nations in 1945. In 1948 he retired after 22 years as Prime Minister, and was succeeded by Louis St. Laurent.


Personal Life

Mackenzie King was a cautious politician who tailored his policies to prevailing opinions. "Parliament will decide," he liked to say when pressed to act. Privately, he was highly eccentric with his preference for consulting the spirit of his dead mother and his dog Pat for political advice.  He never married, but had a close female friend, Joan Patteson, a married woman, with whom he spent much of his leisure time.  His country retreat at Kingsmere in Gatineau Park, Ottawa, is open to the public.

Mackenzie King died on July 22, 1950 at his home near Ottawa. He is buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto, Ontario. He is pictured on the Canadian fifty-dollar bill.


Quotations


We had no shape

Because he never took sides;

And no sides

Because he never allowed them to take shape.

from F.R. Scott, "W.L.M.K."


William Lyon Mackenzie King

Sat in a corner and played with string,

Loved his mother like anything,

William Lyon Mackenzie King.

Dennis Lee, "William Lyon Mackenzie King"





Prime Minister of Canada


Preceded by:
Arthur Meighen
First leadership (1921-1926)
Followed by:
Arthur Meighen


Preceded by:
Arthur Meighen
Second leadership (1926-1930)
Followed by:
R.B. Bennett


Preceded by:
R.B. Bennett
Third leadership (1935-1948)
Followed by:
Louis St. Laurent






Not to be confused with William Lyon Mackenzie, Mackenzie King's grandfather.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "William Lyon Mackenzie King."
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Abbreviations & Acronyms: King
The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
EntrySourceExpressionField
KING
EnglishKnowledge INtensive GeneratorN/A
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).
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Synonyms: King
Synonyms: baron (n), big businessman (n), business leader (n), magnate (n), male monarch (n), mogul (n), power (n), top executive (n), tycoon (n), world-beater (n). (additional references)
Antonym: queen (n). (additional references)
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Synonyms within Context: King
ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).
Amusement
Ace, king, queen, knave, jack, ten, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four, trey, deuce; joker; trump, wild card.
Cheerfulness
Adjective: cheerful; happy; cheery, cheerly; of good cheer, smiling; blithe; in spirits, in good spirits; breezy, bully, chipper; in high spirits, in high feather; happy as the day is long, happy as a king; gay as a lark; allegro; debonair; light, lightsome, light hearted; buoyant, debonnaire, bright, free and easy, airy; janty, jaunty, canty; hedonic; riant; sprightly, sprightful; spry; spirited, spiritful; lively, animated, vivacious; brisk as a bee; sparkling, sportive; full of play, full of spirit; all alive.
Commonalty
Noun: commonalty, democracy; obscurity; low condition, low life, low society, low company; bourgeoisie; mass of the people, mass of society; Brown Jones and Robinson; lower classes, humbler classes, humbler orders; vulgar herd, common herd; rank and file, hoc genus omne; the many, the general,the crowd, the people, the populace, the million, the masses, the mobility, the peasantry; king Mob; proletariat; fruges consumere nati, demos, hoi polloi, great unwashed; man in the street.
Death
King of terrors, King Death; Death; doom. (necessity); "Hell's grim Tyrant".
Deity
God the Son, Jesus, Christ; The Messiah, The Anointed, The Saviour, the Redeemer, The Mediator, The Intercessor, The Advocate, The Judge; The Son of God, The Son of Man, The Son of David; The Lamb of God, The Word; Logos; Emmanuel; Immanuel; The King of Kings and Lord of Lords, The King of Glory, The Prince of Peace, The Good Shepherd, The Way, The Truth, The Life, The Bread of Life, The Light of the World; The Lord our, The Sun of Righteousness; "The Pilot of the Galilean lake".
Master
Crowned head, emperor, king, anointed king, majesty, imperator, protector, president, stadholder, judge.
Nobility
Personage of distinction, man of distinction, personage of rank, man of rank, personage of mark, man of mark; notables, notabilities; celebrity, bigwig, magnate, great man, star, superstar; big bug; big gun, great gun; gilded rooster; magni nominis umbra; " every inch a king ".
King; (master); atheling; prince, duke; marquis, marquisate; earl, viscount, baron, thane, banneret; baronet, baronetcy; knight, knighthood; count, armiger, laird; signior, seignior; esquire, boyar, margrave, vavasour; emir, ameer, scherif, sharif, effendi, wali; sahib; chevalier, maharaja, nawab, palsgrave, pasha, rajah, waldgrave.
Pleasure
Happy, blest, blessed, blissful, beatified; happy as a clam at high water, happy as a clam, happy as a king, happy as the day is long; thrice happy, ter quaterque beatus; enjoying; Verb: joyful; (in spirits); hedonic.
Success
Conqueror, victor, winner; master of the situation, master of the position, top of the heap, king of the hill; achiever, success, success story.
Support
Frame, framework; scaffold, skeleton, beam, rafter, girder, lintel, joist, travis, trave, corner stone, summer, transom; rung, round, step, sill; angle rafter, hip rafter; cantilever, modillion; crown post, king post; vertebra.
Thief
Spoiler, depredator, pillager, marauder; harpy, shark, land shark, falcon, mosstrooper, bushranger, Bedouin, brigand, freebooter, bandit, thug, dacoit; pirate, corsair, viking, Paul Jones, buccaneer, buccanier; piqueerer, pickeerer; rover, ranger, privateer, filibuster; rapparee, wrecker, picaroon; smuggler, poacher; abductor, badger, bunko man, cattle thief, chor, contrabandist, crook, hawk, holdup man, hold-up, jackleg, kidnaper, rustler, cattle rustler, sandbagger, sea king, skin, sneak thief, spieler, strong-arm man.
Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.
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Crosswords: King
English words defined with "king": King Arthur, King card, King Cole, King Harold II, King Hussein, King Oedipus ♦ Sun King ♦ The Sailor King ♦ Vice king. (references)
Specialty definitions using "king": Cat may look at a King, Catholic King, Citizen King, Cuckold King ♦ Genii King ♦ KING ARTHUR, King Ban, King Cash, King Chosen by the Neighing of a Horse, King Horn, KING JOHN'S MEN, King Log, King Mob, King of Bark, King of Bath, King of Dalkey, King of Khorassan, King of Misrule, King of Painters, King of Preachers, King of Rome, King of Shreds and Patches, King of Spain's Trampeter, KING OF SPAIN'S TRUMPETER, King of the Bean, King of the Beggars, King of the Forest, KING OF THE GYPSIES, King of the Herrings, King of the Jungle, King of the Peak, King of the Sea, King of the Teign, King of the World, King of Waters, King of Yvetot, King Over the Water, King Pétaud, King Ryence, King Stork ♦ Lame King ♦ Maiden King, Mirror of King Ryence, Mutton-eating King ♦ Paper King ♦ Railway King ♦ Sailor King, Snow King, Summer King ♦ Ulster King of Arms, Under which King, Bezonian?. (references)
Etymologies containing "king": Willemite. (references)
Non-English Usage: "King" is also a word in the following language with English translations in parentheses.
Manx (cerebral, heads).
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Modern Usage: King
DomainUsage
Screenplays
I have two books at my bedside, Lieutenant: the Marine Corps Code of Conduct and the King James Bible (A Few Good Men; writing credit: Aaron Sorkin)
As King Lear (Singin' in the Rain; writing credit: Betty Comden; Adolph Green)
Last time I looked Théoden, not Aragorn, was king of Rohan (The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers; writing credit: Frances Walsh)
King me. (The Shawshank Redemption; writing credit: Frank Darabont)
I am your king! (Monty Python and the Holy Grail; writing credit: Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin.)
Lyrics
For the court of the crimson king. (THE COURT OF THE CRIMSON KING; performing artist: King Crimson)
But it's my destiny to be the king of pain (King Of Pain; performing artist: The Police)
You come in to look for a King ("Dancing Queen"; performing artist: Abba)
Hark, now hear the angels sing, a king was born today, (Mary's Boy Child/Oh My Lord; performing artist: Boney M)
Tarzan was king of the jungle and Lord over all the apes (Superman's Song; performing artist: Crash Test Dummies)
Clever
All men are idiots...and I married their king. (references; author: unknown)
Movie/TV Titles
King Lear (2000)
To Kill the King (1974)
King Lear (1974)
Boxer King of Chaozhow (1973)
The Men Who Made the Movies: King Vidor (1973)
Song Titles
King Porter Stomp (performing artist: Louis Armstrong)
King Of Wishful Thinking (performing artist: Go West)
Court of the Crimson King (performing artist: King Crimson)
From A Jack To A King (performing artist: Ned Miller)
King Of The Road (performing artist: Roger Miller)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
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Commercial Usage: King
DomainTitle
References
  • Fletcher King Plc: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)
  • King Co., Ltd.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)
  • King Industrial Co., Ltd.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)
  • King Pharmaceuticals Incorporated: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)
  • King Textile Co Ltd: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)
    (more reference examples)
  
Books
  • The copie of a letter sent ovt of England to Don Bernardin Mendoza, ambassadovr in France for the King of Spaine, declaring the state of England, contrary to the opinion of Don Bernardin, and of all his partizans Spaniardes and others. This letter, althou (reference)
  • Religious Response to Social Change in Afghanistan, 1919-29: King Aman-Allah and the Afghan Ulama (reference)
  • Quest for the King (Archives of Anthropos/John White, Bk 5) (reference)
  • Ammon and the king (reference)
  • King Arthur's Death: The Middle English Stanzaic Morte Arthur and Alliterative Morte Arthure (TEAMS Middle English Texts) (reference)
    (more book examples)
  
Periodicals
  
Theater & Movies
  • Elvis Gift Set (Fun in Acapulco, GI Blues, Paradise, Hawaiian Style, King Creole, Blue Hawaii) (reference)
  • Morihei Ueshiba King of Aikido Tape 1 (reference)
  • Kimba the White Lion - The King is Dead, All Hail the King (Vol. 1) (reference)
  • The Fairy King of Ar (reference)
  • Rev. Timothy Wright and the N.Y. Fellowship Mass Choir: Come Thou Almighty King (reference)
    (more DVD examples; more video examples)
  
Music
  
High Tech
  
Consumer Goods
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
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Image Slideshow: King
Photos:
King
More pictures...
Illustrations:
King
More pictures...
Computer Images:
King
More pictures...
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Photo Album: King
ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit
Paul King and the Vought VE-7. Credit: NASA.
Albert Siepert Points Out Highlights of Apollo 10 Liftoff to Belgium King and Queen. Credit: NASA.
Climbing a small tower at Station Pinnacle Providing horizontal control survey for aerial photography of King County. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.
King Neptune dubbing a pollywog an official shellback The end of the Equator crossing ordeal on a NOAA Ship. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.
View of Fortuna Bay on approach to Cyril E. King Airport. Credit: America's Coastlines.
King Island, Bering Sea, Alaska 1978 June. Credit: America's Coastlines.
"Their Majesties the King and Queen ...."  In:  "The Heart of the Antarctic", Volume I, by E. H. Shackleton, 1909.  P. 34. Library Call Number G149 S52. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth.
The old base camp G at Admiralty Bay, King George Island. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth.
A large king mackerel coming aboard a sportfishing boat in the Gulf of Mexico. Credit: Fisheries.
General Vessel Assistant King runs winch and Chief Boatswain Nutting reads wire angle during bongo tow operations. Credit: Fisheries.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.
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Digital Photo Gallery: King
 
"King Castle Wawel in Cracov" by Piotr  Zebrowski
Commentary: "King Castle Wawel in Cracov."		"The Boy King" by Paul Porteous
Commentary: "One of several shots I took of the mask whilst fulfilling a life time ambition to visit the Cairo museum Egypt. Typically the only one that wasn't blurred... (no flash allowed) Some other guy at the time got his wrist seriously slapped when his flash snap"

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.
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Sounds Captioned with "King".
PlayCaption
Royalty; royal; king; queen; princess; prince; duchess; duke; trumpet; majestic; majesty.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
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Familiar Quotations: King
AuthorQuotation
Jan Zamoyski
The king reigns, but does not govern.
Lord Alfred Tennyson
Authority forgets a dying king.
By blood a king, in heart a clown.
Louis XVIII
A king should die on his feet.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Today is a king in disguise.
If you shoot at a king you must kill him.
Sir Edward Coke
Common law is above Parliament and the King.
Sir Thomas More
This hath not offended the king.
Thomas Carlyle
The king is the man who can.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
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Historic Usage: King
AuthorDateQuotation
Magna Carta
1215
John, by the grace of God, king of England, lord of Ireland, duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, and count of Anjou, to the archbishop, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, justiciaries, foresters, sheriffs, stewards, servants, and to all his bailiffs and liege subjects, greetings. (reference)
John Locke
1690
But he there assigns two cases, whereby a king may un-king himself. (Second Treatise of Government)
US Declaration of Independence
1776
The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. (reference)
US Constitution
1791
Clause 8: No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State. (reference)
Treaty of Versailles
1919
Within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty, Germany will restore to His Majesty the King of the Hedjaz the original Koran of the Caliph Othman, which was removed from Medina by the Turkish authorities and is stated to have been presented to the ex-Emperor William II. (reference)
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
1963
This is our hope. (Delivered on the steps at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. on August 28, 1943)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
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Use in Literature: King
TitleAuthorQuote
Sylvie and Bruno
Carroll, Lewis
They sent two ambassadors, to make sure that their invitation to me, to be their new King, should reach me.
Les Miserables
Hugo, Victor
At this solemn moment G__ seemed like the king in the oriental tale, flesh above and marble below
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
Joyce, James
My dead king! He sobbed loudly and bitterly
King Richard III
Shakespeare, William
KING RICHARD
Gulliver's Travels
Swift, Jonathan
She took me in her own hand, and carried me to the King, who was then retired to his cabinet
Walden
Thoreau, Henry David
We are amused at beholding the costume of Henry VIII, or Queen Elizabeth, as much as if it was that of the King and Queen of the Cannibal Islands
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
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Non-Fiction Usage: King
SubjectTopicQuote
Business
Both McDonald’s and Burger King are doing very well in Sweden and are offering the most popular fast food, namely hamburgers. (references)
As home to the Zulu nation and its king, as well as the location of the Battlegrounds of the Zulu and Boer Wars, the variety of cultural attractions within the province is enormous. (references)
Despite the fact that nine out of ten franchising systems in Sweden are genuinely Swedish, the concept of franchising is connected to American firms such as McDonald's, and Burger King.  As franchising is not an advertised system, only a few are aware that the Swedish Post, Pressbyran and Electrolux are some of Sweden's largest franchise companies. (references)
Civil Liberties
Bhutan
The King has declared major Hindu festivals to be national holidays, and the royal family participates in them. (references)
Morocco
Nonetheless, an interview was published on October 26 that criticized the King concerning an issue of religion. (references)
Jordan
The GID actively investigates Internet reports of "crimes against the King."  The Government limits academic freedom. (references)
Economic History
Nepal
In April, the king capitulated. (references)
Nicaragua
GULF KING, a U.S. shrimp boat fleet. (references)
Morocco
Ultimate authority rests with the King. (references)
Human Rights
Nepal
The Supreme Court is the court of last appeal, but the King may grant pardons. (references)
Bhutan
There is no written constitution, and the judiciary is not independent of the King. (references)
Saudi Arabia
The Minister of Defense and Aviation and the King review the decisions of courts-martial. (references)
Minorities
Morocco
The King said that the Berber culture was the property of all Moroccans, and warned against anyone trying to use it for political purposes. (references)
Hungary
The Martin Luther King Organization (MLKO), which documents assaults on nonwhites, reported a gradual decrease in the number of such incidents over the past several years, with three such cases in the first 9 months of 2000.  However, MLKO sources believe that many cases go unreported. (references)
Bhutan
The 1985 Citizenship Act also provides for the revocation of the citizenship of any naturalized citizen who "has shown by act or speech to be disloyal in any manner whatsoever to the King, country, and people of Bhutan." The Home Ministry later declared in a circular that any nationals leaving the country to assist "antinationals," and the families of such persons, would forfeit their citizenship. (references)
Political Economy
Saudi Arabia
The King acts as the highest court of appeal and has the power to pardon. (references)
Lesotho
Lesotho is a constitutional monarchy with King Letsie III as Head of State. (references)
Morocco
On October 17, the King established an institute to promote Berber culture. (references)
Political Rights
Bhutan
The country is a monarchy with sovereign power vested in the King. (references)
Saudi Arabia
In 1992 the King appointed 60 members to a Consultative Council, or Majlis Ash-Shura. (references)
Tonga
Very few citizens challenge the retention of the monarchy; the King is greatly respected. (references)
Travel
Singapore
January 21, Monday - Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. (references)
Turkey
One also has the choice of fast food restaurants such as McDonald's, Wendy's, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Burger King and their Turkish equivalents such as Kebap 49. A variety of fresh fruits and vegetables are available throughout the year. (references)
Lebanon
American fast food chains are ubiquitous (including McDonald's, Burger King, TGIF Friday's, Johnny Rockets, Sports Cafe, Hard Rock Cafe, Chilis, Hardee's, Pizza Hut, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Popeye's, Dunkin' Donuts, and Planet Hollywood). (references)
Women
Morocco
In April the King created a Consultative Commission for the Moudawana. (references)
Morocco
On March 8, the King, Prime Minister, and several other ministers met with 40 representatives of women's organizations at the Royal Palace. (references)
Morocco
The Government and the King continued to promote their proposal to reform the Personal Status Code (Moudawana) in order to advance women's rights. (references)
Lexicography
Devil's Dictionary
LOOKING-:GLASS:, n.  A vitreous plane upon which to display a fleeting show for man's disillusion given. The King of Manchuria had a magic looking-glass, whereon whoso looked saw, not his own image, but only that of the king.  A certain courtier who had long enjoyed the king's favor and was thereby enriched beyond any other subject of the realm, said to the king: "Give me, I pray, thy wonderful mirror, so that when absent out of thine august presence I may yet do homage before thy visible shadow, prostrating myself night and morning in the glory of thy benign countenance, as which nothing has so divine splendor, O Noonday Sun of the Universe!" Please with the speech, the king commanded that the mirror be conveyed to the courtier's palace; but after, having gone thither without apprisal, he found it in an apartment where was naught but idle lumber.  And the mirror was dimmed with dust and overlaced with cobwebs.  This so angered him that he fisted it hard, shattering the glass, and was sorely hurt.  Enraged all the more by this mischance, he commanded that the ungrateful courtier be thrown into prison, and that the glass be repaired and taken back to his own palace; and this was done.  But when the king looked again on the mirror he saw not his image as before, but only the figure of a crowned ass, having a bloody bandage on one of its hinder hooves -- as the artificers and all who had looked upon it had before discerned but feared to report.  Taught wisdom and charity, the king restored his courtier to liberty, had the mirror set into the back of the throne and reigned many years with justice and humility; and one day when he fell asleep in death while on the throne, the whole court saw in the mirror the luminous figure of an angel, which remains to this day.
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.
Top     
Spoken Usage: King
SpeakerPhrase(s)
Al Sharpton
Well, first of all, I don't think that any of us are limited to any one area. Secondly, you know, many years ago someone far greater than me, Dr. King, was challenged to just stay in civil rights when he opposed the Vietnam War.
Geoff Shank
Mr. King, I knew he was committing himself and he was somewhat incoherent when he was doing so, but the medical parameters surrounding that self-admission, I'm not sure what those are.
James Dobson
Obviously I think a lot of people were absolutely blind to the racism issue at that time. I was too young to be part of it. But looking back on what I read and what I know, Martin Luther King has to be seen as a kind of a hero.
Rush Limbaugh
The story of the Pilgrims actually begins in the early part of the Seventeenth Century, when the Church of England under King James I was persecuting anyone who didn't recognize its absolute civil and spiritual authority.
Yitzhak Rabin
I am healthy. I wish all my colleagues to the peace process to be healthy. I admire King Hussein his courage in leading his country for a long time. I appreciate the Chairman Arafat for his courage to take the decision to enter into negotiations with us.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
Top     
Speeches: King
SpeakerTermPhrase(s)
John Adams
1797-1801Distinct states may be united under one king.
James Monroe
1817-1825Since his return to Lisbon a revolution in Brazil has established a new Government there with an imperial title, at the head of which is placed a prince, in whom the regency had been vested by the King at the time of his departure.
Andrew Jackson
1829-1837The law, after this friendly explanation, passed with the obnoxious amendment, supported by the King's ministers, and was finally approved by the King.
Harry S. Truman
1945-1953Last November, Prime Minister Attlee, Prime Minister MacKenzie King, and I announced our proposal that a commission be established within the framework of the United Nations to explore the problems of effective international control of atomic energy.
Bill Clinton
1993-2001From his days as our all-time home run king to his recent acts of healing, he has always brought people together.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
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Usage Frequency: King
"King" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 60.80% of the time. "King" is used about 13,750 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words		Rank in English
Noun (singular)60.8%8,3601,153 
Noun (proper)39.19%5,3881,815 
                    Total100.00%13,750N/A
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
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Name Usage Frequency: King
The following table summarizes the usage of "king" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified.
NameUsage/GenderUsage per 100
million Persons		Rank in USA
KingFirst name Male4,0001,055
KingLast name190,00030
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
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Derived & Related Names: King
The following table summarizes names derived from the word "king".
 
NameGenderLanguageMeaning
AbimelechN/ABiblical
Father of the king
AdrammelechN/ABiblical
Grandeur or power of the king
AhimelechN/ABiblical
My brother is a king
AlammelechN/ABiblical
God is king
AnammelechN/ABiblical
Poverty of the king
ElimelechN/ABiblical
My God is king
HammelechN/ABiblical
A king
MalchamN/ABiblical
Their king
MalchiahN/ABiblical
The Lord my king
MalchielN/ABiblical
God is my king
MalchusN/ABiblical
My king
MelchiN/ABiblical
My king
MelchiahN/ABiblical
God is my king
Melchi-shuaN/ABiblical
King of health
Melchi-shuaN/ABiblical
Magnificent king
MelchizedekN/ABiblical
King of justice
MelechN/ABiblical
King
MilcomN/ABiblical
Their king
MolechN/ABiblical
King
Nathan-melechN/ABiblical
The gift of the king
RegemmelechN/ABiblical
Purple of the king
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
 
Top     
Usage in Company Names: King
CountryNameCountryName
Hong Kong
King Pacific International Holdings Limited
Japan
King Co., Ltd.
Taiwan
King Textile Co Ltd
United Kingdom
Fletcher King Plc
USA
King Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
 (more examples...)  
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Top     
Cities: King

1. King, NC (city, FIPS 35760) 
Location: 36.27798 N, 80.35761 W 
Population (1990): 4059 (1562 housing units) 
Area: 9.1 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) 
Zip Code(s): 27021
Country: USA
2. King, WI 
Zip Code(s): 54946
Country: USA
Top     
Expressions: King
Expressions using "king": acclaim smb. as king ♦ acclaim smb. king ♦ Alaska king crab ♦ alaskan king crab ♦ anoint smb. king ♦ anointed king ♦ Apostolic king ♦ B. B. King ♦ be acclaimed as king ♦ be king ♦ become king ♦ Billie Jean King ♦ Billie Jean Moffitt King ♦ chronicles of king David ♦ crown King ♦ crown smb. king ♦ Good King Henry ♦ King And Queen C ♦ King and Queen County ♦ king Arthur ♦ King auk ♦ king begonia ♦ King bird of paradise ♦ king book ♦ king brick ♦ king Camp Gilette ♦ King card ♦ king Charles spaniel ♦ King City ♦ king cobra ♦ King Cole ♦ King conch ♦ King Cotton ♦ King County ♦ King Cove ♦ king crab ♦ King crow ♦ king Death ♦ king devil ♦ King Dick wrench ♦ King duck ♦ King eagle ♦ king fern ♦ King Ferry ♦ King George ♦ King George County ♦ King hake ♦ king Harold I ♦ king Harold II ♦ King Hill ♦ king Hussein ♦ king in ♦ king it ♦ king James Bible ♦ king james version ♦ king killer ♦ king Lear ♦ king mackerel ♦ King monkey ♦ King mullet ♦ king nut ♦ king nut hickory ♦ king Oedipus ♦ king of arms ♦ king of beasts ♦ king of birds ♦ king of England ♦ king of fashion ♦ king of France ♦ king of kings ♦ king of prussia ♦ King of terrors ♦ king of the herring ♦ king of the herrings ♦ king Oliver ♦ king orange ♦ King parrakeet ♦ king penguin ♦ king pin ♦ king post ♦ king power ♦ king protea ♦ King rail ♦ king salmon ♦ king size ♦ king snake ♦ King sora ♦ King tody ♦ king vulture ♦ king whiting ♦ King William ♦ King William County ♦ king William pine ♦ King wood ♦ late king ♦ make king ♦ martin luther king ♦ Martin Luther King Day ♦ Martin Luther King Jr. ♦ Martin Luther King Jr's Birthday ♦ oil king. Additional references.
Hyphenated Usage
Beginning with "king": king-'a, King-at-arms, king-bird, king-bolt, king-boogie, King-consort, king-cup, king-cups, king-duke, king-dukes, king-emperor, King-fisher, king-hell, king-in-exile, king-killing, King-lewis, king-like, king-list, King-magee, king-maker, king-making, King-murray, King-of-arms, king-of-the-road, king-pin, king-pins, King-post, king-priest, king-size, king-sized, King-smith, king-talent, king-that, King-thing, king-times, King-to-be, king-v-south, king-witness.
Ending with "king": Cole-king, Erl-king, God-king, priest-king, sea-king, sub-king, warrior-king.
Containing "king": good-king-henry, praise-my-soul-the-king-of-heaven-to-his-feet-thy-tribute.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
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Frequency of Internet Keywords: King
The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day		ExpressionFrequency
per Day
lion king
8,995
king arthur
950
king island
6,564
king lord return ring
913
martin luther king
4,987
king magazine
895
king dominion
3,984
sacramento king
838
burger king
3,542
king return trailer
803
king
2,571
king tut
788
stephen king
2,511
paramounts king island
728
return of king
2,275
king county
709
king canyon
1,543
king cobra
703
king james bible
1,510
king kong
678
king of fighter
1,506
king of prussia mall
672
shaman king
1,453
king island paramount
641
larry king
1,325
county king metro
628
kottonmouth king
1,321
lion king toronto
624
larry king live
1,299
disney lion king
619
kumbia king
1,262
king crimson
611
cavalier king charles spaniel
1,223
latin king
598
bb king
1,218
king snake
570
king of the hill
1,217
king diamond
545
lion king ticket
1,068
king 5
542
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
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Modern Translation: King
Language Translations for "king"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Afrikaans
  
koning, dam (dame, lady, queen). (various references)
   
Albanian
  
mbret (Caesar, court card). (various references)
   
Arabic 
  
‏ملك (get hold of, have, hold, monarch, own, ownership, possess, possession, prince, property, reign, rejoice, sovereign), ‏عاهل (monarch, paramount, prince, sovereign), ‏الملك (court card, potentate, ruler), ‏المسيح (jesus, messiah, the lord), ‏شاه في الشطرنج. (various references)
   
Basque
  
errege. (various references)
   
Bulgarian 
  
цар (czar, prince, tsar, tzar), крал (dynast, presence), магнат (magnate, tycoon), бог (heaven, power, the almighty, the infinite), пръв в своята област, провъзгласявам за цар, провъзгласявам за крал, поп (picture card, pop, priest, shaveling, sky pilot). (various references)
   
Catalan
  
rei. (various references)
   
Chinese 
  
闢  (dispel, emperor, monarch, open up, royal), 王  (angry at, Wang), 國王 , 国王 (Kings). (various references)
   
Czech
  
král. (various references)
   
Danish
  
dame (dame, lady, queen). (various references)
   
Dutch
  
jonkvrouw (dame, lady, queen), dam (dam, dame, lady, queen). (various references)
   
Esperanto
  
reĝo. (various references)
   
Faeroese
  
kongur. (various references)
   
Farsi 
  
پادشاه  (Monarch, Potentate, Rex, Rial, Shah), سلطان  (Monarch, Potentate, Sultan), شهریار (Monarch, Sovereign), شاه  (Sceptered). (various references)
   
Finnish
  
kuningas. (various references)
   
French
  
roi, dame. (various references)
   
Frisian
  
kening, dam (dam, lady, queen). (various references)
   
German
  
König (König). (various references)
   
Greek 
  
ρήγασ, ρήγας, βασιλέασ, βασιλιάσ, βασιλιάς. (various references)
   
Hawaiian
  
mbret. (various references)
   
Hebrew 
  
מלך (monarch, sovereign), קיסר (Caesar, emperor, kaiser), נשיא (chief, president, prince). (various references)
   
Hungarian
  
király (royalty). (various references)
   
Icelandic
  
konungur, drottin. (various references)
   
Indonesian
  
raja (czar, lord, monarch, royal). (various references)
   
Irish
  
rí. (various references)
   
Italian
  
re (re). (various references)
   
Japanese Kanji 
  
玉将 , 玉  (ball, coin, sphere), 王者  (monarch, ruler), 王物  (royalty), 王様　, 王様 , 王将 , 王  (monarch, ruler, sovereign), 大君  (emperor, liege lord, prince, shogunate), 国王 , 国主  (daimyo, sovereign), キロ連量  (10^9, gear, gear change, gearshift, giga-, gigaton, guitar, January 15., King Dome, King Holiday, king salmon, kingmaker, King's English, king-size, kinky boots, kinky look, Kiwanis Club, ream weight, weight of 1000 sheets of paper). (various references)
   
Japanese Katakana 
  
ぎょくしょう (excellent composition, your letter), ぎょく (fishery, fishing ground), おおぎみ (emperor, prince), おおきみ (emperor, prince), おうしょう (being busy with, being called to the colours), おうさま, おうもの (royalty), おうじゃ (monarch, ruler), おう (depression, female phoenix bird, hollow, monarch, old man, ruler, sovereign, sunken, to bear, to chase, to cut, to grow, to owe, to run after, to spring up, venerable), こくおう, こくしゅ (daimyo, master, noted doctor, skilled physician, sovereign), キング . (various references)
   
Korean 
  
임금 (Kings, Wage, Wages). (various references)
   
Lombard
  
re. (various references)
   
Manx
  
reejerey (cavalier, chevalier, knight, paladin), ree. (various references)
   
Norwegian
  
konge. (various references)
   
Occitan
  
rei. (various references)
   
Papago
  
jewekag (king snake). (various references)
   
Papiamen
  
rei (guess). (various references)
   
Pig Latin
  
ingkay.(various references)
   
Polish
  
król. (various references)
   
Portuguese
  
rei (court-card, monarch, prince, ruler). (various references)
   
Romanian
  
suveran (free, sovereign, supreme), stãpân (employer, husband, Lord, master, owner, proprietor, sovereign), rigã (face card), rege (Lord, monarch, padishah, prince), monarh (dynast, monarch, sovereign), magnat (Lord, magnate, tycoon), domn (Don, gentleman, Lord, master, owner, prince, Sir). (various references)
   
Russian 
  
король. (various references)
   
Scottish
  
rìgh (a king). (various references)
   
Serbo-Croatian
  
kralj. (various references)
   
Spanish
  
rey (Caesar, emperor). (various references)
   
Sranan
  
kownu. (various references)
   
Swahili
  
mfalme. (various references)
   
Swedish
  
kung (monarch), konung, dam (checkers, draughts, ladies, lady, madam, Mrs., queen, wman, woman). (various references)
   
Thai
  
ที่มีขนาดใหญ่มาก (king-size, king-sized), วิเศษมาก (fit for a king). (various references)
   
Turkish
  
kral (Baron, monarch, Rex, sovereign, tycoon). (various references)
   
Turkmen 
  
юa (merry, shah). (various references)
   
Ukrainian
  
король, володар (arbiter, archon, chief, overlord, owner, possessor, potency, potentate, proprietor), монарх (crown, monarch), магнат (magnate, mogul, nabob, tycoon), правити (answer, govern, helm, oversee, strop), поводитися як король. (various references)
   
Vietnamese 
  
vua (crown, monarch, ruler, sovereign), loại to. (various references)
   
Welsh
  
rhi (lord), brenin. (various references)
   
Xhosa
  
qonce (King William's Town). (various references)
   
Zulu
  
inkosi (boss, chief). (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.
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Ancestral Language Translations: King
LanguagePeriodTranslations
Sumerian3100 BCE-2500 BCE
bara, lugal. (various references)
Akkadian3000 BCE-Modern
šarru. (various references)
Old Persian600 BCE-300 BCE
kshayathiya. (various references)
Latin500 BCE-Modern
rege, regem, regemque, reges, regesque, regi, regibus, regis, regium, regom, regum, rex, rex regis, rexque, tyranni, tyrannis, tyranno, tyrannos, tyrannum, tyrannus. (various references)
Sanskrit300 BCE-Modern
raja. (various references)
Old English450-1100
cyning. (various references)
Persian800-Modern
shah. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
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Bible Trace: King
LanguageDateSourceProverbs Chapter 30, Verse 31
Greek (transliterated)250 BCSeptuagintKai alektwr emperipatwn qhleiaiV euyucoV kai tragoV hgoumenoV aipoliou kai basileuV dhmhgorwn en eqnei

Latin405VulgateGallus succinctus lumbos et aries nec est rex qui resistat ei

Middle English1395WyclifAnd a ram, and ther is not that withstonde to hym. And that fool shal seme,
Jacobean English1611King JamesA greyhound; an he goat also; and a king, against whom there is no rising up.
Victorian English1833WebsterA greyhound; a he-goat also; and a king, against whom there is no rising up.

Basic English1964OgdenThe war-horse, and the he-goat, and the king when his army is with him.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
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Matched Bible Translations: King
LanguageProverbs Chapter 30, Verse 31
CebuanoAng iro sa pangayam; ang kanding nga lake usab; Ug ang hari diin batok kaniya nga walay mga pag-alsa.
Chinese獵 狗 、 公 山 羊 、 和 無 人 能 敵 的 君 王 。
Croatianpijetao što se odvažno šeæe meðu kokošima; jarac koji vodi stado; i kralj sa svojom vojskom.
Danishen sadlet Stridshest, en Buk, en Konge midt i sin Hær.
DutchEen windhond van goede lenden, of een bok; en een koning, die niet tegen te staan is.
Finnishhevonen, solakkakylki, tai kauris, ja kuningas joukkonsa johdossa.
FrenchLe cheval tout équipé; ou le bouc; Et le roi à qui personne ne résiste.
Germanein Windhund von guten Lenden, und ein Widder, und ein König, wider den sich niemand legen darf.
Haitian CreoleSe bouk kabrit. Se chwal sele bride. Se wa lè y'ap mache devan lame yo.
Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-harikambing jantan, ayam jantan yang berjalan tegak, dan raja di depan rakyatnya.
Indonesian-Terjemahan Lamadan anjing pemburu yang baik lambungnya, dan lagi seorang raja yang tiada terlawan.
Italianil gallo pettoruto e il caprone e un re alla testa del suo popolo.
MaoriKo te kuri horo; ko te koati toa ano hoki; a ko te kingi, kahore nei tetahi e maranga ake ki a ia.
Norwegianhesten med gjord om lendene, bukken, og en konge i spissen for sitt folk.
Portugueseo galo emproado, o bode, e o rei à frente do seu povo.   
Rumaniancalul knchingat gata, wi yapul; wi kmpqratul, cqruia nimeni nu -i poate sta kmpotrivq. -
RussianЛПОШ Й ЛПЪЕМ, Й ГБТШ УТЕДЙ ОБТПДБ УЧПЕЗП.
Spanishel gallo erguido, el macho cabrío; y el rey, a quien nadie resiste.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.
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Derivations & Misspellings: King
Derivations
Words beginning with "king": kingbird, kingbirds, kingbolt, kingbolts, kingcraft, kingcrafts, kingcup, kingcups, kingdom, kingdoms, kinged, kingfish, kingfisher, kingfishers, kingfishes, kinghood, kinghoods, kinging, kingless, kinglet, kinglets, kinglier, kingliest, kinglike, kingliness, kinglinesses, kingly, kingmaker, kingmakers, kingpin, kingpins, kingpost, kingposts, kings, kingship, kingships, kingside, kingsides, kingwood, kingwoods. (additional references)
Words ending with "king": aerobraking, anticaking, anticking, antiking, antismoking, arcking, asking, asterisking, attacking, awaking, backbreaking, backing, backpacking, backtracking, baking, balking, banking, barking, barracking, basking, baulking, bechalking, becking, becloaking, bedecking, beflecking, bemocking, benchmarking, beraking, besmoking, bespeaking, betaking, bethanking, bethinking, biking, bilking, bivouacking, blacking, blackjacking, blanking, blinking, blocking, bloodsucking, bluestocking, bodychecking, bonking, booking, bookmaking, bookmarking, bootlicking, bottlenecking. (additional references)
Words containing "king": antikings, askings, backings, bakings, bankings, benchmarkings, blackings, bluestockings, bookings, bookmakings, breakings, breathtakingly, brokings, cabinetmakings, caretakings, carjackings, caulkings, chokingly, clankingly, cookings, cornhuskings, crackings, deckings, dressmakings, earthshakingly, erlkings, filmmakings, fingerpickings, flockings, freethinkings, gaskings, glassmakings, handshakings, hawkings, heartbreakingly, hijackings, homemakings, hopsackings, housebreakings, huskings, hydrocrackings, interworkings, jokingly, kayakings, lakings, lawbreakings, lawmakings, lickings, likings, linebackings, lovemakings. (additional references)

Misspellings
"King" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: cing, cingy, Kaeng, kang, Kango, kangxi, Keinig, keng, Kenge, Kengo, kiag, kieg, kig, kige, kigo, kilg, kimn, Kinga, Kinge, kingi, kingo, kingp, kingr, kingy, Kinh, kini, Kinigi, kinl, Kinm, kinn, kinq, kint, kinu, kinx, kiny, Kinz, kling, Kniga, kniv, knix, kniz, koin, kong, konge, kyn, Kyng, ning, ving, xing. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).
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Rhyming with "King"
# of Phoneme MatchesPronunciationWord(s) rhyming with "king" (pronounced ki"ng)
2-i" ngbring, cling, ding, fling, Ling, ping, ring, sing, sling, spring, sting, string, swing, thing, ting, upswing, wing, wring, zing.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.
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Anagrams: King
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
Direct Anagrams: gink.
Words within the letters "g-i-k-n"
-1 letter: gin, ink, kin.
-2 letters: in.
 Words containing the letters "g-i-k-n"
 
+1 letter: eking, ginks, kiang, kings.
 
+2 letters: asking, baking, biking, caking, coking, deking, diking, duking, dyking, faking, gaskin, gingko, ginkgo, hiking, hoking, inking, irking, jingko, joking, juking, keying, kiangs, kinged, kingly, kiting, knight, laking, liking, making, miking, nuking, piking, poking, puking, raking, ryking, skiing, skying, taking, toking, tsking, viking, waking, yoking.
 
+3 letters: ankling, arcking, askings, awaking, backing, bakings, balking, banking, barking, basking, becking, bilking, bonking, booking, braking, broking, bucking, bulking, bunking, burking, busking, calking, carking, casking, choking, cocking, conking, cooking, corking, darking, decking, dinking, dirking, disking, docking, ducking, dunking, dusking, erlking, evoking, finking, flaking, fluking, forking, funking, gasking, gaskins, gawking, gecking, gherkin, ginkgos, griskin, hacking, hanking, harking, hawking, hocking, holking, honking, hooking, howking, hulking, husking, inkling, jacking, jauking, jerking, jinking, jouking, junking, karting, kayoing, kecking, kedging, keeking, keeling, keening, keeping, kegling, kelping, kenning, kepping, kerbing, kerfing, kerning, kicking, kidding, killing, kilning, kilting, kingcup, kingdom, kinging, kinglet, kingpin, kinking, kipping, kirning, kissing, kithing, kitling, kitting, kneeing, knifing, knights, knowing, konking, kything, lacking, lakings, larking, leaking, licking, likings, linkage, linking, locking, looking, lucking, lurking, makings, marking, masking, milking, mocking, mucking, narking, necking, nicking, nocking, oinking, okaying, packing, paiking, parking, peaking, pecking, peeking, perking, picking, pigskin, pinking, pocking, quaking, racking, ranking, recking, reeking, ricking, risking, rocking, rooking, rucking, sacking, seeking, shaking, sicking, silking, sinkage, sinking, skating, skeeing, skewing, skiings, skiting, skiving, slaking, smoking, snaking, soaking, socking, spiking, spoking, staking, stoking, sucking, sulking, tacking, takings, talking, tanking, tasking, ticking, troking, tucking, tusking, vikings, walking, warking, wauking, wicking, winking, working, yacking, yakking, yanking, yerking, yeuking, yocking, yucking, yukking, zonking.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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INDEX
 1. Definition 
 2. Synonyms 
 3. Crosswords 
 4. Usage: Modern 		 5. Usage: Commercial 
 6. Images: Slideshow 
 7. Images: Photo Album 
 8. Images: Digital Art 		 9. Sounds 
 10. Quotations: Familiar 
 11. Quotations: Historic 
 12. Quotations: Fiction 		 13. Quotations: Non-fiction 
 14. Quotations: Spoken 
 15. Quotations: Speeches 
 16. Usage Frequency 		 17. Names: Frequency 
 18. Names: Derived from 
 19. Names: Company Usage 
 20. Cities 		 21. Expressions 
 22. Expressions: Internet 
 23. Translations: Modern 
 24. Translations: Ancient 		 25. Bible Trace 
 26. Abbreviations 
 27. Acronyms 
 28. Derivations 		 29. Rhymes 
 30. Anagrams 
 31. Bibliography 


  
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