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James

Specialty Definition: James

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Specialty Definition: Epistle of James

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Epistle of James is a book of the New Testament, best known for its teaching that "faith without works is dead" (James 2:26 KJV).

Authorship

The author identifies himself in the opening verse as "James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ". Of the several people named James in the New Testament, three have garnered support as being this James:

1. Tradition holds that the author was James the Just, the brother of Jesus. This James was not one of the Twelve, but Paul described him as "the brother of the Lord" in Galatians 1:19 and as one of the three pillars of the Church in 2:9.
2. John Calvin and others suggested that the author was James of Alphaeus, apparently the brother of Matthew, aka Levi. It is feasible that James of Alphaeus is the same person as James the Less of Mark 15:40. Since very little is known about this person, this proposal does not tell us very much about the author.
3. It is rarely but occasionally argued that this James was the apostle James the Great, brother of John, son of Zebedee. However, most conclude that the author was not the apostle James, because he died too early. Specifically, James must have been killed before 44, but the Epistle of James seems to be written in order to clear up misconceptions about Paul's teaching on justification by faith in the 50s.

Many modern, critical scholars consider the epistle to be pseudepigraphical and so the author could have been anyone, but they generally agree that "James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" was intended to refer to James the Just.

Date and Place of Composition

If written by James the Just, the place and time of the writing of the epistle would be Jerusalem, where James was residing, before his martyrdom in 62. If pseudepigraphical, then any time from 50 to 200, since it was first definitely quoted by Origen, and possibly a bit earlier by Clement of Alexandria in a lost work if Eusebius is to be believed.

Contents

The epistle was addressed to the Jews of the dispersion, "the twelve tribes scattered abroad."

The object of the writer was to enforce the practical duties of the Christian life. The vices against which he warns them are: formalism, which made the service of God consist in washings and outward ceremonies, whereas he reminds them (1:27) that it consists rather in active love and purity; fanaticism, which, under the cloak of religious zeal, was tearing Jerusalem in pieces (1:20); fatalism, which threw its sins on God (1:13); meanness, which crouched before the rich (2:2); falsehood, which had made words and oaths play-things (3:2-12); partisanship (3:14); evil speaking (4:11); boasting (4:16); oppression (5:4). The great lesson which he teaches them as Christians is patience, patience in trial (1:2), patience in good works (1:22-25), patience under provocation (3:17), patience under oppression (5:7), patience under persecution (5:10); and the ground of their patience is that the coming of the Lord draweth nigh, which is to right all wrong (5:8).

"Justification by works," which James contends for, may be contrasted with the doctrine of "justification by faith", which Paul contends for in his own New Testament epistles. One way that Christians reconcile these perspectives by viewing that of James as a justification before others, that is to say the justification of a Christian's profession of faith by a consistent life; while Paul's emphasis was a justification before God, being regarded and accepted as just by virtue of the righteousness of Christ, which is received by faith. Another way that some Church fathers reconciled the two was to view true saving faith as faith that is energized by love, and that therefore is accompanied by good works, as opposed to a faith that is only intellectual assent to a set of beliefs. An interesting cross-reference is Acts 26:20, where Paul says that he has been preaching "that they should repent and turn to God, performing deeds appropriate to repentance" (NASB, emphasis added). Some use this passage as evidence that Paul agreed with James that all true (or "living") faith is accompanied by works.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Epistle of James."

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Henry James

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Henry James (April 15 1843 - February 28, 1916), younger brother of William James, is an American/British author of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, best-known for novels and novellas of morals. As such, he favors internal, psychological drama; his work is frequently about alienation, his prose frequently serpentine. His earlier work is considered Realist, but in fact throughout his long career he maintained a strong interest in a variety of artistic effects and movements. In the late 20th century, many of James's novels were filmed by the team of Ismail Merchant & James Ivory, thus causing a small resurgence of interest in his works. Among the best-known of these include the short works "Daisy Miller", "Washington Square", and "The Turn of the Screw", and the novels The Portrait of a Lady, The Golden Bowl, The Ambassadors, and The American.

Many of James idiosyncracies of writing can be understood in terms of his character and background.

He was afflicted with a mild stutter. He overcame this by cultivating the habit of speaking very, very slowly and deliberately. This gave him plenty of time to think about things he might like to add or revise while still in mid-sentence and he did so with abandon. This carried over into his writing (he felt that good writing should resemble the conversation of an intelligent man), but his prose is at times baroque. (His friend Edith Wharton, who admired him greatly, admitted that there were some passages in his works which were almost incomprehensible.) His short fiction tends to be more readable than the novels.

For much of his life, he was an expatriate, an outsider, living in Europe (much of Portrait of a Lady was written while he lived in Venice—a city whose beauty he found distracting). This feeling of being an American in Europe, came through as a recurring theme in his books contrasting American innocence (or a lack of sophistication) with European sophistication (or decadence). (See Portrait of a Lady or, perhaps, The Golden Bowl.)

He made only a modest living from his books, yet was often the houseguest of the wealthy. While not really one of them, James was able to observe them at close range. (He said he got some of his best story ideas from dinner table gossip.) He was a male homosexual whose tastes and interests were rather feminine, yet as a male could travel and act with an independence denied the women of his time. Being a permanent outsider in so many ways may have helped him in his detailed psychological analysis of situations — one of the strongest features of his writing — because he was never a full member of any camp. (See The Bostonians, especially Verena's speech about always looking at the world from behind a sheet of glass.)

This analytical strain is his work is quite strong. It is possible to see many of his stories as psychological thought experiments. Portrait of a Lady might be an experiment to see what happens when an idealistic young woman suddenly becomes very rich. The novella The Turn of the Screw is a ghost story that deals with the psychological impact on an unmarried (and possibly sexually repressed) young governess who stumbles into an ongoing tragic love affair complicated by the fact that the lovers are dead. The late novel The Wings of the Dove deals with the question of how far a woman in love will go to get what she wants and what it costs her when she does.

Major Works

• Roderick Hudson (1875)
• Transatlantic Sketches (1875)
• The American (1877)
• Daisy Miller (1878)
• The Europeans (1878)
• The Portrait of a Lady (1881)
• Washington Square (1881)
• A Little Tour in France (1884)
• The Bostonians (1886)
• The Princess Casamassima (1886)
• "The Aspern Papers" (1888)
• The Tragic Muse (1890)
• Guy Domville (play, 1895)
• The Spoils of Poynton (1897)
• What Maisie Knew (1897)
• The Turn of the Screw (1898)
• In the Cage (1898)
• The Awkward Age (1899)
• The Wings of the Dove (1902)
• The Ambassadors (1903)
• "The Beast in the Jungle" (1903)
• The Golden Bowl (1904)
• English Hours (1905)
• The American Scene (1907)
• Italian Hours (1909)

Reference

The Portable Henry James, edited by Morton Zabel

External Links

• Project Gutenberg e-texts of Henry James' works

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Henry James."

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James

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The name James is a variant of the name Jacob, Hebrew for "one who holds by the heel, outwitter".

James comes from the Low Latin Jacomus, a variant of the Latin Jacobus, which comes from the Hebrew Yakob. It came to English through Old French James, another form of Jacques or Jaques. Related names are the Italian Jacopo, Giacomo and Iago, the Spanish Diego, Jaime and Santiago, the Irish Seamus and the Hawaiian Kimo. Although Scotland is the original home of the name in its present form, the uniquely Scottish Hamish is also in use.

Its hypocoristics are Jim and Jamie. Several people named James are mentioned in the New Testament, including two, possibly three apostles, and one "brother of Jesus".

• St. James the Great or St. James of Compostela, brother of John the Apostle;
• St. James the Less;
• James the Just, brother of Jesus and believed to have written one of the books of the New Testament, the Epistle of James.

James was the name of seven Kings of Scotland, two of whom were Kings of England as well.

• James I
• James II
• James III
• James IV
• James V
• James VI of Scotland and I of England
• James VII of Scotland and II of England

• James VII and II's son, James Francis Edward Stuart, the "Old Pretender," was called by the Jacobites James VIII of Scotland and III of England.

James was also the name of two Kings of Aragon.

• James I of Aragon
• James II of Aragon

James is the name of a band from Manchester, England, formed in 1982 and, according to reports, dissolved sometime in 2001, probably best known for their hit single, "Laid".

This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix that link to point to the appropriate specific page.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "James."

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James Francis Edward Stuart

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Prince James Francis Edward Stuart or Stewart (June 10, 1688 - January 1, 1766) was a claimant of the thrones of Scotland and England (September 16, 1701 - January 1, 1766) who is more commonly referred to as The Old Pretender and was a key figure in the history of the British monarchy, although his personality was not such as to have made a great impact.

From the moment of his birth, on June 10, 1688, at St James's Palace, the prince was the subject of controversy. He was the son of King James II of England and his Catholic second wife, Mary of Modena. From his first marriage, the king had adult daughters who had been brought up in the Protestant faith, and as long as there was a possibility of one of them succeeding him directly, the British people were prepared to tolerate his own Catholic sympathies. However, when it was feared that Mary would produce a son and heir, a movement grew to replace James by force with his son-in-law, William of Orange.

When the young prince was born, a rumour was immediately spread that the call for a "warming-pan" had been the pretext for a substitution, the real baby having allegedly been born dead. There is no historical evidence for this. However, within weeks of his birth, the child was sent to France for safety, and his father was fighting unsuccessfully to retain his crown.

The prince was brought up in France, where, recognised by King Louis XIV of France as the rightful heir to the English throne, he became the focus for the Jacobite movement. On his father's death in 1701, he was declared King, with the title of James III of England and VIII of Scotland. James landed at the Firth of Forth on March 23, 1708. Had he renounced his Catholic faith, he could have succeeded to the throne after the death of his half-sister Anne, but he refused to do so. As a result, in 1714, a German Protestant became King George I of Great Britain.

James Francis Edward Stuart married Maria Clementina Sobieski (1702-1735), granddaughter of the Polish king, John III Sobieski. They had two sons:

1. Charles Edward Louis Philip Casimir Stuart, (December 31, 1720- January 31, 1788), aka "Bonnie Prince Charlie"
2. Henry Benedict Stuart, (March 11, 1725-July 13, 1807)

In 1714 the French forces were defeated, and King Louis XIV of France was forced to accept peace with England and her allies. He signed the Treaty of Utrecht in 1714 that, amongst other humiliating conditions, required him to expell James from France.

In the following year, James instigated a rebellion in Scotland aimed at restoring him to the throne, but illness prevented him from leading the military action, and by the time he arrived, it was too late to consolidate the minor successes achieved.

Following this failure, attention turned to James's handsome and charismatic son, "Bonnie Prince Charlie", whose rebellion of 1745 came closer to success than his father's. However, with the failure of this second rebellion, the Stuart hopes of regaining the British throne were effectively destroyed. James died in Rome on January 1, 1766, and is buried in St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "James Francis Edward Stuart."

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James I of England

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

James VI of Scotland (June 19, 1566 - March 27, 1625, reigned July 24, 1567 - March 27, 1625) and James I of England and Ireland (reigned March 24, 1603-March 27,1625) was the first king of both England and Scotland. James succeeded Elizabeth I as the closest living relative of the unmarried childless English monarch, through his descent from Henry VIII's sister Margaret Tudor. He was a popular monarch, but less skilled at governing than Elizabeth I had been. His taste for political absolutism, his mismanagement of the kingdom's funds, and his cultivation of unpopular favorites laid much of the groundwork that would lead to the deposition and execution of his son Charles I during the English Civil War. During James' own life, however, the government of the kingdom was relatively stable.

James VI
King of Scotland from 1567
James I
King of England, Ireland from 1603

Life

James became king of Scotland on July 24, 1567, at the age of 13 months, after his mother Mary, Queen of Scots was forced to abdicate. She fled to England, where she was imprisoned for the next 19 years. His father, Lord Darnley, was assassinated under mysterious circumstances shortly after James was born. James was formally crowned at the Church of the Holy Rood, Stirling on July 29, 1567. In deference to the religious proclivities of most of the Scots ruling class, he was brought up as a member of the Scottish protestant Kirk and educated by men with Presbyterian sympathies, though his mother was a Roman Catholic.

James married Anne of Denmark by proxy on August 20, 1589, and in person on November 23, 1589 and again in person in January 21, 1590. They had eight children, of whom only seven survived long enough to be named; only three lived beyond infancy:

• Henry, Prince of Wales- (February 19, 1594 - November 6, 1612).
• Elizabeth Stuart - (August 19, 1596 - February 13, 1662).
• Margaret Stuart - (December 24, 1598 - March, 1600).
• King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland - (November 19,1600 - January 30, 1649).
• Robert Bruce Stuart, Duke of Kintyre - (January 18, 1602 - May 27, 1602).
• Mary Stuart - (April 8, 1605 - September 16, 1607).
• Sophia Stuart - (June 22, 1606 - June 23, 1606).

The eldest, Henry Stuart, became Prince of Wales when James VI was invited to take the English throne following the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603. James established a residence at Royston a town he stayed in on his progress to London. Henry died in 1612, during the preparations for the marriage of James's daughter, Elizabeth Stuart (1596-1662) to Frederick V, Elector Palatine. This wedding was negotiated at Royston, and has been connected to the rise of Rosicrucianism, which was a secret society in support of protestant illumination across Germany and Bohemia. Prince Henry had been at the head of the war party at the court of king James, but his death dissolved their power. Frederick V became embroiled in the election of the new Holy Roman Emperor by claiming the throne of Bohemia. However he was opposed by Archduke Ferdinand who duly succeeded as Emperor. After the Battle of White Mountain, the couple went into exile and were known as the "Winter King" and "Winter Queen", taking up residence in The Hague. Germany was then sunk in the Thirty Years War, while the new union of England and Scotland developed its maritime empire. James's second son, Charles, succeeded James on the throne as King Charles I, in 1625.

James had enormous difficulties in coping with parliamentary criticism. The structure of English government made it impossible to raise sufficient revenue without parliaments, but his belief in the Divine Right of Kings made him unwilling to listen to criticism of his unpopular diplomatic schemes. His 1622 parliament was dissolved because of parliamentary criticisms of the Spanish Match, the proposal to marry his prince Charles to Princess Maria Anna of Spain.

King James is considered to have been one of the most intellectual and learned individuals ever to sit on any English, Scottish or British throne, and as a partial result, much of the cultural flourishing of Elizabethan England continued. James himself was talented scholar, and published several books in Latin. He is also remembered for authorizing the production of the King James Version of the Bible, the highly popular English translation from Greek and Hebrew; beyond that, he wrote several books himself. However, he lacked Elizabeth's business skills. His expenditures always outran his revenue, and after the death of the capable Earl of Salisbury there were no real attempts to put the government on a sound financial footing.

He also held the title of King of France, as had all his predecessors in the English throne since October 21, 1422 although by his time the title didn't come with an active claim of this throne. His own successors would hold the title till the 1801 Act of Union.

James was responsible for the building of the Banqueting House at the Palace of Whitehall.

'Queen James'

One area of James VI/I's life that for many years remained clouded in controversy was allegations that James in fact homosexual. While his close relationships with a number of men were noted, earlier historians questioned their sexual nature. Few modern historians cast any doubt on the King's homosexuality and the fact that his sexuality and choice of male partners both as King of Scotland then later in London as King of England were the subject of gossip from the taverns to the Privy Council. His relationship as a teenager with fellow teenager Esmé Stuart, Seigneur d'Aubigny, Earl of Lennox was criticised by Scottish church leaders, who were part of a conspiracy to keep the young King and the young French courtier apart. Lennox, facing threats of death, was forced to leave Scotland. In the 1580s, King James openly kissed Francis Stewart Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell. Contemporary sources clearly hinted their relationship as sexual. When James inherited the English throne from Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, it was openly joked of the new English monarch in London that Rex fuit Elizabeth: nunc est regina Jacobus (Elizabeth was King: now James is Queen.)

Historians have debated whether James was unwise in his choice of male partners, from page-boy-turned-Gentleman-of-the-Bedchamber Robert Carr (made Earl of Somerset) to royal-cupbearer-turned-Earl-of-Buckingham, George Villiers, whose relationship with the King was discussed at the Privy Council (James called Villiers his 'wife' and he Villiers' 'husband'.) Buckingham in particular came to play a major part in the governance of the English kingdom, though historians differ on whether Buckingham's impact was positive or negative.

James VI/I died in 1625 of gout and senility and is buried in the Henry VII chapel in Westminster Abbey. When on 23 August 1628 Buckingham was assassinated, he was buried in a tomb to King James' right in the Henry VII chapel. Another of James' male favourites was buried in a tomb on the King's left.

Quotes

• "Monarchy is the greatest thing on earth. Kings are rightly called gods since just like God they have power of life and death over all their subjects in all things. They are accountable to God only ... so it is a crime for anyone to argue about what a king can do" [1]
• "Kings...have power of raising and casting down, of life and death, judges over all their subjects...and yet accountable to none but God only."
• "A Scotch Presbytery agreeth as well with monarchy as God with the devil. Then Jack and Tom and Will and Dick shall meet, and at their pleasure censure me and my council...Until you find that I grow lazy, let that alone..."

Additional Reading

• Fraser, Antonia. King James VI of Scotland and James I of England (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974)
• Lee, Maurice. England's Solomon: James VI and I in his Three Kingdoms (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990)
• G.P.V. (ed.). Letters of King James VI & I. (Berkeley : University of California Press, 1984)
• Young, Michael B. King James and the History of Homosexuality. (New York : New York University Press, 2000)

External links

• Website on James VI/I
• Another website about James VI/I
• website on which is published Rictor Norton, "Queen James and His Courtiers" from The Great Queens of History

Preceded on the English throne by: Elizabeth I	List of British monarchs	Succeeded by: Charles I
Preceded on the Scottish throne by: Mary, Queen of Scots

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "James I of England."

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James II of Aragon

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

James II of Aragon, a.k.a. James I of Sicily, second son of Peter III of Aragon, a.k.a. Peter I of Sicily.

Preceded by: Alfonso III of Aragon	List of Aragonese monarchs	Followed by: Alfonso IV of Aragon
Preceded by: Peter I of Sicily	Monarchs of Naples and Sicily	Followed by: Frederick III of Sicily

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "James II of Aragon."

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James II of England

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

James II of England (James VII of Scotland), James Stuart, (October 14, 1633 - September 16, 1701), was a King of England, Scotland and Ireland, and the first Catholic monarch for 97 years, since Mary I of England.

Childhood

The third son of King Charles I, James was born at St. James's Palace in 1633 and created Duke of York in January 27, 1644. He spent much of his early life in exile, following the execution of his father during the English Civil War. James himself was rescued from confinement at St. James's Palace in London in April 1648 and was taken, in disguise, to The Hague. In 1652, he became an officer in the French army and saw active service under the Vicomte de Turenne. James's exile on the continent exposed him to Roman Catholicism, and he and his first wife eventually converted to that religion. Unfortunately for him, the English people viewed Catholicism with great fear and mistrust.

James II
King of England, Ireland
James VII
King of Scotland

Return from exile

Despite his Catholicism, James returned from exile with his older brother Charles II to great popular joy. There was at this time little prospect of his becoming king, Charles being still a young man and more than capable of fathering legitimate children (in view of the number of illegitimate ones he already had). James reclaimed the title Duke of York. As Lord High Admiral, he commanded the navy and defeated the Dutch at the Battle of Lowestoft (1665). However, he suffered when the king was forced to introduce the Test Act of 1673, removing Catholics from official positions. For a period between 1679 and 1681, he remained in Scotland, where the religious controversy was made even more complex by the strength of the Presbyterians. James's activities there resulted in his becoming extremely unpopular.

Succession

When Charles died without a legitimate child, in his fifties, James was next in line for the thrones of both England and Scotland.

He succeeded on the throne on February 6, 1685. He was crowned on April 23, 1685, at Westminster Abbey. However, he never took the Scottish coronation oath.

Catholicism

Many people in Britain were extremely concerned about a Catholic monarch. Attempts had already been made, unsuccessfully, to exclude him from the succession. The first challenge to his kingship came as soon as June 11, 1685, when James, Duke of Monmouth, an illegitimate son of King Charles II and a Protestant, arrived in the West Country and proclaimed himself king. He was defeated at the Battle of Sedgemoor on July 5 and executed at the Tower of London a few days later.

Despite the lack of popular support for Monmouth, the public's fears remained and were compounded by James's efforts to secure religious tolerance for all minorities, including Catholics, and by his apparent preference for Catholic officials, especially in Ireland. Public opinion became even more concerned when James tried to create a standing army. The activities of his officials, such as the notorious Judge Jeffreys (who had been responsible for rounding up Monmouth's supporters in the south-west), added to James's reputation for cruelty and thoughtlessness.

William of Orange

The dissatisfaction with James led to a conspiracy to replace him with his estranged daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, both dedicated Protestants. When James's queen gave birth to a living male heir, Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, the matter became urgent.

In 1688 William landed in England with a large Dutch army, the English army deserted to his side, and James was left with no supporters and forced to flee the country. Parliament decided that James's flight was an abdication of the throne, and it therefore gave William and Mary the legal right to assume power. This coup d'état cemented the primacy of parliament over monarch and became known as The Glorious Revolution or the "Bloodless" Revolution - though it was not the latter.

On December 11, 1688 he was allowed to flee Britain, an event that effectively ended his reign there. The Parliament of England declared his abdication on January 28, 1689. The Estates of Scotland followed on April 11, 1689. He continued to reign in Ireland until the Battle of the Boyne on July 1, 1690.

James was given a pension by King Louis XIV of France, and lived in the royal château at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. For the rest of his life, James fought in France and Ireland, attempting to retake his throne. He was little more than a pawn in the great series of intrigues between Louis and William. His apparently cowardly behaviour after a succession of Jacobite defeats in Ireland (culminating in the Battle of the Boyne) won him no friends.

He never officially abdicated and continued to claim the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland until his death.

Marriage

James married twice, firstly Anne Hyde in Breda on Nov 24, 1659. Anne has the distinction of being the last Englishwoman to marry the heir to the English throne before Lady Diana Spencer. She was the daughter of Edward Hyde, later Earl of Clarendon. Despite her respectable parentage, she was not considered a suitable wife, and the marriage was kept secret until Anne was visibly pregnant; in all they had eight children, but only two daughters survived.:

• Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (October 22, 1660 - May 5, 1661).
• Queen Mary II of England, Scotland, and Ireland - (April 30, 1662 - December 28, 1694).
• James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge- (July 12, 1663 - May 22, 1667).
• Queen Anne of Great Britain and Ireland - (February 6, 1665 - August 1, 1714).
• Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal - (July 4, 1666 - June 20, 1667).
• Edgar Stuart, Duke of Cambridge - (September 14, 1667 - November 15, 1669).
• Henrietta Stuart - (January 13, 1669 - November 15, 1669).
• Catherine Stuart - (February 9, 1671 - December 5, 1671).

Lady Anne died on March 31,1671. On November 21, 1673, James married Marie Beatrix d'Este, Princess of Modena, by whom he had six children.:

• Catherine Laura Stuart - (January 10, 1675 - October 3, 1675).
• Isabelle Stuart - (August 28, 1676 - March 2, 1681).
• Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge - (November 7, 1677 - December 12, 1677).
• Charlotte Maria Stuart - (August 16, 1682 - October 16, 1682).
• James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Wales - (June 10, 1688 - January 1, 1766).
• Louisa Maria Theresa Stuart - (June 28, 1692 - April 20, 1712.

James also had a number of illegitimate children, mostly by his long-standing mistress, Arabella Churchill. These included James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick and Henry FitzJames, 1st Duke of Albemarle.

Death

On September 16, 1701, James died in exile at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, France. He is buried in the Church of Saint-Germain, at Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

Miscellaneous

James was responsible for the last major redevelopments at the Palace of Whitehall prior to its destruction by fire.

External links

• Another biography of James II and presentation of his Jacobite heritage until the 21st Century: http://members.rogers.com/jacobites/kings/james2.htm

Preceded by: Charles II

List of British monarchs

Succeeded by: William III & Mary II jointly

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "James II of England."

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James McNeill Whistler

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834-1903) was an American painter and etcher. He is perhaps best known for his nearly black-and-white full-length portrait of his mother, titled Arrangement in Gray and Black, No. 1, but usually referred to as Whistler's Mother. Though American, Whistler lived and worked mainly in Britain and France. His painting The White Girl (1862) caused controversy when exhibited in London and, later, at the Salon des Refusés in Paris. The painting epitomised Whistler's theory that art should essentially be concerned with the beautiful arrangement of colors in harmony, not with the accurate portrayal of the natural world, as recommended by the critic John Ruskin. In 1878 Whistler sued Ruskin for libel after the critic condemned his painting Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket, calling the artist a "coxcomb". Whistler won a farthing in nominal damages. The cost of the case bankrupted him.

Whistler was friendly with various French artists, illustrating the book Les Chauves-Souris with Antonio de La Gandara. He also knew the impressionists, notably Edouard Manet, and was also a leading figure in the Aesthetic Movement. He was well-known for his biting wit, especially in exchanges with his friend Oscar Wilde. Both were well-known figures in the cafe society of Paris, at the turn of the 20th century. Whistler's famous riposte to Wilde's statement, "I wish I'd said that" -- "You will Oscar, you will", may be apocryphal.

Whistler's belief that art should concentrate on the arrangement of colors has led many critics to see his work as a precursor of abstract art.

Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl
Painted 1862
Larger version

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "James McNeill Whistler."

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James River

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The James River in the State of Virginia is 340 miles (550 km) long and drains a watershed encompasing 10,000 sq.mi. (26,000 km²}, home to 2.5 million people (2000). The James is a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay. The James forms in the Allegheny Mountains near Iron Gate, Virginia from the confluence of the Cowpasture and Jackson Rivers.

The earliest permanent English settlement of the Americas was in 1607 at Jamestown, Virginia along the banks of the James. Richmond, the capital of Virginia is at the fall line of the James. Navigation of the James played an important role in early Virginia commerce and the settlement of the interior. Produce from the Piedmont and Great Valley regions traveled down the river to seaports at Richmond through such port towns as Lynchburg, Scottsville, Columbia and Buchanan. The James was considered as a route for transport of produce from the Ohio Valley, and the James River and Kanawha Canal Company was formed for this purpose.

External Links

Heritage of the James River

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "James River."

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James the Just

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

James the Just (died AD 62) was the first bishop or patriarch of Jerusalem. He was called "the Just" because of his asceticism. Eusebius of Caesarea records passages from Hegesippus that describe his death, whose account is verified by Josephus and Clement. According to these sources, the Pharisees, upset at his teachings, threw him from a tower, then stoned him to death. Josephus adds that this occurred while Albinus was procurator of Palestine, dating this to AD 62. Vespasian's siege and capture of Jerusalem delayed the selection of Symeon, son of Clopas, to succeed him. He is most likely the James mentioned in Acts 12:17, 15:13 et sqq., and 21:18.

Eusebius also reports the tradition that James the Just was the son of Joseph, and therefore the brother of Jesus Christ (as well as Jude) mentioned in Matthew 13:55, Mark 6:3, and Galatians 1:19. St. Paul further describes James in Galatians, with Cephas and John, as one of the "pillars", and who will go preach to "the circumcised" (that is the Jews) while Paul and Barnabas will preach to the Gentiles (2:9, 2:12). James relation to Jesus has been problematic to many Christians due to the belief that Jesus Christ was the Son of God, and James the Just would therefore be at best a half-brother or a step-brother. See Christology.

James the Just is sometimes given credit for writing the New Testament book the Epistle of James, although it has also been ascribed to James the Great and James the Less. He is also traditionally believed to be the author of the Protevangelion of James, or "Nativity Gospel of James".

On June 18, 2003, the Israeli Antiquities Authority published a report concluding that the inscription containing the Ya`aqov bar Yosef akhui di Yeshua` (James son of Joseph brother of Jesus) on an ossuary is a modern forgery based on their analysis of the patina. Specifically, it appears that the inscription was added recently and made to look old by addition of a chalk solution. The ossuary came to light in 2002 under questionable provenance and was thought by some to be historical evidence for Jesus's brother James. The dealer, Oded Golan, has been arrested and found to have forgery equipment and partially completed forgeries.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "James the Just."

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James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven, 13th Baron Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Hely (about 1617 -11 October 1684) was the son of Mervyn Tuchet, otherwise Audley, 2nd Earl of Castlehaven and his first wife, Elizabeth Barnham (1592 - about 1622).

He succeeded his father as Earl of Castlehaven on 14 May 1631, when his father was attainted and beheaded.

He was created Baron Audley of Hely with remainder "to his heirs forever" on 3 June 1633, with place and precedency of George, his grandfather, formerly Baron Audley of Hely. (This creation effectively nullifying the attainting of his father).

He married twice, first Elizabeth Brydges, daughter of Grey Brydges, Lord Chandos (before 1581-1621) and of his wife née Anne Stanley (1580-1647), who married the 2nd Earl of Castlehaven after Lord Chandos' death. (Anne Stanley was thus both the 3rd Earl's step-mother, and his mother-in-law.) He married secondly, about 19 June 1679, Elizabeth Graves.

He died sine prole 11 October 1686, at Kilcash, County Tipperary, Ireland and was succeeded in the Earldom by his brother.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven."

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James Tuchet, 5th Earl of Castlehaven

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

James Tuchet, 5th Earl of Castlehaven; 15th Baron Audley; 3rd Baron Audley of Hely, (d. 12 August 1700) was the son of Mervyn Tuchet, 4th Earl of Castlehaven and of his wife Mary Talbot.

He succeeded his father as Earl of Castlehaven on 2 November 1686.

He married Anne Pelson, daughter of Richard Pelson and his wife, née Anne Villiers, daughter of Christopher Villiers, 1st Earl of Anglesey.

They had one son, James, who succeeded him as Earl of Castlehaven.

He died of apoplexy.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "James Tuchet, 5th Earl of Castlehaven."

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James Tuchet, 6th Earl of Castlehaven

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

James Tuchet, 6th Earl of Castlehaven; 16th Baron Audley; 4th Baron Audley of Hely (d. 12 October 1740) was the son of James Tuchet, 5th Earl of Castlehaven and his wife Anne Pelson.

He succeeded his father as Earl of Castlehaven, Baron Audley, and Baron Audley of Hely on 9 August 1700.

He married, on 14 May 1722, Elizabeth Arundell (1693-1743), daughter of Henry Arundell and his wife, née Elizabeth Panton.

They had two sons, and at least one daughter:

• James (1723-1769)
• John (1724-1777)
• Elizabeth

He is buried at St. Sulpice in Paris.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "James Tuchet, 6th Earl of Castlehaven."

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James Tuchet, 7th Earl of Castlehaven

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James Tuchet, 7th Earl of Castlehaven; 17th Baron Audley; 5th Baron Audley of Hely (15 April 1723 - 6 May 1769) was the son of James Tuchet, 6th Earl of Castlehaven and his wife née Elizabeth Arundell.

He succeeded his father as Earl of Castlehaven, Baron Audley, and Baron Audley of Hely on 12 October 1740.

He was unmarried, and succeeded by his brother, John.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "James Tuchet, 7th Earl of Castlehaven."

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Saint James the Great

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St. James, called St. James the Great and St. James of Compostela (d. AD 44), the son of Zebedee and Salome and brother to St. John, was one of the disciples of Jesus Christ. He is called Saint James the Greater to distinguish him from the other apostle named James (St. James the Less). Saint James is described as one of the first disciples to join Jesus. The version of the Synoptic Gospels states he was a fisherman with John when called by Jesus; the Gospel of John differs, claiming the two brothers had been followers of John the Baptist. According to Matthew (4:21-22), he and John were called Boanerges, or the "sons of Thunder".

His feast day is celebrated on July 25.

St James and Spain

Many people believe James went to Spain and preached Christianity there for a time before returning to Judea, where he was beheaded by King Herod Agrippa I in the year 44. Another tradition states that he miraculously appeared to fight in a Spanish army during the Reconquista, and is therefore called Matamoros (Moor-slayer). Santiago y cierra España ("St James and close Spain", it's not totally grammatical in Spanish) has been the battle cry of Spanish armies. St Emillianus (san Millán) is said to appear in a battle as well.

The military Order of Santiago or caballeros santiaguistas was founded to fight the Moors and later membership became a precious honour. People like Diego Velázquez longed for the royal favour that allowed to put on their clothes the red cross of St. James (similar to an obelus, †).

These traditions are the main reason James became the patron saint of Spain, and his shrine at Santiago de Compostela, in Galicia in Spain, became the most famous pilgrimage site in the Christian world. St James's Way is a set of routes that cross Western Europe and arrive to Santiago through Northern Spain.

The name "James" in English is "Iacobus" (Jacob) in Latin. In Spanish "Saint James" is Santiago or San Diego. James's emblem was the scallop shell (or "cockle shell"), and pilgrims to his shrine often wore that symbol on their hats or clothes. The French for a scallop is coquille St. Jacques, which means "cockle (or mollusk) of St. James", and that term also refers to a method of cooking and serving them, on a shell (real or ceramic) in a creamy wine sauce.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Saint James the Great."

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Saint James the Less

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

James, son of Alpheaus, was called the Less or the Younger. He was a brother of the apostle Matthew and the son of Mary (not to be confused with Mary, the mother of Jesus). Not much is known about his later ministry.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Saint James the Less."

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William James

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

William James (January 11, 1842, New York - August 26, 1910 Chocorua, New Hampshire), philosopher and elder brother of the writer Henry James, was born in New York. He studied in France and taught at Harvard until his death. Together with Charles Sanders Pierce, who coined the term, James founded the philosophical school or (perhaps more accurately) orientation of pragmatism. James was not trained as a philosopher, but rather as a psychologist, at the time when the two disciplines were only beginning to separate themselves. He was in fact one of the first laboratory psychologists in America, though he was also skeptical of the ultimate value of laboratories for understanding the human mind.

James's was a markedly pluralistic and relativistic philosophy, even for a pragmatist's. While, like pragmatists generally, he held experimentation to be a way of life, he did not look to it for objective knowledge. Unlike John Dewey, James had no problem with people holding widely divergent views of the world, each on the basis of their own experience.

James also did important work in the study and philosophy of religion, providing a wide-ranging account of The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902) and interpreting them according to his pragmatic leanings. Some of the important claims he makes in this regard:

• Religious genius should be the primary topic in the study of religion, rather than religious institutions--since institutions are merely the remnant of genius.
• The intense, even pathological varieties of experience (religious or otherwise) should be sought by psychologists, because they represent the closest thing to a microscope of the mind--that is, they show us in drastically enlarged form the normal processes of things.
• In order to usefully interpret the realm of common, shared experience and history, we must each make certain "over-beliefs" in things which, while they cannot be proven on the basis of experience, help us to live fuller and better lives.

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "William James."

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: James

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Photo Album: James

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Members of the first National Advisory Cancer Council at the groundbreaking ceremonies at the NCI's building 6 in June, 1938. (Left to right) Francis Wood, C.C Little, James Ewing, Arthur Compton, James Conant, Thomas Parran, and Ludwig Hektoen. This new building, erected on land donated by Mrs. Luke J. Wilson was the fourth to be constructed in the complex that is now the National Institutes of Health. The structure was unique in that year of 1939, with its physical equipment and facilities designed solely for scientific research in a specialized field of science. Building 6 was to house the National Cancer Institute, the first of the nine specialized institutes that would comprise NIH. See also ar003810. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist.		Picture is headshot of both James and Elizabeth Miller. Credit: unknown photographer.
	Dr. James M. Hughes, Director, NCID. Credit: CDC.		James M. Hughes, M.D., Director of the National Center for Infectious Diseases, NCID. Credit: CDC.
	St. James Bay. Credit: NASA.		James C. Elms. Credit: NASA.
	James Beggs is Sworn In. Credit: NASA.		The Coast Survey Plate by James McNeill Whistler This plate was a practice copper plate engraving by Whistler. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.
	Monterey Bay Case Study - Photo #2 Reconnaissance chart of California coast Surveyed in 1852 by Captain James Alden on the C&GS Ship ACTIVE. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.		The Custom House. In: "The Annals of San Francisco". Frank Soule, John Gihon, and James Nesbit. 1855. Page 255. D. Appleton & Company, New York. F869.S3.S7 1855. Credit: America's Coastlines.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: James
 

"James Bond Car" by Tim Spence Commentary: "James Bond car used in Die Another Day."	"St.James" by Ary Post Commentary: "A cathedral in Dieppe and about hundres of details to see!."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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