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Jupiter

Specialty Definition: Jupiter

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Specialty Definition: Bristol Jupiter

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Jupiter was a 9 cylinder one-row radial aircraft engine designed during WWI by Roy Fedden of Cosmos Engineering. During the rapid downscaling of military spending after the war, Cosmos went bankrupt in 1920, and was eventually purchased by Bristol Aeroplane Company on the strengths of the Jupiter design. Over a number of years the engine matured into one of the most reliable on the market, and although production started as early as 1918, it didn't stop until 1930.

The Jupiter was fairly standard in design, but feature four valves per cylinder, which was uncommon at the time. The cylinders were machined from steel forgings, and the cast heads were later replaced with aluminium alloy following studies by the RAE. In 1927 they changed to a forged head due to the rejection rate of their castings.

As early as 1925 Roy Fedden had started putting some effort into eventually replacing the Jupiter. Using a shorter stroke to increase the RPM, and including a supercharger for added power, resulted in the Bristol Mercury of 1927. Applying the same techniques to the original Jupiter-sized engine in 1927 resulted in the Bristol Pegasus. Neither would fully replace the Jupiter for a few years.

The Jupiter is most famous for powering the Handley Page HP42 Hannibal airliner, which flew the London-Paris route in the 1920s. Other civilian uses included the De Havilland DH.61 Giant Moth and DH.66 Hercules, the Junkers G31 (which would evolve into the famous Junkers Ju 52), and the huge Dornier Do.X flying boat, which used no less than ten.

Military uses were less common, but included the parent company's Bristol Bulldog, as well as the Gloster Gamecock and Boulton-Paul Sidestrand. It was also found in prototypes around the world, from Japan to Sweden.

The Jupiter also saw widespread use in licensed versions, with no less than fourteen countries eventually producing the engine. In France the Gnome-Rhone company produced a version that was used in several local civilian designs, as well as had some export success. The most produced version was in the Soviet Union, where their M-22 version powered the famous Polikarpov I-16, which was built in the thousands.

Specifications

Bore / Stroke / Displacement: 5.75" x 7.5", 1753 cu in (28.7 litre)

Compression ratio: 5:1

HP: 435 hp at 1575 RPM (max continuous), 580 hp at 1950 RPM (take-off)

Weight: 730 lbs

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Bristol Jupiter."

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Jupiter

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

• Jupiter the Roman god
• Jupiter the planet
• Jupiter, Florida
• Jupiter-C rocket

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Jupiter."

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Jupiter (planet)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

simple:Jupiter

Jupiter Orbital characteristics Avg Dist from Sol 5.20336301 AU Mean radius 778,412,010 km Eccentricity 0.04839266 Revolution period 11y 315d 1.1h Synodic period 398.9 days Avg. Orbital Speed 13.0697 km/s Inclination 1.30530° Number of satellitess 62+ Physical characteristics Equatorial diameter 142,984 km Surface area 6.41×1010 km2 Mass 1.899×1027 kg Mean density 1.33 g/cm3 Surface gravity 23.12 m/s2 Rotation period 9h 55.5m Axial tilt 3.12° Albedo 0.52 Escape Speed 59.54 km/s Surface temp min mean max 110 K  152 K  N/A K Atmospheric characteristics Atmospheric pressure 70 kPa Hydrogen >81% Helium >17% Methane 0.1% Water vapor 0.1% Ammonia 0.02% Ethane 0.0002% Phosphine 0.0001% Hydrogen sulfide <0.0001%

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and, by far, the largest within our solar system; some have described the solar system as consisting of the Sun, Jupiter, and assorted debris. It and the other gas giants Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are sometimes referred to as "Jovian planets."

Overview

Jupiter is 2.5 times more massive than all the other planets combined, so massive that its barycenter with the Sun actually lies above the Sun's surface (1.068 solar radii from the Sun's center). It is 318 times more massive than Earth, with a diameter 11 times that of Earth, and with a volume 1300 times that of Earth. It's been termed by many a "failed star." As impresssive as it is, extrasolar planets have been discovered with much greater masses. However, it is thought have about as large a diameter as a planet of its composition can, as adding extra mass would only result in further gravitational compression. There is no clear-cut definition of what distinguishes a large and massive planet such as Jupiter from a brown dwarf but in any case it would need to be about seventy times as massive as it is to become a star. This was memorably fictionalized in Sir Arthur C. Clarke's novel 2010: Odyssey Two.

Jupiter also has the fastest rotation rate of any planet within the solar system resulting in a flattening easily seen through a telescope. Its best known feature is probably the Great Red Spot, a storm larger than Earth; the planet is perpetually covered with a layer of clouds.

Jupiter is usually the fourth brightest object in the sky (after the Sun, the Moon and Venus; however at times Mars appears brighter than Jupiter, while at others Jupiter appears brighter than Venus). It has been known since prehistoric times. Galileo Galilei's discovery, in 1610, of Jupiter's four large moons Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto (now known as the Galilean moons) was the first discovery of a celestial motion not apparently centered on the Earth. It was a major point in favor of Copernicus's heliocentric theory of the motions of the planets; Galileo's outspoken support of the Copernican theory got him in trouble with the Inquisition.

Physical characteristics

Planetary Composition

Jupiter is, essentially, composed of a relatively small rocky core, surrounded by metallic hydrogen, surrounded by liquid hydrogen, which is surrounded by gaseous hydrogen. There is no clear boundary or surface between these different phases of hydrogen; the conditions blend smoothly from gas to liquid as one descends.

Atmosphere

Jupiter's atmosphere is composed of ~86% hydrogen and ~14% helium (by number of atoms, the atmosphere is ~75%/24% by mass; with ~1% of the mass accounted for by other substances - the interior contains denser materials such that the distribution is ~71%/24%/5%). The atmosphere contains trace amounts of methane, water vapour, ammonia, and "rock". There are also negligible amounts of carbon, ethane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, oxygen, phosphine, and sulfur. This atmospheric composition is very close to the composition of the solar nebula. Saturn has a similar composition, but Uranus and Neptune have much less hydrogen and helium.

Jupiter's upper atmosphere undergoes differential rotation, an effect first noticed by Cassini (1690). The rotation of Jupiter's polar atmosphere is ~5 minutes longer than that of the equatorial atmosphere. In addition, bands of clouds of different latitudes flow in opposing directions on the prevailing winds. The interactions of these conflicting circulation patterns cause storms and turbulence. Wind speeds of 600km/hr are not uncommon.

The outermost layer of the atmosphere contains crystals of frozen ammonia.

Planetary Rings

Jupiter has a faint planetary ring system composed of smoke-like dust particles knocked off of its moons by meteor impacts. The main ring is made of dust from the satellites Adrastea and Metis. Two wide gossamer rings encircle the main ring, originating from Thebe and Amalthea. There is also an extremely tenuous and distant outer ring that circles Jupiter backwards. Its origin is uncertain, but this outer ring might be made of captured interplanetary dust.

Magnetosphere

Jupiter has a very large and powerful magnetosphere. In fact, if you could see Jupiter's magnetic field from Earth, it would appear five times as large as the full moon in the sky despite being so much farther away. This magnetic field collects a large flux of particle radiation in Jupiter's radiation belts, as well as producing a dramatic gas torus and flux tube associated with Io.

Voyager 1 took this photo of the planet Jupiter on January 24, while still more than 25 million miles (40 million kilometers) away. ()

The exploration of Jupiter

A number of probes have visited Jupiter, all of them American in origin. Pioneer 10 flew past Jupiter in December of 1973, followed by Pioneer 11 exactly one year later. Voyager 1 flew by in March 1979 followed by Voyager 2 in July of the same year. The Galileo probe went into orbit around Jupiter in 1995, dropping a smaller subprobe into Jupiter's atmosphere and conducting multiple flybys of all of the Galilean moons. The Galileo probe also witnessed the impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 into Jupiter as it approached the planet in 1994, giving a unique vantage point for this spectacular event. After the discovery of a liquid ocean on Jupiter's moon Europa and the end of the Galileo probe, which was deorbited in September 2003, NASA is planning a mission dedicated to the icy moons. JIMO the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter is expected to be launched sometime after 2012.

Jupiter's Moons

Jupiter's 4 Galilean moons, in a composite image comparing their sizes and the size of Jupiter (Great Red Spot visible). From the top, they are Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto.

The orbits of Io, Europa and Ganymede form a pattern known as a Laplace resonance; for every four orbits that Io makes around Jupiter, Europa makes exactly two orbits and Ganymede makes exactly one. This resonance causes the gravitational effects of the three moons to distort their orbits into elliptical shapes, since each moon receives an extra tug from its neighbors at the same point in every orbit it makes. The tidal force from Jupiter, on the other hand, works to circularize their orbits. This constant tug of war causes regular flexing of the three moons' shapes, Jupiter's gravity stretching the moons more strongly during the portion of their orbits that are closest to it and allowing them to spring back to more spherical shapes when they're farther away. This flexing causes tidal heating of the three moons' cores. This is seen most dramatically in Io's extraordinary volcanic activity, and to a somewhat less dramatic extent in the geologically young surface of Europa indicating recent resurfacing.

Jupiter's moons fall into four major groups:

1. The inner group were all discovered during the Voyager program except for Amalthea, all have diameters of less than 200 km and orbit at radii less than 200,000 km, and have orbital inclinations of less than half a degree.
2. The Galilean moons were all discovered by Galileo Galilei, orbit between 400,000 and 2,000,000 km, and include the largest moons in the solar system.
3. The third group were all discovered in the 20th century but before Voyager, have diameters less than 200 km, and orbit between 11,000,000 and 12,000,000 km with an orbital inclination between 26° and 29°.
4. The outer moons were also discovered in the 20th century before Voyager, but have diameters under 50 km and orbit between 21,000,000 and 24,000,000 km. They are particularly notable for having retrograde orbits with inclinations between 147° and 163°.

It is thought that the three groups of smaller moons may each have a common origin, perhaps as a larger moon or captured body that broke up into the existing moons of each group.

In addition to the 16 moons listed below there are a further 42 tiny moons in long, eccentric, retrograde orbits around Jupiter, most no larger than a kilometer or two in diameter. All of these moons are thought to be captured asteroidal or perhaps cometary bodies, possibly fragmented into several pieces, but very little is actually known about them. The total number of known moons of Jupiter is therefore 52, currently the most of any planet in the solar system. Many additional tiny moons may exist that have not yet been discovered.

On April 4, 2003, the official moon count for Jupiter jumped to 58. The latest discoveries were made by a team led by Scott Sheppard and David Jewitt at the University of Hawaii, along with Jan Kleyna of Cambridge University. The discoveries were made using the world's two largest digital cameras at the Subaru and Canada-France-Hawaii telescopes atop Mauna Kea in Hawaii. All six newfound satellites are estimated to be about 2 kilometers wide. The same team earlier this year found the smallest known moons, a pair of 1-kilometer satellites orbiting the giant planet.

On May 15, 2003, Scott Sheppard published in the journal Nature his discovery of 23 new moons around the giant planet. This brings the total number of known moons to at least 80.

References: [1] [1]

Jupiter's natural satellites

Group	Name	Diameter (km)	Mass (kg)	Mean orbital radius (km)	Orbital period
1	Metis	40 (40 × 60)	9.56×1016	127,600	7.08 hours
	Adrastea	20 (23 × 20 × 15)	1.91×1016	134,000	7.11 hours
	Amalthea	189 (270 × 166 × 150)	7.17×1018	181,300	11.92 hours
	Thebe	100 (100 × 90)	7.77×1017	222,000	16.23 hours
2	Io	3632	8.92×1022	421,600	1.76 days
	Europa	3138	4.8×1022	670,900	3.55 days
	Ganymede	5262	1.49×1023	1,070,000	7.16 days
	Callisto	4820	1.08×1023	1,883,000	16.69 days
3	Leda	16	5.68×1015	11,100,000	238.7 days
	Himalia	186	9.56×1018	11,470,000	250.6 days
	Lysithea	36	7.77×1016	11,710,000	259.2 days
	Elara	76	7.77×1017	11,743,000	259.7 days
4	Ananke	30	3.82×1016	20,700,000	617 days
	Carme	40	9.56×1016	22,350,000	692 days
	Pasiphae	50	1.91×1017	23,300,000	735 days
	Sinope	36	7.77×1016	23,700,000	758 days

All Jovian moons are tidally locked with Jupiter, and therefore have the same rotational period as their orbital period.

Cometary impact

During the period July 16 to July 22, 1994, over twenty fragments of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collided with Jupiter's southern hemisphere, providing the first direct observation of the collision of two solar system objects. It is thought that due to Jupiter's large mass and location near the inner solar system it receives the most frequent comet impacts of the solar system's planets.

Miscellaneous Information

Jupiter is also home to Jupiter Station, a fictional space station in the Star Trek universe.

The Solar System

Sun - Mercury - Venus - Earth - Mars - Asteroids - Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune - Pluto - Comets - Kuiper belt - Oort cloud

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Jupiter (planet)."

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Jupiter, Florida

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Jupiter is a town located in Palm Beach County, Florida. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 39,328.

Geography

Jupiter is located at 26°55'34" North, 80°6'18" West (26.925985, -80.104963)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 54.7 km² (21.1 mi²). 51.8 km² (20.0 mi²) of it is land and 2.9 km² (1.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 5.35% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 39,328 people, 16,945 households, and 11,403 families residing in the town. The population density is 759.2/km² (1,966.5/mi²). There are 20,943 housing units at an average density of 404.3/km² (1,047.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 94.86% White, 1.22% African American, 0.19% Native American, 1.12% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 1.37% from other races, and 1.12% from two or more races. 7.33% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 16,945 households out of which 26.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.8% are married couples living together, 8.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 32.7% are non-families. 25.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.32 and the average family size is 2.75. In the town the population is spread out with 20.7% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 42 years. For every 100 females there are 97.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 94.2 males. The median income for a household in the town is $54,945, and the median income for a family is $64,873. Males have a median income of $44,883 versus $33,514 for females. The per capita income for the town is $35,088. 4.8% of the population and 3.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 4.7% are under the age of 18 and 4.7% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Jupiter, Florida."

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Jupiter-C IRBM

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Jupiter-C Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) was designed by the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA)

The vehicle consists of a modified Redstone ballistic missile topped by three solid-propellant upper stages. The tankage of the Redstone was lengthened by eight feet to provide additional propellant. The instrument compartment is also smaller and lighter than the Redstone's. The second and third stages are clustered in a "tub" atop the vehicle, while the fourth stage is atop the tub itself. The second stage is an outer ring of eleven scaled-down Sergeant rocket engines; the third stage is a cluster of three scaled down Sergeant rockets grouped within. These are held in position by bulkheads and rings and are surrounded by a cylindrical outer shell. The webbed base plate of the shell rests on a ball-bearing shaft mounted on the first-stage instrument section. Two electric motors spin in the tub at a rate varying from 450 to 750 rpm to compensate for thrust imbalance when the clustered motors fire. The rate of spin is varied by a programmer so that it does not couple with the changing resonant frequency of the first stage during flight.

The upper-stage tub was spun-up before launch. During first-stage flight, the vehicle was guided by a gyro-controleld autopilot controlling both air-vanes and jet vanes on the first stage by means of servos. Following a vertical launch from a simple steel table, the vehicle was programmed so that it was travelling at an angle of 40 degrees from the horizontal at burnout of the first stage, which occurred 157 seconds after launch. At first-stage burnout, explosive bolts fired and springs separated the instrument section from the first-stage tankage. The instrument section and the spinning tub were slowly tipped to a horizontal position by means of four air jets located at the base of the instrument section. When the apex of the vertical flight occurred after a coasting flight of about 247 seconds, a radio signal from the ground ignited the eleven-rocket cluster of the second stage, separating the tub from the instrument section. The third and fourth stages were fired in turn to boost the satellite and fourth stage to an orbital velocity of 18,000 miles per hour.

When used as a satellite launching vehicle, the Jupiter-C is sometimes referred to as the Juno-I.

General Characteristics

• Weight (in pounds, as configured for Explorer 1 launch, loaded/empty)
  • Overall (takeoff): 64,000/10,260
  • Stage 1 62,700/9,600
  • Stage 2 1,020/490
  • Stage 3 280/140
  • Stage 1 80/31.5
• Propulsion
  • Stage 1: Rocketdyne A-7 engine
    • Thrust, 83,000 lb
    • burning time, 155 seconds
    • specific impulse, 235 seconds
    • propellants, liquid oxygen, as oxidizer, and "Hydyne" (60% unsymmetrical, dimethylhydrazine and 40% diethylenetriamine), as fuel
    • propellant feed, turbopump type
    • turbopump drive, 90% hydrogen peroxide decomposed by catalyst bed to produce steam
  • Stage 2: Eleven JPL scaled-down Sergeant rockets
    • Thrust, 16,500 lb
    • burning time, 6.5 seconds
    • specific impulse, 220 lb-sec/lb
    • propellant, polysulfide-aluminum and ammonium perchlorate (solid propellant)
  • Stage 3: Three JPL scaled-down Sergeant rockets
    • Thrust, 5,400 lb
    • burning time, 6.5 seconds
    • specific impulse, 235 lb-sec/lb
    • propellant, same as for Stage 2
  • Stage 4: One JPL scaled-down Sergeant rocket
    • Thrust, 5,400 lb
    • burning time, 6.5 seconds
    • specific impulse, 235 lb-sec/lb
    • propellant, same as for Stage 2

Flight History

September 20, 1956: Lofted an 86.5 lb payload (including a 30 lb dummy satellite) to an altitude of 680 miles, a speed of 16,000 mph, and a range of 3,300 miles from Cape Canaveral, Florida.

May 15, 1957: Lofted an 300-pound scale Jupiter ablative nose cone to an altitude of 350 miles and a range of 710 miles.

August 8, 1957: Lofted a 1/3-scale Jupiter nose cone to an altitude of 285 miles and a range of 1,330 miles. Juno-I (four-stage configuration).

January 31, 1958: Orbited Explorer I satellite weighing 30.66 pounds with 18.35 pounds of payload, perigee 224 miles, apogee 1,575 miles. Explorer I ceased transmission of data on May 23, 1958, when its batteries died, but remained in orbit for more than 12 years. It made a fiery reentry over the Pacific Ocean on March 31, 1970.

March 5, 1958: Attempted orbit of Explorer II (31.36 pounds with 18.83 pounds of payload) failed because fourth stage did not ignite.

March 26, 1958: Orbited Explorer III satellite weighing 31.0 pounds with 18.53 pounds of payload, perigee 119 miles, apogee 1,740 miles. Down June 28, 1958.

July 26, 1958: Orbited Explorer IV satellite weighing 37.16 pounds with 25.76 pounds of payload, perigee 163 miles, apogee 1,373 miles. Down October 23, 1959.

August 24, 1958: Attempted orbit of Explorer V satellite (37.16 pounds with 25.76 pounds of payload) failed because booster collided with second stage after separation, causing upper stage firing angle to be off.

October 23, 1958: Attempted orbit of 12-foot inflatable Beacon satellite (31.5 pounds with 18.3 pounds of payload) failed when second stage separated prematurely from booster.

Source: Data Sheet, Department of Astronautics, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Jupiter-C IRBM."

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Zeus

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Zeus (Greek Zευς) or Dias (Greek Διας) ("divine king") is the leader of the gods and god of the sky and thunder in Greek mythology, equivalent to the Roman god Jupiter or Jove and associated in the syncretic classical imagination with various other deities, such as the Egyptian Ammon, Etruscan Tinia, and perhaps even in Hindu Dyaus Pitar.

Worship of Zeus originated among the Mycenean heirs of Minoans, where he was known as the Earthshaker.

Zeus Ceneus was a frequent epithet of Zeus', referring to a temple on Cape Canaeum of Euboea. Another epithet was Zeus Panhellenios, ('Zeus of all the Hellenes'), to whom Aeacus' famous temple on Aegina was founded as well as Zeus Lycaeus, in which he was the god of the sun and light (see also Lycaon and that section below). He (along with Dionysus) absorbed the role of the chief Phrygian god Sabazios in the syncretic deity known in Rome as Sabazius.

Role

Zeus' role in the Greek Olympic pantheon can not be overstated. He fathered many of the heroes and heroines (see list at bottom of article) and was featured in many of their stories. Though he was the god of the sky and thunder, he was also the most supreme cultural artifact; in some senses, he was the embodiment of Greek religious beliefs and the archetypal Greek deity. For example, in much of Greek literature, Zeus was seen as the patron of hospitality and guests and the keeper of oaths. Liars who were exposed were made to dedicate a statue to Zeus, often at the sanctuary of Olympia.

Worship

In Epirus, there was an oracle devoted to Zeus called Dodona. The shrine of Dodona is extremely ancient, and dates to pre-Hellenic times. Originally, the oracle was both Zeus' and the Earth Mother's. The Earth Mother eventually earned the name Dione and was relegated to a minor or nonexistent part elsewhere in the Greek pantheon. Only at Dodona did she retain her position, as votive inscriptions found at the site attest.

In the 2nd millennium BC, the cult of the holy beech or oak tree sprung up at Dodona. By the thirteenth and fourteenth century BCEE, priests had begun to interpret the rustling of the oak or beech leaves to determine the future. When Homer wrote the Iliad (circa 750 BCE), no buildings were present and the priests slept on the ground. By the time Herodotus wrote about Dodona, female priestesses called peleiades had replaced the male priests. A much later story, Jason and the Argonauts mentioned that Jason's ship, the Argos, had the gift of prophecy because it was made out of oak wood from Dodona.

Jupiter

In Roman mythology, Jupiter (Jove) held the same role as Zeus in the Greek pantheon. He was called Jupiter Optimus Maximus as the patron deity of the Roman Empire, in charge of laws and social order.

Other Titles:

1. Jupiter Caelestis ("heavenly")
2. Jupiter Fulgurator ("of the lightning")
3. Jupiter Latarius ("God of Latium")
4. Jupiter Lucetius ("of the light")
5. Jupiter Pluvius ("sender of rain") See also Pluvius
6. Jupiter Stator (from stare meaning "standing")
7. Jupiter Terminus or Jupiter Terminalus (defends boundaries)
8. Jupiter Totans ("thunderer")
9. Jupiter Victor (led Roman armies to victory)

Jupiter had an affair with Juturna but the secret was betrayed by a nymph named Lara, whom Jupiter struck with muteness as punishment.

Birth and Childhood

Birth

Cronus sired several children by Rhea: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, but swallowed them all as soon as they were born, since he had learned from Gaia and Uranus that he was destined to be overcome by his own son as he had overthrown his own father. But when Zeus was about to be born, Rhea sought Uranus and Earth to devise a plan to save him, so that Cronus would get his retribution for his acts against Uranus and his own children. Rhea gave birth to Zeus in Crete, handing Cronus a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes which he promptly swallowed.

Childhood

Then Rhea hid Zeus in a cave on Mount Ida in Crete. According to varying versions of the story:

1. He was then raised by Gaia.
2. He was raised by a goat named Amalthea, while a company of Koryvandes, soldiers, or smaller gods danced, shouted and clapped their hands to make noise so that Cronus would not hear the baby's cry.
3. He was raised by a nymph named Adamanthea. Since Cronus ruled over the Earth, the heavens and the sea, she hid him by dangling him on a rope from a tree so he was suspended between earth, sea and sky and thus, invisible to his father.
4. He was raised by a nymph named Cynosura. In gratitude, Zeus placed her among the stars after her death.
5. He was raised by Melissa, who nursed him with goat-milk

Zeus Becomes King Of The Gods

After reaching manhood, Zeus forced Cronus to disgorge the other children in reverse order of swallowing: first the stone, which was set down at Pytho under the glens of Parnassus to be a sign to mortal men, then the rest. In some versions, Metis gave Cronus an emetic to force him to disgorge the babies, or Zeus cut Cronus' stomach open. Then Zeus released the brothers of Cronus, the Gigantes, the Hecatonchires and the Cyclopes, from their dungeon in Tartarus; he killed their guard, Campe. As gratitude, the Cyclopes gave him thunder and the thunderbolt and lightning, which had previously been hidden by Gaia. Together, Zeus and his brothers and sisters, along with the Gigantes, Hecatonchires and Cyclopes overthrew Cronus and the other Titans.

After the battle with the Titans, Zeus shared the world with his elder brothers, Poseidon and Hades by drawing lots: Zeus got the land, Poseidon the sea and Hades the world of the shadows (the dead). (See also: Penthus)

Soon after taking the throne as King of the gods, Zeus fought the monsters Typhon and Echidna, defeating them. He left them and their children alive as challenges for future heroes.

Adulthood

Zeus was brother and husband of Hera. Their son was Hephaistos. Zeus is famous for his many extramarital affairs with various goddesses - notably Demeter, Latona, Dione and Maia -- and mortal women -- notably Semele, Io, Europa and Leda (for more details, see "Affairs" below). His wife, Hera, was very jealous and consistently tried to harm Zeus' mistresses and their children by him. For a time, a nymph named Echo had the job of distracting Hera from his affairs by incessantly talking. When Hera discovered the deception, she cursed Echo to only speak the words of others (hence our modern word "echo").

Though Zeus was often petty and malicious, he also had a righteous streak, perhaps best exemplified in his aid on behalf of Atreus and his murder of Capaneus for unbridled arrogance.

Zeus turned Pandareus to stone for stealing a bronze dog from one of his temples on Crete.

Zeus killed Salmoneus with a thunderbolt for attempting to equal him, riding around on a bronze chariot and loudly imitating thunder.

As a child, Zeus had had a friend named Celmis. Many years later, Rhea became offended by the antics of Celmis and asked Zeus to turn him into a lump of steel or diamond. Zeus obliged.

Zeus turned Periphas into an eagle after his death, as a reward for being righteous and just.

At the marriage of Zeus and Hera, a nymph named Chelone was disrespectful (or refused to attend). Zeus condemned her to eternal silence.

When Memnon died, Zeus felt pity for his mother, Eos, the dawn-goddess, and granted him immortality.

Zeus made the decision to marry Aphrodite off to Hephaestus in order to prevent violence over her between the many gods who lusted after the goddess of beauty.

Zeus, with Hera, turned King Haemus and Queen Rhodope into mountains (Balkan and Despoto, respectively) for their vanity.

Zeus exchanged a caduceus for the first flute with Hermes.

Zeus turned Atalanta and Hippomenes (or Melanion) into lions because they had sex in one of his temples.

Lycaon

Lycaon, son of Pelasgus and Meliboea was the mythical first king of Arcadia. He was the father of Callisto and, according to some, he raised her son Arcas. He, or his fifty impious sons, entertained Zeus and set before him a dish of human flesh; the god pushed away the dish in disgust and either killed the king and his sons by lightning or turned them into wolves (Apollodorus iii. 8 ; Ovid, Metamorphoses i. 198). Some say that Lycaon slew and dished up his own son Nyctimus (Clem. Alex. Protrept. ii. 36 ; Nonnus, Dionys. xviii. 20 ; Arnobius iv. 24).

Pausanias (viii. 2) says that Lycaon sacrificed a child to Zeus on the altar on mount Lycaeus, and immediately after the sacrifice was turned into a wolf. This gave rise to the story that a man was turned into a wolf at each annual sacrifice to Zeus Lycaeus, but recovered his human form if he abstained from human flesh for ten years. The oldest city, the oldest cult (that of Zeus Lycaeus), and the first civilization of Arcadia are attributed to Lycaon. His story has been variously interpreted. According to Weizsäcker, he was an old Pelasgian or pre-Hellenic god, to whom human sacrifice was offered, bearing a non-Hellenic name similar to Avkos, whence the story originated of his metamorphosis into a wolf. His cult was driven out by that of the Hellenic Zeus, and Lycaon himself was afterwards represented as an evil spirit, who had insulted the new deity by setting human flesh before him. Robertson Smith considers the sacrifices offered to the wolf-Zeus in Arcadia to have been originally cannibal feasts of a wolf-tribe, who recognized the wolf as their totem. Usener and others identify Lycaon with Zeus Lycaeus, the god of light, who slays his son Nyctimus (the dark) or is succeeded by him, in allusion to the perpetual succession of night and day. According to Ed. Meyer, the belief that Zeus Lycaeus accepted human sacrifice in the form of a wolf was the origin of the myth that Lycaon, the founder of his cult, became a wolf, i.e. participated in the nature of the god by the act of sacrifice, as did all who afterwards duly performed it.

Tiresias

As a young man, Tiresias found two snakes mating and hit them with a stick. He was then transformed into a woman. Seven years later, Tiresias did the same thing again and became a man again. A time later, Zeus and Hera asked him which sex, male or female, experienced more pleasure during sexual intercourse. Zeus claimed it was women and vice versa. Tiresias sided with Zeus. Hera struck him blind. Since Zeus could not undo what she had done, he gave him the gift of prophecy.

Affairs

Callisto/Arcas

Arcas was the son of Zeus and the nymph Callisto, whom Hera turned into a bear. Arcas unknowningly attempted to kill his mother during a hunt, not recognizing her. Zeus put them both in the sky as Ursa Major (Callisto) and Ursa Minor (Arcas).

An alternate version: One of Artemis' companions, Callisto lost her virginity to Zeus, who had come disguised as Artemis. Enraged, Artemis changed her into a bear. Callisto's son, Arcas, nearly killed his mother while hunting, but Zeus or Artemis stopped him and placed them both in the sky as Ursa Major and Ursa Minor.

Alcmene/Heracles

Heracles was a son of Zeus and Alcmene, wife of Amphitryon. Zeus seduced Alcmene in the disguise of her husband.

One account of the origin of the Milky Way is that Zeus had tricked Hera into nursing the infant Heracles: discovering who he was, she had pulled him from her breast, and a spurt of her milk formed the smear across the sky that can be seen to this day.

Aegina

He wooed Aegina, daughter of Asopus by abducting her and taking her to an island near Attica, thereafter known by her name. Kidnapping was a frequent method of Zeus' to attract women. Aegina eventually gave birth to a son Aeacus, who became king of the island.

Taygete

Zeus pursued Taygete, one of the Pleiades, who prayed to Artemis. The goddess turned Taygete into a doe but Zeus raped her when she was unconscious. She thus conceived Lacedaemon, the mythical founder of Sparta.

Elara

Zeus hid one lover, Elara, from Hera by hiding her under the earth. His son by Elara, the giant Tityas, is therefore sometimes said to be a son of Gaia, the earth goddess, and Elara.

Asteria

When Zeus pursued Asteria, she flung herself into the ocean to escape him and became the island of the same name. Alternatively, she changed herself into a quail to avoid him.

Danae

Disappointed by his lack of male heirs, King Acrisius of Argos asked an oracle if this would change. The oracle told him that one day he would be killed by his daughter's child. She was childless and, meaning to keep her so, he shut her up in a bronze tower or cave. But Zeus came to her in the form of rain or a shower of gold, and impregnated her. Soon after, their child Perseus was born.

None too happy, but unwilling to provoke the wrath of the gods by killing his offspring, Acrisius cast the two into the sea in a wooden chest. The sea was calmed by Poseidon at the request of Zeus and the pair survived. They washed ashore on the island of Seriphos, where they were taken in by Dictys, the brother of King Polydectes, who raised the boy to manhood.

Io

Zeus loved the Argive princess Io and changed her into a cow to protect her from Hera. Hera suspected his deception and asked for the cow as a present. Zeus was unable to refuse and she placed the watchman Argus to guard the cow. Hermes, at the request of Zeus, lulled Argus to sleep and rescued Io but Hera sent a gadfly to sting her as she wandered the Earth in cow form. Zeus eventually changed her back to human form, and she became, through her son with Zeus, Epaphus, the ancestress of Heracles.

Lamia

Lamia was a queen of Libya, whom Zeus loved. Hera turned her into a monster (or she killed Lamia's children and the grief turned her into a monster) and murdered their children. Lamia was cursed with the inability to close her eyes so that she would always obsess over the image of her dead children. Zeus gave her the gift to be able to take her eyes out to rest, and then put them back in. Lamia was envious of other mothers and ate their children.

Ganymede

Eos, the goddess of the dawn, kidnapped Ganymede and Tithonus to be her lovers. Zeus decided he wanted the beautiful youth Ganymede for himself but to repay Eos he promised to fulfill one wish. She asked for Tithonus to be immortal, but forgot to ask for eternal youth. Tithonus indeed lived forever but grew more and more ancient, eventually turning into a cricket. Ganymede became Zeus' cupbearer.

Consorts/Children

1. Deific Mother
   1. Aegina
      1. Aeacus
   2. Ananke
      1. Adrasteia
      2. Moirae
         1. Atropos
         2. Clotho
         3. Lachesis
   3. Demeter
      1. Dionysus
      2. Persephone
   4. Dione
      1. Aphrodite
   5. Eos
      1. Ersa
   6. Eris
      1. Ate
      2. Litae
   7. Hera
      1. Ares
      2. Eileithyia
      3. Hephaestus
      4. Hebe
   8. Leto
      1. Apollo
      2. Artemis
   9. Maia
      1. Hermes
   10. Metis
       1. Athena
   11. Mnemosyne
       1. Muses (Original three)
          1. Aoide
          2. Melete
          3. Mneme
       2. Muses (Later nine)
          1. Calliope
          2. Clio
          3. Erato
          4. Euterpe
          5. Melpomene
          6. Polyhymnia
          7. Terpsichore
          8. Thalia
          9. Urania
   12. Selene
       1. Nemean Lion
       2. Pandia
   13. Thalassa
       1. Aphrodite
   14. Themis
       1. Astraea
       2. Dike
       3. Horae
          1. First Generation
             1. Auxo
             2. Carpo
             3. Thallo
          2. Second Generation
             1. Dike
             2. Eirene
             3. Eunomia
       4. Moirae
          1. Atropos
          2. Clotho
          3. Lachesis
2. Mortal/Nymph/Other Mother
   1. Aegina
      1. Aeacus
   2. Alcmene
      1. Heracles
   3. Antiope
      1. Amphion
      2. Zethus
   4. Callisto
      1. Arcas
   5. Carme
      1. Britomartis
   6. Danae
      1. Perseus
   7. Elara
      1. Tityas
   8. Electra
      1. Dardania
      2. Harmonia
      3. Iasion
   9. Europa
      1. Minos
      2. Rhadamanthys
      3. Sarpedon
   10. Eurynome
       1. Charites
          1. Aglaea
          2. Euphrosyne
          3. Thalia
   11. Himalia
       1. Cronius
   12. Iodame
       1. Thebe
   13. Io
       1. Epaphus
   14. Lamia
       1. ???
   15. Laodamia
       1. Sarpedon
   16. Leda
       1. Polydeuces
       2. Helen
   17. Maera
       1. Locrus
   18. Niobe
       1. Argos
       2. Pelasgus
   19. Olympias
       1. Alexander the Great

   20. Plouto
       1. Tantalus
   21. Podarge
       1. Balius
       2. Xanthus
   22. Pyrrha
       1. Hellen
   23. Semele
       1. Dionysus
   24. Taygete
       1. Lacedaemon
   25. Thalia
       1. Palici
3. Male lovers
   1. Ganymede
4. Unknown Mother
   1. Nemesis
   2. Tyche

      Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Zeus."

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Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	"Jupiter" by Rainer Wonisch.		Jupiter System Montage. Credit: NASA.
	View of Jupiter. Credit: NASA.		In the weeks following comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9's spectacular July collision with Jupiter, a ... Credit: NASA.
	This series of color-composite maps of Jupiter, assembled from images taken with NASA's ... Credit: NASA.		Comparison of Voyager and Galileo images of the hemisphere of Io which faces Jupiter. (Released 09/09/96). Credit: NASA.
	Three-color filter image of Jupiter and Ganymede. Credit: NASA.		Individual frames for each of the six planets imaged, Venus, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Credit: NASA.
	Vegetation in Jupiter, Florida. Credit: Jerry Sintz.		East side of Jupiter, Florida with the bay in foreground. Credit: Jerry Sintz.
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