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Italian

Definition: Italian

Italian

Adjective

1. Of or pertaining to or characteristic of Italy or its people or culture or language; "Italian cooking".

Noun

1. A native or inhabitant of Italy.

2. The Romance language spoken in Italy.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "Italian" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1321. (references)

 

Specialty Definition: Italian

DomainDefinition

Geography

Inhabitant of Italy. Source: European Union. (references)

Industry

A cloth of five-end sateen weave with a lustrous finish, used chiefly as a lining material. Examples were 36s cotton x 34s cotton, 76 x 124, and 80s/2 cotton x 56s worsted, 84 x 120. Source: European Union. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: Italian

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The word Italian can have these meanings:

  1. From or related to Italy
  2. An Italian person
  3. The Italian language

It is also used as an abbreviation for Italian dressing (a Vinaigrette with herbs), and Italian sandwich (more commonly called a Submarine sandwich).

See also: http://it.wikipedia.com/

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Italian."

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Italian cuisine

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Italian cuisine is characterized by its flexibility, its range of ingredients and its many regional variations. It is an important element of the Italian lifestyle, and mainly reflects the rural culture and history of the many peoples of the country.

Dishes and Recipes

Antipasti

Italian soup and sauce recipes

Italian Breads & Pizza

Bread and Pizza recipes

Pasta varieties - (over 650)

Pasta dishes

Italian Fish

Italian Meats

Italian Wine

Italian cheeses

Italian Desserts and pastry

Italian Coffee (Caffè)

Famous Italian dishes

Italian Cuisine Ingredients

Italian Herbs and Spices

See also: cuisine and the Wikipedia Cookbook

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Italian cuisine."

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Italian language

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Italian is a Romance language spoken by about 62 million people, most of whom live in Italy. Standard Italian is based on Tuscan dialects and is somewhat intermediate between the languages of Southern Italy and the Gallo-Romance languages of the North. Italian has double (or long) consonants, like Latin (but unlike most modern Romance languages, e.g. French and Spanish). As in most Romance languages (with the notable exception of French), stress is distinctive.

Italian is the official language of Italy, San Marino and an official language in the Ticino and Grigioni cantons or regions of Switzerland. It is also the second official language in Vatican City and in some areas of Istria in Slovenia and Croatia with Italian minority. It is widely used by immigrant groups in Luxembourg, the United States, and Australia, and is also spoken in neighbouring Malta. It is spoken, to a much lesser extent, in parts of Africa formerly under Italian rule such as Somalia, Libya and Eritrea.

Italians say that the best spoken Italian is lingua Toscana in bocca Romana - 'the Tuscan tongue, in a Roman mouth.' The formative influence on establishing the Tuscan as the elite speech is generally agreed to have been Dante's Commedia, to which Boccaccio affixed the title Divina in the 14th century. Some people claim that Tuscan became the standard language because it's so close to Latin, but other languages spoken in Italy are even closer to Latin (e.g. sardo logudorese as well as some Southern Italian idioms). The economic power that Tuscany had at the time, specially considering Pisa's influence, gave its dialect weight, though Venetian remained widespread in the markets and streets of the Terra Firma. Also, the increasing cultural relevance of Florence in the period of Umanesimo (before Rinascimento) made its vulgare become a standard in art, quickly imported to Rome.

Italian is the language used in musical terms-such as pianoforte, fortissimo, etc.

Pronouns

Pronouns are generally unnecessary in Italian unless required to disambiguate the meaning of a sentence. Usually, the verb ending provides information about the subject.

Singular Plural
1st Person io - I noi - we
2nd Person tu - you (one person, familiar) voi - you (plural, familiar)
3rd Person \lei - she
Lei - you (one person, polite)
lui - he 		loro - they
Loro - you (plural, polite)

Lei and Loro (written with a capitalized L) have special meaning in addition to their meanings as "she" and "they". Lei is the polite form of tu (which is only used for individuals one is familiar with, family members, for children, or for praying to a god), and similarly, Loro is the polite form of voi.

Verbs

Italian verb infinitives have one of three endings, either -are, -ere, or -ire. Most Italian verbs are regular.

Questions are formed by a rising intonation at the end of the sentence, as in most European languages, possibly with the reversal of the subject and verb also (see examples below).

Present Indicative Regular Conjugation Patterns

This is the basic conjugation pattern used to indicate that something is occurring now.

-are Singular Plural
1st Person -o -iamo
2nd Person -i -ate
3rd Person -a -ano

Example: mangiare, "to eat".

Io mangio. (or just Mangio.) I eat.
Antonio mangia. Antonio eats.
Antonio mangia? Does Antonio eat?
Mangia Antonio? Does Antonio eat?

guardare, "to watch"
Noi guardiamo la televisione. (or just Guardiamo la televisione.) We watch television.

-ere Singular Plural
1st Person -o -iamo
2nd Person -i -ete
3rd Person -e -ono

Example: leggere, "to read"

Leggono i libri. They read books.
Leggo il giornale. I read the newspaper.

Some regular -ire verbs conjugate normally, and some conjugate according to the -isco pattern. There is no way to tell other than to memorize which are which.

-ire (normal form) Singular Plural
1st Person -o -iamo
2nd Person -i -ite
3rd Person -e -ono

Example: partire, "to leave"

Partite. You leave. (plural; used if talking to two or more persons one is familiar with.)
Parti. You leave. (singular; used if talking to only one person one is familiar with.)
Partono. Depending on context, could mean either You leave (if addressing more than one person formally), or could also mean They leave.

-ire (-isco form) Singular Plural
1st Person -isco -iamo
2nd Person -isci -ite
3rd Person -isce -iscono

Example: capire, "to understand".

Io capisco or just Capisco. "I understand."
Capisci? "Do you understand?"

Graphemes and Phonemes of Italian

i /i/

e, é /e/

e, è /E/

a /a/

o /o/

o /O/

u /u/

Plosivess

p /p/

b /b/

t /t/

d /d/

c before velar vowels, ch- before palatal vowels, q before u in some words, k in foreign words /k/

g- before velar vowels, gh- before palatal vowels /g/

Affricates

z /ts/

z /dz/

c- before palatal vowels; ci- before velar vowels /tS/

g- before palatal vowels, gi- before velar vowels /dZ/

Fricatives

f /f/

v /v/

s /s/

s /z/

sc- before palatal vowels, sci- before velar vowels /S/

Nasals

m /m/

n /n/

gn /n_j/ palatal [n]

Laterals

l /l/

gl(i) /l_j/ palatal [l]

Vibrant

r /r/

Minimal pairs

/'fato/ - /'fatto/

/'kade/ - /'kadde/

/'kasa/ - /'kassa/

/'pala/ - /'palla/

/'karo/ - /'karro/

/'pena/ - /'penna/

Length is distinctive for all consonants except /ts, dz, S, z, n_j, l_j/.

Some common phrases

See Common phrases in different languages and Italian proverbs.

External Links

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Italy

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Alternate uses: Italy (disambiguation)

The Italian Republic or Italy is a country in the south of Europe, consisting mainly of a boot-shaped peninsula together with two large islands in the Mediterranean Sea: Sicily and Sardinia. To the north it is bound by the Alps, where it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia.

Repubblica Italiana

(In Detail)

National motto: None
Official language Italian (+ German and Ladin in South Tyrol, Slovenian in Friuli-Venezia Giulia and French in Valle d'Aosta.)
Capital Rome
Largest CityRome
President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
Prime minister Silvio Berlusconi
Area
 - Total
 - % water		Ranked 69th
301,230 km²
2.4%
Population
 - Total (2002)
 - Density 		Ranked 22nd
57'715'625
196/km²
Independence
 - Date 		Italian unification
March 17, 1861
Currency Euro¹ (EUR), Italian euro coins
Time zone UTC +1
National anthem Fratelli d'Italia
Internet TLD.IT
Calling Code39
(1) Prior to 1999: Lira

History

Main article: History of Italy

Italy's history is perhaps the most important one for the cultural and social development of the Mediterranean area as a whole. The country has been host to important human activities in prehistoric times, and thusly archaeological sites of note can be found in many regions: Latium and Tuscany, Umbria and Basilicata. After Magna Graecia, the Etruscan civilisation and especially the Roman Empire that came to dominate this part of the world for many centuries, came the medieval Humanism and the Renaissance that further helped to shape European philosophy and art. The city of Rome contains some of the most important examples of the Baroque.

The Italy of modern time became a nation-state belatedly - on March 17, 1861 when the states of the peninsula and the Two Sicilies were united under king Victor Emmanuel II of the Savoy dynasty, hitherto ruler of Piedmont and kings of Sardinia. The architect of Italian unification, however, was Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, the Chief Minister of Victor Emmanuel. Rome itself remained for a decade under the Papacy, and became part of the Kingdom of Italy only on September 20, 1870, the final date of Italian unification. The Vatican is now an independent enclave surrounded by Italy, as is San Marino.

The Fascist dictatorship of Benito Mussolini that took over in 1922 led to a disastrous alliance with Nazi Germany and Japan, and ultimately Italy's defeat in World War II. On June 2, 1946 a referendum on the monarchy resulted in the establishment of the Italian republic, which led to the adoption of a new constitution on January 1, 1948. Members of the royal family were sent into exile because of their association with the fascist regime.

Italy was a charter member of NATO and the European Union, and hence joined the growing political and economic unification of Western Europe, including the introduction of the Euro in 1999.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Italy

The 1948 constitution established a bicameral parliament (Parlamento), consisting of a Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati) and a Senate (Senato della Repubblica), a separate judiciary, and an executive branch composed of a Council of Ministers (cabinet), headed by the president of the council (prime minister). The president of the republic is elected for 7 years by the parliament sitting jointly with a small number of regional delegates. The president nominates the prime minister, who proposes the other ministers (formally named by the president). The Council of Ministers (mostly, but not necessarily composed of members of parliament) must retain the confidence (Fiducia) of both houses.

The houses of parliament are popularly and directly elected by a mixed majoritarian and proportional representation system. Under 1993 legislation, Italy has single-member districts for 75% of the seats in parliament; the remaining 25% of seats are allotted on a proportional basis. The Chamber of Deputies has 630 members. In addition to 315 elected members, the Senate includes former presidents and several other persons appointed for life according to special constitutional provisions. Both houses are elected for a maximum of 5 years, but either may be dissolved before the expiration of its normal term. Legislative bills may originate in either house and must be passed by a majority in both.

The Italian judicial system is based on Roman law modified by the Napoleonic code and later statutes. A constitutional court, the Corte Costituzionale, which passes on the constitutionality of laws, is a post-World War II innovation.

Regions

Main article: Regions of Italy

Map

Italy is subdivided into 20 regions (regioni, singular regione), of which five enjoy a special autonomous status, marked by a *:

A region can be further subdivided into provinces.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Italy

Italy consists predominantly of a large peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, where together with its two main islands Sicily and Sardinia it creates distinct bodies of water, such as the Adriatic Sea to the north-east, the Ionian Sea to the south-east, the Tyrrhenian Sea to the south-west and finally the Ligurian Sea to the north-west.

The Apennine mountains form the backbone of this peninsula, leading north-west to where they join the Alps, the mountain range that then forms an arc enclosing Italy from the north. Here is also found a large alluvial plain, the Po-Venetian plain, drained by the Po River and its many tributaries flowing down from the Alps, Appennines and Dolomites. Other well-known rivers include the Tiber, Adige and Arno.

Its highest point is the Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) at 4,810 m, but Italy is more typically associated with two famous volcanoes: the currently dormant Vesuvius near Naples and the very active Etna on Sicily.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Italy

Italy has a diversified industrial economy with roughly the same total and per capita output as France and the United Kingdom. This capitalistic economy remains divided into a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less developed agricultural south, with 20% unemployment.

Most raw materials needed by industry and more than 75% of energy requirements are imported. Over the past decade, Italy has pursued a tight fiscal policy in order to meet the requirements of the Economic and Monetary Unions and has benefited from lower interest and inflation rates and joined the Euro from its conception in 1999.

Italy's economic performance has lagged behind that of its EU partners, and the current government has enacted numerous short-term reforms aimed at improving competitiveness and long-term growth. It has moved slowly, however, on implementing needed structural reforms, such as lightening the high tax burden and overhauling Italy's rigid labour market and expensive pension system, because of the current economic slowdown and opposition from labour unions.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Italy

Italy is largely homogeneous linguistically and religiously but is diverse culturally, economically, and politically. Italy has the fifth-highest population density in Europe at 196 persons per square kilometre. Minority groups are small, the largest being the German speaking in South Tyrol (1991: 287.503 german and 116.914 italian speaking) and the Slovenians around Trieste.

Other minority groups with partly official languages include the French speaking minority in the Valle d'Aosta region; the Sardinian language on Sardinia); the Ladin language in the Dolomites mountains; and the Friulian language in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, all four being Romance languages. In addition there exist several small local minorities, such as the Occitans in the southern Piedmont valleys; the Catalans in the town of Alghero on Sardinia; Albanians in villages in Calabria and Sicily; and ancient Greek dialects in villages of Calabria.

Although Roman Catholicism is the majority religion (85% of native-born citizens are nominally Catholic) there are mature Protestant and Jewish communities and a growing Muslim immigrant community.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Italy

Italy is well-known for its art, culture, and several monuments, among them the leaning tower of Pisa and the Roman Colosseum, as well as for its food (pizza, pasta, etc.), wine, lifestyle, elegance, design, cinema, theatre, literature, poetry, visual arts, music (notably Opera), holidays, and generally speaking, for taste.

Europe's Renaissance period began in Italy during the 14th and 15th centuries. Literary achievements, such as the poetry of Petrarch, Tasso, and Ariosto and the prose of Boccaccio, Machiavelli, and Castiglione exerted a tremendous and lasting influence on the subsequent development of Western culture, as did the painting, sculpture, and architecture contributed by giants such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raffaello, Botticelli, Fra Angelico, and Michelangelo. Modern artists include the sculptor Tommaso Geraci.

The musical influence of Italian composers Monteverdi, Palestrina, and Vivaldi proved epochal; in the 19th century, Italian romantic opera flourished under composers Gioacchino Rossini, Giuseppe Verdi, and Giacomo Puccini. Contemporary Italian artists, writers, filmmakers, architects, composers, and designers continue to contribute significantly to Western culture.

Football is the main national sport. Italy has won the Football World Cup three times: in 1934, 1938 and 1982. Italian football has produced some of world's best football players and teams. The latter include A.C. Milan and Inter Milano FC from Milan, A.S. Roma and S.S. Lazio from Rome, Juventus from Turin, and Fiorentina from Florence.
Holidays
Date English Name Local Name Remarks
January 1 New Year's Day Capodanno  
January 6 Epiphany Epifania  
Moveable Easter Sunday Pasqua  
Moveable Easter Monday Lunedì di Pasqua  
April 25 Anniversary of Liberation Liberazione 1945
May 1 Labour day Festa del Lavoro  
June 2 Republic Day Festa della Repubblica 1946
August 15 Assumption Day Assunzione  
November 1 All Saints Tutti i Santi  
December 8 Immaculate Conception Immacolata  
December 25 Christmas Natale  
December 26 St. Stephen's Day Santo Stefano  
December 31 New Year's Eve San Silvestro  

International rankings

Miscellaneous topics

External links

European Union:
Austria  |  Belgium  |  Denmark  |  Finland  |  France  |  Germany  |  Greece | Ireland
Italy  |  Luxembourg  |  Netherlands  |  Portugal  |  Spain  |  Sweden  |  United Kingdom

Countries acceding to membership on May 1, 2004:
Cyprus  |  Czech Republic  |  Estonia  |  Hungary  |  Latvia  |  Lithuania  |  Malta  |  Poland  |  Slovakia  |  Slovenia

Countries of the world  |  Europe  |  Council of Europe
simple:Italy

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Italy."

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List of Italian language poets

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Poets who wrote in Italian (or Italian dialects):

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List of Italian language television channels

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Italian language television channels include the following :
'''Free-To-Air Terrestrial Channels

Digital Channels See also: Lists of television channels, Television

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of Italian language television channels."

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List of Italian painters

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Famous Italian painters (in alphabetical order):

See also:

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Music of Italy

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Since Roman times, Italy has been one of the cultural centers for all of Europe. It was the home of the Italian Renaissance, as well as many of the most influential composers of later centuries. It also incorporates multiple regional styles of folk music as well as a burgeoning record industry that supports a wide variety of rock, pop, hip hop and opera musicians.

Folk music

In the 1950s, American Alan Lomax and Italians Diego Carpitella, Franco Coggiola and Roberto Leydi recorded many regional traditions in folk music. Carpitella later worked with Ernesto de Martino to study the magical aspects of Italian music, especially the tarantolati. The Instituto de Martino, named after Ernesto de Martino, was founded in the early 1960s to document Italian culture, and soon founded the Nuova Canzionere Italiano, an organization that promoted musicians like Giovanni Marini. Later, artist Dario Do became affiliated with the institution and helped unite the traditions of Italy's diverse regions.

Italy can be divided into four cultural regions. The island of Sardinia is unique, while the Celtic-influenced major mode North contrasts with the minor modes and strong melodies of the south. In central Italy, multiple influences combine, while indigenous traditions like endecasillabo singing (using phrases of eleven syllables) remain.

Sicily

Sicily is home to a great variety of Christian music, including a cappella devotional songs from Montedoro and many brass bands like Banda Ionica, who play songs from a diverse repertoire. Harvest songs and work songs are also indigenous to the agricultural island, known as "Italy's granary". Franco Battiato, Fratelli Mancuso and Ciccio Busacca are among the most popular musicians from Sicily. Busacca has worked with Dario Fo, like many Italian musicians, but is perhaps best-known for his setting the poems of Ignazio Buttitta, a Sicilian dialect poet. Fratelli Mancuso (brothers Enzo and Lorenzo Mancuso) have fused traditional Sicilian peasant songs (lamentazioni), monodic chants (alla carrettiera) and other indigenous forms to create a uniquely Sicilian modern song style.

Sicily has the most vibrant jazz scene in the country, based out of Palermo and including Enzo Rao and his group Shamal, who have added native Sicilian and Arab influences to American jazz. Sicily is also home to Franco Battiato, a popular musician and composer who fused rock and roll with traditional and classical influences, beginning with 1979's L'era del cinghiale bianco, a popular landmark album.

Central Italy

The highly urban provinces of central Italy are best-known for the midieval sung poetry ottava rima, from Tuscany, Lazio and Abruzzo. Ottava rima is performed by the poeti contadini (peasant poets) who use the poems of Homer or Dante, as well as more modern lyrics which address political or social issies. It is often totally improvised, and sometimes competitive in nature.

The saltarello dance is also popular throughout the region. Canzioniere del Lasio is the biggest name from central Italy during the 1960s roots revival. With socially aware lyrics, this new wave of Italian roots revivalists often played entirely acoustic songs with influences from jazz and others. More modern musicians in the same field include Lucilla Galeazzi, La Piazza and La Macina.

Genoa and North Italy

The northern regions of Italy show a strong Celtic influence in their culture, which has largely disappeared during the 20th century. Roots revivalists have revived traditional songs, though, from Piedmont (La Ciapa Rusa), Lombardy (Baraban) and Padua (Calicanto).

The Genoese docks were the birthplace of trallalero, a polyphonic vocal style with five voices, one of which imitates a guitar. It arose in the 1920s and includes modern groups like La Squadra -- Compagnia del Trallalero and Laura Parodi.

Calabria and Puglia

At the southern tip of Italy, Calabria and Puglia are heavily rural. Zampogna bagpipes are comon, and other traditions include the tarantolati and Puglian brass bands. Re Niliu is a group that has done much to popularize Calabrian traditions since 1979, reviving ancient lira (an indigenous violin) as well as composing songs in Calabrese and the local immigrant languages, Greek and Albanian.

Antonio Infantino has explored the percussion-based tarantolati healing rituals since 1975, when he formed the group Tarantolati di Tricarico. Puglia is also home to brass bands like Bando Ruvo di Puglia; this tradition has led to collaborations with jazz musicians like Matteo Salvatore, Battista Lena, Eugenio Colombo and Enrico Rava. Al Darawish, a multicultural band led by Palestinian Nabil Ben Salaméh.

Naples

Naples is best-known for its canzone napoletana song tradition, which is said to date back to the song "Te voglio bene assaie" from 1839. It drew upon the rural villanella tradition of the 16th century, and it has been popularized by performers like Enrico Caruso. Canzone napoletana featured often satirical or incisive lyrics with polyphonic harmony and elements of classical music. More modern performers include Roberto Murolo and Sergio Bruni.

Tamura drums and pop love songs called neomelodici are also popular. Other Neapolitan artists include Daniele Sepe, Rita Marcotulli, Nanda Citarella and Ciro Ricci. Sepe is perhaps the most influential, known for using protest songs from all over the world and for his skills as a percussionist, flautist and saxophonist. Tarantella, a 12/8 dance which exists with variations throughout the country, is popular in Naples and across Southern Italy.

Sardinia

Probably the most culturally distinct of all the regions in Italy, Sardinia is an islated island known for the tenores' polyphonic chant, sacred songs called gozos and launeddas, a type of bagpipes. Launeddas are used to play a complex style of music that has achieved some international attention, especially Dionigi Burranca, Antonio Lara, Luigi Lai and Efisio Melis; Burranca, like many of the most famous launedda musicians, is from Samatzai in Cagliari. An ancient instrument, dating back to at least the 8th century B.C, launeddas are still played during religious ceremonies and dances (su ballu). Distinctively, they are played using extensive variations on a few melodic phrases, and a single song can last over an hour.

Rural polyphonic chanting of the tenores is related to Corsican music and is sung with four vocal parts. They are bassu (bass), mesa boghe (middle), contra (counter) and boghe (leader and soloist). The most popular group is Tenores di Bitti.

Sacred gozos, or sacred songs, can be heard during religious celebrations, sung by choruses like Su Cuncordu 'e su Rosariu.

Other influential Sardinian musicians include Totore Chessa (organetto), Maria Carta (singer), Mauro Palmas, Elena Ledda and Suonofficina, Cordas et Cannas, Paolo Fresu (trumpet) and Gesuino Deiana (guitar).

References

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: Italian

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
EntrySourceExpressionField
ITEnglishItalian RepublicGeography, Law
ITFinnishItalian tasavaltaGeography

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Crosswords: Italian

English words defined with "Italian": Italian Republic ♦ Old Italian. (references)
Specialty definitions using "Italian": Italian Architecture, Italian band, Italian of Asia. (references)
Non-English Usage: "Italian" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses.

Albanian (Italian), Hawaiian (Italian), Italian (target_language, warp), Lombard (Italian), Romanian (italian).

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Modern Usage: Italian

DomainUsage

Screenplays

I thought you meant the other Italian restaurant where I asked you to marry me. (The Sixth Sense; writing credit: M. Night Shyamalan)

If he ever gets a word in, it'll be a major Italian victory (Casablanca; writing credit: Murray Burnett; Joan Alison)

Ya see, sir, my father is Jewish and my mom, she's Italian Catholic, so, got all the bases covered (Can't Stop the Music; writing credit: Allan Carr; Bronte Woodard)

Can you explain this to me. I left my Secret Italian Decoder Ring in my other purse (Caroline in the City; writing credit: Angela Carneiro)

Yeah, they're Italian. (The Simpsons; writing credit: Artur Brauner; Paul Hengge)

Lyrics

Singing Italian songs (Saturday In The Park; performing artist: Chicago)

By a crystal blue Italian stream (Manic Monday; performing artist: The Bangles)

Movie/TV Titles

Real Italian Pizza (1971)

Italian Secret Service (1968)

The Italian (1915)

Italian Blood (1911)

The Italian Barber (1911)

Song Titles

Pepino The Italian Mouse (performing artist: Lou Monte)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Italian

DomainTitle

References

  • American Italian Pasta Inc.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

  • The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Italian Olive Oil (reference)

    (more reference examples)

  

Books

  • Gelato!: Italian Ice Cream, Sorbetti & Granite (reference)

  • Williams-Sonoma Simple Classics Cookbook: The Best of Simple Italian, French & American Cooking (Complete Series (San Francisco, Calif.).) (reference)

  • An Italian Lordship: The Bishopric of Lucca in the Late Middle Ages (reference)

  • LA Dolce Vita: Enjoy Life's Sweet Pleasures With 170 Recipes for Biscotti, Torte, Crostate, Gelati, and Other Italian Deserts (reference)

  • Italian (Le Cordon Bleu Home Collection, Vol 11) (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Periodicals

  

Theater & Movies

  • Biography - Sophia Loren: Actress Italian Style (reference)

  • Rossini - L'Italiana in Algeri (The Italian Girl in Algiers) / Weikert, Soffel, Kannen, Gambill, Schwetzinger Festspiele (reference)

  • Bilingual Baby, ITALIAN, Vol 4 (reference)

  • Divorce, Italian Style (reference)

  • I Love Lucy - Lucy Does a TV Commercial / Lucy's Italian Movie (reference)

    (more DVD examples; more video examples)

  

Music

  

High Tech

  

Consumer Goods

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Image Slideshow: Italian

Photos:
Italian

More pictures...

Illustrations:
Italian

More pictures...

Computer Images:
Italian

More pictures...

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Photo Album: Italian

ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit

High seas fisheries: Ocean pelagic resources living near the surface are exploit ed by purse seiners and surface long-liners . Top: Italian purse seiner fishing in the central Adriatic. Middle: Bluefin tuna caught in the South Tyrrh enian by a purse seiner. Bottom:Distant-water surface longliner operating in the Mediterranean. Credit: Fisheries.

Plate XXVIII. 104. Rhinoscopelus Coccoi, (Cocco), Goode and Bean. From ALBATROS S, in N. Lat. 39, W. Lon. 72. 105. Tarletonbeania tenua, Eigenmann and Eigenmann . From off Point Loma, Calif. 106. Dasyscopelus asper, (Richardson), Goode and Bean. From Richardson, "Voyage of the Erebus and Terror." 107. Electrona Risso i, (Cocco), Goode and Bean. From Cent. Coll. of Italian Vertebrata, Florence. Credit: National Marine Fisheries Historical Image Collection.

Pl. XCIX. 345A. Chalinura mediterranea, Giglioli. From Central Collection of Italian Vertebrata, Royal Zoological Museum, Florence, Italy. 346. Nematonurus gigas, (Vaillant), Goode and Bean. From Gunther, Challenger Report, Vol. XXII. 347. Moseleya longifilis, (Gunther), Goode and Bean. From Gunther, Challenger Report, Vol. XXII. Credit: National Marine Fisheries Historical Image Collection.

Figure 35. Current meter invented by Giovanni Boccardo in 1906. Boccardo was the chief instrument maker of the Royal Italian Hydrographic Institute. This high precision instrument eliminated many of the faults of earlier current meters. It was first tested near La Spezia about 1906. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.

Figure 58. Albert sounder. The idea of Cardinal Cusanus, mentioned in the previous figure, was re-examined by the Italian architect Leo Battista Alberti and subsequentlydescribed by Giuseppe Biancani in 1635. The design was even simpler than Puhler's device. A simple rule of three was devised to derive the depth from the travel time to the bottom and return of the float. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.

An U.S. F-16 flies towards Rimini, Italy, to join with the Italian air force in a training mission. U.S. Air Forces from the 510th Fighter Squadron, Aviano Air Base, Italy, and Italian air forces from the 83rd Combat Search and Rescue Squadron, Rimini, It.

Gen. Gregory Martin, commander of U.S. Air Forces in Europe, and Lt. Col. Patrick Carpenter, U.S. Army G-3 Southern European Task Force commander, prepare to jump from a C-130 Hercules Oct. 19. Martin and 78 other U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army and Italian Arm.

Plats of Italian rice. 1913. Credit: USDA.

[Interior view- auditorium of former Italian School, Casablanca, French Morocco]. Credit: National Library of Medicine.

U.S. American National Red Cross Hospital No. 5, Auteuil, France. : A group of wounded Italian soldiers. Credit: National Library of Medicine.

Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Italian
 

"Italian Vacation 2" by Vince Navarro
Commentary: "Here are some pictures I used in a brochure, they look very nice when tweaked :-)."		"Italian door" by Alessio Vairetti
Commentary: "It was a deserted building... why so closed???."

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Sounds Captioned with "Italian".

PlayCaptionPlayCaption
Sauce; cooking; Italian food; hot; spicy; rich; homemade; spaghetti; pasta; .Bubbling; cooking; pasta; sauce; cook; food; cuisine; restaurant; Italian.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Familiar Quotations: Italian

AuthorQuotation

Charles V

I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Historic Usage: Italian

AuthorDateQuotation

Communist Manifesto

1848

To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London, and sketched the following Manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages. (reference)

Treaty of Versailles

1919

The language in which the proceedings shall be conducted shall, unless otherwise agreed, be English, French, Italian or Japanese, as may be determined by the Allied or Associated Power concerned. (reference)

Winston S. Churchill

1946

In Italy the Communist Party is seriously hampered by having to support the Communist-trained Marshal Tito's claims to former Italian territory at the head of the Adriatic. ("Iron Curtain" Speech)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Use in Literature: Italian

TitleAuthorQuote

Emma

Austen, Jane

And I hate Italian singing

Les Miserables

Hugo, Victor

Then he passed to the Italian frontier, and he was one of the thirty grenadiers who defended the Col di Tende with Joubert

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

Joyce, James

Began in Italian and ended in pidgin English

Gulliver's Travels

Swift, Jonathan

For instead of a long train with royal diadems, I saw in one family two fiddlers, three spruce courtiers, and an Italian prelate

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Italian

SubjectTopicQuote

Health

Help the flavor of meat, chicken, or fish by marinating it in sweet fruit juices, sweet wine, Italian dressing, or sweet-and-sour sauce. (references)

Business

They are also investing in or acquiring Italian companies. (references)

Italian airports are always overcrowded during this period. (references)

In 1998, Italian travelers spent a total of $17.2 billion abroad. (references)

Civil Liberties

Slovenia

A newspaper is published for the ethnic Italian minority who live on the Adriatic Coast. (references)

Monaco

Stations that broadcast from the Principality operate in accordance with French and Italian regulations. (references)

Albania

Italian military and border patrol squads operated in various coastal zones in Albania in an effort to stop the flow of illegal immigrants. (references)

Discrimination

Slovenia

The Constitution provides special rights for the "autochthonous Italian and Hungarian ethnic communities," and the small Romani community, which are observed in practice. (references)

Economic History

Italy

Language: Italian (official). (references)

Italy

Corruption is punishable under Italian law. (references)

Human Rights

Albania

It is estimated that 2,000 prisoners were serving sentences in Italian prisons. (references)

Argentina

Olivera was released by Italian authorities in September 2000 and returned to Argentina. (references)

Italy

One in four inmates is a foreigner, but in some prisons, foreigners outnumber Italian citizens. (references)

Minorities

Italy

Immigrant conditions tend to differ significantly from those of Italian Roma. (references)

Political Economy

ITALY

This license is granted to Italian importers when they provide the requisite forms. (references)

ITALY

Certain characteristics of the Italian economy impede growth and reduce import demand. (references)

Political Rights

Slovenia

Only the Italian and Hungarian minorities are considered to be "autochthonous," a legal term which applies to populations that historically have occupied a defined territory and is similar in concept to the term "indigenous." These minorities are entitled to have at least one representative in the Parliament, regardless of their population; other minority groups not defined as autochthonous, such as Roma, do not enjoy this provision. (references)

Trade

Italy

It is helpful to have such a list in Italian. (references)

Italy

Italian banks are subject to close govern-ment super-vision. (references)

Travel

Tunisia

MANY TUNISIANS ALSO SPEAK ENGLISH, ITALIAN AND GERMAN. (references)

Ghana

Authentic Italian food with homemade pasta and genuine Italian cuisine. (references)

Italy

When an Italian holiday falls on a Saturday, offices and stores are closed. (references)

Worker Rights

Nigeria

Italian authorities deported several hundred sex workers to Nigeria during the year. (references)

Albania

Italian sources believe that there are more than 6,000 unaccompanied minors in Italian institutions such as orphanages and child centers. (references)

Albania

The CRCA reported in 2000 that statistics offered by the Italian census showed that there were more than 900 children (girls aged 14-18) who worked as prostitutes in Italy. (references)

Lexicography

Devil's Dictionary

BELLADONNA, n. In Italian a beautiful lady; in English a deadly poison. A striking example of the essential identity of the two tongues.

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Spoken Usage: Italian

SpeakerPhrase(s)

Connie Francis

Howard Johnson. Connie has the sex blahs, all kinds of things like that. It will never be the same. He was an Italian man, very proud. And there was something that he was turned off by the whole thing.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: Italian

"Italian" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 97.54% of the time. "Italian" is used about 4,342 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words		Rank in English
Adjective (general or positive)97.54%4,2362,320
Noun (singular)1.31%5744,859
Noun (proper)1.15%5048,117
                    Total100.00%4,342N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Usage in Company Names: Italian

CountryName
USA

American Italian Pasta Inc.

 (more examples...)

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Expressions: Italian

Expressions using "Italian": italian assistant ♦ italian band ♦ italian bee ♦ italian bread ♦ italian capital ♦ italian cloth ♦ italian clover ♦ italian cuisine ♦ italian cypress ♦ italian dressing ♦ italian greyhound ♦ italian handwriting ♦ italian honeysuckle ♦ Italian iron ♦ Italian juice ♦ italian lira ♦ Italian may ♦ italian millet ♦ italian monetary unit ♦ italian parsley ♦ italian Peninsula ♦ italian pepper ♦ Italian ray grass ♦ italian region ♦ italian Republic ♦ italian rye ♦ Italian rye grass ♦ italian ryegrass ♦ italian sandwich ♦ Italian sienna ♦ italian sonnet ♦ italian vegetable marrow ♦ italian vermouth ♦ italian woodbine ♦ member of the italian alpine troops ♦ old Italian. Additional references.

Hyphenated Usage

Beginning with "Italian": italian-albanian, Italian-American, italian-austrian, italian-based, Italian-benelux, italian-born, italian-bound, italian-british, italian-built, italian-controlled, italian-cut, italian-designed, italian-educated, italian-english, italian-french, italian-funded, italian-german, Italian-gone-la, italian-held, italian-influenced, italian-iranian, italian-irish, italian-language, italian-lookin', italian-looking, italian-made, italian-mannered, italian-ness, italian-occupied, italian-operated, italian-orientated, italian-owned, italian-pine, italian-printed, italian-produced, italian-related, italian-restaurant, italian-sausage, italian-sounding, italian-soviet, italian-spanish, Italian-speaking, italian-style, italian-swiss.

Ending with "Italian": anglo-italian, anti-italian, franco-italian, half-italian, non-italian, un-italian.

Containing "Italian": French-italian-russian.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Italian

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day		ExpressionFrequency
per Day

italian job

5,487

italian cooking

717

italian wine

4,445

italian english dictionary

646

italian food

3,881

italian language

636

italian leather

3,508

italian flag

633

italian charm

3,277

italian job soundtrack

565

italian

3,210

italian renaissance

534

italian charm bracelet

2,917

italian translator

504

italian recipe

2,512

english italian dictionary

500

italian dictionary

1,555

italian name

488

italian jewelry

1,296

italian art

447

italian glass

1,197

italian job movie

419

italian gift

1,156

italian baby name

407

learn italian

1,094

italian girl

306

italian villa

944

italian music

286

italian shoes

890

italian bracelet

273

italian greyhound

876

italian woman

273

italian dessert

800

italian soccer

267

italian furniture

779

italian culture

265

italian restaurant

735

italian mafia

232

italian translation

724

english italian

226
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translation: Italian

Language Translations for "Italian"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Afrikaans

  

Italianer, Italiaans, Italiaan. (various references)

   

Albanian

  

italian. (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

‏اللغة الإيطالية, ‏الإيطالي, ‏إيطالي, ‏شخص إيطالي. (various references)

   

Asturian

  

Italianu. (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

италиански език, италиански, италианец (wop). (various references)

   

Cebuano

  

Italyano. (various references)

   

Chinese 

  

意大利語 , 意大利语, 意大利 (Italy). (various references)

   

Czech

  

italský, italština, ital. (various references)

   

Danish

  

italiener. (various references)

   

Dutch

  

Italiaans (Italian language), Italiaan. (various references)

   

Esperanto

  

italo, itala lingvo (Italian language), itala. (various references)

   

Faeroese

  

italienskt. (various references)

   

Farsi 

  

ایتالیاءی . (various references)

   

Finnish

  

italialainen. (various references)

   

French

  

italien. (various references)

   

Frisian

  

Italjaansk. (various references)

   

German

  

italienisch, Italiener (the italians), italienerin. (various references)

   

Greek 

  

Ιταλός. (various references)

   

Hawaiian

  

italisht (Italian language), italian. (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

איטלקית, איטלקי. (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

olasz (Italian woman), olasz nyelv (Italian language). (various references)

   

Icelandic

  

Ítali. (various references)

   

Irish

  

IodÚilis (Italian language). (various references)

   

Italian

  

Italiano (Italian language). (various references)

   

Japanese Kanji 

  

日伊 (Japan and Italy, Japanese-Italian), 伊語 (Italian language), 伊艦 (Italian warship), イソ体 (isomer, Italian casual, Italian coffee, Italian cut, Italian food, Italy), イタリア語 (Italian language, italic). (various references)

   

Japanese Katakana 

  

にちい (Japan and Italy, Japanese-Italian), いかん (ancient headgear showing rank, company officer, how, in what way, Italian warship, kimono and ancient head-dress, magnificent sight, medical officer, officer below the rank of major, rank and official position, regrettable, transfer of control, unsatisfactory), いご (after this, from now on, Go, hereafter, Italian language, thereafter), イタリアンコーヒー (Italian coffee), イタリアンカット (Italian cut), イタリアご (Italian language), イタめし (Italian food), イタカジ (Italian casual). (various references)

   

Korean 

  

이탈리아 (Italia, Italy). (various references)

   

Lombard

  

italian. (various references)

   

Manx

  

Iddaalish. (various references)

   

Papiamen

  

italiano. (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

italianay.(various references)

   

Polish

  

Włoch. (various references)

   

Portuguese

  

italiano (italic). (various references)

   

Romanian

  

italienesc, italieneşte, italianã, italian, limba italianã, din italia. (various references)

   

Russian 

  

итальянский язык, итальянский, итальянец итальянский, итальянец. (various references)

   

Samoan

  

Italia (Italy). (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

italijanski jezik, italijanski, italijan. (various references)

   

Spanish

  

italiano (Italian language). (various references)

   

Swazi

  

sí-Taliyáne. (various references)

   

Swedish

  

italienska, italiensk, italienare. (various references)

   

Thai

  

เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, ชาวอิตาลี, ภาษาอิตาลี. (various references)

   

Turkish

  

italyanca, italyan (eyetie, it), Ítalyanca, Ítalyan. (various references)

   

Turkmen 

  

italяan. (various references)

   

Ukrainian

  

італієць, італійська мова, італійський (italic), італійка. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Ancestral Language Translations: Italian

LanguagePeriodTranslations
Latin500 BCE-Modern

latius. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Bible Trace: Italian

LanguageDateSourceActs Chapter 10, Verse 1
Greek (transliterated)250 BCSeptuagintAnhr de tiV hn en kaisareia onomati kornhlioV ekatontarchV ek speirhV thV kaloumenhV italikhV
Latin405VulgateVir autem quidam erat in Caesarea nomine Cornelius centurio cohortis quae dicitur Italica
Middle English1395WyclifA man was in Cesarie, Cornelie bi name, a centurien of the cumpanye of knyytis, that is seid of Italie;
Renaissance English1526TyndaleTher was a certayne man in Cesarea called Cornelius a captayne of ye soudiers of Italy
Jacobean English1611King JamesThere was a certain man in Caesarea called Cornelius, a centurion of the band called the Italian band,
Victorian English1833WebsterThere was a certain man in Cesarea, called Cornelius, a centurion of the band called the Italian band,
Basic English1964OgdenNow there was a certain man in Caesarea, named Cornelius, the captain of the Italian band of the army;

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Matched Bible Translations: Italian

LanguageActs Chapter 10, Verse 1
AlbanianPor në Cezare ishte njëfarë njeriu me emër Kornel, centurion i kohortës, që quhej Italik;
Cebuano¶ Ug didto sa Cesarea may usa ka lalaki nga ginganlan si Cornelio, nga kapitan sa kasundalohan nga ginatawag nga Panon nga Italyanhon.
CroatianU Cezareji bijaše neki èovjek imenom Kornelije, satnik takozvane italske èete,
DanishMen en Mand i Kæsarea ved Navn Konelius, en Høvedsmand ved den Afdeling, som kaldes den italienske,
DutchEn er was een zeker man te Cesarea, met name Cornelius, een hoofdman over honderd, uit de bende, genaamd de Italiaanse;
FinnishJa Kesareassa oli mies, nimeltä Kornelius, sadanpäämies niin kutsutussa italialaisessa sotaväenosastossa.
FrenchIl y avait à Césarée un homme nommé Corneille, centenier dans la cohorte dite italienne.
GermanEs war aber ein Mann zu Cäsarea, mit Namen Kornelius, ein Hauptmann von der Schar, die da heißt die italische,
HungarianVala pedig Czézáreában egy Kornélius nevû férfiú, százados az úgynevezett itáliai seregbõl.
Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hariDi Kaisarea ada seorang laki-laki bernama Kornelius. Ia seorang kapten "Pasukan Italia".
Indonesian-Terjemahan LamaAdalah di negeri Kaisaria seorang bernama Kornelius, yaitu penghulu laskar daripada pasukan yang dinamakan pasukan Italia.
ItalianC'era in Cesarèa un uomo di nome Cornelio, centurione della coorte Italica,
Maori¶ Na i Hiharia tetahi tangata, ko Koroniria te ingoa, he keneturio no te pu i kiia nei ko to Itari;
NorwegianDet var en mann i Cesarea ved navn Kornelius, høvedsmann ved den hærdeling som kaltes den italiske;
PortugueseUm homem em Cesaréia, por nome Cornélio, centurião da coorte chamada italiana,   
RumanianKn Cezarea era un om cu numele Corneliu, sutaw din ceata de ostawi numitq ,,Italiana``.
Shuar¶ Sesaria péprunam Kurniriu naartin suntara Kapitiántri pujumiayi. Ni suntari Itiaria nunkanmaya ármiayi.
SwahiliKulikuwa na mtu mmoja huko Kaisarea aitwaye Kornelio, Jemadari wa kikosi kimoja kiitwacho "Kikosi cha Italia."
SwedishKornelius' syn. Petrus' syn, hans besök i Cesarea och hans predikan där. Det första hedningdopet.
Uma¶ Hi ngata Kaisarea, ria hadua tomane, hanga' -na Kornelius. Kornelius tohe'ei, pangka' -na kapitee to mpohawai' ha'atu tantara to Roma hi rala hampo'emaa' to rahanga' "Tantara Italia."

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Italian

Derivations

Words beginning with "Italian": italianate, italianated, italianates, italianating, italianise, italianised, italianises, italianising, italianize, italianized, italianizes, italianizing. (additional references)


Misspellings

"Italian" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Aitolia, aitolian, Atalan, Atalia, Avaliani, Bitolia, estalian, iaian, Ialia, idaian, idalian, Itabira, Itala, italain, Itale, italiane, italianer, Italie, Italies, itallian, Italyin, Itavia, Ittala, lipalian. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Anagrams: Italian

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "a-a-i-i-l-n-t"

-2 letters: aalii, alant, lanai, liana, litai, natal.

-3 letters: alan, alit, anal, anil, anta, anti, ilia, inia, inti, lain, lati, lint, nail, tail, tain, tala, tali.

-4 letters: aal, ail, ain, ait, ala, alt, ana, ani, ant, lat, lin, lit, nil, nit, tan, til, tin.

-5 letters: aa, ai, al, an, at, in, it, la, li, na, ta.

 Words containing the letters "a-a-i-i-l-n-t"
 

+2 letters: anaclitic, analities, animality, antialien, antiviral, genitalia, laciniate, lariating, vaticinal.

 

+3 letters: acetanilid, additional, alienating, alienation, alkalinity, annalistic, annihilate, anticlimax, anticlinal, antifamily, antimonial, antisocial, banalities, binational, citational, dilatation, glaciating, glaciation, ideational, inhalation, insatiable, insatiably, intravital, invalidate, irrational, italianate, italianise, italianize, janitorial, laminating, lamination, lapidating, latifundia, militiaman, nasalities, natalities, palliating, palliation, salivating, salivation, sanitarily, sinoatrial, tailgating, talismanic, tillandsia, travailing, validating, validation.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Crosswords
3. Usage: Modern
4. Usage: Commercial 		5. Images: Slideshow
6. Images: Photo Album
7. Images: Digital Art
8. Sounds 		9. Quotations: Familiar
10. Quotations: Historic
11. Quotations: Fiction
12. Quotations: Non-fiction 		13. Quotations: Spoken
14. Usage Frequency
15. Names: Company Usage
16. Expressions 		17. Expressions: Internet
18. Translations: Modern
19. Translations: Ancient
20. Bible Trace 		21. Abbreviations
22. Acronyms
23. Derivations
24. Anagrams 		25. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.