Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Interferon |
InterferonNoun1. An antiviral protein produced by cells that have been invaded by a virus; inhibits replication of the virus. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| Domain | Definitions |
Health | A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and -gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. (references) |
Medicine | A class of small soluble proteins produced and released by cells invaded by virus, which induce in non-infected cells the formation of an antiviral protein that inhibits viral multiplication. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Interferon alpha and beta are produced by many cell types, including T-cells and B-cells, and are an imporant component of the anti-viral response. They stimulate both macrophages and NK cells. Interferons alpha and beta are also active against tumors.
Interferon was scarce and expensive until 1980 when the Interferon gene was inserted into bacteria using genetic engineering, allowing mass cultivation and purification from bacterial cultures. Several different types of interferon are now approved for use in humans, and interferon therapy is now used (in combination with chemotheraphy and radiation) as a treatment for many types of systemic cancer. Unfortunately, interferon delivered intravenously is not very effective, and often causes undesirable side effects at high doses.
Interferon-alpha was cleared by the United States Food and Drug Administration in February 25 1991 as a treatment for hepatitis C. Several different forms of interferon alpha, including interferon alpha-2a, interferon alpha-2b, and interferon alfacon-1 are approved for the treatment of viral hepatitis.
Interferon beta is used in the treatment and control of the neurological disorder multiple sclerosis.
About half of hepatitis C patients treated with interferon respond, with better blood tests and better liver biopsies. Half the patients who respond relapse once the interferon is stopped, for a total cure rate of about 25%. There is some evidence that giving interferon immediately following infection can prevent hepatitis C; unfortunately, people infected by hepatitis C often do not display systoms until months of years later, when it is too late.
Interferon-gamma is involved in the regulation of the immune and inflammatory responses; in humans, there is only one type of interferon-gamma. Interferon-gamma has has some anti-viral and anti-tumor effects, but these are generally weak; however, interferon-gamma potentiates the effects of interferon-alpha and interferon-beta. Unfortunately, interferon-gamma needs to be released at the site of a tumor in very small doses; at this time, interferon-gamma is not very useful for treating cancer.
Inteferon-gamma is also released by Th1 cells, and recruits leukocytes to a site of infection, resulting in increased inflammation. It also stimulates macrophages to kill bacteria that have been engulfed. The interferon-gamma released by Th1 cells is also important in regulating the Th2 response.
Interferon-omega is released by leukocytes at the site of viral infection or tumors.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Interferon."
Crosswords: Interferon |
| Specialty definitions using "interferon": Adjuvants, Immunologic, alpha interferon ♦ Blood Products ♦ eIF-2 Kinase ♦ gamma interferon, gamma-interferon ♦ immune interferon, Interferon Alfa-2a, Interferon Alfa-2b, Interferon Alfa-2c, Interferon Inducers, Interferon Type I, Interferon Type I, Recombinant, Interferon Type II, Interferon-alpha, Interferon-gamma, Recombinant, Interleukin-12 ♦ leucocyte interferon, lymphoblast interferon, lymphoblasts ♦ Macrophage-Activating Factors ♦ Poly I-C ♦ Receptors, Interferon ♦ Tilorone. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Interferon" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. German (interferon), Swedish (interferon). |
| Domain | Title |
References | |
Books |
|
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Seen are three bottles of interferon on a black background. Credit: Linda Bartlett (photographer). |  | Kaposi's sarcoma after interferon treatment. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
 | Shown are laboratory flasks. Recently scientists have learned to make interferon in bacteria, growing such microorganisms on simple nutrients in flasks, as shown. Credit: Linda Bartlett (photographer). |  | Shown is a laboratory setting and a piece of equipment that allows scientists to obtain interferon by conventional means. Presently this means growing human cells. Only the piece of equipment is visible. Credit: Linda Bartlett (photographer). |
 | Pictured is a fermentation laboratory at the Frederick Cancer Research Facility (FCRF). Only the vast rooms of equipment are seen. This equipment is used to produce biologics, e.g. Interferon or antibiotics such as adriamycin. This equipment is used when large quantities must be produced for clinical trials. Credit: Linda Bartlett (photographer). | ||
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | A current trial with interferon beta 1a is underway. (references) | |
The outlook is better yet when they receive regular injections of gamma interferon. (references) | ||
In addition, MRI scans suggest that beta interferon can decrease myelin destruction. (references) | ||
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Interferon" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Interferon" is used about 127 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 127 | 28,395 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name |
| USA | Interferon Sciences, Inc. |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "interferon": alpha interferon ♦ antiviral interferon ♦ gamma interferon ♦ immune interferon ♦ Interferon Alfa-2a ♦ Interferon Alfa-2b ♦ Interferon Alfa-2c ♦ Interferon Inducers ♦ Interferon Type I ♦ Interferon Type II ♦ leucocyte interferon ♦ lymphoblast interferon. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "interferon": Interferon-alpha, Interferon-beta, interferon-gamma, interferon-induced, interferon-treated. | |
Ending with "interferon": beta-interferon, gamma-interferon. | |
Containing "interferon": PEG-interferon alfa-2B. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "interferon"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 干扰 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | interferon. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | interferon. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | interferoni gamma (interferon gamma), interferoni beta (interferon beta), interferoni alfakoni-1 (interferon alfacon-1), interferoni alfa (interferon alfa), gamma-interferoni (gamma interferon, immune interferon), beeta-interferoni (beta interferon, fibroblast interferon), antiviraalinen interferoni (antiviral interferon), alfa-interferoni (alpha interferon, leucocyte interferon, lymphoblast interferon), "-interferoni (alpha interferon, leucocyte interferon, lymphoblast interferon), ?-interferoni (beta interferon, fibroblast interferon, gamma interferon, immune interferon). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
French | interféron. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
German | interferon. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | ιντερφερόνη. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | interferone, interferon. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | インターバンク取引 (interbank exchange dealings, intercom, interface, interfere, interference, interleave, interlocking grip, intern, International Criminal Police Organization, interphone, Interpol, interpreter, interrupt). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | インターフェロン . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | interferonay interferon gama (gamma interferon, interferon gamma), interferon beta (interferon beta), interferon anti-viral (antiviral interferon), interferon alfacon-1 (interferon alfacon-1), interferon alfa (interferon alfa), interferão linfoblástico (alpha interferon, leucocyte interferon, lymphoblast interferon), interferão leucocitário (alpha interferon, leucocyte interferon, lymphoblast interferon), interferão gama (gamma interferon, immune interferon), interferão fibroblástico (beta interferon, fibroblast interferon), interferão beta (beta interferon, fibroblast interferon), interferão alfa (alpha interferon, leucocyte interferon, lymphoblast interferon), alfa interferão (alpha interferon). (various references) interferón. (various references) interferon. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "interferon": interferons. (additional references) | |
| |
"Interferon" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: inteferon, interfer, interferent, interperiod. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "interferon" (pronounced i'nterfi"rÄn) |
| 3 | -r Ä n | electron, negatron, nephron, oxymoron. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "e-e-f-i-n-n-o-r-r-t" | |
-2 letters: frontier, reorient. | |
-3 letters: enteron, fernier, ferrite, fronter, inferno, interne, intoner, oftener, onerier, refiner, refront, reinter, rentier, rotifer, tenoner, ternion, terrine. | |
-4 letters: entire, ferine, ferret, forint, forrit, intern, intone, intron, ironer, norite, orient, refine, refire, rennet, renter, retine, retire, retore, retorn, rioter, tenner, tinner, tonier, tonner, triene. | |
-5 letters: enter, feint, fetor, finer, firer, forte, freer. | |
| Words containing the letters "e-e-f-i-n-n-o-r-r-t" | |
+1 letter: interferons. | |
+2 letters: frontiersmen. | |
+3 letters: antiforeigner, nonforfeiture, reinforcement. | |
+4 letters: foreshortening, nonforfeitures, overrefinement, reinforcements. | |
+5 letters: antiferromagnet, confraternities, noninterference, nonpreferential, overrefinements, perfunctoriness. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)49 6E 74 65 72 66 65 72 6F 6E |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
|
| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
|
| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
|
| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
|
Morse Code (1836) (references).. -. - . .-. ..-. . .-. --- -. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
|
Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001001 01101110 01110100 01100101 01110010 01100110 01100101 01110010 01101111 01101110 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)I n t e r f e r o n |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0049 006E 0074 0065 0072 0066 0065 0072 006F 006E |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
|
Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)43808671847271848180 |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Commercial 4. Images: Photo Album | 5. Quotations: Non-fiction 6. Usage Frequency 7. Names: Company Usage 8. Expressions | 9. Expressions: Internet 10. Translations: Modern 11. Derivations 12. Rhymes | 13. Anagrams 14. Orthography 15. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
| Note to the press & webmasters - this dictionary can be linked, indexed, or referred to using the following non-English expressions: woordeboek, fjalor, معجم, قاموس, diccionariu, речник, diccionari, diksyonario, diksinario, 字典, gérlyver, slovník, ordbog, woordenboek, shimiyuc p'anca, orðabók, orðbók, dictionnaire, wurdboek, wörterbuch, λεξικό, אוצר מילים, szótár, uqausiit tukingit, dizionario, 字引 , じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , 사 , dizionari, recnik, fockleyr, dikshonario, słownik, dicionário, dicţionar, dicziunari, словарь, lolomi fefiloi, foclair, abardair, faclair, briathrachan, pukuntau, leksikon, rečnik, vocabbulariu, diccionario, sí-chazamagâma, ordbok, lexikon, พจนานุกรม, sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, словник, довідник, có tính chất sách vở, geirlyfr, geiriadur, for dictionary; definisie, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, الوضوحية في الشيء, حد, تحديد, تعريف, التحديد, الإيضاحية, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, 定義 , 定义, definice, deskriptordefinition, definitie, määritelmä, définition, ορισμός, "'"ר", "'בל", meghatározás, definíció, definizione, 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, 의, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght, definishon, definição, definiţie, determinare, definire, определение, definicija, definición, definition, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, diffiniad, darnodiad, for definition; vertaling, transferim, transmetim, ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ترجمة, إفتتان, транслация, огъване, превод, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, превеждане, 翻译, překlad, oversættelse, translatie, taajuusmuutos, translaatio, traduction, oersetting, Übersetzung, μετάφραση, תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק, fordítás, traduzione, 翻訳 , へい"ういどう, やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, トランスレーション , やくじゅつ, ほ"やくしょ, 번역, tradukshon, tradução, translaţie, tãlmãcire, traducere, сдвиг, трансляция, перемещение, перевод, tumačenje, traducción, översättning, tercüme, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích, trosiad, for translation; Sjinees, Chinees, kinez, الصينية, لغة الصين, صيني, الصيني أحد أبناء الصين, Chinu, китайски, Ininsik, 汉语, 中 , 漢 , 中國 , èínský, èínština, èíòan, kineser, kinesiskt, kinverskur, kiinalainen, Chinois, Sineesk, Chinesisch, Κινέζος, κινέζικα, κινέζικοσ, κινέζοσ, σινικόσ, kínai, Kínverji, Sínis, cinese, チフス菌 , チャイニーズ , 중국, Cina, Sheenish, Sheenagh, Hainamana, chines, Chińczyk, chinês, chinés, chinezesc, chinezeşte, chinezã, chinez, китайский, китаец, Saina, kineski jezik, kineski, chino, snesi, sneysi, kinesisk, çinli, çince, çin ile ilgili, çin, китаянка, китайська мова, китайський, кита"ць, for Chinese; Deens, danisht, danishte, لغة الدانمركية, نوع كعك, دانماركي, датски език, датски, Daniko, 丹麦语, dánský, dánština, danskur, danskt, tanskalainen, danois, Deensk, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, עו'ת שמרים, " י, dán, danska, Danmhairgis, danese, 덴마크, Danvargish, Danvargagh, danes, dinamarquês, danez, датский, danski, danski jezik, danés, dansk, danimarkalı, danimarka dili, датський, датська мова, tiếng Đan-mạch, for Danish; Nederlands, Hollands, holandez, هولندي, اللغة الهولندية, холандски, немски език, холандски език, холандците, немски, Olandes, 菏蘭語 , 荷兰语, holandský, nizozemský, hollandsk, hollendskt, hollantilainen, néerlandais, Nederlânsk, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, holandisht, "ול "י, holland, hollenskur, Ollainnis, olandese, 네덜란", Belanda, Ollanish, Germaanish, Tatimana, nederlandsk, ulandes, hulandes, holandês, neerlandés, olandez, nemţesc, limba olandezã, german, голландский, holanđanin, u škripcu, holandski, holandés, bakratongo, holländsk, ชาวเนเธอร์แลน"์, เกี่ยวกับเนเธอร์แลน"์, รรยา, alman, eş, flemenkçe, holandaca, hollanda, karı, hollandalı, hollandalılara özgü olan, Hollandali, hollanda'ya ait, голландська мова, голландський, ngôn ngữ khó hiểu, "b xã", for Dutch; Fins, finlandez, finlandishte, finlandisht, اللغة الفنلندية, فنلندية, فنلندي, фински език, фински, Pinlandino, 芬蘭語 , 芬兰语, finský, finskt, suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, פי י, finn, finnskur, finnska, finlandese, 핀란", Fynlannish, Fynlannagh, finlandês, finês, finlandezã, финский, Finisi, finski jezik, finski, finlandés, finés, finsk, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü, фінська мова, фінський, tiếng Phần-lan, for Finnish; Franse taal, Frans, franceze, francez, frëngjisht, frëng, frëngjishte, فرنسي, اللغة الفرنسية, الشعب الفرنسي, gall, френски език, френски, Pranses, 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, francouzština, francouzský, franskur, franskt, ranskalainen, français, Frânsk, französisch, γάλλοσ, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, צרפתי, צרפתית, francia, Fraincis, francese, フレコン化 , フランス" , 仏文 , 仏 , ふつぶ", フレンチ , フランセ , ふつ, "랑스, Perancis, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, frances, franses, francês, francezii, francezã, franţuzesc, franţuzeşte, французский, Falani, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, sí-Fulentji, fransk, franska, fransızca, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransız, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький, Ffrengig, isiFulentshi, for French; Duits, Duitser, Duitse taal, Germaan, gjerman, ضرب من الرقص, جرماني, المانية, الماني, اللغة الألمانية, роден, германски, немски език, немски, немец, готически, германец, 德語 , 德语, 德文 , 德國 , nìmecký, nìmec, tysker, Duitse, týskur, týskt, týskari, saksalainen, Allemand, Dútsk, Deutsche, Deutsch, "ερμανός, gjermanisht, 'רמ י, 'רמ ית, német, þjóðverji, þýskur, GearmÚnach, GearmÚinis, tedesco, ジプシー音楽 , ジャーマン , 독일, todesch, Germaanagh, Garmane, Germaanish, Carmane, aleman, Niemiec, niemiecki, alemão, alemand, neamţ, немецкий, Siamani, germanski, alemán, Tudesku, Doysri, mjeremani, mdachi, sí-Jalimáne, tysk, เยอรมัน, าษาเยอรมัน, Alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister, Almaenwr, isiJalimane, iliJalimane, iJalimane, for German; Grieks, Griek, الإغريقي, يوناني, اللغة اليونانية, Griegu, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, Griyego, 希臘語 , 希腊语, řecký, řeètina, řek, græker, grikst, kreikkalainen, grec, Gryk, Gryksk, Gryks, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו ית, יו י, görög, Grikki, greco, ギリシア語 , ギリシア", 그리스, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, grèc, greacã, греческий, Eleni, grk, grčki jezik, grčki, griego, grek, Yunanli, yunanlı, yunanca, yunan, Rumca, yunanistan'a ait, rum, грек, гречанка, грецька мова, грецький, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm, kẻ lừa đảo, Groegwr, for Greek; Italianer, Italiaans, Italiaan, شخص إيطالي, اللغة الإيطالية, الإيطالي, إيطالي, Italianu, италиански език, италиански, италианец, Italyano, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italština, italský, ital, italiener, italienskt, italialainen, Italien, Italjaansk, italienisch, Ιταλός, italisht, איטלקי, איטלקית, olasz, Ítali, IodÚilis, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, Włoch, italianã, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, итальянский язык, итальянский, итальянец, Italia, italijanski, italijanski jezik, italijan, sí-Taliyáne, italienare, italiensk, italienska, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, ชาวอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка, for Italian; Portugees, portugez, portugalisht, اللغة البرتغالية, البرتغالية, البرتغالي, португалски език, португалски, португалец, Potuges, 葡萄牙语, 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙語 , portugalský, portugiser, portugisiskt, portugalilainen, portugais, Portugeesk, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, Portaingéilis, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, portugues, Portugalczyk, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalski, portugalac, portugués, Mreno, si-Putúkezi, portugis, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, portekizce, португальська мова, португальський, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha, for Portuguese; Spaans, Spaanse taal, spanjoll, اللغة الأسبانية, الأسبانية, أسباني, испански език, испански, espanyoles, Espanyol, 西班牙语, 西班牙文 , 西班牙語 , španìlský, španìlština, spanskt, espanjalainen, espagnol, Spaansk, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, karaiñe'êmegua, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, SpÚinnis, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , 스페인, Spaainagh, Spaainish, spañó, espanhol, espanhòl, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, spaniol, испанский, Sipaniolo, španski jezik, španski, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyolca, ispanyol, іспанська мова, іспанський, for Spanish; Sweeds, suedez, اللغة السويدية, Suecu, шведски език, шведски, швед, Swedis, 瑞典語 , 瑞典语, švédský, švédština, Zweeds, svenskt, ruotsalainen, suédois, Sweedsk, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, sænskur, Sualainnis, svedese, スウェーデン語 , スウェーデン", 스웨덴, Soolynish, Soolynagh, suèc, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, เกี่ยวกับคน าษาและวั'นธรรมของประเทศสวีเ"น, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський, người Thuỵ điển tiếng Thuỵ điển, for Swedish; |
