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Definition: Indonesia |
IndonesiaNoun1. A republic in southeastern Asia on an archipelago including more than 13,000 islands; achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1945; the principal oil producer in the Far East and Pacific regions. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "Indonesia" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1980. (references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
History of Indonesia
Prehistory
Geologically the area of modern Indonesia appeared sometime around Pleistocene period when it was still linked with the present Asian mainland. Areas' first known humanlike inhabitant was a Java man some 500.000 years ago. Current Indonesian archipelago was formed during the thaw of the latest Ice Age.
Indian scholars wrote about Dvipantara or Jawa Dwipa Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra around 200 BC. Taruma kingdom occupied West Jawa around 400. 425 Buddhism reached the area.
Historical times
By the time of the Renaissance, the islands of Java and Sumatra had already enjoyed a 1,000-year heritage of civilization spanning two major empires.
During the 7th-14th centuries, the Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya flourished on Sumatra. Chinese traveller I Ching visited Palembang, capital of Srivijaya, Palembang, around 670. At its peak, the Srivijaya Empire reached as far as West Java and the Malay Peninsula. Also by the 14th century, the Hindu Kingdom of Majapahit had risen in eastern Java. Gadjah Mada, the empire's chief minister from 1331 to 1364, succeeded in gaining allegiance from most of what is now modern Indonesia and much of the Malay archipelago as well. Legacies from Gadjah Mada's time include a codification of law and an epic poem.
Islam arrived in Indonesia sometime during the 12th century and, through assimilation, supplanted Hinduism by the end of the 16th century in Java and Sumatra. Bali, however, remains overwhelmingly Hindu. In the eastern archipelago, both Christian and Islamic missionaries were active in the 16th and 17th centuries, and, currently, there are large communities of both religions on these islands.
Colonial era
Beginning in 1602, the Dutch slowly established themselves as rulers of what is now Indonesia, exploiting the fractionality of the small kingdoms that had replaced that of Majapahit. The only exception was Portuguese Timor, which remained under Portuguese rule until 1975 when it became East Timor. During 300 years of Dutch rule, the Dutch developed the Dutch East Indies into one of the world's richest colonial possessions.
During the first decade of the 20th century, an Indonesian independence movement began and expanded rapidly, particularly between the two World Wars. Its leaders came from a small group of young professionals and students, some of whom had been educated in the Netherlands. Many, including Indonesia's first president, Sukarno (1945-67), were imprisoned for political activities.
The Japanese occupied Indonesia for 3 years during World War II. On August 17, 1945, 3 days after the Japanese surrender to the Allies a small group of Indonesians, led by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, proclaimed independence and established the Republic of Indonesia, starting the Indonesian National Revolution. They set up a provisional government and adopted a constitution to govern the republic until elections could be held and a new constitution written. Dutch efforts to reestablish complete control met strong resistance. On December 27, 1949, after 4 years of warfare and negotiations, Queen Juliana of the Netherlands transferred sovereignty to a federal Indonesian Government. In 1950, Indonesia became the 60th member of the United Nations.
Independence
Shortly after hostilities with the Dutch ended in 1949, Indonesia adopted a new constitution providing for a parliamentary system of government in which the executive was chosen by and made responsible to parliament. Parliament was divided among many political parties before and after the country's first nationwide election in 1955, and stable governmental coalitions were difficult to achieve.
The role of Islam in Indonesia became a divisive issue. Sukarno defended a secular state based on Pancasila while some Muslim groups preferred either an Islamic state or a constitution that included preambular provision requiring adherents of Islam to be subject to Islamic law.
Irian Jaya
At the time of independence, the Dutch retained control over the western half of New Guinea, and permitted steps toward self-government and independence.
Negotiations with the Dutch on the incorporation of the territory into Indonesia failed, and armed clashes broke out between Indonesian and Dutch troops in 1961. In August 1962, the two sides reached an agreement, and Indonesia assumed administrative responsibility for Irian Jaya on May 1, 1963. The Indonesian Government conducted an "Act of Free Choice" in Irian Jaya under UN supervision in 1969, in which 1,025 Irianese representatives of local councils agreed by consensus to remain a part of Indonesia. A subsequent UN General Assembly resolution confirmed the transfer of sovereignty to Indonesia. Opposition to Indonesian administration of Irian Jaya, also known as Papua or West Papua, gave rise to small-scale guerrilla activity in the years following Jakarta's assumption of control. In the more open atmosphere since 1998, there have been more explicit expressions within Irian Jaya of a desire for independence from Indonesia.
East Timor
From 1596 to 1975, East Timor was a Portuguese colony on the island of Timor known as Portuguese Timor and separated from Australia's north coast by the Timor Sea. As a result of political events in Portugal, Portuguese authorities abruptly withdrew from East Timor in 1975, exacerbating power struggles among several Timorese political parties. An self-proclaimed Marxist political party called Fretilin achieved military superiority. Fretilin's ascent in an area contiguous to Indonesian territory alarmed the Indonesian Government, which regarded it as a threatening movement. Following appeals from some of Fretilin's Timorese opponents, Indonesian military forces invaded East Timor and overcame Fretilin's regular forces in 1975-76. Small-scale guerrilla activity persisted after Indonesia declared East Timor its 27th province in 1976, following a petition by a provisional government installed by the Indonesians for incorporation into Indonesia. The UN never recognized Indonesia's incorporation of East Timor and later brokered negotiations between Indonesia and Portugal on the territory's status. In January 1999, the Indonesian Government agreed to a process, with UN involvement, under which the people of East Timor would be allowed to choose between autonomy and independence through a direct ballot.
The direct ballot was held on August 30, 1999. Some 98% of registered voters cast their ballots, and 78.5% of the voters chose independence over continued integration with Indonesia. Many persons were killed in a wave of violence and destruction after the announcement of the pro-independence vote. In October 1999, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) revoked the 1976 decree that annexed East Timor, and the United Nations Transitional Authority in East Timor (UNTAET) assumed responsibility for administering East Timor until it became independent.
Sukarno
Unsuccessful rebellions on Sumatra, Sulawesi, West Java, and other islands beginning in 1958, plus a failure by the constituent assembly to develop a new constitution, weakened the parliamentary system. Consequently, in 1959, when President Sukarno unilaterally revived the provisional 1945 constitution, which gave broad presidential powers, he met little resistance.
From 1959 to 1965, President Sukarno imposed an authoritarian regime under the label of "Guided Democracy." He also moved Indonesia's foreign policy toward nonalignment, a foreign policy stance supported by other prominent leaders of former colonies who rejected formal alliances with either the Western or Soviet blocs. Under Sukarno's auspices, these leaders gathered in Bandung, West Java, 1955, to lay the groundwork for what became known as the Non-Aligned Movement. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, President Sukarno moved closer to Asian communist states and toward the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) in domestic affairs. Though the PKI represented the largest communist party outside the Soviet Union and China, its mass support base never demonstrated an ideological adherence typical of communist parties in other countries.
Sukarno opposed the formation of in the Malaysian Federation (Sukarno complained that it was a "neo-colonial plot" to advance British commercial interests). This led to battles between Indonesian troops and Malaysian and British soldiers.
By 1965, the PKI controlled many of the mass civic and cultural organizations that Sukarno had established to mobilize support for his regime and, with Sukarno's acquiescence, embarked on a campaign to establish a "Fifth Column" by arming its supporters. Army leaders resisted this campaign. In September 1965 six senior generals within the military were murdered. Major General Suharto, the commander of the Army Strategic Reserve, blamed the PKI. Suharto proceeded to exploit this situation to seize the control of the country. The army killed tens of thousands of alleged communists in rural areas. The number of those murdered by 1966 was at least 500,000. The violence was especially brutal in Java and Bali.
Seeing the nationalist Sukarno as a threat to their interests, the West was keen to exploit the situation to its advantage. Suharto's portrayal of events as 'communist carnage' was the official version promoted in the West. Christopher Koch's popular novel The Year of Living Dangerously later helped cement this view. Yet a large body of evidence has since emerged that the killings were encouraged by the US and UK governments. According to a CIA memo, Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and President John F. Kennedy had agreed to "liquidate President Sukarno, depending on the situation and available opportunities". In 1990 the American journalist Kathy Kadane revealed the extent of the secret American collaboration with the massacres of 1965-66 that allowed Suharto to cease the Presidency. She interviewed many former US officials and CIA members, who spoke of systematically compiled lists of PKI operatives, which the Americans ticked off as the victims were killed or captured. They worked closely with the British who were keen to protect their interests Malaysia. Sir Andrew Gilchrist cabled the Foreign Office in London saying: "...a little shooting in Indonesia would be an essential preliminary to effective change". According to Australian historian Harold Crouch, "the PKI had won widespread support not as a revolutionary party, but as an organization defending the interests of the poor within the existing system". It was this popularity, rather than any armed insurgency that alarmed the American government. Like Vietnam in the North, Indonesia might 'go communist'.
In his Year 501 - The Conquest Continues Noam Chomsky writes:
Throughout the 1965-66 period, President Sukarno vainly attempted to restore his political position and shift the country back to its pre-October 1965 position. Although he remained president, in March 1966, Sukarno had to transfer key political and military powers to General Suharto, who by that time had become head of the armed forces. In March 1967, the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) named General Suharto acting president. Sukarno ceased to be a political force and lived under virtual house arrest until his death in 1970.
- In a 1964 RAND memorandum, [Guy] Pauker expressed his concern that groups backed by the US "would probably lack the ruthlessness that made it possible for the Nazis to suppress the Communist Party of Germany... [These right-wing and military elements] are weaker than the Nazis, not only in numbers and in mass support, but also in unity, discipline, and leadership".
- Pauker's pessimism proved unfounded. After an alleged Communist coup attempt on September 30, 1965 and the murder of six Indonesian generals, pro-American General Suharto took charge and launched a bloodbath in which hundreds of thousands of people, mostly landless peasants, were slaughtered. Reflecting on the matter in 1969, Pauker noted that the assassination of the generals "elicited the ruthlessness that I had not anticipated a year earlier and resulted in the death of large numers of Communist cadres."
- The scale of the massacre is unknown. The CIA estimates 250,000 killed. The head of the Indonesia state security system later estimated the toll at over half a million; Amnesty International gave the figure of "many more than one million." Whatever the numbers, no one doubts that there was incredible butchery. Seven-hundred-fifty-thousand more were arrested, according to official figures, many of them kept for years under miserable conditions without trial. President Sukarno was overthrown and the military ruled unchallenged. Meanwhile the country was opened to Western exploitataion, hindered only by the rapacity of the rulers.
Suharto Era
President Suharto proclaimed a "New Order" in Indonesian politics and dramatically shifted foreign and domestic policies away from the course set in Sukarno's final years. The New Order established economic rehabilitation and development as its primary goals and pursued its policies through an administrative structure dominated by the military but with advice from Western-educated economic experts.
In 1968, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) formally selected Suharto to a full 5-year term as president, and he was re-elected to successive 5-year terms in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998. In mid-1997, Indonesia was afflicted by the Asian financial and economic crisis, accompanied by the worst drought in 50 years and falling prices for oil, gas, and other commodity exports. The rupiah plummeted, inflation soared, and capital flight accelerated. Demonstrators, initially led by students, called for Suharto's resignation. Amidst widespread civil unrest?, Suharto resigned on May 21, 1998, 3 months after the MPR had selected him for a seventh term. Suharto's hand-picked Vice President, B. J. Habibie, became Indonesia's third president.
Post-Suharto policies
President Habibie quickly assembled a cabinet. One of its main tasks was to reestablish International Monetary Fund and donor community support for an economic stabilization program. He moved quickly to release political prisoners and lift controls on freedom of speech and association. Elections for the national, provincial, and sub-provincial parliaments were held on June 7, 1999. For the national parliament, Parti Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (PDI-P, Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle led by Sukarno's daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri) won 34% of the vote; Golkar ("functional groups" party of the government) 22%; Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP, United Development Party led by Hamzah Haz) 12%, and Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB, National Awakening Party led by Abdurrahman Wahid) 10%. In October 1999, the People's Consultative Assembly, which consists of the 500-member Parliament plus 200 appointed members, elected Abdurrahman Wahid as President, and Megawati Sukarnoputri as Vice President, for 5-year terms. Wahid named his first Cabinet in early November 1999 and a reshuffled, second Cabinet in August 2000.
President Wahid's government has continued to pursue democratization and to encourage renewed economic growth under challenging conditions. In addition to continuing economic malaise, his government has faced regional, interethnic, and interreligious conflict, particularly in Aceh, the Moluccas, and Irian Jaya. In West Timor, the problems of displaced East Timorese and violence by pro-Indonesian East Timorese militias have caused considerable humanitarian and social problems. An increasingly assertive Parliament has frequently challenged President Wahid's policies and prerogatives, contributing to a lively and sometimes rancorous national political debate. During the People's Consultative Assembly's first annual session in August 2000, President Wahid gave an account of his government's performance. On January 29, 2001 thousands of student protesters stormed parliament grounds and demanded that President Abdurrahman Wahid resign due to alleged involvement in corruption scandals. Under pressure from the Assembly to improve management and coordination within the government, he issued a presidential decree giving Vice President Megawati control over the day-to-day administration of government. Megawati Sukarnoputri assumed the presidency soon after.
External Links:
- Sejarah Indonesia - http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/index.html
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "History of Indonesia."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Republic of Indonesia is a large archipelago located between the South East Asian peninsula and Australia, between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Indonesia borders Malaysia on the island of Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea and East Timor on the island of Timor.
Republik Indonesia
(In Detail) (Full size) National motto: Bhinneka Tunggal lka (Indonesian: Unity in Diversity) Official language Bahasa Indonesia Capital Jakarta President Megawati Sukarnoputri Area
- Total:
- % water:Ranked 15th
1,919,440 km²
4.85%Population
- Total (Year):
- Density:Ranked 4th
228,437,870
119/km²Independence
- Declared:
- Recognised:From the Netherlands
August 17, 1945
December 27, 1949Currency: Rupiah Time zone: UTC +7 to UTC +9 National anthem: Indonesia Raya Internet TLD: .ID Calling Code 62
History
Main article: History of IndonesiaUnder influence of Buddhism, several kingdoms formed on the islands of Sumatra and Java from the 7th to 14th century. The arrival of Arab traders later brought Islam, which became the dominant religion.
When the Europeans came in the early 16th century, they found a multitude of small states. These were vulnerable to the Europeans, who were in pursuit of dominating the spice trade. In the 17th century, the Dutch emerged as the most powerful of the Europeans, ousting the British and Portuguese (except for Timor).
After the Dutch East India Company was liquidated, its possesions in Indonesia were taken over by the Dutch government. After Japanese occupation ended in 1945, the Indonesians declared independence, led by Sukarno. The Dutch finally accepted in 1949, and Sukarno became the country's first president.
After Sukarno's autocratic rule was almost overthrown, army leader Suharto became president in 1968. Suharto enriched himself, but the nation grew poorer, and he was forced to step down after massive demonstrations in 1998. The country currently suffers from internal religious struggles and several regions striving for independence (Aceh, Irian Jaya).
Politics
Main article: Politics of IndonesiaExecutive power lies with the president and his/her advisers. The Indonesian parliament is bi-cameral, consisting of the People's Congress and the People's Representative Assembly, each elected for 5-year terms.
Provinces
Main article: Provinces of IndonesiaCurrently, Indonesia has 28 provinces, 2 special territories and 1 capital city territory. The provinces are subdivided in districts, which are in turn split up in sub-districts and municipalities. The provinces are:
Bali, Bangka-Belitung, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua (Irian Jaya), Riau, Riau Kepulauan, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara
The special territories (daerah istimewa) are Aceh and Yogyakarta. The capital city territory is Jakarta.
Geography
Main article: Geography of IndonesiaIndonesia's 17,000 islands (ca. 6,000 are inhabited) are scattered around the equator, giving the country a tropical climate. The largest islands are Java, where about half of the population lives, Sumatra, Borneo (partially Malaysian), Irian Jaya (western half of New Guinea) and Sulawesi.
Its location on the edges of tectonic plates means Indonesia is frequently hit by earthquakes and the resulting tsunamis. Indonesia is also rich in volcanoes, the most famous being the now disappeared Krakatau (Krakatoa).
See also: Map of Asia
Economy
Main article: Economy of IndonesiaIndonesia suffered of major economic problems in the late 1990s, but economy has recently stabilised.
The country has extensive natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper and gold. Agriculture mainly produces rice, tea, coffee, spices and rubber.
Indonesia's major trading partners are Japan, the United States and the surrounding nations of Singapore, Malaysia and Australia.
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of IndonesiaThe Indonesian population can be roughly divided into two groups. In the west of the country, the people are mostly Malay, while the people of the east are Papuan. However, the ethnic structure is rather diverse, with several traditional tribes still living in the inlands of Borneo and Irian Jaya. The Chinese form a large ethnic minority (2 to 3 million). Although important to Indonesian economy, they are generally disliked by indigenous Indonesians.
Islam is Indonesia's main religion, with almost 87% of the people adhering to it. The remainder of the population is Christian (9%), Buddhist (2%), and Hindu (1%), the latter mainly on the island of Bali. Religious conflicts have been numerous in recent years, especially in the Moluccas.
The official language, Bahasa Indonesia - a dialect of Malay - is spoken by almost everybody, although local dialects are usually the primary language.
Culture
Main article: Culture of IndonesiaArt forms in Indonesia have been influenced by several cultures. The famous Javanese and Balinese dances, for example, contain aspects of Hindu culture and mythology.
Also well-known are the Javanese wayang kulit shadow theatre shows, displaying several mythological events.
In the book Max Havelaar, Dutch author Multatuli criticised the Dutch treatment of the Indonesians, which gained him international attention.
- Music of Indonesia
Miscellaneous topics
- Communications in Indonesia
- Transportation in Indonesia
- Islands of Indonesia
- Military of Indonesia
- Foreign relations of Indonesia
Further reading
- Theodore Friend, Indonesian Destinies, Harvard University Press, 2003, hardcover, 544 pages, ISBN 0674011376
External link
Countries of the world | Asia Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Indonesia."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
This is a list of cities in Indonesia:
See also: List of cities
- Jakarta
- Surabaya
External link
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of cities in Indonesia."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
List of Presidents of Indonesia
- Sukarno (1945-1967)
- Suharto (1967-1998)
- Baharuddin Jusuf Habibie (1998-1999)
- Abdurrahman Wahid (1999-2001)
- Megawati Sukarnoputri (2001- )
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of Presidents of Indonesia."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Railways:
total: 6,458 km
narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995)Highways:
total: 342,700 km
paved: 158,670 km
unpaved: 184,030 km (1997 est.)Waterways: 21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km
Pipelines: crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)
Ports and harbors: Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, Ujungpandang
Merchant marine:
total: 586 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,676,875 GRT/3,700,864 DWT
ships by type: bulk 38, cargo 346, chemical tanker 9, container 19, liquified gas 5, livestock carrier 1, passenger 7, passenger/cargo 13, petroleum tanker 114, refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off 11, short-sea passenger 8, specialized tanker 9, vehicle carrier 5 (1999 est.)Airports: 446 (1999 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 127
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 12
1,524 to 2,437 m: 39
914 to 1,523 m: 41
under 914 m: 31 (1999 est.)Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 319
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 33
under 914 m: 281 (1999 est.)National airline:
- Garuda Indonesia
Heliports: 4 (1999 est.)
- See also : Indonesia
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Transportation in Indonesia."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| IN | English | Indonesia | Geography, Transportation |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: IndonesiaSynonyms: Dutch East Indies (n), Republic of Indonesia (n). (additional references) |
| Synonyms by domain: i-d (geography). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | It runs from here, up to the tip of India, veers off towards Indonesia, and terminates off the Australian continental shelf (Crack in the World; writing credit: Jon Manchip White) | |
Lyrics | Then Indonesia claimed that they (Who's Next?; performing artist: Tom Lehrer) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Indonesia Today (1955) Viva Indonesia (2001) Indonesia (1996) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
| ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals |
| ||
Music |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | [President Sukarno of Indonesia talks with Roy Fritz, a USPHS officer]. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Netherlands fighting Germany and Indonesia. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Premier Chou En-lai talks with heads of state of Indonesia, Pakistan and UAR / p. Credit: Library of Congress; photo by Tu Hsiu-hsien.. | ||
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |
| "Umbrella 1" by Erico Dias Commentary: "Umbrella from Indonesia, at the window." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | China is the second largest recipient of such assistance, after Indonesia. (references) | |
Danat’s sister company is Bali Hai Cruises, operating out of Bali, Indonesia. (references) | ||
PT. Polkrik Chemicals Company (PT. PKC) is the oldest dyestuff producer in Indonesia. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Papua New Guinea | There were no known forced repatriations of Irian Jayans to Indonesia. (references) |
Papua New Guinea | Several hundred more live in informal, unrecognized camps adjacent to the border with Indonesia. (references) | |
Indonesia | Aceh's leading daily newspaper, Serambi Indonesia, closed for a month beginning on August 11 after harassment from the GAM. (references) | |
Economic History | Indonesia | Relations between Indonesia and the U.S. are good. (references) |
Indonesia | A partnership in Indonesia is difficult to dissolve. (references) | |
Indonesia | The role of Islam in Indonesia became a divisive issue. (references) | |
Human Rights | Burma | Irawan Sidaria was deported to Indonesia in August 2000. According to the SHRF, in June SPDC troops confiscated approximately 30 mobile phones in Murng-Ton. (references) |
East Timor | Those persons indicted included both Indonesians and East Timorese; at year's end, some suspects remained in detention in Dili while others remained at large in Indonesia. (references) | |
Indonesia | The courts found all guilty of rebellion, attempting to secede from the State of Indonesia, and other lesser offenses, and sentenced them to terms of imprisonment ranging from 1 to 4 years. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Indonesia | Delegates approved a resolution rejecting the 1969 "Act of Free Choice," which confirmed Papua's incorporation into Indonesia; called on the central Government, along with the U.N. and the U.S. and Dutch governments, to review the process by which the territory became a part of Indonesia and to recognize Papua's sovereignty since 1961; and mandated the Papuan Presidium Council to strive for international recognition and to report back to the congress on December 1 2000, regarding progress toward these goals. (references) |
Minorities | Indonesia | Some universities, including the University of Indonesia, offer Chinese-language instruction. (references) |
East Timor | UNTAET uses Portuguese, English, Bahasa Indonesia, and Tetum, with English as its working language. (references) | |
Political Economy | INDONESIA | Piracy of software, books, and videos in Indonesia is rampant. (references) |
Indonesia | Those who choose not to repatriate will be resettled in Indonesia. (references) | |
INDONESIA | The ILO ranks Indonesia as the third worst in Asia on child labor conditions. (references) | |
Political Rights | East Timor | In January 1999, the Government of Indonesia announced its willingness to consider broad-based autonomy or independence for East Timor, paving the way for a U.N.-sponsored agreement concluded between Indonesia and Portugal in May of that year. (references) |
Trade | Indonesia | Use of this guarantee facility has increased during the economic downturn in Indonesia. (references) |
Indonesia | Improved export earnings have enabled Indonesia to have a positive current account balance. (references) | |
Travel | Indonesia | Drinking tap water anywhere in Indonesia is not advised. (references) |
Indonesia | Throughout Indonesia demonstrations and other violence can occur without warning. (references) | |
Indonesia | Visitors to Indonesia should avoid large gatherings and other situations that could become violent. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Malaysia | Most foreign prostitutes in the country still come from Indonesia, the Philippines, Burma, Thailand, and China. (references) |
Malaysia | Young women from primarily Indonesia, China, Thailand, and the Philippines are trafficked into Malaysia for sexual exploitation. (references) | |
Japan | Women and girls from Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, South Korea, Malaysia, Burma, and Indonesia also were trafficked into the country in smaller numbers. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | Recent months have brought serious financial problems to Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, and beyond. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Indonesia" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 99.88% of the time. "Indonesia" is used about 857 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (proper) | 99.88% | 856 | 8,251 |
| Noun (singular) | 0.12% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 857 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Canada | Gulf Indonesia Resources Limited | Indonesia | Bank Buana Indonesia Tbk. P.T. |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "Indonesia": Bahasa Indonesia ♦ Bank Indonesia ♦ capital of Indonesia ♦ Republic of Indonesia. Additional references. | |
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "Indonesia": Asean-indonesia, Wacc-indonesia. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
indonesia | 4,277 | cewek indonesia | 91 |
bali indonesia | 1,492 | news indonesia | 86 |
jakarta indonesia | 975 | gadis indonesia | 82 |
travel to indonesia | 774 | artis indonesia telanjang | 79 |
denpasar indonesia | 673 | bogel indonesia | 77 |
indonesia hotel | 642 | memek indonesia | 75 |
artis indonesia | 489 | indonesia furniture | 62 |
jendela indonesia | 384 | indonesia serambi | 61 |
indonesia map | 300 | bugil gadis indonesia | 61 |
media indonesia | 274 | indonesia girl | 61 |
artis bugil indonesia | 246 | indonesia universitas | 60 |
bandung indonesia | 192 | artis foto indonesia panas | 57 |
bugil indonesia | 183 | indonesia lagu | 55 |
bank indonesia | 167 | hatta indonesia jakarta soekarno | 52 |
surabaya indonesia | 163 | indonesia picture | 50 |
export indonesia teak | 152 | bugil cewek indonesia | 50 |
garuda indonesia | 128 | indonesia newspaper | 49 |
medan indonesia | 112 | artis bugil foto indonesia | 48 |
indonesia music | 107 | indonesia model | 47 |
sulawesi indonesia | 96 | indonesia mp3 | 46 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "Indonesia"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | Indonesië. (various references) | |
Albanian | Indonezi. (various references) | |
Arabic | أندونيسيا. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | Индонезия. (various references) | |
Chinese | 印度尼西亞 , 印度尼西亚, 印尼 . (various references) | |
Czech | Indonésie. (various references) | |
Danish | Indonesien (Republic of Indonesia, The Republic of Indonesia), republikken Indonesien (Republic of Indonesia, The Republic of Indonesia). (various references) | |
Dutch | Indonesië (Republic of Indonesia, The Republic of Indonesia). (various references) | |
Esperanto | Indonezio. (various references) | |
Finnish | Indonesian tasavalta (Republic of Indonesia), Indonesia (Republic of Indonesia). (various references) | |
French | Indonésie (Republic of Indonesia, The Republic of Indonesia). (various references) | |
Frisian | Yndonesië. (various references) | |
German | Indonesien (Republic of Indonesia, The Republic of Indonesia). (various references) | |
Greek | Ινδονησία (Republic of Indonesia), Δημοκρατία της Ινδονησίας (Republic of Indonesia). (various references) | |
Hebrew | ְינדונזיה. (various references) | |
Hungarian | Indonézia. (various references) | |
Indonesian | indonesia. (various references) | |
Italian | Indonesia (Republic of Indonesia, The Republic of Indonesia). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | インドシナ語族 (Indo-Chinese languages). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | インドネシア . (various references) | |
Korean | 인도네시아 (Indonesian). (various references) | |
Macedonian | Indonezija. (various references) | |
Malay | Indonesia. (various references) | |
Manx | Yn Indonees. (various references) | |
Papiamen | Indonesia. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | indonesiaay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | Indonésia (Republic of Indonesia). (various references) | |
Russian | Индонезия, индонезия. (various references) | |
Samoan | Indtasisia. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | indonezija. (various references) | |
Spanish | Indonesia (Republic of Indonesia). (various references) | |
Swedish | Indonesien (Republic of Indonesia). (various references) | |
Thai | ภาษาอินโดนีเซีย (Bahasa Indonesia). (various references) | |
Turkish | Endonezya (indonesian). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | індонезія. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-d-e-i-i-n-n-o-s" | |
-2 letters: asinine, iodines, ionised. | |
-3 letters: adonis, anions, anodes, danios, donnas, donsie, eonian, inanes, indies, inions, insane, inside, iodine, iodins, iodise, ionise, nasion, noised, onside, sained, sienna, sinned. | |
-4 letters: adios, aeons, aides, anion, anise, anode, aside, danio, deans, dines, donas, donna, donne, eidos, eosin, ideas, inane, indie, inion, inned, iodin, neons, nides, nines, nisei, nodes. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-d-e-i-i-n-n-o-s" | |
+2 letters: antimonides, designation, destination, dimensional, indexations. | |
+3 letters: deaminations, declinations, delineations, denigrations, desalination, designations, destinations, dispensation, indentations, mountainside, nationalised, nondiabetics, ordinariness, semidominant. | |
+4 letters: animadversion, antimodernist, consideration, containerised, deionizations, delaminations, demimondaines, demonizations, denominations, denominatives, densification, denunciations, deracinations, desalinations, dimensionally, dispensations, dissemination, inconsiderate, indoctrinates, indomethacins, insubordinate, modernisation, mountainsides, nicotinamides, nonclassified, nonvalidities, sedimentation, unimpassioned, xenodiagnosis. | |
+5 letters: animadversions, antidepression, antimodernists, considerations, defibrinations, demyelinations, denationalizes, densifications, denticulations, desalinization, determinations, dimensionality, disappointment, discontinuance, disinfestation, disintegration, disorientating, disorientation, dispensational, disseminations, inconsiderable, inconsiderably, inordinateness, insubordinates, modernisations, modernizations, noncandidacies, nonderivatives, nondimensional, nonresidential, ordinarinesses, predestination, predominancies, predominations, preordinations, sedimentations, subinfeudation, tenderizations, tridimensional, unidimensional, xenodiagnostic. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Non-fiction 10. Quotations: Speeches 11. Usage Frequency 12. Names: Company Usage | 13. Expressions 14. Expressions: Internet 15. Translations: Modern 16. Abbreviations | 17. Acronyms 18. Anagrams 19. Bibliography |
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