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INDIANS

"INDIANS" is a plural of: indian.

Date "INDIANS" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references)

 

Specialty Definition: INDIANS

DomainDefinition

Literature

Indians American Indians. When Columbus landed at Cat Island, he thought that he had landed on one of the Indian islands, and in this belief gave the natives the name of Indians.
India proper is so named from Indus (the river), in Sanskrit Sindhu, in Persic Hind, whence the Greek Hindus. Hindustan is the tan or "country" of the river Hindus. Source: Brewer's Dictionary.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: India

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Republic of India, located in the south of Asia and comprising most of the Indian subcontinent.And it consists of federation of 28 states , they are different in religion ,language but they exit as a nation with in definite territory as a country, is the second most populous country in the world and is the world's largest democracy with over one billion people and more than one hundred distinct languages. The Indian economy is the fourth-largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity.

The name India is derived from Sindhu, the local name for the river Indus. The country is called Bharat (pronounced as bhaarat; after the wise and pious King Bharata of ancient times) among Indians. India borders Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan on land, with Sri Lanka and the Maldives just across the Indian mainland in the Indian Ocean.

भारत गणराज्य
Bharat Ganarajya
(In Detail) (In Detail)
National motto: "Satyameva Jayate"
(Sanskrit: Truth Alone Triumphs)
Official language Hindi (+17 other nat. lang.)
Political status
  		Former colony of the U.K Independence on August 15, 1947
Capital New Delhi
Largest City Mumbai
President APJ Abdul Kalam
Prime ministerAtal Behari Vajpayee
Area
 - Total
 - % water		Ranked 7th
3,287,590 km²
9.5%
Population
 - Total
 - Density 		Ranked 2nd
1,049,700,118
319.3/km²
GDP
 - Total
 - GDP/head 		Ranked 4th
2,66 trillions $
2,540 $
Currency Indian Rupee (INR)
Time zone UTC +5.30
National anthem Jana-Gana-Mana
National song Vande Mataram
National game Hockey
Internet TLD.IN
Calling Code91

History

Main article: History of India

The rock art tradition of India has been traced to about 40,000 years ago in the paleolithic at Bhimbetaka in Central India and other sites. The first permanent settlements in South Asia appeared about 9,000 years ago. This indigenous culture developed into the Indus Valley civilization(also referred to by some as the Sindhu-Sarasvati Tradition), which was at its height from around 2600 BC to 1900 BC and was one of the earliest civilisations.

Around 1500 BC, the influx of Aryan tribes from the northwest of India and to some extent their merger with the earlier inhabitants resulted in the classical Vedic culture. The earlier, more widely known, viewpoint was that this influx was through a sudden and violent invasion. However, recent thinking tends to favor the idea that there may have been a more gradual migration. (See Aryan invasion theory.) Eventually, Aryan culture, language, and religion became predominant in the region.

Arab incursions starting in the 8th century and Turkic in the 12th were followed by incursions by European traders beginning in the late 15th century.

By subjugating the Mughal empire in the 19th century, the British Empire had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. Mostly nonviolent resistance to British colonialism under Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru led to independence in 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan. Pakistan occupied two noncontiguous areas, and a civil war between West and East Pakistan in 1971, in which India eventually intervened, resulted in the sedition of East Pakistan to form the separate nation of Bangladesh.

Fundamental concerns in India include the ongoing dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir, massive overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and ethnic and religious strife, all this despite impressive gains in economic investment and output.

Politics

Main article: Politics of India

India is a Union of states with an increasingly federal structure. Officially it is declared as The Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic of India. India has as head of state a president, whose duties are largely ceremonial. The president and vice president are elected indirectly for 5-year terms by a special electoral college. Their terms are staggered, and the vice president does not automatically become president following the death or removal from office of the president.

Executive power is centred in the Council of Ministers (cabinet), led by the prime minister. The president appoints the prime minister, who is designated by legislators of the political party or coalition commanding a parliamentary majority. The president then appoints subordinate ministers on the advice of the prime minister.

India's bicameral parliament consists of the upper house called 'The Council of States' (Rajya Sabha) and the lower House called 'The House of the People' (Lok Sabha), both of which were established by the Constitution of India. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lok Sabha. The legislatures of the states and union territories elect 233 members to the Rajya Sabha, and the president appoints another 12. The elected members of the Rajya Sabha serve 6-year terms, with one-third up for election every 2 years. The Lok Sabha consists of 545 members; 543 are directly elected to 5-year terms. The other two are appointed by the president.

States and territories

Main article: States and territories of India

India is subdivided into 28 states, 6 union territories (marked by a *) and the national capital territory of Delhi:

Map shows parts of Kashmir claimed by India,
but controlled by Pakistan, as part of Pakistan.

Geography

Main article Geography of India

Located on the Indian subcontinent, India consists roughly of three major parts; in the north the massive Himalayas mountain range (with the highest point being the Kanchenjunga at 8,598 m) and the Indo-Gangetic plain (with deserts in the western end), and in the south the extensive Deccan plateau. The latter is part of a large peninsula in between the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west, with both being part of the greater Indian Ocean.

India is home to several major rivers such as the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Yamuna, the Godavari and the Krishna. A small part of the upper course of the name-giving Indus lies within Indian territory. The Indian climate varies from tropical monsoons in the south to more temperate climate in the north.

Economy

Main article Economy of India

India's economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of support services, including software. In fact, India's software exports alone are around $10 billion(2003). However, a quarter of the population is still too poor to be able to afford an adequate diet. India's international payments position remained strong in 2001 with adequate foreign exchange reserves, and moderately depreciating nominal exchange rates. As measured by GDP in US Dollars, India's 2002 output of $481 billion ranked it 12th in the world. As measured by GDP on Purchasing Power Parity basis, India's 2002 figure of $2.66 trillion makes it the fourth largest in the world.

Growth in manufacturing output has slowed, and electricity shortages continue in many regions. India has large numbers of well-educated people skilled in the English language; India is a major exporter of software services and software workers. Also see List of software companies, List of Indian companies.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of India

India is the second-most populous country in the world, with only China having a larger population. Language, religion, and caste are major determinants of social and political organisation within the highly diverse Indian population today.

Hindi, in the Devanagari script, is the only official federal language and individual states and territories have adopted 17 other co-official languages. These are the Dravidian languages of Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, and Telugu, and the Indo-Aryan languages of Bengali, Marathi, Urdu, Gujarati, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, Nepali, Konkani and the classical language of Sanskrit. Many other languages belonging to both groups are spoken as well. English, though only an associate or 'link' language, is still widely in use in law and government, particularly in the higher echelons.

Although 83% of the people are Hindus, India is home to the world's second largest Muslim population. Other smaller religious minorities include Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists, jews and Parsis. See also Religions of India.

The caste system once reflected Indian occupational and religiously defined hierarchies. Traditionally, there were four broad categories of castes (varnas), though they consisted of thousands of castes and subcastes, whose relative status varied from region to region. The caste system was an important social factor for most Indians till the early 1900's. The embracement of the lower castes into the mainstream community was brought about by Mahatma Gandhi who called them "Harijans" (people of God). Presently, India has tough laws against discrimination on the basis of caste. There is a policy for the socio-economic upliftment of the erstwhile lower castes, by the provision of free education till graduation, reservation of admission seats in institutions for higher education, a 50% quota in government jobs and faster promotions. However, caste remains a significant factor in the political life of the country as well as in some social customs such as marriage.

See also Religion in India

Culture

Main article: Culture of India

Indian culture is an expression of the numerous and successive waves of influences in the sub-continent with the Northern part of India being subjected to this more than the South. What follows constitutes just a small sample of a vast tradition.

In music, two important forms are the Carnatic and the Hindustani, the former from South India, a much purer form and the latter from North India deriving a lot from Muslim infuences.

In literature, oral and written forms prevail. Apart from the Vedas which are a sacred form of knowledge, there are other works such as the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharatha, treatises such as Vaastu Shastra in Architecture and Town planning and Artha Shastra in political science. Urdu poetry is an example of a linguistic synthesis. The literature of the Sangam period in Tamil is renowned.

Many dance forms exist in India - Bharata Natyam, Odissi, Kuchipudi, Kathak, Kathakali, etc., mostly they have a narrative form, telling stories. Other forms such as street theatre and puppetry are also found.

Festivals can also be included as part of Indian culture because they are a way of life in India. There are many of them -Diwali, Vijayadasami, Pongal, etc., they are not only religion-based but also include those glorifying important stages in a person's life, seasonal cycles, etc.

Indian science was advanced in ancient times - Aryabhatta and Bhaskara were important scientists who studied planetary motion. The Arabic numerals are actually an Indian contribution.

Traditional dresses in India include the Sari (Saree), Salwar Kameez, Dhoti and Kurta.

In cuisine, rice and wheat form the staple diet. Some popular dishes include Thali- a full fledged meal, Dosa, Idli and Chapati.

Movies are an integral part of everyday life in India, most notably the Hindi, Tamil and Telugu for their commercial bases, and Bengali and Malayalam for its artistic leanings.

Though each region has a specific culture, in recent times there is a growing tendency to merge boundaries and imbibe aspects from other regions. Also, with increasing globalization, and due to the liberalization of the Indian economy in the early 90's, there has been influence of Western culture. So there is Indi-pop in music , Hinglish or Tanglish- English flavoured with terms from local language used most prominently in fields such as advertising, pizzas with indigenous spices, experimental dance and theatre forms, and so on. The invasion of cable TV has spawned an entirely new popular culture.

Apart from these historical and context specific forms, what an Indian sees as important in Indian culture are abstract qualities such as hospitality, family values, acceptance and toleration of differences, resilience and co-existence.

Sports

As far as sports are concerned, though not India's national sport, cricket is a very popular game today and India's size has made it the game's financial powerhouse.

Art and Architecture

Indian architecture

Miscellaneous topics

External links

Official

Other

Countries of the world  |  Asia

India is also the letter I in the NATO phonetic alphabet

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "India."

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Indian

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The term Indian can refer to:

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Indian."

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List of Indians

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This is a list of famous and notable people from India. This would include persons who are known to a large number of people and is not based on the extent of their popularity. Neither is the list viewed from the context of the present. Their fame could be brief, what matters is that they were well-known during the peak of their popularity.

Arts

Business and Industry

Literature

Movies

Directors

Actors

Actresses

Models

Music

Politics

Science

Religion

Sports

Others

See also: List of people by nationality, List of people by India state

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of Indians."

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Native American

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Native Americans (American Indians, Amerindians, or Red Indians) are indigenous peoples, who lived in the Americas prior to the European colonization; some of these ethnic groups still exist. The name "Indians" was bestowed by Christopher Columbus, who mistakenly believed that the places he found them were among the islands to the southeast of Asia known to Europeans as the Indies. (See further discussion below).

Canadians now generally use the term First Nations to refer to Native Americans. In Alaska, because of legal use in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANSCA) and because of the presence of the Inuit, Yupik, and Aleut peoples, the term Alaskan Native predominates. (See further discussion below.)

Native Americans officially make up the majority of the population in Bolivia, Peru and Guatemala and are significant in most other former Spanish colonies, with the exception of Costa Rica, Cuba, Argentina, Dominican Republic and Uruguay.

History

The Native Americans are widely believed to have come to the Americas via the prehistoric Bering Land Bridge. However, this is not the only theory. Some archaeologists believe that the migration consisted of seafaring tribes that moved along the coast, avoiding mountainous inland terrain and highly variable terrestrial ecosystems. Other researchers have postulated an original settlement by skilled navigators from Oceania, though these American Aborigine people are believed to be nearly extinct. Yet another theory claims an early crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by people originating in Europe. Many native peoples do not believe the migration theory at all. The creation stories of many tribes place the people in North America from the beginning of time. Mormon tradition holds that some Native Americans are descendants of the lost tribes of Israel.

Based on anthropological evidence, at least three distinct migrations from Siberia occurred. The first wave of migration came into a land populated by the large mammals of the late Pleistocene epoch, including mammoths, horses, giant sloths, and wooly rhinoceroses. The Clovis culture provides one example of such immigrants. Later the Folsom culture developed, based on the hunting of bison.

The second immigration wave comprised the Athabascan people, including the ancestors of the Apachess and Navajos; the third wave consisted of the Inuits, the Yupiks, and the Aleuts, who may have come by sea over the Bering Strait. The Athabascan peoples generally lived in Alaska and western Canada but some Athabascans migrated south as far as California and the American Southwest, and became the ancestors of tribes now there.

The descendants of the third wave are so ethnically distinct from the remainder of the indigenous inhabitants of the Americas that they are not usually included in the terms "American Indian" or "First Nations".

In recent years, anthropological evidence of migration has been supplemented by studies based on molecular genetics. The provisional results from this field suggest that four distinct migrations from Asia occurred; and, most surprisingly, provide evidence of smaller-scale, contemporaneous human migration from Europe. This suggests that the migrant population, living in Europe at the time of the most recent ice age, adopted a life-style resembling that lived by Inuits and Yupiks in recent centuries.

In the Mississippi valley of the United States, in Mexico and Central America, and in the Andes of South America Native American civilizations arose with farming cultures and city-states.

See archeology of the Americas.

The Arrival of Europeans

The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the Native Americans. In the 15th to 19th centuries, their populations were decimated, by the privations of displacement, by disease, and in many cases by warfare with European groups and enslavement by them. The first Native American group encountered by Columbus, the 250,000 Arawaks of Haiti, were violently enslaved. Only 500 survived by the year 1550, and the group was totally extinct before 1650. Over the next 400 years, the experiences of other Native Americans with Europeans would not always amount to genocide, but they would typically be disastrous for the Native Americans.

In the 15th century Spaniardss and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped their owners and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. Ironically, the horse had originally evolved in the Americas, but the last American horses died out at the end of the last ice age. The re-introduction of the horse, however, had a profound impact on Native American cultures in the Great Plains of North America. This new mode of travel made it possible for some tribes to greatly expand their territories, exchange goods with neighboring tribes and to more easily capture game.

Europeans also brought diseases against which the Native Americans had no immunity. Sometimes they did this intentionally, but often it was unintentional. Ailments such as chicken pox and measles, though common and rarely fatal among Europeans, often proved fatal to Native Americans. More deadly diseases such as smallpox were especially deadly to Native American populations. It is difficult to estimate the percentage of the total Native American population killed by these diseases, since waves of disease oftentimes preceded White scouts and often destroyed entire villages. Some historians have argued that more than 80% of some Indian populations may have died due to European-derived diseases. [See Jeffrey Amherst]

The first reported case of white men scalping Native Americans took place in New Hampshire colony on February 20, 1725, though it is thought that Indians learned scalping from Americans who, at times, collected them for bounties.

Four Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy sided with the British and the Tories of the American Revolutionary War. The colonists were especially outraged at the Wyoming Massacre and the Cherry Valley Massacre, which occurred in 1788. In 1799 Congress sent Major General John Sullivan on what has become known as the Sullivan Expedition to neutralize the Iroquois threat to the American side. The two allied nations were rewarded, at least temporarily by keeping title to their lands after the Revolution. The title was later purchased very cheaply by Massachussets and sold off in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase and the Holland Purchase, after which by treaty, it became a part of New York State. The tribes were moved to reservations or sent westward. Part of the Cayuga Nation was granted a reservation in British Canada See also History of New York.

In the 19th century the United States forced Native Americans onto marginal lands in areas farther and farther west as white settlement of the young nation expanded in that direction. Numerous Indian Wars broke out between US forces and many different tribes. Authorities drafted countless treaties during this period and then later nullified them for various reasons. Well-known battles include the untypical Native American victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, and the massacre of Native Americans at Wounded Knee in 1890. On January 31, 1876 the United States government ordered all Native Americans to move into reservations or reserves. This spelled the end of the Prairie Culture that developed around the use of the horse for hunting, travel and trading.

American policy toward Native Americans has been an evolving process. In the late nineteenth century reformers in efforts to civilize Indians adapted the practice of educating native children in boarding schoolss. The experience in the boarding schools which existed from 1875 to 1928 was difficult for Indian children who were forbidden to speak their native languages and in numerous other ways forced to adopt white cultural practices.

Military defeat, cultural pressure, confinement on reservations, forced cultural assimilation, the outlawing of native languages and culture, forced sterilizations, termination policies of the 50's and 60's, and (especially) slavery have had deleterious effects on Native Americans' mental and ultimately physical health. Contemporary problems include poverty, alcoholism, heart disease, and diabetes: see New World Syndrome.

Classification

Ethnographers commonly classify the native peoples of the United States into ten geographical regions with shared cultural traits. The following list groups peoples by their region of origin, followed by the current location. See the individual article on each tribe for a history of their movements. The regions are:

Indians of Central and South America are generally classified by language, environment, and cultural similarities. The preferred term in Latin America is "Indigenous peoples."

Languages

For a general discussion, see Language families and languages See also: Native American mythology

External Resources

Further Reading
See European colonization of the Americas, Indian Territory, The Indian Trade, Indian Massacres, and Indian Removal.

What name best identifies this group of people?

The term "Native American" originated with anthropologists who preferred it to the former appelations of "Indian" or "American Indian", which they considered inaccurate, as these terms bear no relationship to the actual origins of Aboriginal Americans (or American Aborigines), and were born of the misapprehension on the part of Christopher Columbus, arriving at islands off the east coast of the North American continent, that he had reached the East Indies. The words "Indian" and "American Indian" continue in widespread use in North America, even amongst Native Americans themselves, many of whom do not feel offended by the terms.[1] But the appropriateness of this usage has become controversial since the late 20th century; many feel that the term "Indian" is undesirable as it is symbolic of the domination of these peoples by the European colonists. Others, in turn, resent criticism of their traditional way of speaking. "Red Indian" is a common British term, useful in differentiating this group from a distinct group of people referred to as East Indians. In the French language, the term Amérindien has been coined.

One minority view has advocated the name "Asiatic Americans" as a more accurate term because of the popular theory that such peoples migrated to the Americas from Asia across an ice bridge covering the Bering Straits some 20,000 years ago. Competent fossil evidence supports the case for such a migration. However, this term is considered offensive by many American Indians because most native religions state that American Indians have been in the Western Hemisphere since the dawn of time. Furthermore, the strong tradition among archaeologists and anthropologists, is to indicate the geographic origins of a people as relating to the region where researchers first encountered them or their remains.

One difficulty with the term "Native American" as a substitute for "American Indian" lies in the fact that there exist several groups of people indisputably indigenous to the Americas, but who fall outside the classification of "American Indians", for example the Innu people of the Labrador/Quebec peninsula and the Inuit, Yupik, and Aleut peoples of the far north of the continent. Another argument is that any person born in America is native to it.

Another difficulty is that many Native American groups migrated (or were displaced) to their current locations after the start of European colonization, and therefore it can be argued that they have no more "native" ties to their current locations than do the Europeans. However, as they were moving within America, they remained native to the America.

Generally, peoples wish that others use the name they give themselves.

See also List of Native Americans, First Nations of Canada, Native American fighting styles

External Links:

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Native American."

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: INDIANS

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
EntrySourceExpressionField
IncomindiosEnglishInternational Committee for the Indians of the AmericasSocial Sciences

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Synonyms: INDIANS

Synonyms: Ethnic groups in the U.S., Native Americans. (additional references)

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Crosswords: INDIANS

English words defined with "INDIANS": Pueblo Indians ♦ Rat Indians. (references)
Specialty definitions using "INDIANS": American Indian off-reservation trust land, American Indian Tribal Subdivision, American Indian tribe/Selected American Indian categories, ANNONA PURPUREA, Asoors ♦ banakite, bebyggelse ud over skel, BIA, BILL, Bolay, Breaking a Stick, Bury the Hatchet ♦ CASSIA RETICULATA, Chibuga, Cock and Bull Story, CROTALARIA GUATEMALENSIS, CRYOSOPHILA WARCEWICZII ♦ DESMODIUM PARVIFOLIUM ♦ Feather in Your Cap, FICUS CITRIFOLIA, Foot Monsters ♦ HATCHET, Hiawath'a, Hutchinsonians ♦ Indians, Central American ♦ Lismahago ♦ MELICOCCUS BIJUGATUS, Misnomers, Moors ♦ Pale Faces, PITHECELLOBIUM RUFESCENS, PSEUDOLMEDIA SPURIA ♦ Rascadera, Red Indians, Red Men, Rice Christians ♦ Sacred objects, Sambogum, Selama, severalty ♦ Tucumo, TUSSACIA FREDRICHSTHALIANA ♦ Uar, URERA ♦ Viranjo, VIROLA SEBIFERA, VISMIA FERRUGINEA ♦ WASHINGTON ♦ ZAMIA SKINNERI, Zukurate. (references)
Etymologies containing "INDIANS": Tucum. (references)

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Modern Usage: INDIANS

DomainUsage

Screenplays

Hey, we'll let the gooks play the Indians! (Full Metal Jacket; writing credit: Gustav Hasford; Michael Herr)

Or was it Okinawa? The one without the Indians. (Hot Shots!; writing credit: Jim Abrahams; Pat Proft)

Indians believed it was his soul escaping from his body (Wayne's World; writing credit: Mike Myers)

He doesn't like to let on but he cares, about the people here and in town, about the Indians in the territory (Chisum; writing credit: Andrew J. Fenady)

The Blacks were sold into slavery and the Indians almost wiped out. (The Tomorrow People; writing credit: Brian Finch)

Lyrics

Madman drummers bummers Indians in the summer with a teenage diplomat (Blinded By The Light (Bruce Springsteen); performing artist: MANFRED MANN)

For I've killed my share of Indians (I Ain't Marching Anymore; performing artist: Phil Ochs)

Movie/TV Titles

Ten Little Indians (1965)

Two Little Indians (1953)

The Cowboy and the Indians (1949)

Sacred City of the Mayan Indians (1936)

Molly Moo Cow and the Indians (1935)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: INDIANS

DomainTitle

References

  • Cleveland Indians Baseball Company, Inc.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

    (more reference examples)

  

Books

  • Blackfeet and Buffalo: Memories of Life Among the Indians (reference)

  • Walking in the Sacred Manner: Healers, Dreamers, and Pipe Carriers-Medicine Women of the Plains Indians (reference)

  • Memoirs of the Reverend David Brainerd: Missionary to the Indians on the Border of New York, New Jersey & Pennsylvania (American Indian History) (reference)

  • Absentee Indians & Other Poems (Native American Series) (reference)

  • Thrilling Narrative of the Sufferings of Mrs Jane Adeline Wilson During Her Captivity Among the Comanche Indians (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Periodicals

  

Theater & Movies

  • Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson (reference)

  • Indians of the Southwest (reference)

  • Ten Little Indians (reference)

    (more DVD examples; more video examples)

  

Music

  

High Tech

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Image Slideshow: INDIANS

Photos:
INDIANS

More pictures...

Illustrations:
INDIANS

More pictures...

Computer Images:
INDIANS

More pictures...

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Photo Album: INDIANS

ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit

Northwest Coast Indians deep-sixing bottle used as survey mark Bottle set by party of George Davidson in 1852 Smallpox came after surveyors left Indians felt bottle had evil spirits, dug up, and threw away. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.

"Village of the Friendly Indians at the entrance of Bute's Canal." Latitude 50 24 North, Longitude 124 52 W. In: "A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World" by Captain George Vancouver. Volume I, Plate IV, page 326. Library Call Number G420 .V22 1798. Credit: Treasures of the Library.

Makah Indians whaling at entrance to Fuca Straits Drawing by H. W. Elliott, 1883. Credit: National Marine Fisheries Historical Image Collection.

Passamaquoddy Bay Indians lancing and securing a porpoise From a photograph by T. W. Smillie. Credit: National Marine Fisheries Historical Image Collection.

North (rear) and west elevations. Photograph by Walter Smalling, Jr., October 1979. (Reproduction Number: HABS OKLA,11-TAHL,5-3) This log cabin once belonged to Dr. Irvin D. Leoser, a physician from Pennsylvania who lived among the Cherokee Indians of eastern Oklahoma during the second half of the nineteenth century. In addition to serving the Cherokee community of Tahlequah, Dr. Leoser took in families who had been displaced by the Civil War. Built of twelve-inch square oak logs, the cabin is one of the earliest examples of frontier log construction remaining in the state of Oklahoma. Credit: Library of Congress.

Sectional axonometric views. Measured drawing delineated by Roland Rodriguez, 1983. (Reproduction Number: HABS TX-319, sheet 2 of 12) The church depicted in these axonometric views is one of the oldest surviving mission churches in the American Southwest. Built in the mid-eighteenth century by Franciscan monks from Spain, the church once served as the centerpiece of a large missionary compound. In its heyday, the mission included a convent, farmland, workshops, a granary, and a pueblo, or quarters, for christianized American Indians. In common with many Catholic churches built at the same time in Spain and Europe, this church features a vaulted stone roof, twin towers, and a dome over the crossing. Credit: Library of Congress.

Ambulances- Horsedrawn : View of Stretcher with wounded man, from Battle of Slim Buttes. (War Against the Sioux Indians - 1876). Credit: National Library of Medicine.

[Brazilian Indians during a burial ceremony] Engraving by the de Bry family. Credit: National Library of Medicine.

Hunting Indians in Florida with blood hounds. Credit: Library of Congress.

War of 1812 battle scene with soldiers and Indians. Credit: Library of Congress.

Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: INDIANS
 

"Killed by Indians" by Karl-Erik Bennion
Commentary: "Tombstone of a person killed by Indians."		"Baseball Crowd" by Ryan Glanzer
Commentary: "The crowd at a Minnesota Twins and Cleveland Indians game at the Metrodome."

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Historic Usage: INDIANS

AuthorDateQuotation

John Locke

1690

Thus we see, that the kings of the Indians in America, which is still a pattern of the first ages in Asia and Europe, whilst the inhabitants were too few for the country, and want of people and money gave men no temptation to enlarge their possessions of land, or contest for wider extent of ground, are little more than generals of their armies; and though they command absolutely in war, yet at home and in time of peace they exercise very little dominion, and have but a very moderate sovereignty, the resolutions of peace and war being ordinarily either in the people, or in a council. (Second Treatise of Government)

US Constitution

1791

Clause 3: Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. (reference)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Use in Literature: INDIANS

TitleAuthorQuote

Grapes of Wrath

Steinbeck, John

The tenants cried, Grampa killed Indians, Pa killed snakes for the land

Gulliver's Travels

Swift, Jonathan

I had fifty hands on board, and my orders were that I should trade with the Indians in the South Sea, and make what discoveries I could

Walden

Thoreau, Henry David

The Indians had advanced so far as to regulate the effect of the wind by a mat suspended over the hole in the roof and moved by a string

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Non-Fiction Usage: INDIANS

SubjectTopicQuote

Health

American Indians have the highest rates of diabetes in the world. (references)

Among the Pima Indians living in Arizona, for example, half of all adults have type 2 diabetes. (references)

Other groups at risk for proteinuria are American Indians, Hispanic Americans, Pacific Islander Americans, older people, and overweight people. (references)

Business

The practice of giving gifts is common among the different ethnic groups in Singapore which is made up of mainly Chinese, Malays, Indians and other mixed races such as the Eurasians. (references)

Civil Liberties

Palau

On July 21, the Ministry extended this policy to Indians and Sri Lankans. (references)

Economic History

India

Almost 40% of Indians are younger than 15 years of age. (references)

India

The NRS is a biannual survey of media habits amongst Indians. (references)

Indigenous People

Dominica

Most Carib Indians engage in farming, fishing, and handicraft. (references)

Dominica

Carib Indians over the age of 18 who reside there are eligible to vote for the Chief and eight members of the Council of Advisors. (references)

Canada

Indian leaders maintain that a sovereign Quebec would treat Indians as another ethnic minority instead of as sovereign nations within the territory of the province. (references)

Minorities

Lesotho

Small numbers of Asians (primarily ethnic Chinese and Indians) and South African whites are active in the country's commercial life. (references)

Austria

Members of other minority groups such as Turks and Indians are not considered national minorities and do not have access to the same type of assistance. (references)

Burma

Since only persons who are able to prove long familial links to the country are accorded full citizenship, nonindigenous ethnic populations (such as Chinese and Indians) are denied full citizenship and are excluded from government positions. (references)

Political Economy

India

To deal with this, BJP leaders have projected a "swadeshi" or nationalist image, and called for India to be built by Indians. (references)

INDIA

Controls remain on capital account transactions, with the exception of those made by Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and foreign institutional investors. (references)

Malaysia

Chinese comprise about 26% of Malaysia's population and Indians about 7%. Other groups, including native peoples in Sarawak and Sabah in East Malaysia, compose the remainder of the population. (references)

Political Rights

Singapore

Indians make up about 7 percent of the general population and hold about 10 percent of the regularly elected seats in Parliament. (references)

Trade

India

They have also diversified into merchant and retail banking, deposit mobilization from non-resident Indians, security operations, and consulting services. (references)

Lexicography

Devil's Dictionary

SEVERALTY, n. Separateness, as, lands in severalty, i.e., lands held individually, not in joint ownership. Certain tribes of Indians are believed now to be sufficiently civilized to have in severalty the lands that they have hitherto held as tribal organizations, and could not sell to the Whites for waxen beads and potato whiskey. Lo! the poor Indian whose unsuited mind Saw death before, hell and the grave behind; Whom thrifty settler ne'er besought to stay -- His small belongings their appointed prey; Whom Dispossession, with alluring wile, Persuaded elsewhere every little while! His fire unquenched and his undying worm By "land in severalty" (charming term!) Are cooled and killed, respectively, at last, And he to his new holding anchored fast!

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Speeches: INDIANS

SpeakerTermPhrase(s)

George Washington

1789-1797To enforce upon the Indians the observance of justice it is indispensable that there shall be competent means of rendering justice to them.

James Madison

1809-1817Important tribes of Indians on our northwestern frontier have also acceded to stipulations which bind them to the interests of the United States and to consider our enemy as theirs also.

James Monroe

1817-1825Several tribes of Indians, strong in the # of their warriors, remarkable for their ferocity, and whose settlements extend to our limits, inhabit those Provinces.

John Quincy Adams

1825-1829Their presence dispelled the alarms of our fellow citizens on those disorders, and overawed the hostile purposes of the Indians.

Andrew Jackson

1829-1837If the offers made to the Indians were extended to them, they would be hailed with gratitude and joy.

Grover Cleveland

1885-1889; 1893-1897Our relations with the Indians located within our border impose upon us responsibilities we can not escape.

Lyndon B. Johnson

1963-1969We should embark upon a major effort to provide self-help assistance to the forgotten in our midst-the American Indians and the migratory farm workers.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Usage Frequency: INDIANS

"INDIANS" is generally used as a noun (plural) -- approximately 99.41% of the time. "INDIANS" is used about 1,188 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words		Rank in English
Noun (plural)99.41%1,1816,541
Noun (proper)0.59%7133,076
                    Total100.00%1,188N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Derived & Related Names: INDIANS

The following table summarizes names derived from the word "INDIANS".
 
NameGenderLanguageMeaning
IndianaFemale, MaleEnglish

The land of the Indians

IndyFemale, MaleEnglish

The land of the Indians

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

 

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Usage in Company Names: INDIANS

CountryName
USA

Cleveland Indians Baseball Company, Inc.

 (more examples...)

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Expressions: INDIANS

Expressions using "INDIANS": Croatan Indians ♦ Flathead Indians ♦ pueblo Indians ♦ rat Indians ♦ speckled Indians. Additional references.

Hypenated Usage

Ending with "INDIANS": Anglo-indians, non-indians.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: INDIANS

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day

cleveland indians.com

82

apache.htm indians.org welker

20

indians.com kinston

2

clevland indians.com

2
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translation: INDIANS

Language Translations for "INDIANS"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Manx

  

Ny Heear-Injinee (The West Indians). (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

indiansay.(various references)

   

Russian 

  

индеец (indian, injun, native indian, red indian, redskin). (various references)

   

Swedish

  

indianer. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Misspellings: INDIANS

Misspellings

"INDIANS" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Idiens, indain, Indean, indian, Indianism, Indias, indicans, Indien, Indienne. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Anagrams: INDIANS

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "a-d-i-i-n-n-s"

-3 letters: aids, ains, ands, anis, dais, dins, inia, inns, nans, nidi, nisi, sadi, said, sain, sand.

-4 letters: ads, aid, ain, ais, and, ani, din, dis, ids, inn, ins, nan, sad, sin.

-5 letters: ad, ai, an, as, id, in, is, na, si.

 Words containing the letters "a-d-i-i-n-n-s"
 

+1 letter: indamins, indicans.

 

+2 letters: diazinons, guanidins, indamines, indicants, islanding.

 

+3 letters: cnidarians, daintiness, destaining, diagnosing, disbanding, discanting, disdaining, distaining, distancing, guanidines, hindbrains, insinuated, kundalinis.

 

+4 letters: admonishing, admonitions, antimonides, blandishing, bradykinins, brandishing, brigandines, designating, designation, destination, dimensional, dinosaurian, disengaging, dismantling, displanting, distraining, divinations, dominations, fundraising, incidentals, indagations, indexations, indications, indurations, inseminated, interisland, inundations, iodinations, landsliding, mandarinism, mandolinist, misbranding, mishandling, mundanities, ordinations, sandwiching, syndicating, syndication, vandalising, windlassing.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern 		5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Slideshow
7. Images: Photo Album
8. Images: Digital Art 		9. Quotations: Historic
10. Quotations: Fiction
11. Quotations: Non-fiction
12. Quotations: Speeches 		13. Usage Frequency
14. Names: Derived from
15. Names: Company Usage
16. Expressions 		17. Expressions: Internet
18. Translations: Modern
19. Abbreviations
20. Acronyms 		21. Derivations
22. Anagrams
23. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.