Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definitions: Infection |
InfectionNoun1. Invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms causing inflammation. 2. An incident is which an infectious disease is transmitted. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "infection" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1509. (references) |
Etymology: Infection \In*fec"tion\, noun. [Compare to the French expression infection, from Latin expression infectio dyeing.]. (Websters 1913) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Food & Agriculture | An attack and investment by microscopic organisms or viruses(if on living tissue, by pathogens)as distinct from infestation. Source: European Union. (references) |
Health | 1. invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. an infectious disease. (references) |
Medicine | Attack and investment by microscopic organisms or viruses(if on living tissue, by pathogens)as distinct from infestation. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a symbiotic, commensal, or parasitic relationship with the host. An example of the former would be the anaerobic bacteria species which colonize the mammalian colon, an example of the latter would be the various species of staphylococcus which exist on human skin. Neither of these colonizations would be considered infections.
An infection is, in effect, a war in which the infecting organism seeks to utilize the host resources in order to multiply at the expense of the host.
The difference between an infection and a colonization is often only a matter of circumstance. Organisms which are normally non-pathogenic can become pathogenic under the right conditions, and even the most virulent organism requires certain circumstances to cause a compromising infection.
The variables involved in the outcome of a host becoming inoculated by a pathogen and the ultimate outcome include:
A list of infectious diseases of humans is available.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Infection."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| INH | English | Clostridium novyi or Clostridium oedematiens infection | Food & Agriculture, Biology & Biotechnology |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: InfectionSynonyms: contagion (n), transmission (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Disease | Taint, pollution, infection, sepsis, septicity, infestation; epidemic, pandemic, endemic, epizootic; murrain, plague, pestilence, pox. |
Lay by, lay up; take a disease, catch a disease; Noun: catch an infection; break out. | |
Excitation | Noun: excitation of feeling; mental excitement; suscitation, galvanism, stimulation, piquance, piquancy, provocation, inspiration, calling forth, infection; animation, agitation, perturbation; subjugation, fascination, intoxication; enravishment; entrancement; pressure, tension, high pressure. |
Be excited; Adjective: flush up, flare up; catch the infection; thrill; (feel); mantle; work oneself up; seethe, boil, simmer, foam, fume, flame, rage, rave; run mad; (passion). | |
Feeling | Respond; catch the flame, catch the infection; enter the spirit of. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Unchecked infection - dead. (The Invisible Man; writing credit: Craig Silverstein; Jonathan Glassner) Law and love are the same - romantic in concept but the actual practice can give you a yeast infection. (Ally McBeal; writing credit: Henri Vernes) This long after infection, there was no guarantee it would work. (Resident Evil; writing credit: Paul W.S. Anderson) | |
Clever | Never Withhold Herpes Infection from Loved One (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Infection (2000) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | These pictures are electron micrographs of macrophages in the brain before and after in vitro infection by HIV-I. The pictures with the uniform cells are normal. The ones with spaced out neoplastic cells are infected. When the cells are infected with HIV-I, clusters are formed.Credit: Dr. Suzanne Gartner (photographer). |  | AZT in bottles is used intravenously in treating patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS. Azidothymidine is an antiviral drug which floods the cell with false DNA building blocks so that the virus cannot make copies of itself. When this happens, viral infection and replication is stopped.Credit: Bill Branson (photographer). |
 | Brain microglial nodules are nonspecific microscopic brain lesions often associated with fatal HIV infection.Credit: CDC. |  | This patient has a primary syphilitic chancre located in the urethral meatus. A chancre is a primary skin lesion of syphilis which begins at the site of infection after an interval of 10-30 days as a papule or red ulcerated skin lesion.Credit: CDC. |
 | A small atypical darkfield-positive chancre of the glans. A chancre is a primary skin lesion of syphilis which begins at the site of infection after an interval of 10-30 days as a papule or red ulcerated skin lesion.Credit: CDC. |  | The poliovirus lives in the human pharynx and intestinal tract. Poliomyelitis is an acute infection that involves the gastrointestinal tract and, occasionally, the central nervous system. It is acquired by fecal-oral transmission.Credit: CDC. |
 | Crowd waiting for oral polio vaccine in 1962. Today CDC now recommends that we give only the injectable vaccine because of the very small chance that the oral dose can lead to a polio infection.Credit: CDC. |  | Enterococcus (streptococcus) faecalis is a normal inhabitant of intestinal tract, and female genital tract, and is occasionally associated with urinary tract infection, bacteremia and bacterial endocarditis.Credit: CDC. |
 | Mucormycosis is a dangerous fungal infection usually occurring in the immunocompromised patient, affecting the regions of the eye, nose, and through its growth and destruction of the periorbital tissues, it will eventually invade the brain cavity.Credit: CDC. |  | Diagram of the polymerase chain reaction test shows how to emplify HIV DNA sequences as a way to diagnose HIV infection in blood samples. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Otitis media is an ear infection. (references) | |
Rarely, persons with HIV infection. (references) | ||
Death is usually caused by infection. (references) | ||
Business | They employ state-of-the-art imaging, infection controls and diagnostic equipment. (references) | |
In view of the seriousness of hepatitis B virus infection in Taiwan, hepatitis B vaccine has been in great demand. (references) | ||
Prevention of foot infection, which is the major cause of hospitalization and foot amputations could be avoided by early detection of diabetes. (references) | ||
Children | Zimbabwe | Children are at increasing risk of HIV/AIDS infection as a result of the rising rate of sexual abuse cases. (references) |
Burma | Reports from Thailand indicated that the rising incidence of HIV infection there has increased the demand for supposedly "safer" younger prostitutes, many of whom come from Burma. (references) | |
Ethiopia | NGO's report that girls as young as age 11 are recruited to work in houses of prostitution where they are kept ignorant of the risks of HIV/AIDS infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. (references) | |
Economic History | Hong Kong | There will be a growing demand for new and retrofit ventilation and infection control technologies for use in public buildings. (references) |
Thailand | Chiang Rai Province in the north may have an infection rate as high as 15%. In recent years, the Thai Government has devoted substantial resources toward AIDS education and awareness. (references) | |
Human Rights | Russia | Detention facilities have tuberculosis infection rates far higher than in the population at large. (references) |
Minorities | Greece | Research conducted in 2000 by the NGO Doctors of the World found that 98 percent of Roma in some camps were infected by hepatitis A, and 68 percent by hepatitis B. The rate of infection of other citizens is extremely low, since most are vaccinated. (references) |
Political Economy | Sudan | Usually it is performed on girls between the ages of 4 and 7 by traditional practitioners in improvised, unsanitary conditions, which cause severe pain, trauma, and risk of infection to the child. (references) |
Travel | Chad | AIDS is also becoming an increasingly serious problem as infection rates have risen to alarming levels (up to 25 percent in high-risk groups). (references) |
Women | Guinea | FGM also increases the risk of HIV infection since unsterilized instruments are shared among participants. (references) |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | REASONABLE, adj. Accessible to the infection of our own opinions. Hospitable to persuasion, dissuasion and evasion. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Robert Atkins | We don't know, but I know that I had an infection in my heart, and it caused an arrhythmia and so it must have been an arrhythmia that sort of took off, and that was it. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| "Infection" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.66% of the time. "Infection" is used about 2,679 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.66% | 2,670 | 3,433 |
| Noun (common) | 0.26% | 7 | 133,076 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.07% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Total | 100.00% | 2,679 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "infection": acute HIV infection ♦ anapestifer infection ♦ Anaplasma infection ♦ avian Pasteurella anapestifer infection ♦ Babesia infection ♦ Bacillus anthracis infection ♦ Bacillus larvae infection ♦ Bladder Infection ♦ Bladder infection and inflammation ♦ Bone Infection ♦ bovine pestivirus infection ♦ Brucella abortus infection ♦ Brucella infection ♦ Brucella ovis infection ♦ Brucella suis infection ♦ Candida infection of nails ♦ catch an infection ♦ catch the infection ♦ center of infection ♦ Clostridium chauvoei infection ♦ Clostridium haemolyticum infection ♦ Clostridium novyi infection ♦ Clostridium novyi or Clostridium oedematiens infection ♦ Clostridium perfringens infection ♦ Clostridium perfringens type A infection ♦ Clostridium perfringens type B infection ♦ Clostridium perfringens type C infection ♦ Clostridium perfringens type D infection ♦ Clostridium septicum infection ♦ Cowdria ruminantium infection ♦ Coxiella burnetii infection ♦ Cross Infection ♦ ear infection ♦ Ehrlichia infection ♦ Ehrlichia phagocytophilia infection ♦ Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection ♦ Escherichia coli infection ♦ eye infection ♦ focal infection ♦ focus of infection ♦ Francisella tularensis infection ♦ Fungal Infection ♦ Gasterophilus infection ♦ Haemophilus paragallinarum infection ♦ Histoplasma farciminosum infection ♦ Infection Control ♦ infection control nurse ♦ Infection Control Practitioners ♦ infection court ♦ Laboratory Infection ♦ Listeria monocytogenes infection ♦ locus of infection ♦ lower respiratory infection ♦ Mycobacterium avium infection ♦ Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection ♦ Mycobacterium bovis infection ♦ Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection ♦ Mycoplasma mycoides infection ♦ Mycoplasma mycoides var.capri infection ♦ opportunistic infection ♦ ovine orbivirus infection ♦ ovine pestivirus infection ♦ Pasteurella anapestifer infection ♦ Pasteurella infection ♦ Pasteurella multocida infection ♦ primary HIV infection ♦ Prostate Infection ♦ protozoal infection ♦ Pseudomonas mallei infection ♦ Puerperal Infection ♦ respiratory infection ♦ respiratory tract infection ♦ rickettsial infection ♦ risk of infection ♦ Screw Worm Infection ♦ Skin Infection ♦ staphylococcal infection ♦ Streptococcus equi infection ♦ Surgical Wound Infection ♦ tapeworm infection ♦ Taylorella equigenitalis infection ♦ throat infection ♦ Treponema hyodysenteriae infection ♦ Trypanosoma cruzi infection ♦ Trypanosoma equiperdum infection ♦ Trypanosoma evansi infection ♦ upper respiratory infection ♦ Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URI) ♦ urinary tract infection ♦ Urinary Tract Infection [UTI] ♦ Urinary Tract Infection in Women ♦ Vincent's infection ♦ viral infection ♦ virus infection ♦ Wound Infection ♦ Yeast Infection ♦ Yersinia infection ♦ Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "infection": infection-free. | |
Ending with "infection": post-infection. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "infection"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | infektim (contamination), infeksion (taint), sëmundje ngjitëse (contagion). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | نتانة (fetidness, filth, mephitis, stench, stink), نجاسة (dirtiness, impurity, pollution), قذارة (dirt, dirtiness, filth, filthiness, foulness, impurity, squalor, uncleanliness, uncleanness), تلويث (contamination, impurity, pollution, smearing), تلوث (become defiled, contamination, dirtiness, dirty, foul, impurity, pollution, soil, stain, taint, tarnish), تعفن (corruption, decay, decompose, decomposition, mildew, mold, molder, moldiness, mould, moulder, mouldiness, mustiness, perish, putrefaction, putrefy, putrescence, putridity, rot, sweat), عفانة, عدوى (contagion), إفساد (circumvention, depravation, deterioration, disfiguration, mutilation, perversion, vitiation), إعداء الآخرين, إصابة (cannon, goal, hit, hitting). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | корумпиране (deterioration), заразяване (contagion, contamination, contraction, corruption, defilement, gelation, inoculation, vitiation), зараза (contagion, contamination, taint, virus), заразителност, покваряване (depravation, subversion, vitiation), повлияване (influence), инфекция, инфектиране. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 感" (to infect, to influence), " (infect, infected, Infecting). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | infekce, nákaza (contagion, pestilence, taint, virus). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | infektion (an attack and investment by microscopic organisms or viruses(if on living tissue, by pathogens)as distinct from infestation, contage). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | infectie (an attack and investment by microscopic organisms or viruses(if on living tissue, by pathogens)as distinct from infestation, contage, contagion, contamination), besmetting (contagion, contamination, input, pollution). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | infekto, infektado (contagion, contamination), kontaĝo (contagion, contamination). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | tartunta (adhesion, an attack and investment by microscopic organisms or viruses(if on living tissue, bond, by pathogens)as distinct from infestation, contage, contagion, tack). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | infection (an attack and investment by microscopic organisms or viruses(if on living tissue, by pathogens)as distinct from infestation), contamination. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Frisian | ynfeksje. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Ansteckung (contage, contagion, transmission), Infektion (an attack and investment by microscopic organisms or viruses(if on living tissue, by pathogens)as distinct from infestation, contage, contagion, contamination), infekt (contage). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | μόλυνση (contagion, contamination, defilement, infestation, pollution), λοίμωξη (infestation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | אי פקצי", אליח" (contamination), אלוח (contaminated, contamination, pollution, sepsis, septic), אלח (contamination, sepsis), ז"ום (contamination, nastiness, pollution), "אלח" (befouling, contamitation, pollution), "ז"מ", "ז""מות, " 'עות, 'יעות (contamination). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | ragály (contagion, epidemic), káros befolyás (evil eye, ill effect). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | infeksi, peradangan (inflammation), hama (disease (plant-)). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | infezione (an attack and investment by microscopic organisms or viruses(if on living tissue, by pathogens)as distinct from infestation, contage, contamination, taint), contagio (contagion, contamination). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 感"症 (infectious disease), 感" (contagion). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | か"せ"しょう (infectious disease), か"せ" (contagion, government compilation, government-appointed, main line, psoriasis, sweat gland, trunk line, vessels, warship, watching agame). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 감염 (Infecting). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | doghan (ailment, bug, disease, disorder, sickness). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Norwegian | infeksjon, smitte (contagion, infect). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Papiamen | infekshon. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | infectionay infecção (an attack and investment by microscopic organisms or viruses(if on living tissue, by pathogens)as distinct from infestation, contage, contamination). (various references) infectare, infecţie (stench, stink), viciere, proces infecţios, molipsire (contagion), corupere (contamination, corruption). (various references) заражение (contamination), инфекция (contagion). (various references) iorbhail. (various references) infekcija, zaraza (contagion, zymosis). (various references) infección (an attack and investment by microscopic organisms or viruses(if on living tissue, by pathogens)as distinct from infestation, contage, taint). (various references) infektion (an attack and investment by microscopic organisms or viruses(if on living tissue, by pathogens)as distinct from infestation, infestation), smitta (catch the infection, contagion, infect, to contaminate, to infest, virus). (various references) การติ"เชื้อ. (various references) enfeksiyon, bulaştırma (blurring, contamination, implication, transmission), bulaşma (contagion, contamination, spread, transmission), bozulma (breach, breakdown, breakup, confusion, corrosion, corruption, decay, declension, decomposition, deformation, degeneration, degradation, derogation, deterioration, devolution, disfiguration, disfigurement, disruption, dissolution, impairment, pollution, putrefaction, rancidity, rancidness, rottenness, shipwreck, spoilage, taint, undoing, upset). (various references) infeksiяa (r). (various references) інфекція (contagion), зараза (contagion, taint, virus, zymosis), заразливість. (various references) sự nhiễm, sự l m nhiễm trùng vật lây nhiễm bệnh lây nhiễm sự tiêm nhiễm, sự l m nhiễm độc, sự đầu độc ảnh hưởng lan truyền. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Sumerian | 3100 BCE-2500 BCE | lil. (various references) |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | contagio. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "infection": infections. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "infection": autoinfection, disinfection, postinfection, reinfection, superinfection. (additional references) | |
Words containing "infection": autoinfections, disinfections, reinfections, superinfections. (additional references) | |
| |
"Infection" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: cinfection, infaction, inflction, infustion, insectoid, nnection. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "infection" (pronounced i'nfe"kshun) |
| 7 | -n f e" k sh u n | confection, disinfection. |
| 6 | -f e" k sh u n | affection, defection, disaffection, imperfection, perfection. |
| 5 | -e" k sh u n | advection, circumspection, collection, complexion, connection, convection, correction, detection, direction, disconnection, dissection, ejection, election, erection, flexion, inflection, injection, inspection, insurrection, interconnection, interjection, intersection, introspection, objection, overprotection, predilection, preelection, projection, protection, recollection, redirection, reelection, reflection, reinspection, rejection, resurrection, section, selection. |
| 4 | -k sh u n | abduction, abstraction, action, addiction, affliction, attraction, auction, benediction, compunction, concoction, conduction, conjunction, constriction, construction, contraction, contradiction, conviction, crucifixion, deconstruction, deduction, depiction, dereliction, destruction, diction, diffraction, dissatisfaction, distinction, distraction, dysfunction, eviction, exaction, extinction, extraction, faction, fiction, fraction, friction, function, inaction, induction, infarction, infliction, infraction, injunction, instruction, interaction, interdiction, introduction, junction, jurisdiction, liposuction, liquefaction, malfunction, midsection, nonfiction, obstruction, overproduction, overreaction, prediction, production, reaction, reconstruction, reduction, reintroduction, reproduction, restriction, retraction, sanction, satisfaction, seduction, subsection, subtraction, suction, traction, transaction, transection. |
| 3 | -sh u n | abbreviation, abdication, aberration, abolition, abomination, abortion, abrogation, absolution, absorption, academician, acceleration, accession, acclimation, accommodation, accreditation, accretion, accumulation, accusation, acidification, acquisition, activation, adaptation, addition, adjudication, administration, admiration, admission, admonition, adoption, adoration, adulation, advocation, affectation, affiliation, affirmation, agglomeration, aggravation, aggression, agitation, alienation, allegation, alleviation, alliteration, allocation, alphabetization, alteration, altercation, alternation, amalgamation, ambition, amelioration, ammunition, amortization, amplification, amputation, animation, annexation, annihilation, annotation, antiabortion, anticipation, anticorruption, antidiscrimination, apparition, appellation, application, apportion, appreciation, apprehension, approbation, appropriation, approximation, arbitration, argumentation, articulation, ascension, ashen, aspiration, assassination, assertion, assimilation, association, assumption, attention, attribution, attrition, audition, augmentation, authentication, authorization, automation, aviation, avocation, balkanization, beautician, bifurcation, brutalization, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, caption, carburetion, carnation, castration, categorization, causation, caution, celebration, centralization, certification, cessation, cetacean, characterization, circulation, citation, civilization, clarification, classification, clinician, coagulation, coalition, codification, coercion, cogeneration, cogitation, cognition, cohabitation, collaboration, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, combination, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, commission, commotion, communication, communization, compassion, compensation, competition, compilation, completion, complication, composition, comprehension, compression, compulsion, computation, computerization, concatenation, concentration, conception, conceptualization, concession, conciliation, concussion, condemnation, condensation, condescension, condition, confabulation, confederation, confession, configuration, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, confrontation, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, conniption, connotation, conscription, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, consternation, constipation, constitution, consultation, consummation, consumption, contamination, contemplation, contention, continuation, contortion, contraception, contraption, contribution, contrition, convention, conversation, convocation, convolution, convulsion, cooperation, coordination, coronation, corporation, correlation, corroboration, corruption, counterrevolution, creation, cremation, criminalization, crustacean, culmination, cultivation, cushion, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, decapitation, deceleration, decentralization, deception, decertification, decimation, declaration, decommission, decomposition, decompression, decontamination, decoration, decriminalization, dedication, defamation, definition, deflation, deforestation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deification, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deletion, deliberation, delineation, demarcation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demolition, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, demotion, denationalization, denomination, dentition, denuclearization, denunciation, depletion, depopulation, deportation, deposition, depravation, depreciation, depredation, depression, deprivation, deregulation, derivation, desalination, desalinization, description, desecration, desegregation, desertion, desiccation, designation, desolation, desperation, destabilization, destination, destitution, detention, deterioration, determination, detonation, detoxication, detoxification, devaluation, devastation, deviation, devolution, devotion, dictation, dietitian, differentiation, digression, dilatation, dilation, dilution, dimension, diminution, discoloration, discontinuation, discretion, discrimination, discussion, disembarkation, disinclination, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorganization, disorientation, dispensation, disposition, disputation, disqualification, disruption, dissemination, dissension, dissertation, dissipation, dissociation, dissolution, distillation, distortion, distribution, diversification, divination, documentation, domestication, domination, donation, dramatization, duplication, duration, echolocation, edification, edition, education, egyptian, ejaculation, elaboration, elation, electrician, electrification, electrocution, elevation, elimination, elocution, elongation, emanation, emancipation, embarkation, emigration, emission, emotion, emulation, emulsion, encryption, enumeration, equalization, equitation, equivocation, eradication, erudition, eruption, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, evocation, evolution, exacerbation, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, excavation, exception, excitation, exclamation, excommunication, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exfoliation, exhalation, exhibition, exhilaration, exhortation, exhumation, exoneration, expansion, expatriation, expectation, expedition, experimentation, expiration, explanation, explication, exploitation, exploration, exposition, expression, expropriation, expulsion, extension, extermination, extortion, extradition, extrapolation, fabrication, facilitation, falsification, fascination, fashion, federation, fermentation, fertilization, fibrillation, figuration, filtration, fission, fixation, flirtation, flotation, fluctuation, fluoridation, foliation, formalization, formation, formulation, fortification, foundation, fragmentation, freshen, fruition, frustration, fumigation, gasification, gastrulation, generalization, generation, gentian, gentrification, geriatrician, germination, gestation, glaciation, globalization, glorification, gradation, graduation, granulation, gratification, gravitation, gumption, gyration, habitation, hallucination, harmonization, hesitation, hessian, hibernation, homogenization, hospitalization, humiliation, hybridization, hydration, hydrogenation, hyperinflation, hypertension, hypotension, identification, ignition, illumination, illustration, imagination, imitation, immigration, immunization, impassion, impersonation, implantation, implementation, implication, importation, imposition, impregnation, impression, improvisation, imputation, inactivation, inauguration, incantation, incapacitation, incarceration, incarnation, inception, incineration, inclination, incoordination, incorporation, incrimination, incrustation, incubation, indemnification, indentation, indexation, indication, indignation, indiscretion, indoctrination, industrialization, infatuation, infestation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, information, inhabitation, inhalation, inhibition, initiation, innovation, inoculation, inquisition, inscription, insemination, insertion, insinuation, inspiration, installation, instigation, institution, institutionalization, instrumentation, insubordination, insulation, integration, intensification, interception, intercession, intermission, internationalization, interpretation, interrogation, interruption, intimation, intimidation, intonation, intoxication, intuition, inundation, invalidation, invention, investigation, invitation, invocation, ionization, irradiation, irrigation, irritation, isolation, jubilation, justification, juxtaposition, laceration, lactation, legalization, legislation, levitation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, lilliputian, limitation, liquidation, litigation, localization, location, locomotion, logician, lotion, lubrication, machination, magician, magnetization, magnification, malformation, malnutrition, manifestation, manipulation, mansion, marginalization, martian, masturbation, mathematician, maturation, maximization, mechanization, mediation, medication, meditation, menstruation, mention, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, misapprehension, misappropriation, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscommunication, misconception, miscreation, misidentification, misimpression, misinformation, misinterpretation, misperception, misrepresentation, mission, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modification, modulation, molestation, monopolization, mortician, motion, motivation, multiplication, mummification, munition, musician, mutation, mutilation, narration, nation, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, negotiation, neutralization, nitration, nomination, nonaggression, nondiscrimination, nonprescription, nonproliferation, normalization, notation, notification, notion, nucleation, nullification, nutrition, obfuscation, obligation, observation, obsession, obstetrician, occupation, ocean, omission, operation, opposition, oppression, optician, optimization, option, oration, orchestration, ordination, organisation, organization, orientation, origination, ornamentation, oscillation, ossification, ostentation, ovation, overconsumption, overexpansion, overpopulation, overregulation, oversimplification, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pacification, pagination, palpitation, participation, partition, passion, pasteurization, patrician, pediatrician, penetration, pension, perception, percussion, perforation, permission, permutation, perpetuation, persecution, personalization, personification, perspiration, perturbation, petition, physician, pigmentation, plantation, polarization, politician, politicization, pollination, pollution, pontification, popularization, population, portion, position, possession, potion, precaution, precession, precipitation, preconception, precondition, predestination, predisposition, preemption, prefabrication, preignition, premeditation, premonition, preoccupation, preparation, prescription, presentation, preservation, pressurization, presumption, presupposition, pretension, prevention, privation, privatization, probation, procession, proclamation, procrastination, procreation, profanation, profession, prognostication, progression, prohibition, proliferation, promotion, pronunciation, propagation, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proration, proscription, prosecution, prostitution, prostration, protestation, provocation, publication, punctuation, purification, qualification, quantification, quotation, radiation, radicalization, ramification, ratification, ration, rationalization, reaffirmation, realization, reallocation, reassertion, reauthorization, recalculation, recantation, recapitalization, reception, recertification, recession, recitation, reclamation, reclassification, recognition, recommendation, reconciliation, recondition, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, recreation, recrimination, rectification, recuperation, redecoration, rededication, redefinition, redemption, redistribution, reeducation, reevaluation, reexamination, reflation, reforestation, reformation, refrigeration, refutation, regeneration, regimentation, registration, regression, regulation, rehabilitation, rehydration, reimposition, reincarnation, reincorporation, reintegration, reinterpretation, reinvention, reinvigoration, reiteration, rejuvenation, relation, relaxation, relocation, remediation, remission, remuneration, renationalization, rendition, renegotiation, renomination, renovation, renunciation, reorganization, reparation, repatriation, repercussion, repetition, replication, reposition, repossession, representation, repression, repudiation, reputation, requisition, reregulation, reservation, resignation, resolution, respiration, restitution, restoration, resumption, resuscitation, retaliation, retardation, retention, retransmission, retribution, reunification, revaluation, revelation, reverberation, revitalization, revocation, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, rotation, rumination, salvation, sanctification, sanitation, saponification, saturation, secession, secretion, securitization, sedation, sedimentation, sedition, segmentation, segregation, sensation, separation, sequestration, session, simplification, simulation, situation, socialization, solicitation, solution, sophistication, specialization, specification, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, stagnation, standardization, starvation, station, statistician, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, submission, subordination, subscription, subsidization, substantiation, substation, substitution, suburbanization, succession, suffocation, summation, superstation, superstition, supposition, suppression, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, syndication, tabulation, tactician, taxation, technician, telecommunication, temptation, tension, termination, theoretician, titian, titillation, toleration, tradition, transcription, transformation, transgression, transillumination, transition, translation, transmission, transplantation, transportation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, tuition, undervaluation, unification, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vacation, vaccination, vacillation, validation, valuation, vaporization, variation, vegetation, venetian, ventilation, verification, vibration, victimization, vilification, vindication, violation, visitation, visualization, vocation, volition, vulgarization, westernization, workstation. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "c-e-f-i-i-n-n-o-t" | |
-1 letter: nicotine. | |
-2 letters: confine, coniine, fiction, nicotin. | |
-3 letters: confit, conine, finite, incite, infect, intine, intone, nocent, noetic, notice. | |
-4 letters: cento, conin, conte, feint, ficin, inion, ionic, niton, nonce, nonet, often, ontic, tenon, tonic, tonne. | |
-5 letters: cent, cine, cion, cite, coft, coif, coin, cone, coni, conn, cote, etic, fice, fico, fine, fino, foci, foin, font, icon, info. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-e-f-i-i-n-n-o-t" | |
+1 letter: infections, inflection, omnificent. | |
+2 letters: fibronectin, inflections, reinfection. | |
+3 letters: confidential, disinfection, fibronectins, inflectional, noncertified, noninfective, reinfections, somnifacient. | |
+4 letters: autoinfection, beneficiation, counterfiring, densification, disinfections, fianchettoing, fictioneering, functionaries, misfunctioned, noninfectious, nonscientific, postinfection, reunification, somnifacients. | |
+5 letters: antireflection, autoinfections, beneficiations, centrifugation, confidentially, counterfeiting, decaffeination, denazification, densifications, fictioneerings, gentrification, identification, inconformities, infectiousness, inflectionally, preunification, reconfirmation, reunifications, semifunctional, superinfection, unconformities. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)49 6E 66 65 63 74 69 6F 6E |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).. -. ..-. . -.-. - .. --- -. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01001001 01101110 01100110 01100101 01100011 01110100 01101001 01101111 01101110 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)I n f e c t i o n |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0049 006E 0066 0065 0063 0074 0069 006F 006E |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)438072716986758180 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Non-fiction | 9. Quotations: Spoken 10. Usage Frequency 11. Expressions 12. Expressions: Internet | 13. Translations: Modern 14. Translations: Ancient 15. Abbreviations 16. Acronyms | 17. Derivations 18. Rhymes 19. Anagrams 20. Orthography | 21. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
