GRAINS

Definition: GRAINS

GRAINS

Noun

1. Pigeon's dung used in tanning. See Grainer. n., 1.

Noun plural

1. See 5th Grain, n., 2 (b).

Source: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)
 

Date "GRAINS" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1379. (references)

Coherence

Adjective: nonadhesive, immiscible; incoherent, detached, loose, baggy, slack, lax, relaxed, flapping, streaming; disheveled; segregated, like grains of sand unconsolidated; uncombined;

Prediction

Anthropomancy; by the entrails of fishes, Ichthyomancy; by sacrificial fire, Pyromancy; by red-hot iron, Sideromancy; by smoke from the altar, Capnomancy; by mice, Myomancy; by birds, Orniscopy, Ornithomancy;Anthropomancy; by the entrails of fishes, Ichthyomancy; by sacrificial fire, Pyromancy; by red-hot iron, Sideromancy; by smoke from the altar, Capnomancy; by mice, Myomancy; by birds, Orniscopy, Ornithomancy; by a cock picking up grains, Alectryomancy (or Alectromancy); by fishes, Ophiomancy; by herbs, Botanomancy; by water, Hydromancy; by fountains, Pegomancy; by a wand, Rhabdomancy; by dough of cakes, Crithomancy; by meal, Aleuromancy, Alphitomancy; by salt, Halomancy; by dice, Cleromancy; by arrows, Belomancy; by a balanced hatchet, Axinomancy; by a balanced sieve

Qualification

With grains of allowance, cum grano salis; exceptis excipiendis; wind and weather permitting; if possible.

Allowance, grains of allowance, consideration, extenuating circumstances; mitigation.

Unbelief Doubt

Adverb: cum grano salis; with grains of allowance.

Crosswords: GRAINS

French (beans, grains).

Can you build an emerald city with these grains of sand (I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That); performing artist: Meat Loaf)

Grains of sand, one by one (Can We Still Be Friends; performing artist: Todd Rundgren)

Grains de beauté (1931)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

References

• The 2000 Import and Export Market for Worked or Prepared Breakfast Cereal Grains in Asia (reference)

• The 2001 Report on Food & Feed Grains, Oil-Bearing & Other Crops: World Market Segmentation by City (reference)

• The 2002 World Forecasts of Worked or Prepared Breakfast Cereal Grains Export Supplies (reference)

• The 2003 World Forecasts of Worked or Prepared Breakfast Cereal Grains Export Supplies (reference)

• The 2002 World Market Forecasts for Imported Worked or Prepared Breakfast Cereal Grains (reference)

  (more reference examples)

Books

• The Bread Machine Cookbook IV: Whole Grains & Natural Sugars (reference)

  (more book examples)

Periodicals

• Grain Trade Of Canada = Le Commerce Des Grains Au Canada (reference)

• Canadian Grains Industry Statistical Handbook (reference)

• Small Grains (reference)

  (more periodical examples)

Theater & Movies

• Cooking With Grains (reference)

  (more DVD examples; more video examples)

Music

• Grains Of Gold [IMPORT] (reference)

• Grains of Paradise (reference)

• Grains of Sand [IMPORT] (reference)

  (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

A sliced loaf of brown bread, a basket of rolls and 4 types of grains sit on a wooden table. There is a bread knife in the foreground. See also AV-3905. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist.

Shown are 2 bowls of cereal and 2 bran muffins garnished with a strawberry against a black background. These are foods containing grains and fiber. See artwork: PV-44. Credit: Bill Branson (photographer).

This image shows a display of healthy foods on a table. Foods include beans, grains, cauliflour, cantelope, pasta, bread, orange, turkey, salmon, carrots, turnips, zucchini, snowpeas, string beans, radishes, asparagus, summer squash, lean beef, tomatoes, and potatoes. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist.

Rice grains. 1912. Credit: USDA.

Two-room home of Clifford Blum farm, one hundred thirty acres. Rents farm from active farmer. Crop share lease, half corn, two-fifths small grains. Owner intends to add on to house next year. Buildings are kept up. Near Terril, Iowa. Credit: Library of Congress.

Water for irrigation is pumped in farming section of Solomonsville, Arizona. Crops here are cotton, alfalfa, corn and small grains. Credit: Library of Congress.

Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

How fine are its tiny grains! And how many of those tiny little grains go to make up the small handful which a child grasps in its play

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Health

Choose fruits, vegetables, grains, and low-fat dairy foods. (references)

Good sources of fiber are fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. (references)

Fiber is found in fruits, vegetables, and grains, like those listed below. (references)

Business

The area around Rosario is one of the major export production regions for grains and oil seeds. (references)

During the past few years, complementary irrigation has been increasingly used for the production of grains. (references)

The Italians pose the main competition for the U.S. in the supply of equipment for treating seeds and grains. (references)

Economic History

Israel

Israel produces virtually no feed grains of its own. (references)

Jordan

Therefore, the country has an ongoing need for imported grains. (references)

Brazil

It produces most of Brazil's grains and oilseeds and export crops. (references)

Political Economy

EL SALVADOR

Basic grains and dairy products also must have import licenses. (references)

ALGERIA

Eastern Europe has also become a major competitor in the region, especially in grains. (references)

China

The country has large industrial and agricultural sectors and is a leading producer of coal, steel, textiles, and grains. (references)

Trade

Nepal

Past examples have included food grains, oilseeds, and some types of pulses (lentils). (references)

Guatemala

The GSM-102 program covers more than twenty commodities ranging from basic grains to red meats and poultry. (references)

Qatar

Basic food products such as wheat, flour, rice, feed grains and powdered milk are exempted from customs duty. (references)

Travel

Chad

Colorful clothing, gum arabic, local spices such as ginger, foods, grains, mats, curdled sour milk, are all for sale. (references)

Egypt

Egyptian cuisine features a wide variety of vegetables, fruits, grains, breads and pastas, both domestic and imported. (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Expressions using "GRAINS": by a cock picking up grains ♦ clay separations around skeleton grains ♦ grains of paradise ♦ Guinea grains ♦ hulled grains ♦ Kefir grains ♦ pearled grains ♦ reduce to grains ♦ snow grains ♦ with grains of allowance. Additional references.

Ending with "GRAINS": feed-grains, rice-grains.

Arabic 

‏حبيبات (babies). (various references)

Bulgarian 

пивоварска каша, двувръх харпун. (various references)

Chinese 

五谷 (grain). (various references)

Czech

harpuna (harpoon, spear). (various references)

Danish

granuleret kobberoxid (cupric oxide in grains), hvis man ikke skaerer blokken i et termisk symmetriplan,kan det ske,at man skaerer soejlekrystallerne paa skraa (if the ingot is not sectioned along a plane of thermal symmetry there is a risk that the columnar grains will be cut on the bias), ferritkornstoerrelsen maales normalt i ulegerede staal med kulstofinhold op til 0,25 %. Findes der perlitoeer of omtrent samme stoerrelse som ferrietkornene, medregnes de som ferritkorn (the ferritic grain size is generally determinded for non-alloy steels whose carbon content is 0.25 %. In the presence of small pearlitic islands of the same size as those of the ferrite grains, the islands are then counted as ferrite grains), foderkorn (feed corn GB, feed grains, grain fodder), forskellene i orientering af martensitkrystallerne bevirker en uensartet staerk aetsning,hvorved et meget nuanceret billede fremkommer (so that varying contrast is obtained from grain to grain, the different orientation of the martensite grains causes an etching attack of varying intensity), hårde hvedekerner,som har mistet deres glasagtige udseende (durum wheat grains which have lost their vitreous aspect), haerdning fra for hoej temperatur boer undgaas,da der sker kornvaekst paa grund af staalets foelsomhed for overhedning (hardening at temperatures above 79OC is avoided because of the formation of coarse grains due to the sensivity of the steel to overheating), kloeftede ferritkrystaller,hvori cementitten ligger i raekker,gennemskaeres af andre med afvigende orientering (are intersected by grains of different orientations, in which the cementite occurs in rows, irregular ferrite grains), hvis alle korn i et givet stykke metal havde samme orientering,ville de udgoere et hele,bestaaende af underkorn eller endog en enkelt énkrystal,og saa ville anisotropien af dette hele vaere maksimum (if all the grains in a given piece of metal had the same orientation they would form a whole consisting of sub-grains, or even one single crystal monocrystal and the anisotropy of this whole would be maximum), efter en drejning paa 180 grader bliver den nye oevre vaeg beklaedt med soejlekrystaller,medens den nye nedre vaeg er udsat for et nedfald af ligeaksede korn (after being turned over through 180 degrees, the new upper wall becomes covered with columnar grains, while the new lower wall is subjected to a rain of equiaxed grains), i et langssnit er soejlekrystallerne i almindelighed noget afboejede i retning mod toppen af blokken (in a longitudinal section the columnar grains are usually slightly inclined towards the top of the ingot), i lavkullede,varmvalsede og gloedede staal forekommer ferritten i strukturen som ulige store og uregelmaessigt formede,polyedriske krystaller (ferrite forms as polygonal grains of irregular shape and different sizes, hot worked and annealed steel, in the microstructure of low-carbon), i mikrostrukturer ses denne struktur kun i staal,der ikke har noget omdannelsespunkt i fast tilstand;kun da forbliver de stoerknede korn uforandrede ned til stuetemperatur uden rekrystallisation (on polished sections this structure is only clearly visible in steels which undergo no solid state transformation, where the solidification grains are retained down to room temperature without recrystallization), i store blokke findes ofte ghost-lines,der,efter at de er loebet gennem en zone med ligeaksede korn,brat hoerer op ved graensen til det paafoelgende V-lag,der bestaar af globulare dendritter (after having traversed a zone of equiaxed grains, in large ingots ghosts are sometimes found which, stop abruptly at the limit of the following V-shaped zone of globular dendrites), aaringen fremkommer ved,at de store korn indeholder mindre omraader,hvis krystalgitre afviger nogle faa grader indbyrdes i orientering (disoriented by a few degrees in relation to each other, the veining occurs because the large crystal grains contain small domains), hirse (annual beard-grass, couch paspalum, creeping perennial joint grass, Indian millet, knotgrass, mercer grass, Millet, rabbit-foot grass, small grain cereals, small grains, sorghum), den direkte replika viser,at begraensningerne af perlitomraaderne er skarpe,naar der er aendring af orienteringen af deres ferritgrundmasse i forhold til nabokorn af proeutektoid ferrit (in the surface replica it can be seen that the pearlite regions have sharp boundaries if the pearlitic ferrite matrix is in contact with differently oriented pro-eutectoid ferrite grains), afskallet korn (hulled grains), at salpetersyre angriber den ferritiske grundmasse ulige kraftigt afhaengigt af de enkelte ferritkorns orientering i forhold til den polerede overflade (that the nitric acid etches the ferrite to an extent dependent on the orientation of the grains), blandsæd (maslin, meslin, mixed grains other than maslin), de dannede metalkim vokser i bestemte retninger under dannelse af korn, der beroerer hinanden, saa snart restsmelten er stoerknet (the metallic nuclei tend to grow in certain directions into a mass of intersecting grains, until the whole of the liquid has solidified), de enkelte perlitkorn er kendetegnet ved orienteringen af den ferritiske grundmasse og den mere eller mindre ensartede anordning af cementitlamellerne (the single pearlite grains are characterised by an orientation of the ferrite matrix and by the direction of the cementite lamellae), en sammenhaengende zone af langstrakte krystaller kaldes soejlekrystallerne (elongated grains is known as a columnar structure), de tilstraekkeligt deformerede korn er daekket med hinanden skaerende glidelinier,der danner et rhombisk vaffelmoenster (grains which have undergone sufficient elongation are thus covered with intersecting slip lines which give an appearance of trellis-work), elektromagnetiske overfoeringsforsoeg har vist,at efter en vis tids stoerkning til ligeaksede korn,vil ophoer af omroeringen faa soejlekrystallisationszonen til at komme til syne igen (tests using electromagnetic stirring have shown that after a certain period of solidification as equiaxed grains a halt in the stirring would cause the columnar zone to reappear), den ferritiske grundmasse aetses ulige kraftigt,eftersom hvordan de forskellige ferritkrystaller er orienteret i forhold til snitfladen (depending on the orientation of the different ferrite grains, the ferrite matrix is etched to different extents), den manglende overensstemmelse mellem primaer-og sekundaer-struktur viser ogsaa,at de sojlekrystaller,der kan iagttages i blokke af legeret eller rustfrit staal,ikke altid er stoerkningssoejlekrystallerne (the non-coincidence of the primary and secondary structures also shows that the columnar grains visible in ingots of alloy steel or stainless steel do not always represent the as-solidified columnar zone), det naaleformige udseende er typisk for bainit,selvom bainittens ferritkorn slet ikke er naaleformede (although the bainitic ferrite grains are not acicular at all, the acicular appearance is typical of bainite), diameteren af ferritkornene er meget mindre endlaengden af karbidraekkerne (the diameter of the ferrite grains is much smaller than the length of the rows of carbides), disse ferritkorn med tungede og kloeftede former vokser ind i hinanden (these ferrite grains have an irregular shape and interpenetrate each other), eddike udvundet af korn (vinegar obtained from cereal grains), de ligeaksede stoerkningskorn,der er tydeligt synlige i staal uden omdannelsespunkter,har polgonform,der hidroerer fra frie,ligeaksede dendritters vaekst indtil de stoeder sammen (have a polygonal form resulting from the growth of free equiaxed dendrites to the stage of mutual contact, the equiaxed solidification grains, which are clearly visible in steels which do not undergo transformation), tobakskorn (tobacco in grains), plader af uberoliget staal,hvis overflade er renere end kernen,udviser efter kolddeformation og udgloedning store korn i overfladen og smaa korn i kernen (and after cold work and annealing large grains are found at the surface and fine grains in the core, in rimming steel sheet the skin is purer than the centre), ristning af korn (roasting of grains), saa at enkelte korn af perlit eller bainit aetses vaesentligt mindre end andre (therefore some grains of pearlite or bainite are etched more lightly than others), sejgringsnetvaerk dannes under stoerkningenenten gradvist paa de steder,hvor soejlekrystallerne stoeder sammen i hjoernerne af det stoebte emne eller ved revnedannelse (either progressively at the point of intersection of the columnar grains in the corners of cast products ( corner ghosts ), or by cracking, these threads of segregate form during solidification), smaakaernede kornarter (small grain cereals, small grains), soejlekrystallerne har en faelles krystallografisk retning (the grains exhibit a common crystallographic direction), inde i ferritkornene optraeder undertiden antydninger af korngraenser,der kaldes underkorngraenser eller aaring (sometimes a type of grain boundary occurs inside the ferrite grains, which will be defined as sub-grain boundaries or veining), stoerkningen begynder med kimdannelse af faste partikler i en smelte;den skrider derefter fremad ved vaekst af disse kim,til de stoeder sammen indbyrdes i en fast struktur (solidification proceeds by nucleation of solid particles in a liquid, then by growth of these nuclei to give conjoining grains and thus a solid structure), paa grund af den store forlaengelse og indsnoering er ferrit-og perlitkornene langstrakte i naerheden af bruddet (due to the large deformation, the ferrite grains and the pearlite are rather elongated), undertiden ser man,at perlitoeerne er skarpt afgraensede imod de omliggende ferritkorn (sometimes it can be seen that the pearlite regions are sharply terminated against the surrounding ferrite grains), vaeksten af kimene foerer til dannelsen af korn,der stoeder op til hinanden,og hvor hvert korn svarer til en kim (each grain corresponding to a nucleus, the result of the growth of nuclei is the formation of conjoining grains), ved delvis selvudgloedning under luftafkoelingen eller ved en holdetid paa deformationstemperaturen med paafoelgende bratkoeling kan man iagttage dannelsen af den nye ferrit paa korngraenserne af tre paa hinanden foelgende generationer af austenitkorn (after partial auto-annealing by air cooling or by holding at the deformation temperature before quenching, it is possible to observe the formation of new ferrite at the boundaries of three successive generations of austenite grains), ved ferritkorn med forskellig orientering opstaar paa grund af den ulige staerke aetsning hoejdeforskelle,som goer graenserne mellem kornene synlige (and this delineates the boundaries of the grains, relief arises from differential etching because of the different orientations of the ferrite grains), ved forlaenget gloedning under belastning forener MC-partiklerne sig ofte til kaedeformede karbider,som fortrinsvis loeber gennem austenitkornene i de moerkere aetsende omraader (after long reheating times under stress, the MC carbides very often form chains of particles, which run through the austenite grains within the darker regions), ved plade af ekstra bloedt staal er indflydelsen af slutvalsetemperaturen og deformationsgraden paa oeredannelsen ved dybtraekning blevet undersoegt;ved siliciumholdig plade bruges fremstillingsmetoden for orienterede korn industrielt (and in silicon steel sheets the process of obtaining oriented grains is now carried out industrially, in very low carbon steel sheets a study has been made of the influence of the final rolling temperature and of the degree of cold work on the tendency to earing in deep drawing), soelvkorn (silver beads, silver grains), masktoerreri (spent grains dryer), kornantallet er altsaa resultatet af et kaploeb mellem kimdannelseshastigheden og vaeksthastigheden;begge stoerrelser,der kun er daarligt kendt (neither of which is well known, the number of grains is thus the outcome of a competition between the rate of nucleation and the rate of growth). (various references)

Dutch

graanvlokken (flaked grains), gierst (common millet, millet), gepelde granen (hulled grains), gekorreld koperoxyde (cupric oxide in grains), gekiemd graan (germinated feed, sprouted grains), durum tarwekorrels die hun glazig uiterlijk hebben verloren (durum wheat grains which have lost their vitreous aspect), de niet bestaande overeenkomst tussen primaire en secundaire structuur toont ook aan dat de stengelkristallen die in gietblokken vervaardigd uit gelegeerd of roestvast staal voorkomen,niet altijd de stollingsstengelkristallisatie voorstellen (the non-coincidence of the primary and secondary structures also shows that the columnar grains visible in ingots of alloy steel or stainless steel do not always represent the as-solidified columnar zone), de oriëntatie van de verschillende systemen van glijlijnen met betrekking tot de etsfiguren maakt het mogelijk de oriëntatie van de ferrietkristallen zelf te bepalen (the orientation of several systems of slip lines in relation to etch pits enables the orientation of the ferrite grains themselves to be determined), de stengelkristallen hebben een gemeenschappelijke kristallografische richting (the grains exhibit a common crystallographic direction), de verschillende oriëntatie van de martensietkorrels veroorzaakt een aanetsing van verschillende sterkte,zodat een contrastrijk beeld wordt verkregen (so that varying contrast is obtained from grain to grain, the different orientation of the martensite grains causes an etching attack of varying intensity), de verschillende perlietkorrels zijn gedefinieerd door een oriëntatie van de ferriet-matrix en door de richting van de cementietlamellen (the single pearlite grains are characterised by an orientation of the ferrite matrix and by the direction of the cementite lamellae), deze ferrietkristallen zijn onregelmatig en hoekig gevormd;zij penetreren in elkaar (these ferrite grains have an irregular shape and interpenetrate each other), aan staalplaten met een zeer laag koolstofgehalte is de invloed onderzocht van de temperatuur bij het einde van het walsen en de vervormingsgraad op de neiging tot oorvorming bij het dieptrekken;van platen van siliciumhoudend staal wordt het proces om ger (and in silicon steel sheets the process of obtaining oriented grains is now carried out industrially, in very low carbon steel sheets a study has been made of the influence of the final rolling temperature and of the degree of cold work on the tendency to earing in deep drawing), door iedere plastische vervorming ontstaat een afbraak of vervorming van de korrels die de kristalstructuur van het staal sterk beïnvloedt en als gevolg daarvan de mechanische,fysische en chemische eigenschappen (all plastic deformation leads to a breakdown and distortion of the grains, physical and chemical properties, which profoundly modifies the crystal structure of the steel and hence its mechanical), een zone van aan elkaar grenzende,langgerekte kristallen wordt de zone der stengelkristallen genoemd (elongated grains is known as a columnar structure), elektroplaat en-band met georiënteerde korrels met Goss-textuur (magnetic sheet and strip having Goss textured oriented grains), deze uitscheidingsnetwerken worden tijdens het stollen gevormd,hetzij progressief op het knooppunt van de stengelkristallen in de hoeken van gegoten produkten,hetzij door scheuren (either progressively at the point of intersection of the columnar grains in the corners of cast products ( corner ghosts ), or by cracking, these threads of segregate form during solidification), dat de mate van aanetsen van het ferriet door salpeterzuur afhangt van de oriëntatie van de ferrietkorrels (that the nitric acid etches the ferrite to an extent dependent on the orientation of the grains), als alle korrels van een gegeven stuk staal dezelfde oriëntatie zouden hebben,zouden zij een eenheid van subkristallen of zelfs een éénkristal vormen en zou de anisotropie hiervan maximaal zijn (if all the grains in a given piece of metal had the same orientation they would form a whole consisting of sub-grains, or even one single crystal monocrystal and the anisotropy of this whole would be maximum), als bij structuurbeschrijvingen gesproken wordt van perlietkorrels bedoelt men perlietgebieden met gelijkgeoriënteerde ferriet en gelijkvormige cementietlamellen (this means colonies or areas of pearlite with ferrite of a constant orientation and uniform cementite lamellae, when in the descriptions of the micrographs the description pearlite grains is used), als de temperatuur enkele graden Celcius wordt verhoogd,verschijnen zeer kleine nieuwe korrels die groeien en dan aansluiten;dit is rekristallisatie (on increasing the temperature by a few degrees celsius very small new grains appear which grow and link up, this is recrystallization), azijn uit graan (vinegar obtained from cereal grains), bij ferrietkorrels met verschillende oriëntering ontstaan door het verschillend aanetsen van deze korrels hoogteverschillen die de korrelgrenzen zichtbaar maken (and this delineates the boundaries of the grains, relief arises from differential etching because of the different orientations of the ferrite grains), bosteldroger (spent grains dryer), de macro-opname toont dat het snijvlak alleen aan een kant samenvalt met de richting van de stengelkristallen (the macrograph shows that the plane selected for the section coincides with the direction of the columnar grains on one side only), daarom zijn sommige perliet-of bainietkorrels lichter aangeëtst dan andere (therefore some grains of pearlite or bainite are etched more lightly than others), de bepaling van de ferrietkorrelgrootte wordt in het algemeen gedaan voor ongelegeerd staal met een koolstofgehalte 0,25 %. Indien er perlieteilandjes aanwezig zijn met gelijke afmetingen als die van de ferrietkorrels worden deze eilandjes geteld als ferr (the ferritic grain size is generally determinded for non-alloy steels whose carbon content is 0.25 %. In the presence of small pearlitic islands of the same size as those of the ferrite grains, the islands are then counted as ferrite grains), de diameter van de ferrietkristallen is veel kleiner dan de lengte van de banen van carbiden (the diameter of the ferrite grains is much smaller than the length of the rows of carbides), de equi-axiale stollingskorrels,die in de staalsoorten die geen omzetting ondergaan duidelijk zichtbaar zijn,hebben een veelhoekige vorm,die ontstaat door de groei van vrije equi-axiale dendrieten,tot zij elkaar raken (have a polygonal form resulting from the growth of free equiaxed dendrites to the stage of mutual contact, the equiaxed solidification grains, which are clearly visible in steels which do not undergo transformation), de ferrietmatrix wordt ongelijkmatig aangeëtst als gevolg van de oriëntatie van de verschillende ferrietkorrels in het preparaatoppervlak (depending on the orientation of the different ferrite grains, the ferrite matrix is etched to different extents), het groeien van de kiemen leidt tot het vormen van aaneengesloten korrels,waarbij iedere korrel uit één kiem is ontstaan (each grain corresponding to a nucleus, the result of the growth of nuclei is the formation of conjoining grains), bostelsilo (spent grains silo), soms kan men zien dat de perlietgebieden scherp begrensd zijn door de hen omringende ferrietkorrels (sometimes it can be seen that the pearlite regions are sharply terminated against the surrounding ferrite grains), harden bij temperaturen boven 790 C moet vermeden worden omdat dan grove korrels worden gevormd als gevolg van de gevoeligheid van het staal voor oververhitten (hardening at temperatures above 79OC is avoided because of the formation of coarse grains due to the sensivity of the steel to overheating), onregelmatige ferrietkorrels,waarin het cementiet in banen is geconcentreerd,worden doorsneden door korrels die een andere oriëntatie hebben (are intersected by grains of different orientations, in which the cementite occurs in rows, irregular ferrite grains), paradijskorrel (grain of paradise, grains of paradise, Guinea grains, malaguetta, malaguetta pepper), parelgort en andere geparelde granen (pearled grains), picrinezuur etst de ferrietkristallen-in afhankelijkheid van hun oriëntatie-minder aan dan salpeterzuur (as does nitric acid, picric acid does not etch the ferrite grains according to their orientation), platen van onrustig staal-waarvan het oppervlak zuiverder is dan de kern-hebben na koudvervormen en gloeien aan het oppervlak grove korrels en in de kern fijne korrels (and after cold work and annealing large grains are found at the surface and fine grains in the core, in rimming steel sheet the skin is purer than the centre), proeven met elektromagnetisch roeren hebben aangetoond dat na een bepaalde tijd van stollen tot equi-axiale korrels de zone met stengelkristallen weer verschijnt als het roeren stopt (tests using electromagnetic stirring have shown that after a certain period of solidification as equiaxed grains a halt in the stirring would cause the columnar zone to reappear), na het omkeren over 180 deg.wordt de nieuwe bovenzijde bedekt met stengelkristallen,terwijl de nieuwe onderzijde is blootgesteld aan neerslag die uit equi-axiale korrels bestaat (after being turned over through 180 degrees, the new upper wall becomes covered with columnar grains, while the new lower wall is subjected to a rain of equiaxed grains), secundaire granen (coarse grains), na gedeeltelijk zelfgloeien door luchtkoeling of door een verblijftijd op de vervormingstemperatuur voor het afschrikken,is het mogelijk om de vorming van nieuw ferriet op de korrelgrenzen van drie achtereenvolgende generaties austenietkorrels te bestuder (after partial auto-annealing by air cooling or by holding at the deformation temperature before quenching, it is possible to observe the formation of new ferrite at the boundaries of three successive generations of austenite grains), soms treedt in een ferrietkorrel een vorm van korrelgrens op die sub-korrelgrens wordt genoemd of ook wel nerf (sometimes a type of grain boundary occurs inside the ferrite grains, which will be defined as sub-grain boundaries or veining), tabak in korrels (tobacco in grains), tengevolge van de grote deformaties bij de breuk hebben de ferrietkristallen en het perliet een langgerekte vorm gekregen (due to the large deformation, the ferrite grains and the pearlite are rather elongated), tijdens langdurig gloeien onder belasting vormen de MC-carbiden vaak ketens die in de donker gekleurde gebieden door de austenietkristallen lopen (after long reheating times under stress, the MC carbides very often form chains of particles, which run through the austenite grains within the darker regions), tussen deze beide extremen kunnen de korrels een min of meer duidelijke voorkeursoriëntatie hebben;men noemt dit een georiënteerde structuur of wel-eenvoudiger gezegd-een textuur (between these two extremes the grains may show various degrees of preferred orientation, or more simply texture, to which is given the term crystallographic orientation texture), voedergraan (feed corn GB, feed grains), voedergranen (feed corn GB, feed grains), roosteren van graankorrels (roasting of grains). (various references)

Finnish

seosviljat (mixed grains other than maslin), rehuvilja (feed corn GB, feed grains, grain fodder), rehu ohraista (germinated feed, sprouted grains), rehu idätetyistä jyvistä (germinated feed, sprouted grains), rapasiilo (spent grains silo), pienijyväiset viljalajit (small grain cereals, small grains), mäskisiilo (spent grains silo), mäskin kuivuri (spent grains dryer), lumijyväset (granular snow, snow grains), kvartsirakeet (quartz grains). (various references)

French

grains (grain). (various references)

German

Körner (centre punch). (various references)

Greek 

ζωοτροφικοί σπόροι (feed grains, grain fodder), η βελονοειδής μορφή είναι τυπική του βεανίτη αν και οι φερριτικοί κρυσταλλίτες του δεν έχουν σε καμμία περίπτωση την μορφή αυτή (although the bainitic ferrite grains are not acicular at all), αν ο σχηματισμός των σουλφιδίων επιβραδύνεται,αυτά διατάσσονται εντός των πρωτογενών διαχωριστικών επιφανειών:πρόκειται για την περίπτω� (if they formed rather late the sulphides are localised in the primary grain boundaries: this is what happens in steels with a low Mn/S ratio which show a continuous network of FeS around the primary grains ( the cause of high temperature brittleness), αν η τομή του πλινθώματος δεν γίνει σύμφωνα μ'ενα επίπεδο θερμικής συμμετρίας υπάρχει κίνδυνος ν'αποκοπούν οι βασαλτικοί κρυσταλλίτες υπό (if the ingot is not sectioned along a plane of thermal symmetry there is a risk that the columnar grains will be cut on the bias), αν όλοι οι κόκκοι ενός δεδομένου μεταλλικού τεμάχους είχαν τον ίδιο προσανατολισμό,θα σχημάτιζαν ενα σύνολο υποκρυσταλλιτών ή ακόμη εναν � (if all the grains in a given piece of metal had the same orientation they would form a whole consisting of sub-grains, or even one single crystal monocrystal and the anisotropy of this whole would be maximum), ακανόνιστης μορφής φερριτικοί κρυσταλλίτες μέσα στους οποίους ο σεμεντίτης παρουσιάζει γραμμική ανάπτυξη,διατέμνονται απο κρυσταλλίτες (are intersected by grains of different orientations, irregular ferrite grains), το φερρετικό φόντο χαράσσεται με διαφορετική ένταση,σύμφωνα με τον προσανατολισμό των κρυσταλλιτών φερρίτη ως προς την επιφάνεια που λειά (depending on the orientation of the different ferrite grains), εντός ευμεγέθων πλινθωμάτων παρατηρούνται συχνά "φαντάσματα" τα οποία έχοντας διασχίσει μια ζώνη ισαξονικών κόκκων σταματούν απότομα στο (after having traversed a zone of equiaxed grains), το ανάγλυφο αποκαλύπτεται χάρη στην διαφορική χάραξη εξ'αιτίας των διαφορετικών προσανατολισμών των κρυσταλλιτών φερρίτου,φαινόμενο το ο (and this delineates the boundaries of the grains, relief arises from differential etching because of the different orientations of the ferrite grains), η διάμετρος των φερριτικών κόκκων είναι αισθητά μικρότερη του μήκους των καρβιδικών γραμμώσεων (the diameter of the ferrite grains is much smaller than the length of the rows of carbides), η άμεση αποτύπωση δείχνει οτι τα όρια των περλιτικών νησίδων σκιαγραφούνται καθαρά όταν υπάρχει αλλαγή προσανατολισμού του φερριτικού το� (in the surface replica it can be seen that the pearlite regions have sharp boundaries if the pearlitic ferrite matrix is in contact with differently oriented pro-eutectoid ferrite grains), η μακρογραφία δείχνει οτι το επιλεγέν επίπεδο τομής συμπίπτει μόνον κατά μια πλευρά με την διεύθυνση των βασαλτικών κόκκων (the macrograph shows that the plane selected for the section coincides with the direction of the columnar grains on one side only), η μη σύμπτωση των πρωτογενών και δευτερογενών δομών δείχνει επίσης οτι οι βασαλτικοί κόκκοι,ορατοί στα πλινθώματα από κραματοποιημένο ή α� (the non-coincidence of the primary and secondary structures also shows that the columnar grains visible in ingots of alloy steel or stainless steel do not always represent the as-solidified columnar zone), .....επομένως ορισμένοι κρυσταλλίτες περλίτου ή βεανίτου χαράσσονται λιγότερο έντονα από άλλους (therefore some grains of pearlite or bainite are etched more lightly than others), εντός ελασμάτων από αναβράζοντα χάλυβα,η επιφανειακή ζώνη είναι πιο καθαρή από την κεντρική.Κατόπιν ψυχρής κατεργασίας και επεξεργασίας α (and after cold work and annealing large grains are found at the surface and fine grains in the core), οι ίνες διαφορισμού σχηματίζονται κατά την διάρκεια της στερεοποίησης είτε προοδευτικά στο σημείο τομής των βασαλτικών κόκκων εντός των γ (either progressively at the point of intersection of the columnar grains in the corners of cast products ( corner ghosts )), δομή απο συνεχόμενους,επιμήκεις κρυσταλλίτες,γνωστή ως κολονοειδής ή βασαλτική ζώνη (a structure of continguous, elongated grains is known as a columnar structure), δοκιμές ηλεκτρομαγνητικής ανάδευσης απέδειξαν οτι μετά από μια ορισμένη περίοδο στερεοποίησης με την μορφή ισαξονικών κρυσταλλιτών,μια π (tests using electromagnetic stirring have shown that after a certain period of solidification as equiaxed grains a halt in the stirring would cause the columnar zone to reappear), διαφοροποιήσεις της αργίλου γύρω από τους σκελετικούς κόκκους (clay separations around skeleton grains), ο διαφορετικός προσανατολισμός των κρυσταλλιτών μαρτενσίτη προκαλεί διαφορετική ένταση χάραξης,με αποτέλεσμα την λήψη εικόνας με διαφορ� (so that varying contrast is obtained from grain to grain, the different orientation of the martensite grains causes an etching attack of varying intensity), ο αριθμός των κόκκων είναι άρα το αποτέλεσμα ενος ανταγωνισμού μεταξύ του βαθμού πυρηνοποίησης και του βαθμού ανάπτυξης,δύο παράμετροι τι� (the number of grains is thus the outcome of a competition between the rate of nucleation and the rate of growth), το πικρικό οξύ σε αντίθεση με το νιτρικό οξύ δεν χαράσσει τους κρυσταλλίτες φερρίτου σύμφωνα με τον προσανατολισμό τους (as does nitric acid, picric acid does not etch the ferrite grains according to their orientation), οτι το νιτρικό οξύ χαράσει τον φερρίτη με μια ένταση εξαρτώμενη από τον προσανατολισμό των κρυσταλλιτών (that the nitric acid etches the ferrite to an extent dependent on the orientation of the grains), η στερεοποίηση πραγματοποιείται κατ'αρχήν με πυρηνοποίηση στερεών σωματιδίων εντός υγρού,κατόπιν με ανάπτυξη των πυρήνων αυτών οι οποίοι (then by growth of these nuclei to give conjoining grains and thus a solid structure), οι χωριστοί κόκκοι του περλίτη χαρακτηρίζονται από τον προσανατολισμό του φερριτικού φόντου και την διεύθυνση των λωρίδων σεμεντίτη (the single pearlite grains are characterised by an orientation of the ferrite matrix and by the direction of the cementite lamellae), οι νευρώσεις δημιουργούνται από το γεγονός οτι οι χονδρόκοκκοι κρύσταλλοι περιέχουν μικρές περιοχές κρυσταλλιτών,τα κρυσταλλικά δίκτυα τ (the veining occurs because the large crystal grains contain small domains), οι ισαξονικοί κρυσταλλίτες στερεοποίησης οι οποίοι είναι ευκρινείς μέσα στους χάλυβες χωρίς ενδείξεις μετασχηματισμού,έχουν πολυγωνική � (have a polygonal form resulting from the growth of free equiaxed dendrites to the stage of mutual contact, the equiaxed solidification grains), οι κρυσταλλίτες της βασαλτικής ζώνης αναπτύσσονται σύμφωνα με μια κοινή κρυσταλλογραφική διεύθυνση (the grains exhibit a common crystallographic direction), οι κόκκοι αυτοί του φερρίτη έχουν ακανόνιστο σχήμα διευσδύοντας ο ενας μέσα στον άλλο (these ferrite grains have an irregular shape and interpenetrate each other), το αποτέλεσμα της ανάπτυξης των πυρήνων είναι ο σχηματισμός συνεφαπτόμενων κόκκων όπου κάθε κόκκος αντιστοιχεί σ'εναν πυρήνα (each grain corresponding to a nucleus, the result of the growth of nuclei is the formation of conjoining grains), ο προσανατολισμός πολλών συστημάτων γραμμών ολίσθησης σε σχέση με τις διαβρωσιγενείς μορφές επιτρέπει τον προσδιορισμό του προσανατολισ� (the orientation of several systems of slip lines in relation to etch pits enables the orientation of the ferrite grains themselves to be determined), κατόπιν αναστροφής κατά 180°,το καινούργιο ανώτερο τοίχωμα αρχίζει να καλύπτεται από βασαλτικούς κρυσταλλίτες ενώ το καινούργιο κατώτερο τ (the new upper wall becomes covered with columnar grains, while the new lower wall is subjected to a rain of equiaxed grains), η βαθμίδα συγκέντρωσης μεταξύ του κέντρου και της επιφάνειας των κόκκων είναι μεγαλύτερη όταν:το μέγεθος των κόκκων είναι μικρότερο,η περί (the concentration gradient between the centre and the surface of the grains is greater the smaller the grain size), συχνά στο εσωτερικό των κρυσταλλιτών φερρίτη παρατηρείται ενας τύπος διαχωριστικών επιφανειών οι οποίες ορίζονται ως διαχωριστικές επιφ� (sometimes a type of grain boundary occurs inside the ferrite grains), σπόροι που έχουν υποστεί μερική απόξεση του περικαρπίου τους (hulled grains), σιτηρά βοσκής (feed corn GB, feed grains), σιλό χρησιμοποιημένου υλικού (spent grains silo), σε μια λεπτή τομή η δομή αυτή είναι ευκρινής μόνον στην περίπτωση χαλύβων άνευ μετασχηματισμού στην στερεά κατάσταση.Οι κόκκοι στερεοποίη� (where the solidification grains are retained down to room temperature without recrystallization), όταν στις περιγραφές των μικρογραφιών χρησιμοποιείται η έκφραση "κρυσταλλίτες περλίτη" τούτο υπονοεί συσσωματώματα ή περιοχές περλίτη,πα� (when in the descriptions of the micrographs the description pearlite grains is used), σε ελάσματα πολύ μαλακού χάλυβα μελετήθηκε η επίδραση της θερμοκρασίας τελικής έλασης και του βαθμού ψυχρής κατεργασίας επί της τάσης σχη� (and in silicon steel sheets the process of obtaining oriented grains is now carried out industrially), κατόπιν επεξεργασίας μερικής αυτο-ανόπτησης με ψύξη στο περιβάλλον ή με διατήρηση στην θερμοκρασία παραμόρφωσης πριν την απότομο ψύξη,είν (it is possible to observe the formation of new ferrite at the boundaries of three successive generations of austenite grains), καπνός σε κόκκους (tobacco in grains), κάθε πλαστική παραμόρφωση προκαλεί κατάτμιση και παραμόρφωση των κόκκων,τροποποιώντας σε βάθος την κρυσταλλική δομή του χάλυβα και κατά σ (all plastic deformation leads to a breakdown and distortion of the grains), κυλινδαποθήκη (spent grains silo), κόκκοι οι οποίοι έχουν υποστεί αρκετά μεγάλη επιμήκυνση καλύπτονται από διατεμνόμενες γραμμές ολίσθησης με την μορφή ρομβοειδούς δικτύωσ (grains which have undergone sufficient elongation are thus covered with intersecting slip lines which give an appearance of trellis-work), κόκκοι χαλαζία (quartz grains), όταν η συρρίκνωση γίνεται χωρίς αντισταθμιστική τροφοδοσία από το ρευστό,δημιουργούνται ρωγμές από συστολή μεταξύ των δεντριτικών κλάδων (shrinkage cavities are created between the dendrite branches and between the primary grains), μετά από μακρόχρονη αναθέρμανση υπό τάση,τα καρβίδια MC διευθετούνται γραμμικά κατά αλυσίδες οι οποίες διασχίζουν τους κόκκους ωστενίτη κύ (which run through the austenite grains within the darker regions), η σημαντική επιμήκυνση και εκλέπτυνση,προκάλεσαν την γραμμική διευθέτηση των κόκκων φερρίτη και περλίτη κοντά στην διάρρηξη (the ferrite grains and the pearlite are rather elongated), φρύξη των κόκκων (roasting of grains), παρατηρείται συχνά οτι οι νησίδες απο περλίτη διαχωρίζονται ευκρινώς από τους παρακείμενους κρυσταλλίτες φερρίτη (sometimes it can be seen that the pearlite regions are sharply terminated against the surrounding ferrite grains). (various references)

Hungarian

hódara (granular snow, snow grains, snow pellets, soft hail). (various references)

Indonesian

butir-butiran (cereals). (various references)

Italian

granella da foraggio (feed grains, grain fodder), grana paradiso (grain of paradise, grains of paradise, Guinea grains, malaguetta, malaguetta pepper), grani germinati (germinated feed, sprouted grains), la differente orientazione dei grani di martensite causa una differenza d'intensità dell'attacco, da cui derivaun'immagine ricca di tonalità (so that varying contrast is obtained from grain to grain, the different orientation of the martensite grains causes an etching attack of varying intensity), I grani allungati sufficientemente sono quindi ricoperti di linee di scorrimento intersecantesi e presentano un aspetto di goffratura rombica (grains which have undergone sufficient elongation are thus covered with intersecting slip lines which give an appearance of trellis-work), I grani equiassiali di solidificazione, che si possono osservare bene negli acciai senza punti di trasformazione, hanno una forma poligonale che deriva dall'accrescimento delle dendriti equiassiali libere fino a stabilire un contatto reciproco (have a polygonal form resulting from the growth of free equiaxed dendrites to the stage of mutual contact, the equiaxed solidification grains, which are clearly visible in steels which do not undergo transformation), i singoli grani di perlite sono caratterizzati dall'orientamento della matrice ferritica e dalle lamelle di cementite, ordinate con una certa uniformità (the single pearlite grains are characterised by an orientation of the ferrite matrix and by the direction of the cementite lamellae), Il numero dei grani è dunque il risultato di un contrasto concorrenziale tra la velocità di nucleazione e quella di accrescimento, entrambe poco conosciute (neither of which is well known, the number of grains is thus the outcome of a competition between the rate of nucleation and the rate of growth), a conseguenza della differente intensità di attacco dei grani di ferrite aventi orientazioni differenti si producono differenze di livello, che rendono visibili i bordi dei grani stessi (and this delineates the boundaries of the grains, relief arises from differential etching because of the different orientations of the ferrite grains), In una sezione longitudinale i cristalli colonnari sono in generale inclinati verso la testa del lingotto (in a longitudinal section the columnar grains are usually slightly inclined towards the top of the ingot), La macrografia mostra che il piano di taglio corrisponde con la direzione dei cristalli colonnari solo da un lato (the macrograph shows that the plane selected for the section coincides with the direction of the columnar grains on one side only), La mancanza di congruenza tra la struttura primaria e quella secondaria mostra anche che i cristalli colonnari che si possono vedere nei lingotti di acciai legati o inossidabili non rappresentano sempre la zona di cristallizzazione colonnare della solidif (the non-coincidence of the primary and secondary structures also shows that the columnar grains visible in ingots of alloy steel or stainless steel do not always represent the as-solidified columnar zone), la matrice ferritica viene attaccata con differenti intensità a seconda dell'orientazione dei diversi grani di ferrite rispetto alla superficie del campione metallografico (depending on the orientation of the different ferrite grains, the ferrite matrix is etched to different extents), La solidificazione incomincia con la nucleazione di particelle solide in un bagno di liquido e procede con l'accrescimento di questi germi fino a dare grani a contratto tra loro, ossia una struttura solida (solidification proceeds by nucleation of solid particles in a liquid, then by growth of these nuclei to give conjoining grains and thus a solid structure), la valutazione del grano ferritico si effettua generalmente per gli acciai non legati con tenore di C uguale o inferiore a 0,25 %. Nel caso di presenza di isole di perlite di dimensioni identiche a quelle dei grani di ferrite, le isole sono conteggiate co (the ferritic grain size is generally determinded for non-alloy steels whose carbon content is 0.25 %. In the presence of small pearlitic islands of the same size as those of the ferrite grains, the islands are then counted as ferrite grains), l'acido picrico attacca le cristalliti di ferrite con un'intensità differenziale, secondo il loro orientamento rispetto alla superficie del campione, minore di quella dell'acido nitrico (as does nitric acid, picric acid does not etch the ferrite grains according to their orientation), in una replica diretta si puo osservare che le isole perlitiche sono nettamente delimitate quando la loro matrice ferritica ha accanto grani di ferrite proeutettoide orientati diversamente (in the surface replica it can be seen that the pearlite regions have sharp boundaries if the pearlitic ferrite matrix is in contact with differently oriented pro-eutectoid ferrite grains), chicchi di frumento duro bianconati (durum wheat grains which have lost their vitreous aspect), a volte si osserva che le isole di perlite hanno un confine netto con i grani di ferrite adiacenti (sometimes it can be seen that the pearlite regions are sharply terminated against the surrounding ferrite grains), aceto di cereali (vinegar obtained from cereal grains), Ad una temperatura dialcuni gradi Celsius più alta si formano dei piccolissimi nuovi grani che si accrescono fino a che non si toccano tra loro : questa è la ricristallizzazione propriamente detta (on increasing the temperature by a few degrees celsius very small new grains appear which grow and link up, this is recrystallization), cereali a grano minuto (small grain cereals, small grains), cereali da foraggio (feed corn GB, feed grains), cereali mondati (hulled grains), i diametri dei grani di ferrite sono molto più piccoli della lunghezza delle striature di carburi (the diameter of the ferrite grains is much smaller than the length of the rows of carbides), che l'acido nitrico attacca la matrice ferritica con un'intensità che varia a secondo dell'orientazione dei singoli cristalli di ferrite rispetto alla superficie del campione (that the nitric acid etches the ferrite to an extent dependent on the orientation of the grains), i cristalli colonnari presentano un orientamento cristallografico comune (the grains exhibit a common crystallographic direction), cosicchè alcuni grani di ferrite o di bainite vengono attaccati assai meno di altri (therefore some grains of pearlite or bainite are etched more lightly than others), dopo prolungata ricottura sotto carico i carburi MC si radunano in catene che attraversano il grano austenitico preferendo l'interno delle aree attaccate in oscuro (after long reheating times under stress, the MC carbides very often form chains of particles, which run through the austenite grains within the darker regions), Dopo un rovesciamento di 180 gradi la nuova parete superiore si ricopre di cristalli colonnari, mentre la nuova parete inferiore riceve una precipitazione formata da cristalli equiassiali (after being turned over through 180 degrees, the new upper wall becomes covered with columnar grains, while the new lower wall is subjected to a rain of equiaxed grains), essicatore di trebbie (spent grains dryer), fiocchi di cereali (flaked grains), Le lamiere di acciaio effervescente, la cui superficie è più pura del centro, dopo lavorazione a freddo e ricottura mostrano grossi grani alla superficie e piccoli grani al centro (and after cold work and annealing large grains are found at the surface and fine grains in the core, in rimming steel sheet the skin is purer than the centre), cereali perlati (pearled grains), semi da foraggio (feed grains, grain fodder), per il forte allungamento e contrazione i grani di ferrite e la perlite nella vicinanza della frattura risultano stirati (due to the large deformation, the ferrite grains and the pearlite are rather elongated), Prove di agitazione elettromagnetica hanno mostrato che se dopo un certo tempo di solidificazione in forma di cristalli granulari si sospende l'agitazione, si ripresenta la zona a cristalli colonnari (tests using electromagnetic stirring have shown that after a certain period of solidification as equiaxed grains a halt in the stirring would cause the columnar zone to reappear), quando si parla di grani di perlite nella descrizione delle micrografie, s'intendono con questo le colonie di aree di perlite con ferrite di orientamento uguale e disposizione uniforme della cementite (this means colonies or areas of pearlite with ferrite of a constant orientation and uniform cementite lamellae, when in the descriptions of the micrographs the description pearlite grains is used), questi grani di ferrite hanno forme a sega e frastagliate, e si compenetrano reciprocamente (these ferrite grains have an irregular shape and interpenetrate each other), Questi reticoli di segregazione si formano o progressivamente nei punti in cui i cristalli colonnari si incontrano tra loro agli spigoli dei prodotti colati, o per fessurazione (either progressively at the point of intersection of the columnar grains in the corners of cast products ( corner ghosts ), or by cracking, these threads of segregate form during solidification), l'aspetto aciculare è tipico della struttura bainitica, sebbene le sue cristalliti di ferrite non siano affatto aghiformi (although the bainitic ferrite grains are not acicular at all, the acicular appearance is typical of bainite), Se tutti i grani di uno stesso pezzo avessero lo stesso orientamento essi formerebbero un insieme di subgrani o addirittura un monocristallo singolo, dove si avrebbe la massima anisotropia (if all the grains in a given piece of metal had the same orientation they would form a whole consisting of sub-grains, or even one single crystal monocrystal and the anisotropy of this whole would be maximum), Ogni deformazione plastica produce una frantumazione e distorsione dei grani : questo altera fortemente la struttura cristallina dell'acciaio e conseguentemente anche le sue proprietà meccaniche, fisiche e chimiche (all plastic deformation leads to a breakdown and distortion of the grains, physical and chemical properties, which profoundly modifies the crystal structure of the steel and hence its mechanical), separazioni di argilla attorno ai granuli dello scheletro (clay separations around skeleton grains), si deve evitare una tempra a temperatura troppo alta a causa della formazione di grano grosso in questo acciaio sensibile al surriscaldamento (hardening at temperatures above 79OC is avoided because of the formation of coarse grains due to the sensivity of the steel to overheating), silo da trebbie (spent grains silo), tabacco in grani (tobacco in grains), tostatura di cereali (roasting of grains), Tra questi due casi estremi i grani possono presentare una preferenza di orientamento più o meno accentuata, la quale viene denominata tessitura orientata o più semplicemente tessitura (between these two extremes the grains may show various degrees of preferred orientation, or more simply texture, to which is given the term crystallographic orientation texture), una volta solidificati gli ultimi resti di liquido, i germi metallici formatisi crescono in orientamenti determinati per dare una massa di grani a contatto tra loro (the metallic nuclei tend to grow in certain directions into a mass of intersecting grains, until the whole of the liquid has solidified), Se non si seziona il lingotto secondo un piano di simmetria termica puo capitare di tagliare obliquamente i cristalli colonnari (if the ingot is not sectioned along a plane of thermal symmetry there is a risk that the columnar grains will be cut on the bias). (various references)

Japanese Kanji 

粒食 (eating rice), 穀類 . (various references)

Japanese Katakana 

こくるい, りゅうしょく (eating rice). (various references)

Korean 

곡물 (Cereal, grain). (various references)

Manx

drow (brewer's grains, draff, dreg, hogwash), drou (brewer's grains, draff), birk (grains of corn). (various references)

Pig Latin

ainsgray.(various references)

Portuguese

grãos germinados (germinated feed, sprouted grains), grãos forrageiros (feed grains, grain fodder), grãos esmagados (flaked grains), grãos em pérola (pearled grains), grãos descortinados (hulled grains), grãos de quartzo (quartz grains), grânulos prateados (silver beads, silver grains), consequentemente alguns grãos de perlite ou bainite são atacados menos intensamente do que outros (therefore some grains of pearlite or bainite are etched more lightly than others), a avaliação do grão ferrítico faz-se geralmente para os aços não ligados cujo teor em carbono é igual ou inferior a 0,25%.Na presença de ilhotas perlíticas de dimensões idênticas às dos grãos de ferrite as ilhotas são então contadas como gr (the ferritic grain size is generally determinded for non-alloy steels whose carbon content is 0.25 %. In the presence of small pearlitic islands of the same size as those of the ferrite grains, the islands are then counted as ferrite grains), neve em grãos (granular snow, snow grains), encontram-se por vezes nos grandes lingotes veias escuras que,após terem atravessado uma zona de grãos equiaxiais,param bruscamente no limite da camada em V seguinte composta de dendrites globulares (after having traversed a zone of equiaxed grains, in large ingots ghosts are sometimes found which, stop abruptly at the limit of the following V-shaped zone of globular dendrites), no interior dos grãos de ferrite encontram-se por vezes indícios de limites de grãos que se designam por sub-limites de grão ou estrutura vermicular (sometimes a type of grain boundary occurs inside the ferrite grains, which will be defined as sub-grain boundaries or veining), chapas e bandas magnéticas de grãos orientados segundo estrutura de Goss (magnetic sheet and strip having Goss textured oriented grains), as diferenças no ataque dos grãos de ferrite,devidas à diferente orientação destas,dão lugar a diferenças de nível que permitem reconhecer os limites dos grãos (and this delineates the boundaries of the grains, relief arises from differential etching because of the different orientations of the ferrite grains), as bainhas de segregação formam-se durante a solidificação ou progressivamente no ponto de encontro dos grãos colunares nos cantos de produtos vazados ou por aparecimento de fendas (either progressively at the point of intersection of the columnar grains in the corners of cast products ( corner ghosts ), or by cracking, these threads of segregate form during solidification), após viragem de 180 graus,a nova parede superior reveste-se de grãos basálticos enquanto que a nova parede inferior fica submetida a uma precipitação de grãos equiaxiais (after being turned over through 180 degrees, the new upper wall becomes covered with columnar grains, while the new lower wall is subjected to a rain of equiaxed grains), a solidificação começa com a germinação de partículas sólidas num líquido e prossegue com o crescimento destes germes para dar grãos ligados e portanto uma estrutura sólida (solidification proceeds by nucleation of solid particles in a liquid, then by growth of these nuclei to give conjoining grains and thus a solid structure), a origem da estrutura vermicular deve atribuir-se ao facto de os cristais grandes apresentarem zonas onde as redes cristalinas têm diferenças de orientação de alguns graus umas em relação às outras (disoriented by a few degrees in relation to each other, the veining occurs because the large crystal grains contain small domains), a não coincidência das estruturas primária e secundária mostra igualmente que os grãos basálticos visíveis nos lingotes em aço de liga ou inoxidáveis nem sempre representam a zona basáltica de solidificação (the non-coincidence of the primary and secondary structures also shows that the columnar grains visible in ingots of alloy steel or stainless steel do not always represent the as-solidified columnar zone), a macrografia mostra que o plano de corte só coincide num lado com a direcção dos basaltos (the macrograph shows that the plane selected for the section coincides with the direction of the columnar grains on one side only), a grossura média dos grãos é caracterizada por um índice obtido:ou,na maior parte dos casos,por comparação com imagens-tipo para medir a grossura do grão,ou por contagem determinando o número médio de grãos por unidade de superfície (generally obtained by comparison with reference diagrams to measure the grain size, or by counting and determining the average number of grains per unit of area, the average grain size is characterized by an index), ensaios de agitação electromagnética mostraram que após um certo tempo de solidificação em grãos equiaxiais a supressão da agitação fazia reaparecer a zona basáltica (tests using electromagnetic stirring have shown that after a certain period of solidification as equiaxed grains a halt in the stirring would cause the columnar zone to reappear), os grãos equiaxiais de solidificação,bem visíveis nos aços sem pontos de transformação têm uma forma poligonal resultante do crescimento até contacto mútuo de dendrites livres equiaxiais (have a polygonal form resulting from the growth of free equiaxed dendrites to the stage of mutual contact, the equiaxed solidification grains, which are clearly visible in steels which do not undergo transformation), torrefacção de grãos ou de sementes (roasting of grains), tabaco em grao (tobacco in grains), silo de resíduos de malte (spent grains silo), separações de argila à volta dos grãos do esqueleto (clay separations around skeleton grains), semente do paraíso (grain of paradise, grains of paradise, Guinea grains, malaguetta, malaguetta pepper), secador dos resíduos de malte (spent grains dryer), se não se corta o lingote num plano de simetria térmica,corre-se o risco de cortar os basaltos enviesadamente (if the ingot is not sectioned along a plane of thermal symmetry there is a risk that the columnar grains will be cut on the bias), misturas de cereais de primavera (mixed grains other than maslin), quando a contracção se realiza sem alimentação pelo líquido criam-se microrrechupes entre os ramos dendríticos,assim como entre os grãos primários (shrinkage cavities are created between the dendrite branches and between the primary grains, when shrinkage occurs without compensatory feeding by the liquid), vinagre de grãos (vinegar obtained from cereal grains), os diferentes grãos de perlite distinguem-se pela orientação da matriz ferrítica e pela disposição mais ou menos uniforme das lamelas de cementite (the single pearlite grains are characterised by an orientation of the ferrite matrix and by the direction of the cementite lamellae), os diâmetros dos grãos ferríticos são sensivelmente mais pequenos que o comprimento dos alinhamentos de carboneto (the diameter of the ferrite grains is much smaller than the length of the rows of carbides), o número de grãos é portanto o resultado duma competição entre a velocidade de germinação e a velocidade de crescimento,ambas mal conhecidas (neither of which is well known, the number of grains is thus the outcome of a competition between the rate of nucleation and the rate of growth), o crescimento dos germes termina na formação de grãos ligados,cada grão correspondendo a um germe (each grain corresponding to a nucleus, the result of the growth of nuclei is the formation of conjoining grains), o ácido pícrico diferencia menos os grãos de ferrite no que respeita à sua orientação do que o ácido nítrico (as does nitric acid, picric acid does not etch the ferrite grains according to their orientation), num corte polido esta estrutura só aparece claramente para os aços sem ponto de transformação no estado sólido:os grãos de solidificação são conservados até à temperatura ambiente sem recristalização (on polished sections this structure is only clearly visible in steels which undergo no solid state transformation, where the solidification grains are retained down to room temperature without recrystallization), num corte longitudinal,os grãos basálticos são em geral ligeiramente inclinados para a cabeça do lingote (in a longitudinal section the columnar grains are usually slightly inclined towards the top of the ingot), nos aços de fraco teor em carbono,após deformação a quente e recozimento,a ferrite apresenta-se com uma estrutura cristalina poliédrica irregular e tamanhos diferentes (ferrite forms as polygonal grains of irregular shape and different sizes, hot worked and annealed steel, in the microstructure of low-carbon), que o ácido nítrico ataca a ferrite com maior ou menor intensidade consoante a orientação dos grãos (that the nitric acid etches the ferrite to an extent dependent on the orientation of the grains). (various references)

Romanian

grãunte (corn, grain, granule, kernel, seed). (various references)

Russian 

гарпун (harpoon), барда (draff). (various references)

Serbo-Croatian

slad (malt). (various references)

Spanish

granos pelados (pearled grains), granos mondados (hulled grains), granos germinados para pienso (germinated feed, sprouted grains), granos forrajeros (feed grains, grain fodder), granos de cuarzo (quartz grains), grano berrendo (durum wheat grains which have lost their vitreous aspect), gragea (dragee, pill), granos pequeños (small grain cereals, small grains), estos cristales de ferrita tienen una forma irregular y se penetran recíprocamente (these ferrite grains have an irregular shape and interpenetrate each other), algunas veces se observa que las regiones de perlita tienen un límite definido con los granos de ferrita adyacentes (sometimes it can be seen that the pearlite regions are sharply terminated against the surrounding ferrite grains), el tamaño medio de los granos se caracteriza por un índice que se obtiene por comparación con diagramas de referencia para medir el tamaño de grano, o contando y determinando el promedio de grano s por unidad de superficie (generally obtained by comparison with reference diagrams to measure the grain size, or by counting and determining the average number of grains per unit of area, the average grain size is characterized by an index), en el interior de los granos, cuyos planos cristalinos son casi paralelos a la superficie pulimentada, los límites de los subgranos se observan como picaduras que resultan atacadas más fuertemente (because they seem to be etched more deeply, sometimes a type of grain boundary occurs inside the ferrite grains, the sub-grain boundaries are observed as pits, when the ferrite planes are parallel to the polished section, which will be defined as sub-grain boundaries or veining), en las chapas de acero muy dulce se ha estudiado la influencia de la temperatura del final del laminado y del grado de deformación sobre la tendencia a la formación de pliegues de embutición y el procedimiento de fabricación se aprovecha industrialmen (and in silicon steel sheets the process of obtaining oriented grains is now carried out industrially, in very low carbon steel sheets a study has been made of the influence of the final rolling temperature and of the degree of cold work on the tendency to earing in deep drawing), en los aceros de bajo contenido de carbono deformados en caliente y recocidos, la ferrita se presenta en la estructura como cristales poliédricos irregulares de diversos tamaños (ferrite forms as polygonal grains of irregular shape and different sizes, hot worked and annealed steel, in the microstructure of low-carbon), en los cortes pulimentados, esta estructura sólo es claramente visible en los aceros que carecen de punto de transformación en sólido, ya que sólo entonces se conservan los granos de solidificación sin recristalizar hasta temperatura ambiente (on polished sections this structure is only clearly visible in steels which undergo no solid state transformation, where the solidification grains are retained down to room temperature without recrystallization), entre estos dos extremos, los granos pueden tener una orientación preferente más o menos marcada, denominada textura de orientación cristalográfica o simplemente, textura (between these two extremes the grains may show various degrees of preferred orientation, or more simply texture, to which is given the term crystallographic orientation texture), el engrosamiento de los núcleos conduce a la formación de granos en contacto, cada uno de los cuales corresponde a un núcleo (each grain corresponding to a nucleus, the result of the growth of nuclei is the formation of conjoining grains), en un corte longitudinal, los granos basálticos están por lo general inclinados ligeramente hacia la cabeza del lingote (in a longitudinal section the columnar grains are usually slightly inclined towards the top of the ingot), de modo que algunos granos de ferrita o de bainita se pueden atacar bastante menos que otros (therefore some grains of pearlite or bainite are etched more lightly than others), algunas veces, en los lingotes grandes se encuentran líneas de sombra que, después de haber atravesado una zona de granos equiaxiales, se detienen bruscamente en el límite de la capa en V siguiente compuesta por dendritas globulares (after having traversed a zone of equiaxed grains, in large ingots ghosts are sometimes found which, stop abruptly at the limit of the following V-shaped zone of globular dendrites), aumentando la temperatura unos pocos grados C, aparecen nuevos granos diminutos que crecen hasta entrar en contacto entre sí, lo cual es la recristalización propiamente dicha (on increasing the temperature by a few degrees celsius very small new grains appear which grow and link up, this is recrystallization), cereales forrajeros (feed corn GB, feed grains), cereales-pienso (feed corn GB, feed grains), chapas y flejes magneticos con granos orientados con textura de Goss (magnetic sheet and strip having Goss textured oriented grains), cinarra (granular snow, snow grains), el tamaño del grano ferritico se determina generalmente para los aceros no aleados cuyo contenido en carbono es 0,25%;en presencia de pequeños islotes de perlita del mismo tamaño que los granos de ferrita,los islotes se cuentan como granos de ferrita (the ferritic grain size is generally determinded for non-alloy steels whose carbon content is 0.25 %. In the presence of small pearlitic islands of the same size as those of the ferrite grains, the islands are then counted as ferrite grains), cuando la retracción se hace sin alimentación de líquido,se crean micerorrechupes entre las ramas dendríticas,así como entre los granos primarios (shrinkage cavities are created between the dendrite branches and between the primary grains, when shrinkage occurs without compensatory feeding by the liquid), el número de granos es, por lo tanto, el resultado de la competición entre la velocidad de nucleización y la de crecimiento, ambas poco conocidas (neither of which is well known, the number of grains is thus the outcome of a competition between the rate of nucleation and the rate of growth), debido a la importancia del alargamiento y de la contracción, los granos de ferrita y de perlita se estiran en la proximidad de la fractura (due to the large deformation, the ferrite grains and the pearlite are rather elongated), después de un recocido prolongado bajo carga, los carburos MC se alinean a menudo en cadenas que atraviesan los granos de austenita, con preferencia en las zonas oscuras (after long reheating times under stress, the MC carbides very often form chains of particles, which run through the austenite grains within the darker regions), después de una inversión de 180 grados, la nueva pared superior se recubre de granos basálticos, mientras que la nueva pared inferior experimenta una lluvia de granos equiaxiales (after being turned over through 180 degrees, the new upper wall becomes covered with columnar grains, while the new lower wall is subjected to a rain of equiaxed grains), después del autorrecocido por enfriamiento al aire o por mantenimiento a la temperatura de deformación y a continuación temple, se puede observar la deformación de ferrita nueva en los bordes de tres generaciones sucesivas de granos austeníticos (after partial auto-annealing by air cooling or by holding at the deformation temperature before quenching, it is possible to observe the formation of new ferrite at