Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Glucose |
GlucoseNoun1. A monosaccharide sugar that has several forms; an important source of physiological energy. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "glucose" was first used: 1840. (references) |
Etymology: Glucose \Glu"cose`\, noun. [Greek expression sweet. Compare to Glycerin.]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Health | D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Glucose, a Simple sugar monosaccharide, is one of the most important carbohydrates and is used for energy in plants and animals. The natural form (D-glucose) is also referred to as dextrose, especially in the food industry.
Glucose (C6H12O6) is a hexose--a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms. Glucose is an aldehyde (contains a -CHO group). Five of the carbons plus an oxygen atom form a loop called a "pyranose ring", the most stable form for six-carbon aldoses. In this ring, each carbon is linked to hydroxyl and hydrogen side groups with the exception of the fifth atom, which links to a 6th carbon atom outside the ring, forming a CH2OH group.
There are two enantiomers (mirror-image isomers) of the sugar -- D-glucose and L-glucose, but in living organisms only the D-isomer is found. The ring structure may form in two different ways, yielding alpha-glucose and beta-glucose. Structurally, they differ in the orientation of the hydroxyl group linked to the first carbon in the ring. The alpha form has the hydroxyl group "below" the hydrogen (as the molecule is conventionally drawn, as in the figure above), while the beta form has the hydroxyl group "above" the hydrogen. These two forms interconvert on a timescale of hours in aqueous solution.
In respiration, through a series of enzyme-catalysed reactions, glucose is oxidized to eventually to form carbon dioxide and water, yielding energy, mostly in the form of ATP.
Chemically joined together, glucose and fructose form sucrose. Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are common glucose polymers (polysaccharides).
The older name dextrose arose because a solution of D-glucose rotates polarised light towards the right. In the same vein D-fructose was called "levulose" because a solution of levulose rotates polarised light to the left.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Glucose."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| GLC | English | Glucose | Medicine |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Sweetness | Sugar, syrup, treacle, molasses, honey, manna; confection, confectionary; sweets, grocery, conserve, preserve, confiture, jam, julep; sugar-candy, sugar-plum; licorice, marmalade, plum, lollipop, bonbon, jujube, comfit, sweetmeat; apple butter, caramel, damson, glucose; maple sirup, maple syrup, maple sugar; mithai, sorghum, taffy. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Title |
References | |
Books | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | PET scan on an 11-year-old boy with hemophilia and AIDS. Before treatment subject was confused and somnolent. These symptoms were resolved with AZT therapy. The increase in green and red areas after treatment denotes a rise in glucose metabolism, indicating an improvement in brain function. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | PET scans at the level of the basal ganglia of a normal control (1) case 1 at the start (2) and after treatment with AZT (3). In (1) there is a homogeneous pattern of glucose metabolism in the frontal, temporal and occipital cortex and in the subcortical grey matter. At the onset of treatment with AZT (2) there is a heterogeneous pattern of glucose metabolism with a relative reduction in the posterior temporal and occipital regions and the thalamus. Thirteen weeks after treatment with AZT, the abnormal pattern has partly resolved (3). All images are scaled from zero to 100% of the maximum activity within the slice (scale shown on right of figure). Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
 | These are slides of PET scans of a malignant brain tumor. This PET scan depicts a highly malignant brain tumor. It appears red because the tumor uses more glucose than the normal brain. See artwork: GA-17. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | Shown is a PET scan (positron emission tomography) of a 17 year old girl with a longstanding history of epilepsy, who has a brain tumor classified as a grade 1 astrocytoma. The PET scan indicates that the tumor is not metabolizing excess glucose and is therefore benign. PET scans allow doctors to tell if a tumor is malignant without resorting to a surgical biopsy. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
 | Position emission tomography (PET) of cerebral glucose utilization in a normal individual. This tomogram is through the upper part of the cerebral hemisphere. Note discrimination between gray matter (yellow-red color) and white matter (green-blue color) which uses less glucose. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. | ||
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Glucose is used by the brain for energy. (references) | |
Glucose appears in the urine in diabetes mellitus. (references) | ||
There are two forms of impaired glucose metabolism. (references) | ||
Business | Many pharmacies also offer checks for anemia, allergies, blood glucose, and blood pressure. (references) | |
These comprise the tests of bodily substances -- such as those of glucose, enzymes, electrolytes, proteins, and lipids -- that are measured as overall indicators of a patient's health status; Immuno-chemistry systems and their reagents accounted for 23 percent, or $124 million; Instruments accounted for 17 percent, or $92 million; Infectious-immunology systems and their reagents accounted for 12 percent, or $65 million; Hematology systems and their reagents accounted for 10 percent, or $54 million. (references) | ||
Economic History | Egypt | There is also production of starch and glucose, which uses imported corn. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Glucose" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Glucose" is used about 599 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 599 | 10,672 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "glucose": Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose ♦ Blood Glucose ♦ Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ♦ Fasting Blood Glucose Test ♦ glucose ( C6 H12 06 ) ♦ Glucose Clamp Technique ♦ Glucose Dehydrogenases ♦ Glucose Intolerance ♦ glucose isomerase ♦ Glucose Oxidase ♦ glucose syrup ♦ Glucose tolerance ♦ Glucose Tolerance Test ♦ Postprandial Blood Glucose ♦ Postprandial plasma blood glucose ♦ Previous Abnormality of Glucose Tolerance ♦ Uridine Diphosphate Glucose ♦ Uridine Diphosphate Glucose Dehydrogenase. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "glucose": Glucose-6-Phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate, Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase, glucose-bicarbonate, glucose-electrolyte, Glucose-h, glucose-intolerant. | |
Ending with "glucose": 6-O-alpha-L-rhamnosyl-D-glucose, blood-glucose, D-Glucose. | |
Containing "glucose": UTP-Glucose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "glucose"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | glukozë. (various references) | |
Arabic | سكر العنب أو النشا, جلوكوز, شراب النشاء. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | гликоза (dextrose, grape sugar, syrup). (various references) | |
Chinese | 葡萄糖 . (various references) | |
Czech | glukóza, hroznový cukr (grape sugar). (various references) | |
Danish | glukose (dextrose, grape sugar, starch sugar). (various references) | |
Dutch | glucose (dextrose, glucose ( C6 H12 06 ), grape sugar, starch sugar). (various references) | |
Farsi | گلوکز. (various references) | |
Finnish | glykoosi, rypälesokeri (grape sugar). (various references) | |
French | glucose. (various references) | |
German | traubenzucker (dextrose, grape sugar), glucose, Glukose (dextrose, grape sugar, starch sugar). (various references) | |
Greek | γλυκόζη (glucose ( C6 H12 06 )). (various references) | |
Hungarian | szőlőcukor (dextrose), keményítőcukor, glükóz (grape sugar). (various references) | |
Indonesian | glukosa, sakarin. (various references) | |
Italian | glucosio (D glucose, dextrose, d-glucose, grape honey, grape sugar, starch sugar). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | グルクロン酸 (Georgia, glucuronic acid, glutamine). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | グルコース . (various references) | |
Korean | 포도당 (Dextrose). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ucoseglay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | glicose (dextrose, grape sugar, starch sugar). (various references) | |
Romanian | glucozã (grape sugar). (various references) | |
Russian | глюкоза (dextrose, fruit-sugar, grape-sugar). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | glukoza. (various references) | |
Spanish | glucosa (dextrose, glucose ( C6 H12 06 ), grape sugar, starch sugar). (various references) | |
Swedish | glukos (glucose ( C6 H12 06 )). (various references) | |
Thai | น้ำตาลกลูโคส. (various references) | |
Turkish | glikoz (grape sugar). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | глюкоза (dextrose). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Greek | 700 BCE-300 CE | gleukos. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "glucose": glucoses. (additional references) | |
| |
"Glucose" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: aglycone, blucose, glaucus, Glencarse, globosa, gloose, gluclose, glucos, glucosis, glucosys, gluecks, gluecose, glutose, glycose, Gougousse, Gulcicek. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "glucose" (pronounced gluw"kō's) |
| 3 | -k ō' s | bellicose. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "c-e-g-l-o-s-u" | |
-1 letter: coleus, oscule. | |
-2 letters: clogs, close, clues, coles, glues, gules, locus, loges, louse, luces, luges, ogles, ousel, socle. | |
-3 letters: cels, clog, clue, cogs, cole, cols, cues, ecus, egos, gels, glue, goes, guls, legs, loge, logs, lose, luce, lues, luge, lugs, ogle, oles, sego, sloe, slog, slue, slug, sole, soul. | |
-4 letters: cel, cog, col, cos, cue. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-e-g-l-o-s-u" | |
+1 letter: eclogues, glucoses. | |
+2 letters: coagulase, collogues, glucoside. | |
+3 letters: catalogues, coagulases, coagulates, colleagues, collegiums, counseling, decalogues, eulogistic, gluconates, glucosides, guacamoles, guilloches, subcollege. | |
+4 letters: camouflages, cataloguers, collagenous, counselings, counselling, fluorescing, glauconites, glucokinase, glucosamine, glucosidase, groupuscule, subcolleges. | |
+5 letters: argillaceous, autecologies, bluestocking, cocounseling, counsellings, courageously, croquignoles, gallinaceous, gesticulator, glaucousness, glucokinases, glucosamines, glucosidases, glucuronides, granulocytes, groupuscules, museological, musicologies, sacrilegious, supercoiling, supercooling, uncoalescing. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
