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Gettysburg

Specialty Definition: Battle of Gettysburg

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

History -- Military history -- List of battles -- History of United States

The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863), which took place near the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was the largest battle ever conducted in the western hemisphere, and is generally considered to be the turning point of the American Civil War.

Shortly after Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia won a smashing victory over the Federal Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Chancellorsville (May 1-3, 1863), Lee decided upon a second invasion of the North. Such a move would upset Federal plans for the summer campaigning season and possibly relieve the besieged Confederate garrison at Vicksburg, and it would allow the Confederates to live off the bounty of the rich northern farms while giving war-ravaged Virginia a much needed rest. Also, Lee's 75,000-man army could threaten Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington and give voice to the growing peace movement in the North.

Thus, on June 3 Lee's army began to shift northward from Fredericksburg, Virginia. In order to attain more efficiency in his commands, Lee had pared down his two large corps into three new corps. James Longstreet retained command of his First Corps; and Lee selected two good division commanders to head the remaining corps: Richard S. Ewell was given the Second Corps, replacing "Stonewall" Jackson, who had received a mortal wound at Chancellorsville; and Ambrose Powell Hill commanded the new Third Corps.

The Federal Army of the Potomac, under the colorful Joseph Hooker, soon to be replaced by George Meade, consisted of seven corps of infantry and artillery, a cavalry corps under Alfred Pleasonton, and an artillery reserve, for a combined strength of more than 90,000 men.

The first major action of the campaign took place on June 9 between the opposing cavalry forces at Brandy Station, near Culpeper, Virginia. The Confederate cavalry under "J.E.B." Stuart was nearly bested by the Federal horsemen, but Stuart eventually prevailed. However, this battle, the largest cavalry engagement of the war, proved that for the first time, the Union horse soldier was equal to his Southern counterpart.

By mid-June, the Army of Northern Virginia was poised to cross the Potomac River and enter Maryland. After gobbling up the Federal garrisons at Winchester and Martinsburg, Ewell's Second Corps began crossing the river on June 15. Hill's and Longstreet's corps followed on June 24-25. Hooker's army pursued, keeping between the U.S. Capital and Lee's army. The Federals crossed the Potomac on June 25-27.

Meanwhile, in a controversial move, Lee allowed J.E.B. Stuart to take a portion of the army's cavalry and ride around the Union army. However, Lee's orders gave Stuart much latitude, and both generals are to blame for the long absence of Stuart's cavalry, as well as for the failure to assign a more active role to the cavalry left with the army. By June 29, Lee's army was strung out in an arc from Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, twenty-eight miles NW of Gettysburg, to Carlisle, thirty miles north of Gettysburg, to near Harrisburg and Wrightsville on the Susquehanna River.

In a dispute over the use of the Harpers Ferry garrison, Hooker offered his resignation, and Abraham Lincoln and General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck, who were looking for an excuse to shelve Hooker, immediately accepted the resignation. They replaced him on June 27-28 with Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade, commander of the Fifth Corps.

When, on June 29, Lee learned that the Army of the Potomac had crossed its namesake river, he ordered a concentration of his forces around Cashtown, located at the eastern base of South Mountain and eight miles west of Gettysburg.

On June 30, while part of Hill's Third Corps was in Cashtown, one of Hill's brigades, North Carolinians under J. Johnston Pettigrew, ventured toward Gettysburg to look for supplies, including shoes. And thus the myth of the Battle of Gettysburg being caused by shoe-hunting Confederates stumbling upon the Yankees was created. This myth is in fact not true. There was no shoe factory in town; there was no large supply of shoes. Pettigrew and his superiors should have known that, four days earlier, part of Jubal A. Early's division of the Second Corps had marched through Gettysburg on its way to York and Wrightsville. Any valuable supplies, including shoes, would have been taken by these troops. Even had Early's passage through town on the 26th not been common knowledge, Hill's troops would have no reason to believe that there was a large supply of shoes in Gettysburg. In his memoirs, Henry Heth, whose division started the battle on July 1, claimed that he heard of a large supply of shoes in town. From whom could he have heard this? Likely Heth used the shoe excuse to absolve himself of the blame for prematurely instigating a battle that General Lee wanted to fight only when the army was concentrated.

When Pettigrew's troops approached Gettysburg on June 30, they noticed Federal cavalry under John Buford west of town, and Pettigrew wisely returned to Cashtown. When Pettigrew told Hill and Henry Heth, his division commander, about what he had seen, neither general believed that there was a substantial Federal force in or near the town. In fact, Hill reportedly said that he hoped the Federal army was there, because that's where he wanted it to be. Hill determined to mount a reconnaissance in force the following morning to determine the size and strength of the enemy force in his front. Thus, around 5 a.m. on Wednesday, July 1, Hill's troops advanced to Gettysburg on the Chambersburg Pike looking for a fight, not for shoes.

First Day of Battle

Three miles west of town on the Chambersburg Pike, about 7:30 a.m. on July 1, Heth's division met resistance by cavalry vedettes and, eventually, dismounted troopers from Gamble's brigade, Buford's division of cavalry. Within two and a half hours, the Confederates had pushed the Yankee cavalrymen east along a series of ridges, when the Federal First Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds, arrived from south of town. By 10:20, the Federal infantry had entered the fight. North of the pike, the Confederates gained a temporary success, while south of the road everything went the Federals' way. The famed Iron Brigade decimated Brig. Gen. James J. Archer's Southerners, capturing several hundred men of Archer's brigade, including Archer himself. However, early in the fighting, General Reynolds fell from his horse, killed instantly by rifle fire. Another myth states that Reynolds was killed by a sharpshooter, but the lack of supportive evidence suggests that he was killed by a volley of rifle fire directed at the 2nd Wisconsin, which regiment Reynolds was guiding into McPherson's (Herbst) Woods.

The morning's victory belonged to the Army of the Potomac. Meanwhile, two divisions of Ewell's Second Corps, marching west toward Cashtown in accordance with Lee's order for the army to concentrate in that vicinity, turned south on the Carlisle and Harrisburg Roads toward Gettysburg, and the Union Eleventh Corps raced north on the Baltimore Pike and Taneytown Road. By early afternoon, the Federal line ran in a semi-circle west, north, and northeast of Gettysburg. However, Hill threw in William Dorsey Pender's division to bolster Heth's afternoon attacks, and Robert E. Rodes's and Jubal Early's Second Corps divisions smashed and out-flanked the Federal First and Eleventh Corps positions north and northeast of town. At 4:10 p.m., Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard, Eleventh Corps commander and acting commander on the field, ordered a Federal retreat to the high ground south of town, Cemetery Hill. Lee understood the defense potential to the Union of holding this high ground. He sent orders to Ewell that Cemetery Hill be taken "if practicable." Ewell chose not to attempt the assault. One reason posited was the battle fatigue of his men in the late afternoon, although Johnson's division had just arrived and was essentially fresh. Another was the difficulty of assaulting the hill through the narrow corridors afforded by the streets of Gettysburg, immediately to the north. Lee's order has been criticized because it left too much discretion to Ewell. It is interesting to speculate how the more aggressive Jackson would have acted on this order if he had lived to command this wing of Lee's army, and how differently the second day of battle would have proceeded with Confederate artillery on Cemetery Hill, commanding the length of Cemetery Ridge. The battle of July 1 had pitted over 25,000 Confederates against 18,000 Federals, and ranks in itself as the twenty-third largest battle of the war.

Second Day of Battle

Throughout the evening of July 1 and morning of July 2, most of the remaining infantry of both armies arrived on the field. The Union Sixth Corps was enroute from Manchester, Maryland, and Longstreet's third division, commanded by George Pickett, had begun the march from Chambersburg early in the morning. It would not arrive until late on July 2.

The Union line as established ran from Culp's Hill southeast of the town, northwest to Cemetery Hill just south of town, then south for nearly two miles along Cemetery Ridge, terminating just north of Little Round Top. The Confederate line paralleled the Union line about a mile to the west on Seminary Ridge, ran east through the town, then curved southeast to a point opposite Culp's Hill. Thus, the Federal army had interior lines, while the Confederate line was nearly five miles in length.

Lee's battle plan for July 2 called for Longstreet's First Corps to attack beyond the Union left flank, face north, and roll up the Federal line. Richard H. Anderson's division of Hill's Third Corps was to assist Longstreet and prevent Meade from shifting troops from his center to bolster his left. At the same time, "Allegheny" Edward Johnson's and Jubal A. Early's Second Corps divisions were to make a "demonstration" against Culp's and Cemetery Hills (again, to prevent the shifting of Federal troops), and to turn the demonstration into a full-scale attack if a favorable opportunity presented itself.

Lee's plan, however, was based on faulty intelligence. Instead of moving beyond the Federals' left, Longstreet's divisions would face opposition in the form of Gen. Daniel Sickles's Third Corps.

Longstreet's attack was to be made as early as practicable; however, Longstreet got permission from Lee to await the arrival of one of his brigades, and, while marching to the assigned position, his men came within sight of a Union signal station on Little Round Top. The controversial countermarch that ensued took much time, and Hood's and McLaws's divisions did not launch their attack until just after 4 p.m.

In the meantime, Sickles, dissatisfied with the position assigned him on the southern end of Cemetery Ridge, and seeing higher ground more favorable to artillery positions a half mile (0.8 km) to the west, advanced his corps--without orders--to the high ground along the Emmitsburg Road. The new line ran from Devil's Den, northwest to the Peach Orchard, then northeast along the Emmitsburg Road to south of the Codori farm.

Longstreet's divisions slammed into the Third Corps, and Meade had to send reinforcements in the form of the entire Fifth Corps, Caldwell's division of the Second Corps, most of the Twelfth Corps, and portions of the newly-arrived Sixth Corps. Hard fighting took place in the Peach Orchard, Devil's Den, Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, and Cemetery Ridge. However, the Confederates failed to achieve concert of action, and the Federal position held.

About 7:30 p.m., the Second Corps's attack on Culp's Hill got off to a late start. Most of the hill's defenders, the Union Twelfth Corps, had been sent to the left to defend against Longstreet's attacks, and the only portion of the corps remaining on the hill was a brigade of New Yorkers under Brig. Gen. George S. Greene. With reinforcements from the First and Eleventh Corps, Greene's men held off the Confederate attackers, though the Southerners did capture a portion of the abandoned Federal works on the lower part of Culp's Hill.

Just at dark, two of Jubal Early's four brigades attacked the Union Eleventh Corps positions on East Cemetery Hill; however, Early failed to support his brigades in their attack, and Ewell's remaining division, that of Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes, failed to aid Early's attack by moving against Cemetery Hill from the west. The Union army's interior lines enabled its commanders to quickly shift troops to critical areas, and with reinforcements from the Second Corps, the Federal troops retained possession of East Cemetery Hill, and Early's brigades were forced to withdraw.

Third Day of Battle

General Lee wished to renew the attack on Friday, July 3, using the same basic plan as the previous day: Longstreet would attack the Federal left, while Ewell attacked Culp's Hill. However, before Longstreet was ready, Federal Twelfth Corps troops attacked the Confederates on Culp's Hill in an effort to regain a portion of their lost works. The fight for Culp's Hill ended around 11 a.m., after some seven hours of bitter combat.

Lee was forced to change his plans. Now Longstreet would command Pickett's Virginia division of his own First Corps, plus six brigades from Hill's Third Corps, in an attack on the Federal Second Corps position at the right center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. Prior to the attack, all the artillery the Confederacy could bring to bear on the Federal positions would bombard and weaken the enemy's line.

The day was hot--87 degrees by one account--and the Confederates suffered under the hot sun awaiting the order to advance. Around 1:00 p.m., 142 Confederate cannons began an artillery bombardment that would become the loudest noise ever heard on the continent. In order to save valuable ammunition for the infantry attack that they knew must follow, the Army of the Potomac's artillery at first did not return the enemy's fire. After waiting about fifteen minutes, eighty or so Federal cannon added to the din. The Army of Northern Virginia was critically low on artillery ammunition, and the cannonade did not significantly affect the Union position. After more than an hour (some accounts say two hours), the cannon fire subsided, and nearly 13,000 Southern soldiers stepped from the ridgeline and advanced the three-quarters of a mile to Cemetery Ridge. Nearly one half would not return to their own lines. Although the Federal line wavered and broke temporarily at the "angle," just north of the copse of trees, reinforcements again rushed into the breach and the Confederate attack was repulsed. Known to history as "Pickett's Charge," Pickett's men actually composed only one-third of the attacking force, the remainder consisting of North Carolinianss, Mississippians, and Tennesseeans.

The armies stared at one another across the bloody fields on July 4, the same day that the Vicksburg garrison surrendered to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. On July 5, in a driving rain, the Army of Northern Virginia left Gettysburg on the Hagerstown Road; the Battle of Gettysburg was over, and the Confederates were headed back to Virginia. Meade's Army of the Potomac followed, though the pursuit was half-spirited at best. The recently rain-swollen Potomac trapped Lee's army on the north bank of the river, but by the time the Federals caught up, the Confederates were ready to cross back to Virginia. The rear-guard action at Falling Waters on July 14 ended the Gettysburg Campaign and added some more names to the long casualty lists, including General Pettigrew, mortally wounded.

Throughout the campaign, General Lee seems to have entertained the belief that his men were invincible; most of Lee's experiences with the army had convinced him of this, including the great victory at Chancellorsville in early May and the rout of the Federals at Gettysburg on July 1. To the detrimental effects of this blind faith were added the fact that the Army of Northern Virginia had many new and inexperienced commanders. (Hill and Ewell, for instance, though capable division commanders, had not commanded a corps before.) Also, Lee's habit of giving general orders and leaving it up to his lieutenants to work out the details, though this method may have worked with Stonewall Jackson, proved inadequate when dealing with corps commanders unused to Lee's loose style of command. Lastly, after July 1, the Confederates were simply not able to coordinate their attacks. Lee faced a new and very dangerous opponent in Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, and the Army of the Potomac stood to the task and fought well on its home territory.

The armies would move on, but Gettysburg had much cleaning up to do. The two armies had suffered 51,000 casualties--killed, missing and wounded/captured. More than 7,000 soldiers had been killed outright; these bodies, lying in the hot summer sun, needed to be buried quickly. 5,000 horse carcasses were burned in a pile south of town; townsfolk became violently ill from the stench. The ravages of war would still be evident in Gettysburg more than four months later when, on November 19, the Soldiers' National Cemetery was dedicated. During this ceremony, President Abraham Lincoln with his Gettysburg Address would re-dedicate the nation to the war effort and to the ideal that no soldier at Gettysburg--North or South--had died in vain.

Federal soldiers as they fell, Gettysburg

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Battle of Gettysburg."

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Gettysburg

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

When used by itself, the term Gettysburg can mean at least two different things in the English language: an American Civil War battle, or the town in which it was fought.

Specific uses of the term include:

1. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
2. Battle of Gettysburg

Gettysburg is also the title of a 1993 film about the Battle of Gettysburg. See: Gettysburg (movie)

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Gettysburg."

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Gettysburg, Ohio

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Gettysburg is a village located in Darke County, Ohio. As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 558.

Geography

Gettysburg is located at 40°6'49" North, 84°29'35" West (40.113609, -84.493188)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.1 km² (0.4 mi²). 1.1 km² (0.4 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 558 people, 187 households, and 149 families residing in the village. The population density is 489.6/km² (1,267.7/mi²). There are 201 housing units at an average density of 176.4/km² (456.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 96.24% White, 0.72% African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.90% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 1.79% from two or more races. 0.72% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 187 households out of which 44.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% are married couples living together, 15.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 19.8% are non-families. 16.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 5.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.98 and the average family size is 3.29. In the village the population is spread out with 34.8% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 17.4% from 45 to 64, and 9.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 30 years. For every 100 females there are 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.6 males. The median income for a household in the village is $36,250, and the median income for a family is $43,750. Males have a median income of $29,773 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the village is $15,247. 10.7% of the population and 7.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 17.9% are under the age of 18 and 0.0% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Gettysburg, Ohio."

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Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Gettysburg is a borough located in Adams County, Pennsylvania of which it is the county seat. As of the 2000 census, the borough had a total population of 7,490.

The Borough of Gettysburg was founded in 1786. It is the county seat of Adams County, which was formed in 1800 from the western section of York County. Gettysburg sits in the shadow of South Mountain, eight miles west of the town, and is framed by Marsh Creek to the west/southwest and Rock Creek to the east/southeast. In 1830, Gettysburg had a population of 1,473. By 1840 it had grown to 1,908, and in 1860 roughly 2,400 people resided in the town. Many rich farms surrounded the town, and various industries thrived. An early history of Adams County stated: "The inhabitants are industrious and enterprising, many of whom are devoted to mechanical pursuits, and partucularly to the manufacture of carriages of every description, a branch of business which has been commenced here since 1817." ---"The History and Topography of Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin, Bedford, Adams, and Perry Counties" (Lancaster City, PA: Gilbert Hills, 1846), p. 527.

Gettysburg was also known for its institutions of higher learning, namely the Lutheran Theological Seminary, founded in 1825; and Pennsylvania College (now Gettysburg College), which began operating in 1827.

Many roads radiate from Gettysburg, providing hub-like access to Baltimore (52 miles), Harrisburg (38 miles), Carlisle (30 miles), Frederick and Hagerstown, Maryland (25 and 30 miles, respectively), and Washington, D.C (60 miles). Today the town is a 2 1/2 hour drive from Philadelphia via the Pennsylvania Turnpike and Business Route 15.

History

During the American Civil War (1861-65), Company K, 1st Pennsylvania Reserves, was made up of men from Gettysburg. These men would be present in the Army of the Potomac during the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863. As nearly 160,000 soldiers descended on the small village, the battle raged all around and through the town; On July 1 the Theological Seminary was the scene of much heavy fighting, and the Seminary buildings--as well as those of Pennsylvania College and most other public and many private buildings--were used as hospitals. President Abraham Lincoln visited the town in November 1863 to attend the dedication ceremony of the Soldiers' National Cemetery, where he gave his Gettysburg Address.

In the summer of 1913, the 50th anniversary of the battle, veterans held a massive reunion of the Blue and Gray in Gettysburg.

During the First World War (1914-1918), Gettysburg was the site of Camp Colt, a tank-training camp. The camp's commander was a young captain, Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower was taken by the bucolic beauty; when he retired from the presidency, he purchased and retired to the John Biesecker farm, just west of the Confederate positions on Seminary Ridge.

The year 1938 saw the final reunion of the Blue and Gray to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg.

Today, Gettysburg is still a thriving farm community, and Gettysburg College is one of the nation's excellent private educational institutions. Numerous orchards surround the town, which holds an annual Apple Blossom Festival each fall. Gettysburg's prime industry is tourism, as more than 1 million visitors arrive each year to visit Gettysburg National Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site, both maintained and operated by the National Park Service.

Geography

Gettysburg is located at 39°49'45" North, 77°14'3" West (39.829290, -77.234218)¹.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 4.3 km² (1.6 mi²). 4.2 km² (1.6 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 7,490 people, 2,541 households, and 1,229 families residing in the borough. The population density is 1,763.4/km² (4,562.3/mi²). There are 2,759 housing units at an average density of 649.5/km² (1,680.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the borough is 85.46% White, 5.79% African American, 0.37% Native American, 1.28% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 4.67% from other races, and 2.38% from two or more races. 8.02% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There are 2,541 households out of which 22.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.6% are married couples living together, 12.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 51.6% are non-families. 42.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 16.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.17 and the average family size is 2.94.

In the borough the population is spread out with 16.2% under the age of 18, 36.2% from 18 to 24, 19.1% from 25 to 44, 15.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 23 years. For every 100 females there are 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.1 males.

The median income for a household in the borough is $29,840, and the median income for a family is $40,489. Males have a median income of $30,341 versus $21,111 for females. The per capita income for the borough is $14,157. 19.4% of the population and 13.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 24.0% are under the age of 18 and 5.2% are 65 or older.

Note: much of the earlier history of Gettysburg (pre-Civil War) was taken from "The History and Topography of Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin, Bedford, Adams, and Perry Counties." Lancaster City, PA: Gilbert Hills, 1846.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Gettysburg, Pennsylvania."

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Gettysburg, South Dakota

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Gettysburg is a city located in Potter County, South Dakota. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 1,352. It is the county seat of Potter County⁶.

Geography

Gettysburg is located at 45°0'43" North, 99°57'19" West (45.011819, -99.955386)¹.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.8 km² (1.9 mi²). 4.8 km² (1.9 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 1,352 people, 588 households, and 365 families residing in the city. The population density is 280.7/km² (725.1/mi²). There are 683 housing units at an average density of 141.8/km² (366.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 97.93% White, 0.00% African American, 1.26% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.74% from two or more races. 0.15% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There are 588 households out of which 26.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% are married couples living together, 6.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 37.9% are non-families. 36.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 20.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.21 and the average family size is 2.88.

In the city the population is spread out with 23.9% under the age of 18, 4.0% from 18 to 24, 21.8% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 26.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 45 years. For every 100 females there are 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 87.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $30,469, and the median income for a family is $37,763. Males have a median income of $26,316 versus $16,979 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,516. 10.7% of the population and 7.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 14.4% are under the age of 18 and 11.3% are 65 or older.

History

Gettysburg is the nearest town to the submerged town of Forest City. When the Oahe Dam was built Forest City was flooded. Forest City had a school run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). To offset the loss of that school Gettysburg was offered federal funds for a new water source (the existing well source had many problems) and other needs. To obtain these funds Gettysburg would have had to accept the BIA school. Gettysburg did not accept the funds or the school.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Gettysburg, South Dakota."

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Image Slideshow: Gettysburg

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Photo Album: Gettysburg

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Gettysburg National Military Park. Credit: NPS.		An ambulance train "parked" at Harwood Hospital, the month Gettysburg was fought. Credit: National Library of Medicine.
	Poster designed by Allen Sandburg, issued by the Office of War Information, Washington, D.C., in 1942, in remembrance of the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. The poster also features a quotation from Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address: "... we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain ...". Credit: NAVY.		Monument where Lincoln's famous address was made - 979 of the great battle's unknown dead, Gettysburg. Credit: Library of Congress.
	Laying the corner-stone of the Soldiers' Monument at Gettysburg, July 4, 1865. Credit: Library of Congress.		Gettysburg, Pa. Alfred R. Waud, artist of Harper's Weekly, sketching on battlefield. Credit: Library of Congress.
	Incidents of the war. A harvest of death, Gettysburg, July, 1863. Credit: Library of Congress.		The Battlefield, Gettysburg, Pa. Credit: Library of Congress.
	Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg. Credit: Library of Congress.		The battle of Gettysburg. View of Little Round Top and the Devil's Den, held by the Fifth Corps. Credit: Library of Congress.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Gettysburg
 

"Sunrise, Gettysburg, PA" by Brian Corll Commentary: "Sunrise at Gettysburg battlefield, Big Roundtop in the distance."

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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