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Game

Definition: Game

Game

Adjective

1. Willing to face danger.

Noun

1. A single play of a game; "the game lasted 2 hours".

2. A contest with rules to determine a winner; "you need four people to play this game".

3. An amusement or pastime; "he thought of his painting as a game that filled his empty time"; "his life was all fun and games".

4. Animal hunted for food or sport.

5. The game equipment needed to play a game; "the child received several games for his birthday".

6. Informal terms for your occupation; "he's in the plumbing game"; "she's in show biz".

7. The score needed to win a game; "he is serving for the game".

8. The flesh of wild animals that is used for food.

Verb

1. Place a bet on; "Which horse are you backing?" "I'm betting on the new horse".

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "game" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references)

 

Specialty Definition: Game

DomainDefinition

Dream Interpretation

To dream of game, either shooting or killing or by other means, denotes fortunate undertakings; but selfish motions; if you fail to take game on a hunt, it denotes bad management and loss. Source: Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted ....

Food & Agriculture

A)animals habitually hunted for food and/or particular products, and/or for sport, including trophies; b)animals so defined by law and generally valued for their flesh, fur, feathers, etc. , for the sport they afford, or else as trophies. Source: European Union. (references)

Literature

Game includes hares, pheasants, partridges, grouse, heath-game, or moor-game, black-game, and bustards. (Game Act, 1, 2, Will. IV.) (See Sporting Season.)
Game Two can play at that game. If you claw me I can claw you; if you throw stones at me I can do the same to you. The Duke of Buckingham led a mob to break the windows of the Scotch Puritans who came over with James I., but the Puritans broke the windows of the duke's house, and when he complained to the king, the British Solomon quoted to him the proverb, "Those who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones."
You are making game of me. You are chaffing me. (Anglo-Saxon, gamen, jest, scoffing.). Source: Brewer's Dictionary.

Multilingual Slang

Frisian (spultsje). (references)

Slang

Noun. Source: It comes from the dictonary definition for game. In the dictionary game can be desribed as an activity engaged for amusement. Definition: Pick up lines. Context: When you are speaking about someone's pick up lines. Social Source: African American "Rappers". Source: Compiled by The University of Oregon. (additional references)

Slang in 1811

DIE HARD, or GAME. To die hard, is to shew no signs of fear or contrition at the gallows; not to whiddle or squeak. This advice is frequently given to felons going to suffer the law, by their old comrades, anxious for the honour of the gang.
GAME. Any mode of robbing. The toby is now a queer game; to rob on the highway is now a bad mode of acting. This observation is frequently made by thieves; the roads being now so well guarded by the horse patrole; and gentlemen travel with little cash in
GAME. Bubbles or pigeons drawn in to be cheated. Also, at bawdy-houses, lewd women. Mother have you any game; mother, have you any girls? To die game; to suffer at the gallows without shewing any signs of fear or repentance. Game pullet; a young whore, or. Source: 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: Arcade game

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

An arcade game is a coin-operated entertainment machine, typically installed in businesses such as restaurants, pubs, and video arcades. Most arcade games are video games or pinball machines.


An upright arcade machine
Centipede™ by Atari

History

The first popular "arcade games" were early amusement park Midway games such as shooting galleries, ball toss games, and the earliest coin-operated machines, such as those which claim to tell a person their fortune or played mechanical music. Although none of these were coin-operated games themselves, the old midways of 1920s-era amusement parks (such as Coney Island in New York) provided the inspiration and atmosphere of later arcade games.

In the 1940s, the earliest coin-operated pinball machines were made. These early amusement devices were distinct from their later electronic cousins in that they were made of wood, did not have plungers or lit-up bonus surfaces on the playing field, and used mechanical instead of electronic scoring readouts. By around 1977, most pinball machines in production switched to using solid state electronics for both operation and scoring.

In 1972, Atari was formed by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. Atari essentially created the coin-operated video game industry with the game Pong, the smash hit electronic ping pong video game. Pong proved to be popular but imitators helped keep Atari from dominating the fledging coin-operated videogame market. Nonetheless, video game arcades sprang up in shopping malls and small, "corner arcades" appeared in restaurants, grocery stores, and bars all over the United States and other countries during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Games such as Space Invaders (1979), Pac-Man (1980), Donkey Kong (1981), and Tapper (1983) were especially popular. The late eighties also brough out Shinobi (1987).

By the mid-1980s, the arcade video game craze was beginning to fade due to the reputation of arcades as being seedy, unsafe places as well as the advances in home video game console technology. The last gasp of the youth arcade subculture, as it once was, may have been the advent of two-player fighting games such as Street Fighter 2 The World Warrior (1991) by Capcom, Mortal Kombat (1992) by Midway, and Art of Fighting (1992) by SNK.

By 1994, 16-bit home video game consoles soon closed the gap on early '90s arcade coin-op games technologically and the two-player fighting game genre waned in the late 1990s due to controversy over graphic video game violence. This waning essentially killed what was left of the old arcade game subculture of the late 1970s and 1980s and has given rise to the blander (but safely supervised) "family fun centers" of the present. Many old video game arcades have long since closed and classic coin-operated games have become largely the province of dedicated hobbyists.

Technology

Virtually all modern arcade games (other than the very traditional midway-type games at county fairs) make extensive use of solid state electronics and integrated circuits. Coin-operated arcade video games generally use multiple CPUs, additional sound and graphics chips and/or boards, and the latest in computer graphics display technology. The newest arcade video games tend to also have interactivity as part of the game design, making the game player feel like they are more kinesthetically connected to the game itself. One form of interactive technology, virtual reality, has failed to truly become popular in arcade games.

Emulation

Many older arcade games are enjoying a revival among fans, thanks to emulators such as MAME, which can be run on modern computers and a number of other devices.

External link

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Computer game

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A computer game is any sort of game that is played using a computer.

A computer game is not necessarily a video game, or vice versa; for instance a text-based role-playing game could be played verbally by a blind person, which is clearly no longer a "video" game, and the first generation of video games, such as Pong, used dedicated electronic circuitry not even remotely resembling a computer.

The usual distinction today is rather subtle; a game will be a "computer game" if it is played on a general-purpose computer, but a "video game" if it is played on a computer that is specialized for game playing. Computer games will typically feature a wider assortment of direct controls exploiting the full computer keyboard, while video games tend to use more layers of menus, or motion sequences (up-up-down-left, etc) via the game controller. The most important distinction between computer and video games arises from the fact that computers have high resolution monitors, optimized for viewing at close range by one person, while home video game consoles use a much lower-resolution commercial television as their output device, optimized for viewing at a greater distance. As a result, most computer games are intended for single-player or networked multi-player play, while many video games are designed for local multi-player play, with all players viewing the same TV set.

Formerly, video games tended to need and use less computing power than computer games, but with the increasing power of video game hardware, that distinction is nearly erased, and many games are now produced for both computers and video game systems. Video game manufacturers usually exercise tight control over the games that are made available on their systems, so unusual or special-interest games are more likely to only ever appear as games on general-purpose computers.

See also

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Game

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This article is about a recreational activity, otherwise see game (disambiguation)

All through human history, people have played games. They've done so mostly to entertain themselves and others. Games are a form of self-expression, and also a means of training young people, and of reminding adults of the preferred values of the society in which they live.

Games can involve one person acting alone, but more often involve competition among two or more persons with differing goals. Philosopher David Kelley, in his popular introductory reasoning text The Art of Reasoning, defines the concept "game" as "a form of recreation constituted by a set of rules that specify an object to be attained and the permissible means of attaining it."

This covers most cases well, but does not quite fit with things like war games and sports that are often done not for entertainment but to build skills for later use. In Philosophical Investigations, philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein argued that the concept "game" could not be defined. Stephen Linhart said, "People say you have to choose between games and real life. I think this claim that there's a dichotomy is very dangerous."

Many technical fields are often applied to the study of games, including probability, statistics, economics, and game theory.

Types of Games

See also: List of game topics, Game classification, Game Theory, Play, Toy

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Game."

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Game (disambiguation)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Game may stand for:

''This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix that link to point to the appropriate specific page.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Game (disambiguation)."

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Game show

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A game show is a radio or television programme involving members of the public or celebrities, sometimes as part of a team, playing a game, perhaps involving answering quiz questions, for points or prizes. In some shows contestants compete against other players or another team whilst other shows involve contestants striving alone for a good outcome or high score. Early television game shows descended from similar programs on broadcast radio.

Types

There are several basic genres of game shows with a great deal of crossover between the different types.

History

In the US, television game shows fell out of favor in the 1950s after it was revealed that favored contestants on The 64,000 Dollar Question and other shows had been given answers and coached by the producers. They came back into favor in the 1960s by adopting merchandise prizes of far less value and by emphasizing larger numbers of simple questions, or physical contests without an advantage.

In the 1970s Chuck Barris conceived a new genre, in which the competitor's personal life became part of the show, they were the forerunners of todays reality game show. The prize was typically romantic opportunity (The Dating Game - the first dating game show) or fame (The Gong Show) rather than cash. One of his famous shows, The Newlywed Game, actually led to some divorces.

This genre disappeared from US screens in the 1980s. Blind Date, the British version of the Dating Game, remained popular in the UK. In Japan a number of shows emerged that defy classification by most standards. For instance, in one infamous show, failing to answer a question correctly led to one's own mother being buried in tons of rotting fish. In another, those who failed to answer questions correctly were dumped at locations remote from transport or assistance, e.g. in the Arctic, and had to perform such feats as drinking beer while sitting on blocks of ice - first one to run to the outhouse was left behind.

The reality game shows concept really took off in the 2000s with shows like Survivor, Big Brother and their clones. Planet 24 television (owned by Bob Geldof) devised the concept of Survivor but were unable to sell it to a British or American broadcaster. It was eventually taken up in 1997 by Sweden as Expedition Robinson. The format was an immediate hit in other Scandinavian countries and it soon caught on around the world. These shows combine elements of reality show and older reality game shows with traditional game-show elements of physical competitions by contestants. Some shows (e.g. The Weakest Link, Greed) exploit a disapproval voting system similar to the reality game show, and play up the realistic confrontation between contestants, but are in fact just conventional game shows, where no bodily torture or emotionally stressful situation is created, other than the failure to answer some question or impress hosts. Dog Eat Dog was even publicised as a reality show despite being basically a revamp of The Krypton Factor with a variant of disapproval voting added.

Gameshows around the world

United Kingdom

Panel games

In these, celebrities compete, usually in two teams.

Quiz shows

Reality game shows

Dating game shows Other shows

US game shows

France

See also

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Game theory

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Game theory, a branch of mathematics, operations research and economics, analyzing interactions with formalized incentive structures ("games"). The predicted and actual behavior of individuals in these games are studied, as well as optimal strategies . Seemingly different types of interactions can be characterized as having similar incentive structures, thus all being examples of one particular game.

Game theory is closely related to economics in that it seeks to find rational strategies in situations where the outcome depends not only on one's own strategy and "market conditions", but upon the strategies chosen by other players with possibly different or overlapping goals. It also finds wider application in fields such as political science and military strategy.

The results can be applied to simple games of entertainment or to more significant aspects of life and society. An example of the application of game theory to real life is the prisoner's dilemma as popularized by mathematician Albert W. Tucker; it has many implications for the nature of human cooperation. Biologists have used game theory to understand and predict certain outcomes of evolution, such as the concept of evolutionarily stable strategy introduced by John Maynard Smith in his essay Game Theory and the Evolution of Fighting. See also Maynard Smith's book Evolution and the Theory of Games.

Other branches of mathematics, in particular probability, statistics and linear programming, are commonly used in conjunction with game theory to analyse games.

Types of games and examples

Game theory classifies games into many categories that determine which particular methods can be applied to solving them (and indeed how one defines "solved" for a particular category). Some common categories are:

Zero-sum games are those in which the total benefit to all players in the game adds to zero (or more informally put, that each player benefits only at the expense of others). Chess and Poker are zero-sum games, because one wins exactly the amount one's opponents lose. Business, politics and the prisoner's dilemma, for example, are non-zero-sum games because some outcomes are good for all players or bad for all players. It is easier, however, to analyze a zero-sum game, and it turns out to be possible to transform any game into a zero-sum game by adding an additional dummy player often called "the board," whose losses compensate the players' net winnings.

A convenient way to represent a game is given by its payoff matrix. Consider for example the two-player zero-sum game with the following matrix: 

                                Player 2 

                    Action A    Action B    Action C

          Action 1    30         -10          20 
Player 1
          Action 2    10          20         -20
This game is played as follows: the first player chooses one of the two actions 1 or 2, and the second player, unaware of the first player's choice, chooses one of the three actions A, B or C. Once these choices have been made, the payoff is allocated according to the table; for instance, if the first player chose action 2 and the second player chose action B, then the first player gains 20 points and the second player loses 20 points. Both players know the payoff matrix and attempt to maximize the number of their points. What should they do?

Player 1 could reason as follows: "with action 2, I could lose up to 20 points and can win only 20, while with action 1 I can lose only 10 but can win up to 30, so action 1 looks a lot better." With similar reasoning, player 2 would choose action C (negative numbers in the table are good for him). If both players take these actions, the first player will win 20 points. But how about if player 2 anticipates the first player's reasoning and choice of action 1, and deviously goes for action B, so as to win 10 points? Or if the first player in turn anticipates this devious trick and goes for action 2, so as to win 20 points after all?

The fundamental and surprising insight by John von Neumann was that probability provides a way out of this conundrum. Instead of deciding on a definite action to take, the two players assign probabilities to their respective actions, and then use a random device which, according to these probabilities, chooses an action for them. The probabilities are computed so as to maximize the expected point gain independent of the opponent's strategy; this leads to a linear programming problem with a unique solution for each player. This method can compute provably optimal strategies for all two-player zero-sum games.

For the example given above, it turns out that the first player should chose action 1 with probability 57% and action 2 with 43%, while the second player should assign the probabilities 0%, 57% and 43% to the three actions A, B and C. Player one will then win 2.85 points on average per game.

Non Zero-Sum game The most famous example of a non-zero-sum game is the Prisoner's dilemma, as mentioned above. Any gain by one player does not necessarily correspond with a loss by another player. Most real-world situations are non zero-sum games. For example, a business contract ideally is a positive-sum game, where each side is better off than if they didn't have the contract. Most games that people play for recreation are zero-sum.

Cooperative games are those in which the players may freely communicate among themselves before making game decisions and may make bargains to influence those decisions. Monopoly can be a cooperative game, while the Prisoner's dilemma is not. However, Monopoly is a zero-sum game as there can be only one winner, whereas the Prisoner's dilemma is a non-zero-sum game.

Complete information games are those in which each player has the same game-relevant information as every other player. Chess and the Prisoner's dilemma are complete-information games, while Poker is not. Complete information games are rare in the real world, and are usually used only as approximations of the actual game being played.

Risk aversion

For the above example to work, the participants in the game have to be assumed to be risk neutral. This means that, for example, they would value a bet with a 50% chance of receiving 20 'points' and a 50% chance of paying nothing as being worth 10 points. However, in reality people are often risk averse and prefer a more certain outcome - they will only take a risk if they expect to make money on average. Subjective expected utility theory explains how a measure of utility can be derived which will always satisfy the criterion of risk neutrality, and hence is suitable as a measure for the payoff in game theory.

One example of risk aversion can be seen on Game Shows. For example, if a person has a 1 in 3 chance of winning $50,000, or can take a sure $10,000, many people will take the sure $10,000.

Games and numbers

John Conway developed a notation for certain games and defined several operations on those games, originally in order to study Go endgames. In a surprising connection, he found that a certain subclass of these games can be used as numbers, leading to the very general class of surreal numbers.

History

Though touched on by earlier mathematical results, modern game theory became a prominent branch of mathematics in the 1940s, especially after the 1944 publication of The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern. This profound work contained the method for finding optimal solutions for two-person zero-sum games alluded to above.

Around 1950, John Nash developed a definition of an "optimum" strategy for multi player games where no such optimum was previously defined, known as Nash equilibrium. This concept was further refined by Reinhard Selten. These men were awarded The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 1994 for their work on game theory, along with John Harsanyi who developed the analysis of games of incomplete information.

Conway's number-game connection was found in the early 1970s.

See also Mathematical game; Artificial intelligence; Newcomb's paradox; Game classification.

External links and references

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Hunting

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Hunting is, in its most general sense, the pursuit of a target. It is most commonly applied to the practice of pursuing animals to capture or kill them for food, sport, or trade in their products. Beasts so hunted are referred to as game animals. Hunting is also done to control varmint populations or as wildlife management to reduce animal populations which have exceeded the capacity of their range or when individual animals have become a danger to humans.

In ancient societies, before the widespread domestication of animals, hunting was generally vital for survival. Even when domestication became relatively commonplace, hunting was usually a significant contributor to the food supply available to a population. In addition, animal parts such as hides and horns were utilized in clothing and tools, and not all of these products could be provided from the domestication of animals. The importance of hunting in ancient societies can be seen in common religious figures such as the Horned God.

As hunting moved from a strictly necessary activity for survival to one of many staples of society, two trends emerged. One was that of the specialist hunter - a position previously held by just about every able-bodied male (usually) in the society. As domesticated farming and herding took hold, hunting became one of many trades to be pursued by those with the necessary training.

The other trend was the emergence of hunting as a sport. As game became more of a luxury than a necessity, the pursuit of it could equally well be considered a luxury pursuit. In medieval Europe, it was common for upper-class families to claim the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of territory. Game in these areas was certainly used as a source of food and furs, often provided via professional huntsmen; but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy. The importance of this proprietary view of game can be seen in the Robin Hood legends, in which one of the primary charges against the outlaws is that they "hunt the King's deer".

In later times, this aristocratic type of hunting lost its roots as a source of food and supplies, while retaining its nature as a sport. The practice of English fox hunting is a case in point; the fox is not eaten, and the skin is rarely preserved in any usable form. Fox hunting originally developed as a means of varmint control to protect livestock. It later became a sport of the upper classes.

In the 1800s hunters often pursued game only for a trophy, usually the head or pelt of an animal, to be displayed as a sign of prowess. The rest of the animal was often wasted. The safari method of hunting was a development of sport hunting that saw elaborate travel in Africa, India and other places in pursuit of trophies. In modern times, trophy hunting persists, but is frowned upon when it involves rare or endangered species of animal. Other people also object to trophy hunting in general because it is seen as a useless act of killing another living being for fun.

In the United States, hunting is generally not associated with the upper classes, but rather with rural lower classes. The stereotype of an American hunter is a southern redneck with a gun rack in his pickup truck. American hunters usually see themselves as more in tune with nature and often seem themselves as environmentalists. Hunting in the United States has been associated with the issue of gun control. One spokeman for this form of hunting has been the former rock star Ted Nugent.

Varmint hunting is the killing of animals seen as a nuisance. Often no use is made of the carcass after killing. Which species this includes depends on the circumstances of the area involved. Varmint species are often reponsible for detrimental effects on crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure and pets. Rabbits are varmints in Australia but game in other countries. Common varmints include coyotes, crows, foxes, and prairie dogs. Laws concerning hunting nuisance animals are often more liberal than those concerning game animals. Some animals once considered varmints are now protected such as wolves.

Animal management authorities sometimes rely on hunting to control certain animal populations. These hunts are sometimes carried out by professional hunters although other hunts include amateurs. Overpopulations of deer in urban parks and bears which have attacked humans might be hunted by animal management authorities.

see: Bambi

The Hunting Aircraft company was a British manufacturer of training and light transport aircraft during the 1950s.

Hunting also means the oscillation of natural and manufactured systems which utilize feedback.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Hunting."

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Icehouse (game)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Icehouse is a turnless abstract strategy game invented by Andrew Looney and John Cooper. It was the first of many games played with Icehouse pieces.

Andrew Looney came up with the idea for a game played with pyramids in a series of science-fiction short stories he was writing; several of the characters were obsessed with playing the game of Icehouse which had been recovered from the long-dead Martian civilization. John Cooper created the rules to make the game playable in real life. The game is covered by U.S. Patent No. 4,936,585, granted on June 26, 1990.

Icehouse is a board game for two or more players, but played without a board or turns; players can place a piece whenever they want to, and the playing surface is a tabletop or any designated area. Each player has a set or stash of fifteen Icehouse pieces (pyramids of various point values) in their distinctive color, and plays them either defensively (standing upright) or in attack mode (lying on its side with the point facing a defending piece). The rules (free online or for purchase from Looney Labs) explain how pieces are iced (captured), over-iced, or taken control of, and address questions that may come up during play. The game ends when the final piece is played onto the game surface or an agreed time limit is reached, and the points of the successful attacking and defending pyramids are totaled up to determine the winner.

See also

External Links

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Sprouts game

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Sprouts is a pencil-and-paper game with interesting mathematical properties.
It was invented by mathematicians John Conway and Michael S. Paterson at Cambridge University in 1967.

The game is played by two players, starting with a few dots (called spots) drawn on a sheet of paper. To make a move, a player draws a curve between two spots or a loop from a spot to itself. The curve may not cross any other curve. The player makes a new spot on the curve, dividing it in two. Each spot can have at most three curves connected to it. The player who makes the last move wins.

Sprouts has been studied from the perspectives of graph theory and topology. It can be proven that a game started with n spots will last at least 2n moves and at most 3n - 1 moves.
By enumerating all possible moves, one can show that the first player is guaranteed a win in games involving three, four, or five spots.
The second player can always win a game started with one, two, or six spots.

At Bell Labs in 1990, David Applegate, Guy Jacobson, and Daniel Sleator used a lot of computer power to push the analysis out to eleven spots. They conjectured that the first player has a winning strategy when the number of spots divided by six leaves a remainder of three, four, or five.

The game of sprouts played an important role in the first part of the Piers Anthony book Macroscope.

References:

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Video game

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A video game is a game played using an electronic device with a visual display.

Often "video game" is taken in a narrow sense to mean those games played on consoles for television and similar handhelds. The term "video game" is often not considered to include computer games and coin-operated arcade games, both because historically the games in these three categories were very different, and also because the activity of playing these three types of games is different. See history of the video game for more information.

Video games are made by developers, sometimes individuals, but almost always a team consisting of designers, graphic designers and other artists, programmerss, sound designers, musicians, and other technicians. Most video game console development teams number anywhere from 20 to 50 people, with some teams exceeding 100.

From time to time the term interactive is used to describe a video game. This term is often used by people in the movie and television industry who are not comfortable with the idea that they are involved in making video games. Usage: "We're a movie production company, and we're getting into interactive."

Video Game Market

Video games are very popular and the market has grown continuously since the end of the video game crash of 1983. The market research company NPD estimated that video game hardware, software, and accessories sold about US$10.3 billion in 2002. This was a 10% increase over the 2001 figure.

The video game market changes over the years as new video game consoles are introduced. This has happened in cycles of about 5 years or so, in which multiple manufacturers release their consoles within about a year of each other, then they and the video game publishers enjoy several years of game sales until technology has improved enough for a new cycle to begin. At that point, games for the old consoles generally enjoy some residual sales, but the video game public as a whole has moved on to the new generation of machines. The current dominant consoles are:

Top Video Games

The ten best selling console video games, according to NPD, ranked by total US units (January 2003 - August 2003) were:

  1. Madden NFL 2004, by Electronic Arts, for PlayStation 2
  2. Pokemon Ruby, by Nintendo, for Game Boy Advance
  3. Zelda: The Wind Waker, by Nintendo, for GameCube
  4. Pokemon Sapphire, by Nintendo, for Game Boy Advance
  5. Enter The Matrix, by Atari, for PlayStation 2
  6. Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, by Take Two Interactive, for PlayStation 2
  7. The Getaway, by Sony, for PlayStation 2
  8. NBA Street Vol. 2, by Electronic Arts, for PlayStation 2
  9. The Sims, by Electronic Arts, for PlayStation 2
  10. NCAA Football 2004, by Electronic Arts, for PlayStation 2

The ten best selling console video games, according to NPD, ranked by total US units (annual 2002) were:

  1. Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, by Rockstar Games, for PlayStation 2
  2. Grand Theft Auto 3, by Rockstar Games, for PlayStation 2
  3. Madden Football 2003, by Electronic Arts, for PlayStation 2
  4. Super Mario Advance 2, by Nintendo, for Game Boy Advance
  5. Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec, by Sony, for PlayStation 2
  6. Medal of Honor Frontline, by Electronic Arts, for PlayStation 2
  7. Spider-Man: The Movie, by Activision, for PlayStation 2
  8. Kingdom Hearts, by Squaresoft, for PlayStation 2
  9. Halo, by Microsoft, for XBox
  10. Super Mario Sunshine, by Nintendo, for GameCube

See also 2003 in video gaming, 2002 in video gaming.

Video Game Criticism

From time to time, video games are criticized by some parents' groups, psychologists, politicians, and some restrictive religious organizations for glorifying violence, cruelty, and crime, and exposing this violence to children. It is particularly disturbing to some adults that some video games allow children to act out crimes, and reward them for doing so. Some studies have shown that children who watch violent television shows and play violent video games have a tendency to act more aggressively on the playground, and some people are concerned that this aggression may presage violent behavior when children grow to adulthood. These concerns have led to voluntary rating systems adopted by the industry, such as the ESRB rating system in the United States, that are aimed at educating parents about the types of games their children are playing (or are begging to play).

Critics of movies, television, and books as a group look down on video games as an inferior form of entertainment. This is probably because of the accurate observation that most video games have very little plot and even less character development—although there are some wonderful exceptions to the rule. In any case, a frequent counter is that this complaint is like complaining that playing a game of football doesn't have much plot or character development—that though video games include a narrative, they are really about acting in and against the world, and this type of entertainment is not primarily about passively seeing and hearing.

See also: video game controversy

Genres

All video games fall into one or more genres. A genre is a category which classifies what kind of content and game play a game is likely to contain. For example, a first-person shooter is likely to contain a great deal of action, will require quick reflexes and may contain graphic violence.

Below is an alphabetized listing of the main genres of video games and some examples of games for each genre. This list is by no means complete or comprehensive. Many of these categories are somewhat overlapping. GTA, for example, is an adventure, a shooter and 2D or 3D depending on version.

Adventure

Adventure games cast the player as the hero (or heroine) of a story in which the player participates. These games normally require the player to solve various puzzles and find various artifacts. The earliest adventure games were textual, then a hybrid of visual display with textual input, and now rely on "point-n-click".

Adventure games began with Adventure in the 1970s, later developed into the Zork series, and rose to popularity in the 1980s and early to mid-1990s. Notable titles include Day of the Tentacle, the King's Quest series, the Legend of Zelda series, the Monkey Island games, and the Tomb Raider series.

Educational

Educational games, as the name implies, attempt to teach the user using the game as a vehicle. Most of these types of games target young user from the ages of about three years to mid-teens (past the mid-teens, subjects become so complex (for example, Calculus) that teaching via a game is impractical).

Notable games in the genre include the Carmen Sandiego series, Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing, and the The Oregon Trail series.

Programming games like Robocode and Core War may also be put in the educational category.

Fighting

Beat 'em up or fighting games emphasize one-on-one combat between two players, one of whom may be computer controlled. These games usually focus on martial arts, which are usually so dramatic and physically impossible as to be comical. Some of these games may also employ hand-held weapons in addition to or instead of performing combat gymanastics (such as some characters in Mortal Kombat). This genre arose in the mid-1980s and is still somewhat popular today.

Notable series of games include King of Fighters, Mortal Kombat, Street Fighter, Tekken, and Virtua Fighter.

First-person shooter

First-person shooters (FPS) emphasize shooting and combat from a specific perspective. Most FPS's place the player behind a gun or other weapon with the player's "hand" holding the weapon. This perpective is meant to give the player the feeling of "being there." Most FPS's are very fast-paced and require quick reflexes. Because of the perspective, these games tend to be very violent.

Recent studies have shown that these types of game actually improve user's reflexes (as in reaction time). The same study showed that little time was needed (as little as a few hours) to see improvements in reaction times.

To be an effective game, an FPS needs to be both fast and 3-dimensional, which put them out of the reach of most consumer hardware until the early 1990s. DOOM was the "breakout" game of the genre; it used a number of clever techniques to make the game fast enough to run on average machines.

See first-person shooter for more detail, and a sampling of games in this genre.

Platform

Platformers, also called side-scrollers, view the game area from a side or "cutaway" perspective. In these games, the background or playing area smoothly scrolls as the player moves about, hence the name. These games are traditionally 2D, but some have employed 3D computer graphics effectively. Traditional elements of these games include running, jumping and some fighting. Side-scrollers were some of the first types of video games and are still popular today, usually with younger players.

Notable games and series include Donkey Kong, Super Mario Brothers, Lode Runner, and Sonic the Hedgehog.

Puzzle

Puzzle gamess require the player to solve logic puzzles or even navigate complex locations such as mazes. This genre frequently crosses over with adventure and educational games.

Tetris is probably the best-known game in this genre; see list of computer puzzle games for more.

Racing

Racing games are one of the most traditional of genres. They typically place the player in the driver seat of a high performance vehicle and require the player to compete against other drivers or sometimes just time. Emerging in the early 1980s, this genre is still very popular today and continue to push the envelope in terms of graphics and performance.

Rhythm

Rhythm games challenge the player to follow sequences or develop specific rhythms. Some games require the player to tap out rhythms using a game controller or keyboard while others require the player to actually dance in sync to music. This genre arose in the late 1990s with the ever increasing popularity of rap music.

Notable games include Dance Dance Revolution, Space Channel 5, PaRappa the Rapper, and UmJammer Lammy.

Role-playing

Role-playing gamess (RPGs) place the player in a fantasy or science fiction setting. Most of these games are similar to traditional role-playing games played with pencil and paper (such as D&D) except, in this case, the computer takes care of all the record keeping and deterministic elements such as die rolling. Most of these games have the player acting in the role of an "adventurer" who specializes in a certain set of skills (such as combat or casting magic spells). These skill sets are normally called classes and players can normally control one or more of these characters. Since the emergence of affordable home computers coincided with the popularity of pencil and paper role-playing games, this genre was one of the first in video games and continues to be exteremely popular today.

See computer role-playing game for a list.

Serious

Recent times have seen the emergence of a new genre called serious games. Serious games are targeted at adults and teach them real-world concepts via games. These games are contracted by large companies (such as Wal-Mart) to supplement their educational budget. For example, a game that teaches a manager how to run a Wal-Mart Supercenter may cost $1 million to develop, as opposed to having all the managers attend seminars that cost $20 million. As with traditional computer games, serious games are designed to be engaging, fun and competetive so that users will be encouraged to continue playing (and therefore learning from) them.

Serious games are too new have had a significant effect on the game industry and, since most are developed specifically for one client, they are not released for retail sale to the general public. However, many large corporations are starting to leverage the educational and financial benefits of serious games over traditional professional training.

Shooters

Shooters emphasize shooting enemies, whether they be human, alien or insect. These game usually employ a top-down or fixed side perspective. These games have a fixed playing area and the player has limited mobility. Most of these games can be played (though not completed) in a matter of minutes. Some of these games do not even have a formal ending; instead they just get progressively harder. Another of the earliest genres, these types of games have fallen in popularity though they still have a strong hobbyist following.

Space Invaders is the prototypical game of the genre; other notables include Centipede and Missile Command.

Shoot 'em up

Scrolling shooters or "Shoot 'em ups" emphasize fast-paced shooting or shooting and running. The targets may be intelligent or non-intelligent (as in Asteroids). This genre is somewhat muddled. For example, at what point does a shooter become a shoot 'em up? Another very early genre which has a mixed following today.

The genre may be said to begin with Spacewar in 1962, but Asteroids is probably the most familiar.

Simulation

Some do not consider simulations to be games at all, but rather "digital toys" or "software toys." Indeed, this is how Will Wright, the designer of the most popular video game of all time, The Sims, describes his games. These games aim to similate a specific activity (such as flying an airplane) as realistically as practically possible, taking into account physics and other real-world limitations. Some require a great deal of reading before the game can even be attempted, while others include a simple tutorial. Some of these types of games, such as flight simulators, have a limited following, while others, such as The Sims have an enormous following, including those who don't consider themselves "gamers."

Flight simulators are their own well-developed subgenre of simulation, as are wargames. Games such as The Sims, SimCity, SimAnt, and SimEarth are combination of simulation and strategy.

Sports

Sports games emulate the playing of traditional physical sports such as Baseball, Soccer, American football, Boxing, Golf, Basketball, Ice hockey, Tennis, Bowling, Rugby, etc. Some emphasize actually playing the sport, while others emphasize the strategy behind the sport (such as Championship Manager). Others satarize the sport for comic effect (such as Arch Rivals). This genre emerged early in the history of video games and remains popular today and is extremely competitive, just like real-world sports.

Strategy

Strategy games focus on careful planning and skillful resource management in order to achieve victory. Classified as "thinking games," these products are targeted at teens and a more mature audience. Most of these games are turn-based as opposed to realtime, but there are some that are realtime or mix the two types of play (such as X-Com). This genre has had a consistent following since the mid-1980s.

The two main subgenres are turn-based and real-time games. Turn-based games were originally the common form of strategy game, the computers of the time being too slow for real-time interaction, and go back to Star Trek games played on teletypes. Early home computers were soon adopted for wargames, and the genre expanded from there.

Survival Horror

Survival Horror games focus on fear and attempt to scare the player via traditional horror elements such as undead, death, blood and gore. Many of these games include first-person shooter elements.

Third Person Shooters

Third Person Shooters (TPS) employ a specific perspective for the player. This is normally just behind the game character, but it is sometimes an isometric perspective. Many of these games are classified in other genres as well (such as Tomb Raider).

Traditional

Most popular board games, card games, and the like have been computerized to some degree or another. For example, more than 600 freeware board games are available written in Zillions. Computer game programs can be worthy opponents and can help you improve your skill at traditional games.

Notable People

See also

External links

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: Game

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
EntrySourceExpressionField

GAME

EnglishGroup to Boost Microelectronics in SpainAbbreviation

GAME

FrenchGroupe pour la promotion de la microélectronique en EspagneAbbreviation

GAME

ItalianGruppo per l'attivazione della microelettronica in Spagna(Grupo Activador de la Microelectronica en Espana)Abbreviation

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Synonyms: Game

Synonyms: gamey (adj), gamy (adj), gritty (adj), mettlesome (adj), spirited (adj), spunky (adj), biz (n), back (v), bet on (v), gage (v), punt (v), stake (v). (additional references)

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Synonyms within Context: Game

ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).

Amusement

Play; game, game at romps; gambol, romp, prank, antic, rig, lark, spree, skylarking, vagary, monkey trick, gambade, fredaine, escapade, echappee, bout, espieglerie; practical joke; (ridicule).

Noun: amusement, entertainment, recreation, fun, game, fun and games; diversion, divertissement; reaction, solace; pastime, passetemps, sport; labor of love; pleasure.

Amuse oneself, game; play a game, play pranks, play tricks; sport, disport, toy, wanton, revel, junket, feast, carouse, banquet, make merry, drown care; drive dull care away; frolic, gambol, frisk, romp; caper; dance; (leap); keep up the ball; run a rig, sow one's wild oats, have one's fling, take one's pleasure; paint the town red; see life; desipere in loco, play the fool.

Animal

Flocks and herds, live stock; domestic animals, wild animals; game, ferae naturae; beasts of the field, fowls of the air, denizens of the sea; black game, black grouse;flocks and herds, live stock; domestic animals, wild animals; game, ferae naturae; beasts of the field, fowls of the air, denizens of the sea; black game, black grouse; blackcock, duck, grouse, plover, rail, snipe.

Conduct

Tactics, game, game plan, policy, polity; generalship, statesmanship, seamanship; strategy, strategics; plan.

Courage

Manliness, manhood; nerve, pluck, mettle, game; heart, heart of grace; spunk, guts, face, virtue, hardihood, intestinal fortitude; firmness; (stability); heart of oak; bottom, backbone, spine; (perseverance) a. resolution; (determination); bulldog courage.

Intention

Risk, venture, hazard, stake; ante; lay, lay a wager; make a bet, wager, bet, gamble, game, play for;risk, venture, hazard, stake; ante; lay, lay a wager; make a bet, wager, bet, gamble, game, play for; play at chuck farthing.

Quintain; prey, quarry, game.

Laughingstock

Noun: laughingstock, jestingstock, gazingstock; butt, game, fair game; April fool; (dupe).

Perseverance

Bottom, game, pluck, stamina, backbone, grit; indefatigability, indefatigableness; bulldog courage.

Pursuit

Noun: pursuit; pursuing; Verb: prosecution; pursuance; enterprise; (undertaking); business; adventure; (essay); quest; (search); scramble, hue and cry, game; hobby; still-hunt.

Resolution

Noun: determination, will; iron will, unconquerable will; will of one's own, decision, resolution; backbone; clear grit, true grit, grit; sand, strength of mind, strength of will; resolve; (intent); firmness; (stability); energy, manliness, vigor; game, pluck; resoluteness; (courage); zeal; aplomb; desperation; devotion, devotedness.

Savoriness

Tidbit, dainty, delicacy, tasty morsel; appetizer, hors d'ouvres; ambrosia, nectar, bonne-bouche; game, turtle, venison; delicatessen.

Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

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Crosswords: Game

English words defined with "game": athletic game, away game ♦ ball game, banking game, baseball game, basketball game, board game ♦ card game, chess game, child's game, computer game, court game, crap game ♦ day game ♦ end game, exhibition game ♦ field game ♦ gambling game, Game bag, game bird, game equipment, Game laws, game of chance, game warden, go game, golf game, Ground game, guessing game ♦ Heath game, hockey game, home game ♦ Love game ♦ night game, no-hit game ♦ outdoor game ♦ parlor game, parlour game, party game, perfect game, pinball game, playoff game, practice game ♦ road game, Round game ♦ Scrub game, shell game, softball game ♦ table game, To be game ♦ video game, volleyball game ♦ word game. (references)
Specialty definitions using "game": Close-time for Game ♦ equitable game ♦ GAME ATTENDANT, Game for a Spree, game keeper, game meat, game of backgammon, game of keno, game of mah-jong, game operator, game park, game preserve, game reserve, game sanctuary, game show host/hostess, game tree ♦ laborer, game farm ♦ MANAGER, GAME PRESERVE ♦ reared game birds, Roaring Game ♦ SUPERVISOR, GAME FARM ♦ wild game. (references)
Etymologies containing "game": Talbot. (references)

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Modern Usage: Game

DomainUsage

Screenplays

Remember to tell them it was only a bloody game. (Sleuth; writing credit: Anthony Shaffer)

Love is just a game. (Moulin Rouge!; writing credit: Baz Luhrmann; Craig Pearce)

Dude, this is a league game, the winner of this gets to progress into the next round robin (The Big Lebowski; writing credit: Ethan Coen; Joel Coen)

Chess. Now there's a game of kings (The Shawshank Redemption; writing credit: Frank Darabont)

It's just a game! (Meet the Parents; writing credit: Greg Glienna; Mary Ruth Clarke)

Lyrics

I've had my share of the crying game (The Crying Game; performing artist: Boy George)

What a wicked game you play (Wicked Game; performing artist: Chris Isaak)

And life is just a simple game (Simple Game; performing artist: The Moody Blues)

I been in the game for ten years makin' rap tunes (California Love; performing artist: 2 PAC)

I thought that love was a game (Caught Up in You; performing artist: 38 Special)

Clever

If you watch a game, it's fun. If you play it, it's recreation. If you work at it, it's golf. (references; author: Bob Hope)

Love: The only game that two can play and both can win. (references; author: unknown)

People never say, "It's only a game," when they're winning. (references; author: unknown)

Life is like a game of tennis: the player who serves well seldom loses. (references; author: unknown)

By the time you learn the rules of life, you're too old to play the game. (references; author: unknown)

Movie/TV Titles

Nemesis Game (2003)

Thursday's Game (1974)

How to Play the Seduction Game (1973)

Match Game 73 (1973)

On the Game (1973)

Song Titles

Game of Love (performing artist: Wayne & The Mindbeaters Fontana)

I Like The Way (The Kissing Game) (performing artist: Hi-Five)

Change The Game (performing artist: Jay-Z)

A Simple Game (performing artist: The Moody Blues)

Name of the Game, The (performing artist: Name of the Game)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Game

DomainTitle

References

  • International Game Technology: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

  • The 2000-2005 Outlook for Video Game Accessories in Asia (reference)

    (more reference examples)

  

Books

  • Holographic Golf: Uniting the Mind and Body to Improve Your Game (reference)

  • Hunting Big Game in North America: Outdoor Life's Experts Reveal Their Secrets for Taking Trophy Antlered, Horned & Dangerous Game (reference)

  • Romancing the Horsehide: Baseball Poems on Players and the Game (reference)

  • How to Get Started in Electronic Day Trading: Everything You Need to Know to Play Wall Street's Hottest Game (reference)

  • Huggermugger Junior Game (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Periodicals

  

Theater & Movies

  

Music

  

High Tech

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Image Slideshow: Game

Photos:
Game

More pictures...

Illustrations:
Game

More pictures...

Computer Images:
Game

More pictures...

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Photo Album: Game

ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit

Aaahhhh! Isn't that the cutest little bundle of fur! John Burns of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game holding a ribbon seal pup - Phoca fasciata. Credit: NOAA's Ark (Animals).

A photograph of a photographer - John Burns of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game with a ribbon seal pup - Phoca fasciata. Credit: NOAA's Ark (Animals).

Natural marsh area primarily Spartina. Critical habitat for shrimp, crabs, and many game and commercial fish species. Credit: America's Coastlines.

Part of the crowd celebrating the 4th of July at St. Paul. A number of representatives of the local baseball team are dressed for a game. F&WS 10,020. Credit: America's Coastlines.

Celebrating a successful whaling season on the beach at Point Barrow. The whales were cut up and divided among the villagers. The blanket toss or "nelikatuk?" was a favorite game. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth.

A candidate for world record for northernmost volleyball game. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth.

The entrance to the Virgin Islands Game Fishing Club. Credit: Fisheries.

Take it easy!!! Tuna cross here. A light-hearted sign displaying fisherman's game fish of choice. Credit: Fisheries.

Staff from the California Department of Fish and Game, NOAA, and Performance Excavators attend the dedication for the Roy's Dam restoration project. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center.

School of myctophid midwater fish are important prey for game fish. Credit: National Undersea Research Program (NURP).

Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Game
 

"Light Game" by Lucian Slatineanu
Commentary: "Just playing with some light."		"Game" by Justin Heit
Commentary: "This was taken in a dark bar in N.Y ."

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Sounds Captioned with "Game".

PlayCaptionPlayCaption
Video game firing sounds.Shaking dice in a cup and rolling them out on a game board.
Rattling dice in a cup during a backgammon game.Rolling out dice onto a game board.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Familiar Quotations: Game

AuthorQuotation

Addison Walker

It's not true that nice guys finish last -- Nice guys are winners before the game even starts.

Benjamin Franklin

Women and wine, game and deceit Make the wealth small and the wants great.

Harry S. Truman.

Politics is a fascinating game, because politics is government. It is the art of government.

Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe

Daring ideas are like chessmen moved forward. They may be beaten, but they may start a winning game.

John Wooden

It's not so important who starts the game but who finishes it.

Percy Bysshe Shelley

War is the statesman's game, the priest's delight, The lawyer's jest, the hired assassin's trade.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Commerce is a game of skill which everyone cannot play and few can play well.

Walter Cronkite

I can't imagine a person becoming a success who doesn't give this game of life everything he's got.

William Shakespeare

The game is up.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Use in Literature: Game

TitleAuthorQuote

Alice in Wonderland

Carroll, Lewis

Came to the conclusion that it was a very difficult game indeed

Les Miserables

Hugo, Victor

It is the game at which he who loses, gains

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

Joyce, James

The other fellows stopped their game and turned round, laughing

Time Enough for Love

Robert Heinlein

Certainly the game is rigged

Grapes of Wrath

Steinbeck, John

He stopped his game and sat up.

Walden

Thoreau, Henry David

It was a pretty game, played on the smooth surface of the pond, a man against a loon

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Game

SubjectTopicQuote

Health

Cook wild game meat thoroughly. (references)

The extent to which West Nile virus may be present in wild game is unknown. (references)

Freezing wild game meats, unlike freezing pork products, even for long periods of time, may not effectively kill all worms. (references)

Business

The Filipino basketball enthusiast will forego everything to watch a basketball game on television. (references)

One of the important characteristics of Japanese e-commerce is the diversified platforms - PCs, mobile information terminals, game stations, and multimedia kiosks in convenience stores. (references)

The name of the game has been cash flow management; the distributor having to pile up inventory stock, distribute it and get back the money invested on time, to roll it back into the business. (references)

Economic History

China

Japan remains a large competitor in the computer game industry. (references)

Bulgaria

Some companies have chosen sponsorship of game shows or events. (references)

Burkina Faso

Game preserves also are home to lions, hippos, monkeys, warthogs, and antelope. (references)

Human Rights

Iraq

In 2000 three soccer players who played for a team that lost an October game in the Asian Cup quarter finals, reportedly were whipped and detained for 3 days. (references)

Indigenous People

Botswana

The formation of the 20,000 square mile Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR) by the colonial government in 1961 on traditional Basarwa lands set the stage for conflict between the Basarwa's pursuit of their traditional way of life and wildlife conservation. (references)

Political Economy

CHILE

Copyrights: Piracy of video and audio tapes has been subject to criminal penalties since 1985. Chilean authorities have taken enforcement measures against video, video game, audio, and computer software pirates in recent years, and piracy has declined in each of these areas. (references)

Trade

Italy

However, where EU standards do not exist, Italy can set its own national requirements and some of these have been known to hamper imports of game meat, processed meat products, frozen foods, alcoholic beverages, and snack foods/confectionary products. (references)

Switzerland

Special health certificates, stamped by the competent authorities of the country of origin, are required for the import of horses, bovine animals, farm animals, certain domestic animals, bees and eggs for hatching, as well as for meat, game, seafood, beeswax and comb honey. (references)

Travel

Vietnam

To most, business is a zero-sum game. (references)

Lexicography

Devil's Dictionary

RESPONSIBILITY, n. A detachable burden easily shifted to the shoulders of God, Fate, Fortune, Luck or one's neighbor. In the days of astrology it was customary to unload it upon a star. Alas, things ain't what we should see If Eve had let that apple be; And many a feller which had ought To set with monarchses of thought, Or play some rosy little game With battle-chaps on fields of fame, Is downed by his unlucky star And hollers: "Peanuts! -- here you are!" "The Sturdy Beggar"

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Spoken Usage: Game

SpeakerPhrase(s)

Al Sharpton

I don't know that he will. I hope that he will. I think that one thing he has done is he's shown that he will talk to all sides of the city, and that he's not going to play the polarization game.

Dennis Miller

You know, I don't understand Yasser Arafat's game.

Jan Ronis

It's fair game. And if the judge didn't let this in, I could assure you, in the event there would be a conviction, it would be a reversal. It would have been a reversal.

Judy Sheindlin

Well, I view the game as a sport. You see, the work is easy. You know, you've been doing this a very long time, so that you come to work every day and it's easy.

Lynda Carter

This is probably the most exciting thing that I've done to date. It is a role-playing game for PC and for the new Xbox that's coming out. And I do the voices of the Nords, all the women.

Pierce Brosnan

Halle and I have become very good friends. She is somebody who I got on with greatly, very fond of her. She is a woman who is at the top of her game, and she is very generous, and a good heart.

Steve Kroft

Kenneth Kimes says before their arrest he was just a normal guy. He even made an appearance on a dating game show on MTV.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Speeches: Game

SpeakerTermPhrase(s)

James Monroe

1817-1825By a judicious regulation of our trade with them we supply their wants, administer to their comforts, and gradually, as the game retires, draw them to us.

George Bush

1989-1993I pride myself that I'm a prudent man, and I believe that patience is a virtue, but I understand politics is, for some, a game and that sometimes the game is to stop all progress and then decry the lack of improvement.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Usage Frequency: Game

"Game" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.91% of the time. "Game" is used about 14,927 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words		Rank in English
Noun (singular)99.91%14,914623
Noun (proper)0.06%9117,287
                    Total100.00%14,927N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Usage in Company Names: Game

CountryName
USA

International Game Technology

 (more examples...)

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Expressions: Game

Expressions using "game": a game at cards ♦ ahead of the game ♦ athletic game ♦ away game ♦ Badger game ♦ ball game ♦ banking game ♦ baseball game ♦ basketball game ♦ be game for smth. ♦ be on the game ♦ big game ♦ big game hunting ♦ black game ♦ boar game ♦ board game ♦ bunco game ♦ bunko game ♦ card game ♦ casino game ♦ chess game ♦ children's game ♦ child's game ♦ christmas game ♦ computer game ♦ con game ♦ confidence game ♦ Consolation game ♦ court game ♦ crap game ♦ day game ♦ die game ♦ Drawn game ♦ electronic game ♦ end game ♦ equitable game ♦ exhibition game ♦ fair game ♦ farmed game meat ♦ field game ♦ fly at higher game ♦ gambling game ♦ game act ♦ game animal ♦ game animals ♦ game away ♦ Game bag ♦ game bird ♦ game birds ♦ game board ♦ game cock ♦ Game Creek ♦ Game egg ♦ game equipment ♦ game fence ♦ game fish ♦ game for anything ♦ game for smth. ♦ game fowl ♦ game hawk ♦ game instruction ♦ game is up ♦ game keeper ♦ Game laws ♦ game licence ♦ game license ♦ game management ♦ game master ♦ game meat ♦ game of backgammon ♦ game of cards ♦ game of chance ♦ game of chess ♦ game of dice ♦ game of halma ♦ game of hazard ♦ game of keno ♦ game of skill ♦ game of thought ♦ game pad ♦ game park ♦ game plan ♦ game point ♦ game preserve ♦ Game preserver ♦ game reflector ♦ game reserve ♦ game room ♦ game rules ♦ game sanctuary ♦ game show ♦ game theory ♦ game to the last ♦ game tree ♦ game warden ♦ give the game away ♦ go game ♦ golf game ♦ Grab game ♦ Ground game ♦ guessing game. Additional references.

Hyphenated Usage

Beginning with "game": game-based, game-bird, game-bird shooting, game-birds, game-board, game-books, game-boredom, Game-boy, game-breaking, game-by-game, game-by-rote, game-chicken, game-cock, game-cockiness, game-crazy, game-fishing, game-for-a-laugh, game-forms, game-hens, game-hunting, game-keeper, game-keepers, game-keeping, game-like, game-matrix, game-park, game-plan, game-play, game-players, game-playing, game-preserve, game-preserving, game-reserve, game-rich, game-selector, game-shooting, game-show, game-shows, game-stealing, game-theoretic, game-theory, game-tracks, game-types, game-viewing, game-wardens, game-winning.

Ending with "game": ball-game, big-game, board-game, computer-game, five-game, four-game, guessing-game, in-game, language-game, post-game, pre-game, seven-game, six-game.

Containing "game": one-game-a-month, parlour-game-and-flower-arranging, video-game-addiction.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Game

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day		ExpressionFrequency
per Day

game

336,155

game spot

6,870

video game

96,656

fun game

6,104

yahoo game

91,162

toy game

5,486

free game

58,111

game code

5,132

online game

31,360

game boy and advance and rom

4,804

computer game

29,630

shock wave game

4,796

msn game

21,471

game and puzzle

4,793

free download game

18,624

bridal shower game

4,661

free online game

18,326

online kid game

4,576

game cheat

15,044

addicting game

4,512

game download

13,279

game board

4,285

pogo game

13,195

game shark

4,082

game to play

12,982

game boy advance

3,977

card game

12,584

internet game

3,959

kid game

12,413

game demo

3,941

pc game

9,015

flash game

3,774

arcade game

8,975

x box game

3,725

game faq

7,923

casino game

3,693

baby shower game

7,770

free arcade game

3,622

free computer game

7,745

game boy

3,587
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translation: Game

Language Translations for "game"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Afrikaans

  

wedstryd (competition, contest, match). (various references)

   

Albanian

  

lojë (fun, joke, kiss-in-the-ring, performance, play, toy, trick). (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

لعب (play, sport, to play), ‏موضوع سخرية (derision), ‏مزحة (banter, caper, frolic, jest, jocularity, joke, prank, rag, raillery, romp, trick, waggery), ‏مباراة (competition, contest, match, meeting, race, test, tournament), ‏لعبة (cat's paw, merry go round, play, plaything, poppet, servant, tool, toy, vehicle), ‏لعب (move, play, play about, playing, sport), ‏قامر (gamble, lay down, stake), ‏طريقة (art, attitude, channel, fashion, method, mode, procedure, process, sort, style, styling, system, tactic, wise), ‏طريده, ‏طريدة (chase, quarry), ‏الطرائد و لحمها, ‏أعرج (cripple, gimp, halt, halting, lame, limping), ‏ثابت العزم, ‏شجاع (brave, courageous, dauntless, doughty, fearless, gallant, gritty, hardy, hero, manful, martial, mettlesome, plucky, red blooded, spirited, stalwart, stout, tiger, undaunted, valiant, valorous). (various references)

   

Asturian

  

xuegu. (various references)

   

Aymara

  

anata (February). (various references)

   

Bemba

  

inama sha mpanga. (various references)

   

Blackfoot

  

kaahtssín. (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

манш, игра (acting, hand, pastime, play, recreation, scamper, slack, sport), играя комар (gamble), план (blueprint, conception, dart, diagram, draft, draught, idea, layout, map, plan, plat, plot, program, programme, project, proposal, schedule, schema, scheme, set up, skeleton, sketch, view), партия (clan, lap, match, part, party, side), примка (deadfall, halter, loop, mesh, noose, snare, trap), бояк, ловен (hunting), дивеч (chase, yahoo), занимание (amusement, career, concern, concernment, employment, exercise, job, occupation, ploy, prep, pursuit, way), смел (adventurous, ambitious, audacious, bold, brave, courageous, daring, dashing, gallant, gamy, gritty, gutsy, high-hearted, high-spirited, manful, manly, martial, mettled, mettlesome, plucky, provocative, slashing, spirited, spunky, stalwart, stout, stouthearted, thoroughbred, valiant, venturesome), мач (match), гейм, готов (eager, fit, glib, ready, ready made, ready to wear, ready-for-service, ripe, set, store, unhesitating), шега (chaff, fun, hoax, jape, jest, jig, joke, lark, pleasantry, prank, quiz, raillery, rib, sport, tease, trick, waggery), тактика (ploy, tactics), хитрост (archness, art, artfulness, artifice, deceitfulness, device, dodge, finesse, guile, overreach, policy, ruse, shrewdness, slyness, stratagem, trick), сакат (lame), замисъл (conception, counsel, design, plan, view). (various references)

   

Catalan

  

joc. (various references)

   

Cebuano

  

dula. (various references)

   

Chamorro

  

huegu. (various references)

   

Chinese 

  

遊戲 (play), 把戲 (acrobatics, cheap trick, jugglery), 游戲 , 游戏. (various references)

   

Cornish

  

gwary (to play). (various references)

   

Czech

  

hra (acting, cherrystone, chuck-farthing, deck, hand, jack-straws, pastime, performance, piece, play). (various references)

   

Danish

  

spil (allowance, capstan, gear, machine, winch), leg (Leadership Group). (various references)

   

Dutch

  

spel (spiel). (various references)

   

Ecuadorian Quechua

  

pucllai. (various references)

   

Esperanto

  

matĉo (match), ludo. (various references)

   

Faeroese

  

dystur (match, tournament). (various references)

   

Farsi 

  

یک دوربازی , مسابقه های ورزشی , مسابقه (Chase-Chace, Competition, Contest, Match, Race), تفریح کردن (Play, Recreate), سرگرمی (Avocation, Diversion, Fun, Hobby, Hobbyhorse, Pastime, Recreation, Sport, Toy), سرحال (Cheery, Jink, Peppy, Pert, Trig, Vascular, Wholesome), جانورشکاری , اهل حال (Skittish), شکار (Chase-Chace, Hank, Hunt, Predatin, Prey, Quarry, Raven, Victim), شوخی (Bob, Curvet, Fun, Gig, Humor, Jape, Jest, Jink, Jocosity, Joke, Lark, Pleasantry, Prank, Quiz, Sport, Spree, Witticism), دست انداختن (Banter, Fool, Gibe, Hoax, Kid, Lark, Ridicule, Spoof), بازی (Fun, Play, Sport). (various references)

   

Finnish

  

riista (game animals, venison). (various references)

   

French

  

jeu (gap, quiz game), gibier (game animals). (various references)

   

Frisian

  

spul, boartsjen. (various references)

   

German

  

Spiel (clearance, deck, fixture, gamble, gambling, games, match, pack, play, playing, punt, set, slippage, tie), Wildbret (venison), Wild (berserk, boisterous, boisterously, bold, crook, deer, feral, ferocious, ferociously, fierce, frantic, furious, furiously, haggard, helter-skelter, illegal, rabid, rambunctious, rampant, riotous, riotously, rough, rugged, savage, savagely, truculently, undomesticated, ungovernable, unofficial, unruly, venison, wholesale, wild, wildcat, wildly), wildfleisch (venison), partie (batch, catch, lot, match, outing, part, party, piece, role, round, section, share). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

παιχνίδι (play, playing, plaything, toy, trick). (various references)

   

Hawaiian

  

lojë. (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

משחק (acting, pastime, play, plaything, sport), תחרות (competition, contest, match, rivalry, stakes, strife, tournament, tourney), שעשוע (amusement, delight, enjoyment, entertainment, fun, pastime, plaything, pleasure, sport), חית ציד. (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

játék (acting, backlash, clearance, performance, play, quiz, slack, sport, toy), vadpecsenye, társasjáték (board game, indoor game, parlour game), határozott (categorical, decided, decided refusal, definite, determinate, determined, distinct, dogmatic, emphatic, explicit, gritty, manly, plump, positive, stalwart, strong-minded, unfaltering, unmoved). (various references)

   

Indonesian

  

pincang (cripple, lame), pertandingan (bout, contest, event, match, tournament), permainan (play), lumpuh (paralyze), berani (audacious, brave, dare, dauntless, manful, plucky, stout, stout-hearted, valiant). (various references)

   

Inuktitut

  

pinguaq. (various references)

   

Irish

  

cluiche. (various references)

   

Italian

  

giuoco (play), selvaggina (game animals, venison, wild game), gioco (amusement, backlash, dice, fun, gambling, play, sport, touch, toy), cacciagione (kill). (various references)

   

Japanese Kanji 

  

遊戯 (play, sports). (various references)

   

Japanese Katakana 

  

しあい (bout, contest, match), しゅうかく (crop, harvest, ingathering, result, the sense of smell), きょうぎ (conference, consultation, contest, creed, discussion, doctrine, match, narrow-sense, negotiation, paper-thin sheet of wood), しょうぶごと (competition, gambling), しょうぶ (bout, contest, iris, match, militarism, victory or defeat, warlike spirit), かいせん (battle, cargo vessel, circuit, convolution, engagement, itch, lighter, line, mange, match, naval battle, outbreak of war, re-election, revolution, rotation, scabies, starting a war), りょう (amount, catch, charge, companion, completion, defy, dormitory, eclipse, endure, excel, fee, finish, fishing, good, hostel, hunting, keep out, material, official, portion, pull through, quantity, rate, skill, slight, stave off, surpass, tide over, understanding, volume), あそびごと (diversion, pastime, recreation), ゲーム , ゆうぎ (fellowship, friendly relations, friendship, friendship's responsibilities, games, pastimes, play, sports), てあわせ (bout, contest), えもの (specialized weapon or skill, spoils, trophy). (various references)

   

Korean 

  

게임 (games). (various references)

   

Macedonian

  

igra (to play). (various references)

   

Malay

  

permainan. (various references)

   

Manx

  

gamman (amusement, fun), cloie (act, boil, bubble, charade, enact, event, extemporise, match, monkey, perform, performance, play, represent, skylark, sport). (various references)

   

Maori

  

taakaro. (various references)

   

Mohawk

  

okahrìtshera. (various references)

   

Norwegian

  

spill (gamble). (various references)

   

Papago

  

chichwithag. (various references)

   

Papiamen

  

wega. (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

amegay.(various references)

   

Portuguese

  

jogo (outfit, play, room, set, sport). (various references)

   

Provencal

  

jòc. (various references)

   

Romanian

  

meci (match, tie). (various references)

   

Ruanda

  

igikino. (various references)

   

Russian 

  

игра (innings, pastime, performance, piping, play, potato head, racquetball, slack, sporting). (various references)

   

Samoan

  

taaloga. (various references)

   

Scottish

  

cluich (a game, play, playing), camanachd (the game of shinty), bàir (a game, goal). (various references)

   

Sepedi

  

papadi (to play). (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

voljan (minded, ready, voluntary, willing), utakmica (match, meet), kockati se (gamble), igra (blind man's buff, dalliance, dance, dart, pas de deux, play, playgame), hrom (chrome, chromium, halting, lame, limping), divljač (venison). (various references)

   

Sicilian

  

iocu. (various references)

   

Spanish

  

juego (court, gambling, movement, play, rubber, service, set, sport, suite), caza (bag, chase, Chevy, fighter, fighter plane, frantically, haggard, Hunt, hunting, lift, manhunt, prowl, pursuit, pursuit plane, rampant, shoot, shooting, spore, tigerish, tomboyish, trapping). (various references)

   

Swahili

  

mchezo. (various references)

   

Swedish

  

spel (acting, clearance, crab, flutter, gamble, games, hand, personification, play, punt, set), lek (dalliance, pack, play, spawning, sport, trifling), vilt (wild, wildly), villebråd (prey, quarry), parti (faction, hand, lot, match, match - to merry, part, Parti, party, section, side). (various references)

   

Tagalog

  

larô. (various references)

   

Thai

  

เล่นพนัน, กฎการแข่งขัน, กีฬา, กลเม็ด (gambit), กล้าได้กล้าเสีย. (various references)

   

Turkish

  

hevesli (ambitious, anxious, desirous, eager, earnest, enthusiastic, full of zeal, great, greedy, hellbent, intent, itching, itchy, keen, responsive, spirited, studious, zealous), av eti (gamy, venison), av hayvanı (ground game), şaka (badinage, banter, chaff, drollery, fun, hell, humor, humour, jest, joke, lark, monkeyshiness, pleasantry, quiz, sport, waggery, waggishness, wheeze, wisecrack, witticism), cesur (adventuresome, adventurous, audacious, bold, brave, bulldog, chivalrous, courageous, daring, dashing, Dauntless, Doughty, enterprising, fearless, foolhardy, gallant, gamy, great-hearted, gritty, gutsy, Hardy, heroic, intrepid, martial, plucky, redoubtable, resolute, spartan, spirited, spunky, stout, stouthearted, undaunted, valiant, valorous, venturesome, Venturous), dolap (cabal, cabinet, cheating, closet, collusion, cuddy, cupboard, dodge, dope, doubling, flimflam, frame up, hutch, imposture, intrigue, jiggery pokery, machination, machinations, maneuver, manoeuvre, ramp, repository, ruse, sell, trap, wardrobe, water wheel, wile), aksak (gammy, halting, hipshot, interrupted, lame, limping, lopsided, palsied), hazır (agreeable, at hand, available, content, cut and dried, disposed, finished, forthcoming, forward, go, handy, in the mood for, in train, officinal, on, on hand, on one's mettle, on tap, operational, prepared, present, prompt, quick, reach-me-down, ready, ready made, readymade, ripe, snappy, stand by, up for, willing), yiğit (brave, bulldog, courageous, dare devil, daredevil, Doughty, gallant, hero, manful, manly, plucky, red blooded, redoubtable, spartan, spunky, stout, stouthearted, valiant, valorous), kumar oynamak (gamble, punt), maç (contest, event, match), meslek (avocation, calling, career, ism, job, metier, path, profession, professional, racket, shop, trade, vocation, walk of life), oyun (act, acting, canard, dance, device, frolic, hoax, performance, play, presentment, representation, spectacle, sport, stage play, trick, wheeze), sakat (cripple, crippled, crock, defective, disabled, funny, gammy, handicapped, incapable of working, infirm, invalid, lame, lame duck, malformed, wonky), topal (cripple, crippled, lame, lame duck), eğlenme (amusement, fun). (various references)

   

Turkmen 

  

utulmak (lose a game), яeсilmek (lose a game). (various references)

   

Ukrainian

  

сміливий (amazonian, audacious, cant, courageous, daring, gamy, mettled, mettlesome, plucky, reckless, spirited, spunky, venturesome), грати в азартні ігри (gaff), гра (acting, performance, play), готовий (finished, game for smth., hand-me-down, minded, officinal, prepared, provided, reach-me-down, ready, ready made, ready to wear, ready-cooked, ready-for-service, ripe, willing), партія (party). (various references)

   

Vietnamese 

  

trò láu cá, trò đùa (playgame, sport), thu không bù chi việc làm đã thất bại, thọt, sự trêu chọc (provocation), sự chế nhạo (derision, gibe, gird, girt, ridicule, sarcasm), quần vợt, như gà chọi; dũng cảm, người bị theo đuổi, mưu đồ thú săn, mục tiêu nguy hiểm con vật bị săn, mánh khoé ý đồ, con vật bị dồn, chuyện nực cười, anh dũng (spartan). (various references)

   

Welsh

  

ge+m, sbort (fun, sport), mabolgamp (athletics, feat, sport), herwhela (poach), helwriaeth (chase, hunting), camp (achievement, antics, exploit, feat, prize). (various references)

   

Xhosa

  

umdlalo. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Ancestral Language Translations: Game

LanguagePeriodTranslations
Latin500 BCE-Modern

aucupio, calculo, calculus, lude, ludicrum, ludum, ludus, venatio, venatus. (various references)

Old English450-1100

gomen. (various references)

Old North French1200-1500

gambe. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Game

Derivations

Words beginning with "game": gamecock, gamecocks, gamed, gamekeeper, gamekeepers, gamelan, gamelans, gamelike, gamely, gameness, gamenesses, gamer, gamers, games, gamesman, gamesmanship, gamesmanships, gamesmen, gamesome, gamesomely, gamesomeness, gamesomenesses, gamest, gamester, gamesters, gametangia, gametangium, gamete, gametes, gametic, gametically, gametocyte, gametocytes, gametogeneses, gametogenesis, gametogenic, gametogenous, gametophore, gametophores, gametophyte, gametophytes, gametophytic, gamey. (additional references)

Words ending with "game": ballgame, degame, endgame, nongame, postgame, pregame. (additional references)

Words containing "game": agamete, agametes, ballgames, degames, endgames, heterogamete, heterogametes, heterogametic, heterogameties, heterogamety, homogametic, isogamete, isogametes, isogametic, ligament, ligamentous, ligaments, macrogamete, macrogametes, megagamete, megagametes, megagametophyte, megagametophytes, microgamete, microgametes, microgametocyte, microgametocytes, oogamete, oogametes, sagamen. (additional references)


Misspellings

"Game" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: aame, agame, agem, agma, agume, amee, Eame, Egami, gaae, gabe, gace, Gadmen, gae, ga-ee, gaef, gaem, gafee, gaie, gaim, gaje, gake, Gam, gama, gamar, gamay, gamb, gambei, gamel, gamen, Gamet, gamez, gami, gamir, gamle, Gamlen, gamm, gamme, Gammel, gammen, gammet, gamo, gamr, gams, gamu, gana, Gance, Ganefo, ganel, ganen, Gani, ganow, Ganu, ganze, gaom, gase, gasm, gasmey, gaue, gawe, gaxe, gaye, gema, geme, Gemer, gemet, gemi, gemme, gemo, geome, gham, giae, giam, gimc, gime, Gimer, gimey, Gimi, gimme, Gimmez, Gimo, gimu, Glame, gma, gmac, Gmap, gmat, Gmax, gme, Gmex, gmi, gmo, gmwu, gome, Gomel, gomme, gpmu, Grami, gramo, gsm, Guami, Guaymi, guke, guma, gume, gumet, gumey, gumi, gumie, gumu, gwm, gxm, gyme, Gymer, Ngami, ngema, ngwane, vame, yame. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Game"

# of Phoneme MatchesPronunciationWord(s) rhyming with "game" (pronounced gā"m)
3g ā" mballgame, postgame.
2-ā" macclaim, aflame, aim, became, blame, name, overcame, proclaim, came, claim, Dame, declaim, defame, disclaim, exclaim, fame, flame, frame, inflame, lame, maim, reclaim, rename, same, shame, tame.

Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Game

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Direct Anagrams: mage.

Words within the letters "a-e-g-m"

-1 letter: age, gae, gam, gem, mae, mag, meg.

-2 letters: ae, ag, am, em, ma, me.

 Words containing the letters "a-e-g-m"
 

+1 letter: gambe, gamed, gamer, games, gamey, gemma, gleam, image, mages, mange, marge, omega, regma.

 

+2 letters: ageism, agleam, ambage, bagmen, bregma, damage, degame, degami, engram, enigma, gagmen, gambes, gamble, gamely, gamers, gamest, gamete, gamier, gamine, gammed, gammer, gasmen, gaumed, gemmae, german, gleams, gleamy, gramme, homage, imaged, imager, images, legman, maglev, magnet, magpie, maguey, maigre, malgre, manage, manege, mangel, manger, manges, mangey, mangle, marges, maskeg, mauger, maugre, meager, meagre, megass, menage, metage, milage, mirage, ohmage, omegas, ragmen, smegma, zeugma.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern 		5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Slideshow
7. Images: Photo Album
8. Images: Digital Art 		9. Sounds
10. Quotations: Familiar
11. Quotations: Fiction
12. Quotations: Non-fiction 		13. Quotations: Spoken
14. Quotations: Speeches
15. Usage Frequency
16. Names: Company Usage 		17. Expressions
18. Expressions: Internet
19. Translations: Modern
20. Translations: Ancient 		21. Abbreviations
22. Acronyms
23. Derivations
24. Rhymes 		25. Anagrams
26. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.