Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Gadolinium |
GadoliniumNoun1. A ductile silvery-white ductile ferromagnetic trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| Domain | Definitions |
Chemistry | Chemical element:atomic number 64. Source: European Union. (references) |
Health | An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name, Symbol, Number | Gadolinium, Gd, 64 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | Lanthanides | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | _ , 6 , f | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density, Hardness | 7901 kg/m3, no data | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery white | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic weight | 157.25(3) amu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc.) | 188 (233) pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | no data | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| van der Waals radius | no data | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Xe]6s6s²5d¹4f7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| e- 's per energy level | 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states (Oxide) | 3 (mildly basic) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | Hexagonal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| State of matter | solid (ferromagnetic) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1585 K (2394 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 3523 K (5882 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar volume | 19.90 ×1010-3 m3/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 359.4 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 10.05 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vapor pressure | 24400 Pa at 1585 K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Velocity of sound | 2680 m/s at 293.15 K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | 1.20 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | 230 J/(kg*K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical conductivity | 0.736 106/m ohm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | 10.6 W/(m*K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st ionization potential | 593.4 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd ionization potential | 1170 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd ionization potential | 1990 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4th ionization potential | 4250 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Most stable isotopes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SI units & STP are used except where noted. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gadolinium is a silvery white, malleable and ductile rare earth metal with a metallic luster. It crystalizes in hexagonal, close-packed alpha form at room temperature; when heated to 1508 K, it transforms into its beta form, which has a body-centered cubic structure.
Unlike other rare eart elements, Gadolinium is relatively stable in dry air; however, it tarnishes quickly in moist air and forms a losely adhering oxide that spalls off and exposes more surface to oxidation. Gadolinium reacts slowly with water and is soluble in dilute acid.
Gadolinium also has the highest thermal neutron capture cross-section of any (known) element, 49,000 barns, but it also has a fast burn-out rate, limiting its usefulness as a nuclear control rod material.
Gadolinium becomes superconductive below a critical temperature of 1.083 K; it is strongly magnetic at room temperature, and is in fact the only metal to exhibit ferromagnetic properties except for fourth period transition metals.
Gadolinium is used for making gadolinium yttrium garnets, which have microwave applications; gadolinium compounds also are used for making phosphors for colour TV tubes, and solutions of compounds are used as intravenous contrasts to enhance images in patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. Gadolinium is also used for manufacturing compact discs and computer memory.
Gadolinium also possesses unusual superconductive properties, with as little as 1% of Gadolinium improving the workability and resistance of Iron, Chromium and related alloys to high temperatures and oxidation.
In the future, Gadolinium ethyl sulfate, which has extremely low noise characteristics, may be used in masers; furthermore, Gadolinium's high magnetic movement and its Curie temperature which lies just at room temperature suggest applications as a magnetic component for sensing hot and cold.
In 1880, Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac observed spectroscopic lines due to Gadolinium in samples of didymium and gadolinite; French chemist Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran separated gadolinia, the oxide of Gadolinium, from Mosander's yttria in 1886. The element itself was isolated only recently for the first time.
Gadolinium, like the mineral gadolinite, is named after Finnish chemist and geologist Johan Gadolin.
Gadolinium has no known biological role, but is said to stimulate the metabolism.
Gadolinium is never found in nature as the free element, but is contained in many minerals such as gadolinite, monazite and bastnasite. Today, it is prepared by ion exchange and solvent extraction technique, or by the reduction of its anhydrous fluoride with metallic Calcium.
Compounds of Gadolinium include:
Naturally occurring Gadolinium is composed of 5 stable isotopes, 154-Md, 155-Md, 156-Md, 157-Md and 158-Md, and 2 radioisotopes, 152-Md and 160-Md, with 158-Md being the most abundant (24.84% natural abundance). 30 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 160-Md with a half-life of 1.3E+21 years, 152-Md with a half-life of 1.08E+14 years, and 150-Md with a half-life of 1.79E+6 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 74.7 years, and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 24.6 seconds. This element also has 4 meta states with the most stable being 143m-Gd (t½ 110 seconds), 145m-Gd (t½ 85 seconds) and 141m-Gd (t½ 24.5).
The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 158-Gd, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta minus decay. The primary decay products before 158-Gd are element Eu (Europium) isotopes and the primary products after are element Tb (Terbium) isotopes. Notable characteristics
Applications
History
Biological role
Occurrence
Compounds
Isotopes
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Gadolinium."
Synonym: GadoliniumSynonym: atomic number 64 (n). (additional references) |
Crosswords: Gadolinium |
| English words defined with "gadolinium": Gadolinia, Gadolinic ♦ terbium metal. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "gadolinium": bubble memory ♦ gadolinium oxide burnable poison ♦ rare earth intensifying screen. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Gadolinium" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. Dutch (gadolinium), French (gadolinium), Hungarian (gadolinium), Swedish (gadolinium). |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Because investigators speculate that the breakdown of the blood/brain barrier is the first step in the development of MS lesions, it is important to distinguish new lesions from old. To do this, physicians give patients injections of gadolinium, a chemical contrast agent that normally does not cross the blood/brain barrier, before performing a scan. On this type of scan, called T1, the appearance of bright areas indicates periods of recent disease activity (when gadolinium is able to cross the barrier). (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Gadolinium" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 66.67% of the time. "Gadolinium" is used about 3 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 66.67% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Noun (proper) | 33.33% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 3 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "gadolinium": Gadolinium DTPA ♦ gadolinium oxide burnable poison ♦ gadolinium texaphyrin. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
gadolinium | 65 |
gadolinium mri | 17 |
gadolinium mri safety | 5 |
gadolinium in mri safety | 3 |
gadolinium safety | 3 |
gadolinium lanthanides | 3 |
alloy gadolinium | 2 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "gadolinium"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | gadolinjium. (various references) | |
Arabic | الغادولينيوم عنصر فلزي. (various references) | |
Chinese | " . (various references) | |
Czech | kovový prvek (dysprosium, erbium, europium, gallium, lanthanum, masurium, osmium, palladium, strontium). (various references) | |
Danish | gadolinium. (various references) | |
Dutch | gadolinium. (various references) | |
Esperanto | gadolinio. (various references) | |
French | gadolinium. (various references) | |
German | Gadolinium. (various references) | |
Greek | γαδολίνιο. (various references) | |
Hungarian | gadolinium. (various references) | |
Italian | gadolinio. (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | ガス焜炉 (background chatter on a soundtrack, chewing gum, gadget, gadget bag, gamelan, gas range, gas station, gasohol, gasoline, gasoline engine car, gasoline stand, gateau, GATT, gattable, gavotte, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, glass, glass block, glass wool, governability, gut, guts, guts pose, packing tape, pane, petrol). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ガドリニウ . (various references) | |
Pig Latin | adoliniumgay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | gadolínio. (various references) | |
Russian | гадолиний. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | gadolinijum. (various references) | |
Spanish | gadolinio. (various references) | |
Swedish | gadolinium. (various references) | |
Turkish | gadolinyum. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "gadolinium": gadoliniums. (additional references) | |
| |
"Gadolinium" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Gadalinium. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-d-g-i-i-l-m-n-o-u" | |
-2 letters: gonidial, gonidium, miaouing, miauling, moulding. | |
-3 letters: alodium, dialing, gliadin, gonidia, languid, lauding, lianoid, loading, loaming, mailing, mangold, maudlin, mauling, moiling, molding. | |
-4 letters: aiding, ailing, aiming, algoid, almond, alumin, alumni, amidin, amidol, auding, daimio, daimon, dialog, diamin, doling, dolman, domain, doming, ganoid, glioma, gonium, guidon, idling, indigo, indium, inlaid, ionium, lading, ladino, laming, lanugo, ligand, limina, liming, lingam, lingua, lumina, malign, miladi, moduli, moulin, muling, nilgai, nilgau, oidium, oiling, oilman, unlaid, unload, unmold. | |
-5 letters: aioli, algid, algin, algum, align, almud, almug, aloin, along, aloud, amido, amigo, amino, amnio, among, animi, audio, danio, dingo, dogma, doing, dolma, domal, donga, douma, dulia, dunam, duomi, gamin, gland, gloam, gluon, gonad, gonia, guano, guild, idiom, iliad, ilium, imago, imido, imino, indol, iodin, liang, ligan, liman, linga, lingo, linum, logan, logia, lungi, mango, maund, miaou, miaul, milia, modal, mogul, monad, mould, mound, mungo, nidal, nodal, nomad, odium, oidia, onium, ulnad. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-d-g-i-i-l-m-n-o-u" | |
+1 letter: gadoliniums. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)47 61 64 6F 6C 69 6E 69 75 6D |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
|
| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
|
| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
|
| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
|
Morse Code (1836) (references)--. .- -.. --- .-.. .. -. .. ..- -- |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
|
Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01000111 01100001 01100100 01101111 01101100 01101001 01101110 01101001 01110101 01101101 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)G a d o l i n i u m |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0047 0061 0064 006F 006C 0069 006E 0069 0075 006D |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
|
Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)41677081787580758779 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Quotations: Non-fiction | 5. Usage Frequency 6. Expressions 7. Expressions: Internet 8. Translations: Modern | 9. Derivations 10. Anagrams 11. Orthography 12. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
