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Definition: Folic Acid |
Folic AcidNoun1. A B vitamin that is essential for cell growth and reproduction. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| Domain | Definitions |
Chemistry | Should be used as a generic descriptor for folic acid and related compounds exhibiting qualitatively the biological activity of folic acid. Source: European Union. (references) |
Health | N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Since the discover of the link between insufficient folic acid and NTDs, governments and health organisations worldwide have made recommendations concerning folic acid supplementation for women intending to become pregnant. For example, the US Public Health service (see the URL given at page foot) recommends an extra 0.4mg/day, which can be taken as a pill. However, many researchers believe that supplementation in this way can never work effectively enough since not all pregnancies are planned and not all women will comply with the recommendation.
This has led to the introduction in many countries of fortification, where folic acid is added to flour with the intention of everyone benefiting from the associated raise in blood folate levels. This is not uncontroversial, with issues having been raised concerning individual liberty, and the masking effect of folate fortification on B12 deficiency or pernicious anaemia. However, most North and South American countries now fortify their flour, along with Israel. The UK has recently decided not to fortify, mainly because of the B12 concern.
Recent research also points out a further benefit of folic acid: that it can help lower levels of homocysteine. High levels of homocysteine are statistically associated with a risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). At this time, though, there is no proof of cause and effect and as the AHA says:
In the form of a series of tetrahydrofolate compounds, folate derivatives are coenzymes in a number of single carbon transfer reactions biochemically, and also is involved in the synthesis of dTMP (2'-deoxythymidine-5'-phosphate) from dUMP (2'-deoxyuridine-5'-phosphate).
The pathway in the formation of tetrahydrofolate (FH4) is the reduction of folate (F) to dihydrofolate (FH2) by folate reductase, and then the subsequent reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate (FH4) by dihydrofolate reductase.
Methylene tetrahydrofolate (CH2=FH4) is formed from tetrahydrofolate by the addition of methylene groups from one of three carbon donors: formaldehyde, serine, or glycine. Methyl tetrahydrofolate (CH3-FH4) can be made from methylene tetrahydrofolate by reduction of the methylene, and methylidine tetrahydrofolate (CHO-FH4) is made by oxidation of the methylene tetrahydrofolate.
In other words:
F → FH2 → FH4 → CH2=FH4 → 1-carbon chemistry
A number of drugs interfere with the biosynthesis of folic acid and tetrahydrofolate. Among them are the antibiotics trimethoprim (which acts on dihydrofolate reductase), the sulfonamides (competitive inhibitors of para-aminobenzoic acid in the reactions of dihydropteroate synthetase), the antimalarial pyrimethamine, and the anticancer drug methotrexate (inhibits both folate reductase and dihydrofolate reductase).
Folate and folic acid are forms of a water-soluble B vitamin. Folate occurs naturally in food. Folic acid is the synthetic form of this vitamin that is found in supplements and fortified foods (1). Folate gets its name from the Latin word "folium" for leaf. A key observation of researcher Lucy Wills nearly 70 years ago led to the identification of folate as the nutrient needed to prevent the anemia of pregnancy. Dr. Wills demonstrated that the anemia could be corrected by a yeast extract. Folate was identified as the corrective substance in yeast extract in the late 1930s and was extracted from spinach leaves in 1941. Folate is necessary for the production and maintenance of new cells (2). This is especially important during periods of rapid cell division and growth such as infancy and pregnancy. Folate is needed to make DNA and RNA, the building blocks of cells. It also helps prevent changes to DNA that may lead to cancer (3). Both adults and children need folate to make normal red blood cells and prevent anemia (4).
Leafy greens such as spinach and turnip greens, dry beans and peas, fortified cereals and grain products, and some fruits and vegetables are rich food sources of folate. Some breakfast cereals (ready-to-eat and others) are fortified with 25 percent or 100 percent of the Daily Value (DV) for folic acid. The table of selected food sources of folate and folic acid suggests dietary sources of this vitamin (5). In 1996, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published regulations requiring the addition of folic acid to enriched breads, cereals, flours, corn meals, pastas, rice, and other grain products (6-8). This ruling took effect January 1, 1998, and was specifically targeted to reduce the risk of neural tube birth defects in newborns (9). Since the folic acid fortification program took effect, fortified foods have become a major source of folic acid in the American diet. Synthetic folic acid that is added to fortified foods and dietary supplements has a simpler chemical structure than the natural form of folate, and is absorbed more easily by the body. After digestion and absorption however, the two forms are identical and function in exactly the same manner.
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is the average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals in each life-stage and gender group (10). The 1998 RDAs for folate are expressed in a term called the Dietary Folate Equivalent. The Dietary Folate Equivalent (DFE) was developed to help account for the differences in absorption of naturally occurring dietary folate and the more bioavailable synthetic folic acid (11). The 1998 RDAs for folate expressed in micrograms (mcg) of DFE for adults are (10):
1 mcg of food folate = 0.6 mcg folic acid from supplements and fortified foods
A deficiency of folate can occur when your need for folate is increased, when dietary intake of folate is inadequate, and when your body excretes (or loses) more folate than usual. Medications that interfere with your body's ability to use folate may also increase the need for this vitamin (1, 6, 15 -19). Some situations that increase the need for folate include:
Signs of folic acid deficiency are often subtle. Diarrhea, loss of appetite, and weight loss can occur. Additional signs are weakness, sore tongue, headaches, heart palpitations, irritability, and behavioral disorders (1, 20). Women with folate deficiency who become pregnant are more likely to give birth to low birth weight and premature infants, and infants with neural tube defects. In adults, anemia is a sign of advanced folate deficiency. In infants and children, folate deficiency can slow growth rate. Some of these symptoms can also result from a variety of medical conditions other than folate deficiency. It is important to have a physician evaluate these symptoms so that appropriate medical care can be given.
Women of childbearing age, people who abuse alcohol, anyone taking anti-convulsants or other medications that interfere with the action of folate, individuals diagnosed with anemia from folate deficiency, and individuals with malabsorption, liver disease, or who are receiving kidney dialysis treatment may benefit from a folic acid supplement.
Folic acid is very important for all women who may become pregnant. Adequate folate intake during the periconceptual period, the time just before and just after a woman becomes pregnant, protects against a number of congenital malformations including neural tube defects (21). Neural tube defects result in malformations of the spine (Spina bifida), skull, and brain (anencephaly) (10). The risk of neural tube defects is significantly reduced when supplemental folic acid is consumed in addition to a healthful diet prior to and during the first month following conception (5, 22, 23). Women who could become pregnant are advised to eat foods fortified with folic acid or take supplements in addition to eating folate-rich foods to reduce the risk of some serious birth defects. Taking 400 micrograms of synthetic folic acid daily from fortified foods and/or supplements has been suggested (10). The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for folate equivalents for pregnant women is 600 micrograms (10).
Folate deficiency has been observed in alcoholics. A 1997 review of the nutritional status of chronic alcoholics found low folate status in more than 50 percent of those surveyed (24). Alcohol interferes with the absorption of folate and increases excretion of folate by the kidney. In addition, many alcohol abusers have poor quality diets that do not provide the recommended intake of folate (17). Increasing folate intake through diet, or folic acid intake through fortified foods or supplements, may be beneficial to the health of alcoholics.
Anti-convulsant medications such as dilantin increase the need for folate (25,26). Anyone taking anti-convulsants and other medications that interfere with the body's ability to use folate should consult with a medical doctor about the need to take a folic acid supplement (27-29).
Anemia is a condition that occurs when red blood cells cannot carry enough oxygen. It can result from a wide variety of medical problems, including folate deficiency. Folate deficiency can result in the formation of large red blood cells that do not contain adequate hemoglobin, the substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's cells (4). Your physician can determine whether an anemia is associated with folate deficiency and whether supplemental folic acid is indicated.
Several medical conditions increase the risk of folic acid deficiency. Liver disease and kidney dialysis increase excretion (loss) of folic acid. Malabsorption can prevent your body from using folate in food. Medical doctors treating individuals with these disorders will evaluate the need for a folic acid supplement (1).
Beware of the interaction between vitamin B12 and folic acid. Folic acid supplements can correct the anemia associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. Unfortunately, folic acid will not correct changes in the nervous system that result from vitamin B12 deficiency. Permanent nerve damage can occur if vitamin B12 deficiency is not treated. Intake of supplemental folic acid should not exceed 1,000 micrograms (mcg) per day to prevent folic acid from masking symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency (10).
It is very important for older adults to be aware of the relationship between folic acid and vitamin B12 because they are at greater risk of having a vitamin B12 deficiency. If you are 50 years of age or older, ask your physician to check your B12 status before you take a supplement that contains folic acid.
A deficiency of folate, vitamin B12, or vitamin B6 may increase your level of homocysteine, an amino acid normally found in your blood. There is evidence that an elevated homocysteine level is an independent risk factor for heart disease and stroke (30 - 41). The evidence suggests that high levels of homocysteine may damage coronary arteries or make it easier for blood clotting cells called platelets to clump together and form a clot (36). However, there is currently no evidence available to suggest that lowering homocysteine with vitamins will reduce your risk of heart disease. Clinical intervention trials are needed to determine whether supplementation with folic acid, vitamin B12 or vitamin B6 can lower your risk of developing coronary heart disease.
Some evidence associates low blood levels of folate with a greater risk of cancer (42). Folate is involved in the synthesis, repair, and functioning of DNA, our genetic map, and a deficiency of folate may result in damage to DNA that may lead to cancer (43). Several studies have associated diets low in folate with increased risk of breast, pancreatic, and colon cancer (44, 45). Findings from a study of over 121,000 nurses suggested that long-term folic acid supplementation (for 15 years) was associated with a decreased risk of colon cancer in women aged 55 to 69 years of age (44). However, associations between diet and disease do not indicate a direct cause. Researchers are continuing to investigate whether enhanced folate intake from foods or folic acid supplements may reduce the risk of cancer. Until results from such clinical trials are available, folic acid supplements should not be recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.
Folate is important for cells and tissues that rapidly divide (2). Cancer cells divide rapidly, and drugs that interfere with folate metabolism are used to treat cancer. Methotrexate is a drug often used to treat cancer because it limits the activity of enzymes that need folate. Unfortunatley, methotrexate can be toxic (46-48), producing side effects such as inflammation in the digestive tract that make it difficult to eat normally. Leucovorin is a form of folate that can help "rescue" or reverse the toxic effects of methotrexate (49). It is not known whether folic acid supplements can help control the side effects of methotrexate without decreasing its effectiveness in chemotherapy (50-51). It is important for anyone receiving methotrexate to follow a medical doctor's advice on the use of folic acid supplements.
Low dose methotrexate is used to treat a wide variety of non-cancerous diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, asthma, sarcoidoisis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and inflammatory bowel disease (52). Low doses of methotrexate can deplete folate stores and cause side effects that are similar to folate deficiency. Both high folate diets and supplemental folic acid may help reduce the toxic side effects of low dose methotrexate without decreasing its effectiveness, (53, 54). Anyone taking low dose methotrexate for the health problems listed above should consult with a physician about the need for a folic acid supplement.
The risk of toxicity from folic acid is low (55). The Institute of Medicine has established a tolerable upper intake level (UL) for folate of 1,000 mcg for adult men and women, and a UL of 800 mcg for pregnant and lactating (breast-feeding) women less than 18 years of age (10). Supplemental folic acid should not exceed the UL to prevent folic acid from masking symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency (10, 29).
As the 2000 Dietary Guidelines for Americans states, "Different foods contain different nutrients and other healthful substances. No single food can supply all the nutrients in the amounts you need" (56). The following table suggests dietary sources of folate. As the table indicates, green leafy vegetables, dry beans and peas, and many other types of vegetables and fruits are good sources of folate. In addition, fortified foods are a major source of folic acid. It is not unusual to find foods such as cereals fortified with 100 percent of the RDA for folate. The variety of fortified foods available has made it easier for women of childbearing age to consume the recommended 400 mcg of folic acid per day from fortified foods and/or supplements (6). The large numbers of fortified foods on the market, however, also raise concern that intake may exceed the UL. This is especially important for anyone at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency, which can be masked by too much folic acid. It is important for anyone who is considering taking a folic acid supplement to first consider whether their needs are being met by adequate sources of dietary folate and folic acid from fortified foods. If you want more information about building a healthful diet, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Food Guide Pyramid.
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8. Daly S, Mills JL, Molloy AM, Conley M, Lee YJ, Kirke PN, Weir DG, Scott JM. Minimum effective dose of folic acid for food fortification to prevent neural-tube defects. Lancet 1997; 350:1666-9.
9. Crandall BF, Corson VL, Evans MI, Goldberg JD, Knight G, Salafsky IS. American College of Medical Genetics statement on folic acid: Fortification and supplementation. Am J Med Genet 1998; 78:381.
10. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic Acid, biotin, and choline. National Academy Press. Washington, DC, 1998.
11. Suitor CW and Bailey LB. Dietary folate equivalents: Interpretation and application. J Am Diet Assoc 2000; 100:88-94.
12. Raiten DJ and Fisher KD. Assessment of folate methodology used in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994). J Nutr 1995; 125:1371S-1398S.
13. Alaimo K, McDowell MA, Briefel RR, Bischlf AM, Caughman CR, Loria CM, Johnson CL. Dietary Intake of Vitamins, Minerals, and Fiber of Persons Ages 2 Months and Over in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, 1988-91. In: Johnson GV, ed. Hyattsville, MD: Vital and Health Statistics of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention/National Center for Health Statistics, 1994:1-28.
14. Lewis CJ, Crane NT, Wilson DB, Yetley EA. Estimated folate intakes: Data updated to reflect food fortification, increased bioavailability, and dietary supplement use. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70:198-207.
15. McNulty H. Folate requirements for health in different population groups. Br J Biomed Sci 1995;52:110-9.
16. Stolzenberg R. Possible folate deficiency with postsurgical infection. Nutr Clin Pract 1994;9:247-50.
17. Cravo ML, Gloria LM, Selhub J, Nadeau MR, Camilo ME, Resende MP, Cardoso JN, Leitao CN, Mira FC. Hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic alcoholism: Correlation with folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6 status. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63:220-4.
18. Pietrzik KF and Thorand B. Folate economy in pregnancy. Nutrition 1997;13:975-7.
19. Kelly GS. Folates: Supplemental forms and therapeutic applications. Altern Med Rev 1998; 3:208-20.
20. Haslam N and Probert CS. An audit of the investigation and tre
atment of folic acid deficiency. J R Soc Med 1998; 91:72-3.
21. Shaw GM, Schaffer D, Velie EM, Morland K, Harris JA. Periconceptional vitamin use, dietary folate, and the occurrence of neural tube defects. Epidemiology 1995; 6:219-226.
22. Mulinare J, Cordero JF, Erickson JD, Berry RJ. Periconceptional use of multivitamins and the occurrence of neural tube defects. J Am Med Assoc 1988; 260:3141-3145.
23 Milunsky A, Jick H, Jick SS, Bruell CL, MacLaughlin DS, Rothman KJ, Willett W. Multivitamin/folic acid supplementation in early pregnancy reduces the prevalence of neural tube defects. J Am Med Assoc 1989; 262:2847-2852.
24. Gloria L, Cravo M, Camilo ME, Resende M, Cardoso JN, Oliveira AG, Leitao CN, Mira FC. Nutritional deficiencies in chronic alcoholics: Relation to dietary intake and alcohol consumption. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92:485-9.
25. Collins CS, Bailey LB, Hillier S, Cerda JJ, Wilder BJ. Red blood cell uptake of supplemental folate in patients on anticonvulsant drug therapy. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 48:1445-1450.
26. Young SN and Ghadirian AM. Folic acid and psychopathology. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiat 1989; 13:841-863.
27. Munoz-Garcia D, Del Ser T, Bermejo F, Portera A. Truncal ataxia in chronic anticonvulsant treatment. Association with drug-induced folate deficiency. J Neurol Sci 1982; 55:305-11.
28. Eller DP, Patterson CA, Webb GW. Maternal and fetal implications of anticonvulsive therapy during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1997; 24:523-34.
29. Baggott JE, Morgan SL, HaT, Vaughn WH, Hine RJ. Inhibition of folate-dependent enzymes by non-steroidal anti-imflammatory drugs. Biochem 1992; 282:197-202.
30. Selhub J, Jacques PF, Bostom AG, D'Agostino RB, Wilson PW, Belanger AJ, O'Leary DH, Wolf PA, Scaefer EJ, Rosenberg IH. Association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and extracranial carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:286-291.
31. Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB, Sampson L, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Hennekens C, Stampfer MJ. Folate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among women. J Am Med Assoc 1998;279:359-64.
32. Refsum H, Ueland PM, Nygard O, Vollset SE. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. Annu Rev Med 1998; 49:31-62.
33. Boers GH. Hyperhomocysteinaemia: A newly recognized risk factor for vascular disease. Neth J Med 1994; 45:34-41.
34. Selhub J, Jacque PF, Wilson PF, Rush D, Rosenberg IH. Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population. J Am Med Assoc 1993 ;270:2693-2698.
35. Mayer EL, Jacobsen DW, Robinson K. Homocysteine and coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27:517-27.
36. Malinow MR. Plasma homocyst(e)ine and arterial occlusive diseases: A mini-review. Clin Chem 1995; 41:173-6.
37. Flynn MA, Herbert V, Nolph GB, Krause G. Atherogenesis and the homocysteine-folate-cobalamin triad: Do we need standardized analyses? J Am Coll Nutr 1997; 16:258-67.
38. Fortin LJ and Genest J, Jr. Measurement of homocyst(e)ine in the prediction of arteriosclerosis. Clin Biochem 1995; 28:155-62.
39. Siri PW, Verhoef P, Kok FJ. Vitamins B6, B12, and folate: Association with plasma total homocysteine and risk of coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Nutr 1998; 17:435-41.
40. Eskes TK. Open or closed? A world of difference: A history of homocysteine research. Nutr Rev 1998; 56:236-44.
41. Ubbink JB, van der Merwe A, Delport R, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Riezler R, Vermaak WJ. The effect of a subnormal vitamin B-6 status on homocysteine metabolism. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:177-84.
42. Freudenheim JL, Grahm S, Marshall JR, Haughey BP, Cholewinski S, Wilkinson G. Folate intake and carcinogenesis of the colon and rectum. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20:368-374.
43. Jennings E. Folic acid as a cancer preventing agent. Med Hypothesis 1995; 45:297-303.
44. Christensen B. Folate deficiency, cancer and congenital abnormalities. Is there a connection? . Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1996; 116:250-4.
45. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Fuchs C, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Multivitamin use, folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses' Health Study. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129:517-524.
46. Rubio IT, Cao Y, Hutchins LF, Westbrook KC, Klimberg VS. Effect of glutamine on methotrexate efficacy and toxicity. Ann Surg 1998; 227:772-8.
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49. Branda RF, Nigels E, Lafayette AR, Hacker M. Nutritional folate status influences the efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy in rats. Blood 1998; 92:2471-6.
50. Shiroky JB. The use of folates concomitantly with low-dose pulse methotrexate. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1997;23:969-80.
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52. Morgan SL and Baggott JE. Folate antagonists in nonneoplastic disease: Proposed mechanisms of efficacy and toxicity. In: Bailey LB, ed. Folate in Health and Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1995: 405-433.
53. Morgan SL BJ, Alarcon GS. Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Folate supplementation should always be given. Bio Drugs 1997; 8:164-175.
54. Morgan SL, Baggott JE, Lee JY, Alarcon GS. Folic acid supplementation prevents deficient blood folate levels and hyperhomocysteinemia during longterm, low dose methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: Implications for cardiovascular disease prevention. J Rheumatol 1998; 25:441-6.
55. Hathcock JN. Vitamins and minerals: Efficacy and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:427-37. 56. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2000. http://www.ars.usda.gov/dgac
This article contains information from the public domain resource at http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/supplements/folate.htmlFolic acid and pregnancy
Folic acid and ischaemic heart disease
Biochemistry
Folate in foods
Recommended Dietary Allowance for folate
Life Stage Men Women Pregnancy Lactation
Ages 19+ 400 mcg 400 mcg
All ages 600 mcg 500 mcg
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III 1988-91) and the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (1994-96 CSFII) indicated that most adults did not consume adequate folate (10, 12, 13). However, the folic acid fortification program has increased folic acid content of commonly eaten foods such as cereals and grains, and as a result diets of most adults now provide recommended amounts of folate equivalents (14).Folate deficiency
Medications can interfere with folate utilization, including:Signs of folate deficiency
Who may need extra folic acid to prevent a deficiency?
Caution about folic acid supplements
What are some current issues and controversies about folate?
Folic acid and heart disease
Folic acid and cancer
Folic acid and methotrexate for cancer
Folic acid and methotrexate for non-cancerous diseases
What is the health risk of too much folic acid?
Selected food sources of folate and folic acid
References
External Links
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Folic acid."
Synonyms: Folic AcidSynonyms: folacin (n), folate (n), pteroylglutamic acid (n), pteroylmonoglutamic acid (n), vitamin Bc (n), vitamin M (n). (additional references) |
Crosswords: Folic Acid |
| English words defined with "folic acid": amethopterin ♦ megaloblast, methotrexate, methotrexate sodium. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "folic acid": acido mefenamico, Aminopterin ♦ FIGLU Test, Formiminoglutamic Acid ♦ GTP Cyclohydrolase ♦ Leucovorin ♦ pteroyl glutamic acid, Pteroylpolyglutamic Acids ♦ Quinone Reductases ♦ Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase, trådførerøje, Trimetrexate. (references) |
| Domain | Title |
Books |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Beginning in January 1998, the B vitamin folic acid will be added to enriched bread, flour, cornmeal, rice, pasta, and other products, according to a 1996 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Scott Bauer.. |  | Folic Acid Studies. / National Institutes of Health photo. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | In addition to EPO and iron, a few people may also need vitamin B12 and folic acid supplements. (references) | |
Therefore it is recommended that all women of child-bearing age consume 0.4 mg of folic acid daily. (references) | ||
Dietary supplements of folic acid during pregnancy have already been found to reduce the number of cases of certain birth defects. (references) | ||
Business | This campaign publicised the findings of a DOH expert committee, which recommended that women take folic acid supplements before conception and for the first 12 weeks of pregnancy to drastically reduce the likelihood of their baby being born with neural tube defects, such as spina bifida. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
Expressions using "folic acid": Folic Acid Antagonists ♦ Folic Acid Deficiency. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "folic acid"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | folsyre (folacin, pteroyl glutamic acid, pteroylglutamic acid, vitamin Bc). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | foliumzuur (folacin, pteroyl glutamic acid, vitamin Bc), folinezuur (folacin, folinic acid, pteroyl glutamic acid, vitamin Bc). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | foolihappo (folinic acid). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | folacine (folacin), acide ptéroyl-monoglutamique (folacin), acide folique (folacin). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Folsaeure (folacin, pteroyl glutamic acid, vitamin Bc), Folsäure (folinic acid, pteroylglutamic acid), Folacin (folacin, pteroyl glutamic acid, vitamin Bc). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | σύνδρομο αναιμίας εξαιτίας ανεπάρκειας φολλικού οξέως (syndrome of folic acid deficiency anaemie), ανταγωνιστής του φυλλικού οξέος (folic acid antagonist). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | folacina (folacin, pteroyl glutamic acid, vitamin Bc), acido folico (folacin, pteroyl glutamic acid, vitamin Bc). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 葉酸 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | ようさ" (sericulture, silkworm culture). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | olicfay aciday ácido fólico. (various references) фолиевая кислота. (various references) acido folico (folacin, pteroyl glutamic acid, vitamin Bc), ácido fólico. (various references) folsyra (pteroylglutamic acid). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-c-c-d-f-i-i-l-o" | |
-2 letters: codicil, flaccid. | |
-3 letters: acidic, calico, flocci. | |
-4 letters: acold, aioli, alcid, calif, cilia, colic, dolci, focal, folia, iliac, iliad, iodic, oidia. | |
-5 letters: acid, alif, cadi, caid, calf, calo, ciao, clad, clod, coal, coca, coda, coif, coil, cola, cold, dial, diol, fado, fail, fico, fido, fila, filo, flic, floc, foal, foci, foil, fold, idol, ilia, laic. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)46 6F 6C 69 63 41 63 69 64 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
|
Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01000110 01101111 01101100 01101001 01100011 00100000 01000001 01100011 01101001 01100100 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)F o l i c   A c i d |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0046 006F 006C 0069 0063 0041 0063 0069 0064 |
Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)4081787569235697570 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Photo Album 6. Quotations: Non-fiction 7. Expressions 8. Expressions: Internet | 9. Translations: Modern 10. Anagrams 11. Orthography 12. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
| Note to the press & webmasters - this dictionary can be linked, indexed, or referred to using the following non-English expressions: woordeboek, fjalor, معجم, قاموس, diccionariu, речник, diccionari, diksyonario, diksinario, 字典, gérlyver, slovník, ordbog, woordenboek, shimiyuc p'anca, orðabók, orðbók, dictionnaire, wurdboek, wörterbuch, λεξικό, אוצר מילים, szótár, uqausiit tukingit, dizionario, 辭典 , 辞典 , 字引 , 辞林 , 字書 , ディーゼル電気車 , 言海 , 辞彙 , 辞書 , じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , 사 , dizionari, recnik, fockleyr, dikshonario, słownik, dicionário, dicţionar, dicziunari, словарь, lolomi fefiloi, foclair, abardair, faclair, briathrachan, pukuntau, leksikon, rečnik, vocabbulariu, diccionario, sí-chazamagâma, ordbok, lexikon, พจนานุกรม, sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, словник, довідник, có tính chất sách vở, geirlyfr, geiriadur, for dictionary; definisie, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, الوضوحية في الشيء, حد, تحديد, تعريف, التحديد, الإيضاحية, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, 定義 , 定义, definice, deskriptordefinition, definitie, määritelmä, définition, ορισμός, "'"ר", "'בל", meghatározás, definíció, definizione, 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, 의, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght, definishon, definição, definiţie, determinare, definire, определение, definicija, definición, definition, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, diffiniad, darnodiad, for definition; vertaling, transferim, transmetim, ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ترجمة, إفتتان, транслация, огъване, превод, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, превеждане, 翻译, překlad, oversættelse, translatie, taajuusmuutos, translaatio, traduction, oersetting, Übersetzung, μετάφραση, תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק, fordítás, traduzione, 翻訳 , へい"ういどう, やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, トランスレーション , やくじゅつ, ほ"やくしょ, 번역, tradukshon, tradução, translaţie, tãlmãcire, traducere, сдвиг, трансляция, перемещение, перевод, tumačenje, traducción, översättning, tercüme, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích, trosiad, for translation; vertaal, transmetoj, transferoj, نقل من لغة إلى أخرى, ترجم الأفكار الي أعمال, ترجم, بهج لأقصى حد, преправям от старо, премествам, обяснявам, изяснявам, тълкувам, прибирам в рая, превеждам, кърпя, traduir, 翻译, 翻譯 , 翻 , 繙 , přenést, přeložit, překládat, oversætte, vertalen, translateren, overzetten, týða, kääntää, traduire, übersetzen, μεταφράζω, לתר'ם, fordít, þýða, tradurre, トランスフォー 断層 , トランスレート , 번역하십시", chyndaa, oversette, tradusí, tłumaczyć, traduzir, traduce, переводить, prevoditi, prevesti, preneti, traducir, översätta, tercüme yapmak, tercüme etmek, переміщувати, пояснювати, перекладатися, перекладати, trosi, for translate; 翻译, siirros, translation, übersetzend, μετάφραση, תר'ום, traslazione, 번역, tãlmãcire, traductorio, traduciendo, översättandet, översätter, for Translating; transferues, المترجم, الترجمان, преводач, 译者, překladatel, kodeomsætter, omregner, isolertransformer, skilletransformer, omsætter, Oversætter, oversætterprogram, oversaetter, kääntäjä, Traducteur, Übersetzer, Mεταφραστής, μετασχηματιστής απομονώσεως, μεταβιβαστής, μεταφράστησ, μεταφραστής, αποκωδικοποιητής, מתר'ם, תור'מן, fordító, traduttore, 訳者 , 翻訳者 , 翻訳家 , トランスフォー 断層 , トランスレーター , トランスレータ , ほ"やくしゃ, ほ"やくか, やくしゃ, 통역, glareyder, chyndaader, tradutor, tãlmaci, translator, traducãtor, tãlmãcitor, переводчик, tumač, traductor, um-húmushi, översättare, tercüman, транслятор, гравірувальник, перекладач, cyfieithydd, for translator; Engels, anglezët, anglez, gjuhë zngleze, anglishte, anglisht, الإنجليزية, الأنكليزي, إنكليزي, ترجمة إنكليزية, اللغة الإنكليزية, английски език, английски, англичаните, anglès, Ingles, 英语, 英國 , 英文 , 英 , 英語 , anglicky, anglan, inglise, enskt, englantia, englantilainen, anglais, Ingelsk, englisch, εγγλέζοσ, αγγλικόσ, angle, angleze, א 'לית, angol, ensku, enskur, enska, Béarla, inglese, 영국, oluzungu, luzungu, englesch, anglisy, Inggris, Sostynagh, Sostnagh, Baarlagh, english, inglês, anglés, inglestataq, inglesta, englezesc, английский, Igilisi, beurla, engleski, englez, engleski jezik, angleško, ingiriisi, ingiriisiga, sekgowa, inglés, kiingereza, sí-Ngísi, engelsk, peret‘ne, เกี่ยวกับประเทศอังกฤษ, ชาวอังกฤษ, าษาอังกฤษ, sekgoa, ingiltere, ingiliz, Íngílízce, ingilizce, Íngílíz, ýngilizce, англійський, англійці, англійська мова, Saesneg, ngale, isilungu, isiNgisi, for English; Albaans, Albanies, Albaniese taal, shqip, الألبانية, الألباني, албанец, албански език, албански, Albanyano, 阿"巴尼亚语, 阿爾巴尼亞人 , albánský, Albanees, albanskt, albanialainen, Albanais, Albaneesk, albaner, αλβανικόσ, Αλβανός, αλβανόσ, arbnisht, arbërisht, albán, albanskur, albanska, AlbÚinis, albanese, 알"니아, Albaneagh, albanês, arnãut, albanez, arnãuţesc, албанский, Alapania, albanski, albanac, albanés, alban, Arnavut, албанський, албанка, албанець, for Albanian; Arabies, arabishte, العربية, عربي, اللغة العربية, арабски език, арабски, 阿拉伯 , arabský, arabština, arábiskt, arabialainen, arabe, Arabysk, arabisch, αραβικόσ, ערבית, ערבי, arab, arabo, 아라비아, Arabish, arabir, arabic, арабский, Arapi, arapski, árabe, arabisk, าษาหรืออักขระอาหรับ, เกี่ยวกับอาระเบีย, arapça, arap, araplara özgü, арабська мова, арабський, tiếng A-rập, thuộc A-rập, for Arabic; asturiano, for asturian; aimará, aimara, for aymara; Baskies, Bask, واحد من الباسكيين, الباسكي, Vascu, жакетче, баскски език, баскски, баска, Basko, 巴斯克 , 巴斯克語 , baskiskur, baskiskt, Basque, Baskysk, baskisch, baske, baszk, Bascais, basco, バスに乗る , バスク , Bascish, Bascagh, basc, баскский, баск, baskijski jezik, baskijski, baskijac, vascuence, vasco, bask'lar veya bask dili ile ilgili, bask kabilesinden kimse, футерування, баскський, облицювання, блузка у талію, for Basque; Beier, 巴法力亚, bavarois, bayer, βαυάροσ, bajorországi, bajor, bavarese, Baveyragh, bávaro, bavarski, bavarac, bajersk, bavyera, bavyeralı, баварський, баварець, for Bavarian; μαυροπόδαροσ, for blackfoot; breizhat, 不列"尼人, Breton, Bretone, 브리타니 사람, Britaanagh, Bretonagh, Britaanish, bretão, Llydaweg, for Breton; Bulgaars, Bulgaar, bulgr, البلغارية, بلغاري, Búlgaru, български, български език, българин, Bulgaryan, 保 利亚, bulharský, bulgarer, bulgarskt, bulgarialainen, Bulgaarsk, bulgare, 'ούλγαρος, bullgar, bolgár, bulgaro, 불가리아, Bulgeyragh, Bulgeyrish, Bułgar, болгарский, болгарин, bugarski jezik, bugarski, bugarka, bugarin, búlgaro, bulgar, bulgaristan ile ilgili, болгарський, người Bun-ga-ri tiếng Bun-ga-ri, for Bulgarian; каталонски, каталонец, catal , katalánský, Katalaansk, katalanisch, katalane, katalanin, katalán, catalano, catalão, catalan, каталонский, Katalana, katalonski, katalonac, catalán, katalansk, katalonyalı kimse, katalonyalı, katalonya veya dili ile ilgili, katalonya lehçesi, for catalan; Sjinees, Chinees, kinez, الصينية, لغة الصين, صيني, الصيني أحد أبناء الصين, Chinu, китайски, Ininsik, 汉语, 中 , 漢 , 中國 , èínský, èínština, èíòan, kineser, kinesiskt, kinverskur, kiinalainen, Chinois, Sineesk, Chinesisch, Κινέζος, κινέζικα, κινέζικοσ, κινέζοσ, σινικόσ, kínai, Kínverji, Sínis, cinese, チフス菌 , チャイニーズ , 중국, Cina, Sheenish, Sheenagh, Hainamana, chines, Chińczyk, chinês, chinés, chinezesc, chinezeşte, chinezã, chinez, китайский, китаец, Saina, kineski jezik, kineski, chino, snesi, sneysi, kinesisk, çinli, çince, çin ile ilgili, çin, китаянка, китайська мова, китайський, кита"ць, for Chinese; ضارب للإصفرار, корнуолски език, корнуолски, 康沃", cornwallština, cornwallský, cornique, kornisch, aus cornwall, carnwalli nyelvjárás, corwaldi kelta, della cornovaglia, Kernowish, Kernowagh, Cornish, Cornagh, relativo cornualha, dialeto da cornualha, limbã din cornwall, din cornwall, корнуоллский язык, корнуоллский, stanovnik kornvala, kornvalski, córnico, från cornwall, kornisk, cornwall ile ilgili, корнуольський, корнійська мова, Cernyweg, for cornish; Kroaties, хърватски, Croasyano, 克羅地亞語 , chorvatský, kroatiskt, croate, Kroätysk, kroatisch, horvát, croato, croácio, croata, croat, хорватский, hrvatski, hrvat, de croacia, kroatisk, hırvat, хорватська мова, хорватський, хорватка, хорват, for Croatian; Tsjeggies, Tsjeg, çek, تشيكي, اللغة التشيكوسلوفاكية, التشيكي أحد أبناء تشيكوسلوفاكيا, Checu, чешки, Sekoslovakyano, 捷克語 , 捷克语, 捷克 , èesky, èeské, èech, èeština, èeský, èeška, tjekker, tjekke, Tsjech, Tsjechisch, tjekkiskt, t?ekkiläinen, tchèque, Tsjechysk, Tscheche, tschechisch, Tschechin, Τσέχος, cseh, ceco, 체", Sheckagh, Sheckish, Czech, chèc, ceh, чешский, češki jezik, čeh, češki, checo, tjeck, Çek, çekoslovakyalı kimse, çekoslovakyalı, çek dili, чех, чеська мова, чеський, чешка, người Séc tiếng Séc, for Czech; Deens, danisht, danishte, لغة الدانمركية, نوع كعك, دانماركي, датски език, датски, Daniko, 丹麦语, dánský, dánština, danskur, danskt, tanskalainen, danois, Deensk, dänisch, δανικόσ, δανόσ, עו'ת שמרים, " י, dán, danska, Danmhairgis, danese, 덴마크, Danvargish, Danvargagh, danes, dinamarquês, danez, датский, danski, danski jezik, danés, dansk, danimarkalı, danimarka dili, датський, датська мова, tiếng Đan-mạch, for Danish; Nederlands, Hollands, holandez, هولندي, اللغة الهولندية, холандски, немски език, холандски език, холандците, немски, Olandes, 菏蘭語 , 荷兰语, holandský, nizozemský, hollandsk, hollendskt, hollantilainen, néerlandais, Nederlânsk, holländisch, ολλανδικόσ, ολλανδόσ, holandisht, "ול "י, holland, hollenskur, Ollainnis, olandese, 네덜란", Belanda, Ollanish, Germaanish, Tatimana, nederlandsk, ulandes, hulandes, holandês, neerlandés, olandez, nemţesc, limba olandezã, german, голландский, holanđanin, u škripcu, holandski, holandés, bakratongo, holländsk, ชาวเนเธอร์แลน"์, เกี่ยวกับเนเธอร์แลน"์, รรยา, alman, eş, flemenkçe, holandaca, hollanda, karı, hollandalı, hollandalılara özgü olan, Hollandali, hollanda'ya ait, голландська мова, голландський, ngôn ngữ khó hiểu, "b xã", for Dutch; الاسبرانتو لغة دولية, Esperantu, есперанто, 世界语, esperanton, espéranto, εσπεράντο, אספר טו, eszperanto, eszperantó, エスキモー犬 , エスペラント , эсперанто, Eseperano, esperanto, Kiesperanto, าษาที่ประ"ิษฐ์ขึ้นเพื่อใช้เป็น าษากลางในการสื่อสารระหว่างประเทศ ซึ่งรากศัพท์ส่วนใหญ่, esperanto dili, tiếng etperantô, for esperanto; Ests, Est, estonez, من أبناء إستونيا, أستونيه, أستونى, Estoniu, естонски, естонец, естонски език, Estonyano, 爱沙尼亚, estonský, ester,estlænder, Estlander, Estlands, eesti, estonianskt, virolainen, estonien, Estysk, Este, Εσθονός, észt, estone, Estoinagh, estônio, estoniano, estónio, eston, эстонец, эстонский, Esotonia, estonski, estonac, estonski jezik, estonio, estländare, ชาวเอสโตเนีย, เกี่ยวกับประชาชน าษาหรือวั'นธรรมของเอสโตเนีย, าษาเอสโตเนีย, for Estonian; 费罗族, føroyskur, färöisk, färöbo, for Faeroese; Farsi, Parsi, persiskt, Fasi, for Farsi; Fins, finlandez, finlandishte, finlandisht, اللغة الفنلندية, فنلندية, فنلندي, фински език, фински, Pinlandino, 芬蘭語 , 芬兰语, finský, finskt, suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, פי י, finn, finnskur, finnska, finlandese, 핀란", Fynlannish, Fynlannagh, finlandês, finês, finlandezã, финский, Finisi, finski jezik, finski, finlandés, finés, finsk, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü, фінська мова, фінський, tiếng Phần-lan, for Finnish; فلمنكي, الفلمنكية لغة, الأرنب الفلمنكي, фламандски, фламандски език, 佛蘭'語 , 佛兰'语, vlámský, vlaams, Flaamsk, flandrisch, flämisch, פלמי, flamand, flamand nyelv, fiammingo, "랑"르, Flandrynish, Flandrynagh, flamengo, фламандский, flamanski jezik, flamanski, flamenco, flamländsk, flaman diline ait, flaman dili, flaman, фламандська мова, фламандський, Fflemeg, for flemish; Franse taal, Frans, franceze, francez, frëngjisht, frëng, frëngjishte, فرنسي, اللغة الفرنسية, الشعب الفرنسي, gall, френски език, френски, Pranses, 法國 , 法文 , 法語 , 法语, francouzština, francouzský, franskur, franskt, ranskalainen, français, Frânsk, französisch, γάλλοσ, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, צרפתי, צרפתית, francia, Fraincis, francese, フレコン化 , フランス" , 仏文 , 仏 , ふつぶ", フレンチ , フランセ , ふつ, "랑스, Perancis, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, frances, franses, francês, francezii, francezã, franţuzesc, franţuzeşte, французский, Falani, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, sí-Fulentji, fransk, franska, fransızca, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransız, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький, Ffrengig, isiFulentshi, for French; Fries, фризийски, фризиец, Frison, Frysk, Friese, fríz, frisone, Freeshlannish, Freeshlannagh, frisão, frizian, фризский, фриз, frizijac, frizijski, frisio, fris, frizye'li kimse, frizye'li, frizye dili, frizye ile ilgili, фризький, фризька мова, for Frisian; Galicies, Gallegu, Galasyano, 利西亚人, Gallicisch, galisiskt, galicien, Galisysk, galego, galega, galicisch, galizisch, galizier, galicier, galiziano, galéc, Kalisia, gallego, galicia'ya ait, galicia'lı kimse, галісі"ць, галичанин, for Galician; Duits, Duitser, Duitse taal, Germaan, gjerman, ضرب من الرقص, جرماني, المانية, الماني, اللغة الألمانية, роден, германски, немски език, немски, немец, готически, германец, 德語 , 德语, 德文 , 德國 , nìmecký, nìmec, tysker, Duitse, týskur, týskt, týskari, saksalainen, Allemand, Dútsk, Deutsche, Deutsch, "ερμανός, gjermanisht, 'רמ י, 'רמ ית, német, þjóðverji, þýskur, GearmÚnach, GearmÚinis, tedesco, ジプシー音楽 , ジャーマン , 독일, todesch, Germaanagh, Garmane, Germaanish, Carmane, aleman, Niemiec, niemiecki, alemão, alemand, neamţ, немецкий, Siamani, germanski, alemán, Tudesku, Doysri, mjeremani, mdachi, sí-Jalimáne, tysk, เยอรมัน, าษาเยอรมัน, Alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister, Almaenwr, isiJalimane, iliJalimane, iJalimane, for German; Grieks, Griek, الإغريقي, يوناني, اللغة اليونانية, Griegu, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, Griyego, 希臘語 , 希腊语, řecký, řeètina, řek, græker, grikst, kreikkalainen, grec, Gryk, Gryksk, Gryks, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו ית, יו י, görög, Grikki, greco, ギリシア語 , ギリシア", 그리스, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, grèc, greacã, греческий, Eleni, grk, grčki jezik, grčki, griego, grek, Yunanli, yunanlı, yunanca, yunan, Rumca, yunanistan'a ait, rum, грек, гречанка, грецька мова, грецький, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm, kẻ lừa đảo, Groegwr, for Greek; guarani, for guarani; Criollu haitianu, Chabacano, haitiskt, crioulo haitiano, for Haitian Creole; Hawaïes, Hawaianu, Hawayano, 夏威夷, Hawaiaans, hawaiien, hawaiisch, hawaiinerin, hawaiiner, hawaiano, virar esquerda, hawaiisk, hawaiian, คนฮาวาย, าษาฮาวาย, hawaii'ye ait, hawaii'li, hawaii, гавайський, гава"ць, гавайська мова, for Hawaiian; Jood, Hebreeus, Israeliet, hebraishte, يهودي, عبري, اليهودية, اللغة العبرية, العبرية, Hebréu, иврит, древен жител на юдея, юдейски, израилтянин, евреин, староеврейски, староеврейски език, юдей, 西伯来, 希伯來語 , hebrejský, hebrejka, hebrejec, hebrejština, joods, Hebreeuws, hebraiskt, juutalainen, hébreu, Hebrieusk, hebräisch, hebräer, εβραϊκόσ, εβραϊκά, εβραίοσ, עברית, עברי, zsidó, héber, izraelita, Eabhrais, ebraico, ebreo, ヘブライ語 , ヘブライ", Ewagh, Ew, Ewnish, hudiu, hebraico, hebreu, ebrèu, limba ebraicã, izraelit, evreu, evreiesc, ebraic, еврейский, еврей, древнееврейский, древнееврейский язык, Eperu, hibru, hebreo, dyu, Myahudi, Yahudi, hebreiska, hebreisk, jude, ชาวฮิบรู (ปัจจุบันคือประเทศอิสราเอลและปาเลสไตน์), าษาฮิบรู (ปัจจุบันคือประเทศอิสราเอลและปาเลสไตน์), musevi, ibranice, ibrani, іудей, старо"врейська мова, старо"врейський, іврит, "врейський, "врей, người Hê-brơ, Hebraeg, Hebreaidd, for Hebrew; Hongaars, Hongaar, hungarez, الهنغاري, مجري, هنغاري, المجري, اللغة الهنغارية, Húngaru, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, Hungaryan, 匈牙利語 , 匈牙利语, maïarský, maïar, maïarština, ungarer, Hongaarse, ungarskt, unkarilainen, hongrois, Hongaarsk, ungar, Ούγγρος, "ו 'רי, magyar, ungherese, 헝가리, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, Węgier, ongrés, ungureşte, ungur, limba maghiarã, unguresc, maghiar, limba ungarã, венгр, венгерский, mađarski, mađar, mađarski jezik, húngaro, ungrare, ชาวฮังการี, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорка, угорський, угорець, người Hung-ga-ri tiếng Hung-ga-ri, for Hungarian; Yslands, islandez, إيسلندي, исландски, 冰岛, islandský, islandsk, Ýslands, islandais, isländisch, ισλανδικόσ, izlandi nyelv, izlandi, íslensku, íslenskar, íslenskur, íslenskan, islandese, Eeslynnish, Eeslynnagh, islandês, islândes, исландский, islandski, islandés, isländsk, izlanda'ya ait, izlandaca, izlanda, ісландська мова, ісландський, tiếng băng đảo, for Icelandic; Indonesies, indonezian, الماليزي أحد أبناء ماليزيا, اللغة الأندونيسية, Indonesiu, индонезийски език, индонезийски, 印度尼西亚语, 印度尼西亞語 , indonéský, indonéština, indonésan, indoneser, Indonesisch, Indisch, Indonesiër, indonesiskt, indonesialainen, indonésien, Yndonesysk, Indonesier, Ινδονήσιος, indonéz, indonesiano, インドネシア語 , インドネシア", 인도네시아, Indoneesagh, indonésio, indonésia, индонезийский, индонезиец, Indtasisian, indonezijski, indonežanin, indonesio, indones, Indonesyo, endonezya'ya ait, endonezyalı, endonezya dili, endonezya, індонезі"ць, індонезійський, індонезійська мова, індонезійка, người In-ddô-nê-xi-a tiếng In-ddô-nê-xi-a, for Indonesian; Iers, irlandez, الأيرلنديون, إيرلندي, اللغة الأيرلندية, ирландска стока, сприхавост, келтски език, ирландски език, ирландски, ирландец, Irlandano, 爱"兰, irský, irština, írskt, irlantilainen, irlandais, Iersk, irisch, ιρλανδόσ, ιρλανδικόσ, אירי, אירל "י, ír, gaelach, irlandese, Yernagh, Erinagh, Airihi, irlandês, irisação, irlandezi, ирландский, irski jezik, irski, irci, irlandés, irländsk, ชาวไอร์แลน"์, เกี่ยวกับชนชาติ าษาและวั'นธรรมไอร์แลน"์, าษาไอร์แลน"์, irlandalı, irlandaca, ірландський, ірландська мова, ірландський народ, Gwyddelig, for Irish; Italianer, Italiaans, Italiaan, شخص إيطالي, اللغة الإيطالية, الإيطالي, إيطالي, Italianu, италиански език, италиански, италианец, Italyano, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italština, italský, ital, italiener, italienskt, italialainen, Italien, Italjaansk, italienisch, Ιταλός, italisht, איטלקי, איטלקית, olasz, Ítali, IodÚilis, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, Włoch, italianã, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, итальянский язык, итальянский, итальянец, Italia, italijanski, italijanski jezik, italijan, sí-Taliyáne, italienare, italiensk, italienska, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, ชาวอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка, for Italian; korean, كوري شمالي, اللغة الكورية, كوري جنوبي, كوري, Coreanu, корейски, корейски език, Koryano, 韩国语, "國 , 朝鮮語 , korejský, korejec, korejština, Koreaans, koreanskt, coréen, Koreaansk, koreanisch, Koreaner, κορεάτησ, κορεάτικοσ, koreai, 한국, koreano, coréia, a língua coreana, coreean, limba coreeanã, кореец, корейский, Kolea, korejski jezik, korejski, koreanac, coreano, koreansk, ชาวเกาหลี, kore'li, кореянка, коре"ць, корейська мова, корейський, người Triều tiên tiếng Triều tiên, for korean; lombard, банкер, ломбардец, лихвар, банкерски, italský teolog, lombardisch, lombarde, lombardin, lombardiai, lombardo, ростовщик, ломбардский, лангобард, банкир, lombardski, lombarđanin, langobardisk, langobard, for lombard; oluganda, for Luganda; lëtzebuergesch, for Luxembourgish; Македонски, Македонец, 马其顿语, Makedonský, Macedonisch, macédonien, Mazedonisch, Mazedonier, όακεδόνασ, όακεδονικόσ, maqedon, Macedóniai, macedón, Macedone, 마케도니아, Masseydoanagh, macedónio, Macedonean, Македонский, makedonski, makedonski jezik, makedonac, Macedónico, Macedonisk, Macedonier, ชาวมาเซอะโ"เนีย, Makedonya, Makedonya'lı, Македонський, Македонець, for Macedonian; madagaskar, малгашки език, мадагаскарец, мадагаскарски, patřící republice malagasy, madagasker, Malagassische, Malagassiër, madagaskarilainen, Madagassin, Madagasse, Μαλγάσιος, madagaszkári, malgascio, malagasy, malgaxe, málaga, малагасийский, малагасиец, malagasi, madagaskarski, madagaskarac, malgache, madagascarí, madagask, ชาว Madagascar, madagaskar'lı, madagaskar dili, малагасійський, мадагаскарський, мальгашка, мальгаш, малагасійська мова, for malagasy; Slams, Maleis, malajas, малайски, малайски език, 馬來 , malais, malaiisch, malaie, Malaye, malaiin, maláj, malese, Yn Valay, malaio, malaxar, malaiez, малайский, малаец, malajski jezik, malajski, malajac, malayo, malajisk, malayalı, malaya, malaya dili, мала"ць, малайська мова, малайський, малайка, người Mã lai tiếng Mã lai, for Malay; gjuha e popullsisë së ishullit men, manský, manština, manx, mann-szigeti nyelv, Gaelgagh, Yn Ghaelg, Manninish, Manninagh, язык жителей о-ва мэн, с о-ва мэн, s ostrva mana, los habitantes de la isla de man, lengua de la isla de man, de la isla de man, från ön man, man dili, man adası, менський діалект, менський, for manx; Maori, 毛利人, Maori-taal, maori bennszülött, citrusfélék betegsége, új-zélandi bennszülött, マオリ族 , マオリぞく, Маори, язык Маори, maor, Maorí, ชาวเมารี เป็นชนพื้นเมืองของนิวซีแลน"์, Yeni Zelanda Yerlisi, Yeni Zelanda Yerli Dili, Мова Маорі, Маорі, for Maori; маи, привидност, илюзия, mayasprache, マネーフロー分析 , マヤ , maia, เผ่าอินเ"ียนแ"ง, สิ่งลวงตา, maya, maya dili, мова майя, майя, for maya; mohok, фигура при пързаляне с кънки, индианец мохаук, hasonélű táncfordulat, egy indián törzs neve, モノカルボン酸 , モホーク , maometano, индеец-могавк, mohikanac, ชนชาวเผ่าอินเ"ียนแ"งเผ่าหนึ่ง, าษาอินเ"ียนแ"ง, for mohawk; Noorweegs, Noor, Noors, نرويجى, النرويجية, النرويجى, اللغة النروجية, Noruegu, норвежки, норвежка, норвежки език, Norwedyan, 挪威语, norský, nordmand, norskur, norskt, norjalainen, Norvégien, Noarsk, Noar, Noarweechsk, Norweger, Νορβηγός, νορβηγόσ, νορβηγικόσ, norvegjez, norvég, Norðmaður, norvegese, 노르웨이, Norlannish, Loghlynish, Loghlynagh, Norlannagh, norsk, noruechi, Norweg, norueguês, norvegian, norvegianã, норвежец, норвежский, norveški jezik, norvežanin, norveški, noruego, norrman, Norveçce, norveççe, norveç, norveçli, Norveçlí, норвезька мова, норвезький, норвежці, норвежець, người Na-uy tiếng Na-uy, Norwyeg, for Norwegian; anglishtja e bastarduar, إنجليزي مبسط, англо-китайски жаргон, sabir, σπασμένα αγγλικά, keleti kikötők tört angolsága, pidgin english, "サの斜" , "ジンイングリッシュ , trivial, пиджин-инглиш, kreolska verzija engleskog jezika, inglés macarrónico, pidginengelska, uzakdoğuda konuşulan ingilizce ile karışık dil, for pidgin english; Pools, polonisht, polak, përmirësoj, صقل, هذب, حك, بولندي, جلو, جلا, جود, أنهاه بسرعة, رقة, حسن, نظف بشدة, لمع الجلد, لمع, ورنشة, مادة ملمعة, تهذيب, مسح, اللغة البولندية, دهان الأحذية, Polacu, лъскавина, лъскам се, лъскам, лакирам, лак, изисканост, полиране, полирам, политура, подобрявам, изтънченост, изглаждам, излъскване, полски, гланц, елегантност, лустро, шлифовам, полски език, шлифовка, поправям, излъскам, блясък, Polandino, 磨光 , 琢磨 , 波蘭語 , "亮剂, 劖 , polština, polský, pudsemiddel til fodtoej, polermiddel, politur, polere, schoensmeer, pussa, pólska, pólskur, kiillottaa, polir, Poalsk, polieren, στίλβωση, στιλβώνω, λουστράρω, פול י, פול ית, לצחצח, ל"בריק, לשפשף, לשוף, צחצוח, למרוק, לטוש, ל"ב"יק, לתמרט, ללטש, למרק, למרוט, lengyel, lucentezza, 光沢 , すい"う, ポーランド", とぎ, たくま, せ"れ", "うたく, みがき, 광택, cur sollyssid er, gloasey, Polynnish, scooirey, follid, gloas, gloasaghey, sollyssid, polako, pòlshi, pòlesh, polski, polonés, polonez, polon, полировать, полировка, польский, польский язык, лоск, обделать, глянец, отделка, вычистить, snasaich, lìomh, pasta za cipele, polirati, politirati, politura, poljski, poljski jezik, polaco, limpiar, polera, polsk, parlaklık, perdah, polonya dili, perdahlamak, parlatma, parlatmak, polonyalı, Polonyali, polonya, політура, поліровка, полірування, полірувати, польський, польська мова, обтісувати, робити вишуканим, лиск, шліфувати, тонкість, vẻ thanh nhã, nước láng nước đánh bóng, nước bóng, vẻ tao nhã, llathru, caboli, gloywi, for Polish; Portugees, portugez, portugalisht, اللغة البرتغالية, البرتغالية, البرتغالي, португалски език, португалски, португалец, Potuges, 葡萄牙语, 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙語 , portugalský, portugiser, portugisiskt, portugalilainen, portugais, Portugeesk, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, Portaingéilis, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, portugues, Portugalczyk, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalski, portugalac, portugués, Mreno, si-Putúkezi, portugis, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, portekizce, португальська мова, португальський, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha, for Portuguese; provansal, провансалски, провансалец, provence-i, provenzale, provençal, прованский, provansalski jezik, provansalski, provenzal, provensalsk, провансалець, прованський, провансальська мова, провансальський, for provencal; qheshwata, qheshwallata, limba quechua, indian din tribul quechua incaş, quechua, for Quechua; Roemeen, rumun, Rumanu, румънски език, румънски, румънец, Romanyan, 罗马尼亚语, rumunský, rumunština, rumæner, Roemeens, rumenskt, romanialainen, roumain, Roemeensk, rumäne, ρουμανόσ, Ρουμάνος, román, rumeno, 루마니아, Roomainagh, romeno, romanés, român, румын, румынский, rumunski, rumunski jezik, rumano, rumänsk, румунська мова, румун, румунський, румунка, for Romanian; cigan, الغجري, цигански език, цигански, циганин, romština, bohémien, γύφτοσ, αθίγγανοσ, τσιγγάνοσ, roma, zingaro, zingaresco, lingua degli zingari, Romanee, Romanish, rom, цыганский, цыган, romski, romano, romani, ชาวยิปซี, çingeneler, çingenece, çingene, циганська мова, циганка, циган, циганський, for romany; Russies, Rus, الروسية, روسي, اللغة الروسية, Rusu, руски, руски език, руснак, Rusyan, 俄語 , 俄语, 俄文 , ruština, ruský, russer, russur, russiskt, venäläinen, Russysk, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, רוסי, orosz, rússneskur, Rússi, Rúisis, russo, ロシア語 , ロシア", 러시아, Rooshish, Rooshagh, russisk, Rosjanin, русский, Lusia, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, sí-Rashîya, ryss, ชาวรัสเซีย, rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський, người Nga tiếng Nga, for Russian; самоански, самоанец, самоански език, samoanisch, samoaner, người Xa-mô-a tiếng Xa-mô-a, for samoan; Skots, skocez, шотландски, 苏 兰, skotský, Schots, skotskur, skotlantilainen, écossais, schottisch, σκωτσέζικο, σκωτικόσ, skót, skozur, scozzese, 스"틀랜", Albinagh, escocês, scoţian, шотландский, škotski jezik, škotski, škotlanđani, escocés, skotsk, iskoçyalı, шотланський, шотландці, шотландський діалект, for Scottish; 塞爾維亞克羅地亞語 , 塞"维亚-克罗地亚语, serbokroatisch, 세르보크로아티아, servo-croata, sârbo-croat, srpsko-hrvatski, srpsko-hrvatski jezik, serbokroatiska, serbokroatisk, เกี่ยวกับ าษาเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, าษาหลักของชาวเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, for Serbo-Croatian; сицилиански, сицилианец, 西西里人, sicilský, Siciliaans, sicilien, Sizilianer, σικελόσ, σικελικόσ, szicíliai, 시 리아, Shisslagh, siciliano, sicilian, сицилийский, житель сицилии, sicilijski, sicilijanski, sicilijanac, siciliansk, sicilianare, sicilyalı, sicilya, сицилійський діалект, сицилійський, сицилі"ць, for sicilian; Sloween, Slloven, Словенец, 斯洛文尼亚语, Slovinský, Slovinec, Slovinština, slovener, Sloveen, slovenialainen, Slovène, Slowenin, Slowene, Σλοβένος, Szlovén, Sloveno, 슬로 니아 사람, Sloveanagh, Esloveno, Slovenesc, Sloven, slovenački, slovenske, slovensko, Slovence, Словенець, Словенський, for Slovene; сомалийски, сомалиец, езикът сомали, Somalisch, Somaliër, somalialainen, Somalien, Somalier, Σομαλός, somalo, 소말리, somaliano, somali, soomaali, somalí, сомалійський, мова сомалі, сомалі"ць, for somali; Sotho-taal, Sotho, sutu, sí-Sûtfu, umSuthu, isiSuthu, for Sotho; Spaans, Spaanse taal, spanjoll, اللغة الأسبانية, الأسبانية, أسباني, испански език, испански, espanyoles, Espanyol, 西班牙语, 西班牙文 , 西班牙語 , španìlský, španìlština, spanskt, espanjalainen, espagnol, Spaansk, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, karaiñe'êmegua, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, SpÚinnis, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , 스페인, Spaainagh, Spaainish, spañó, espanhol, espanhòl, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, spaniol, испанский, Sipaniolo, španski jezik, španski, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyolca, ispanyol, іспанська мова, іспанський, for Spanish; 斯"希裡語 , 斯"希裡 , Swahili-, Swahili, szuahéli nyelv, szuahéli, スワ'リ語 , スワ'リ", suaíli, soahili, Siuahili, suajili, kiswahili, ชาวแอฟริกาตะวันออก, суахілі, for Swahili; swazilænder, swazimaalainen, Swasi, swazi, suazilandês, suazilandés, suazi, sí-Swati, swaziländare, isiSwati, for Swazi; Sweeds, suedez, اللغة السويدية, Suecu, шведски език, шведски, швед, Swedis, 瑞典語 , 瑞典语, švédský, švédština, Zweeds, svenskt, ruotsalainen, suédois, Sweedsk, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, sænskur, Sualainnis, svedese, スウェーデン語 , スウェーデン", 스웨덴, Soolynish, Soolynagh, suèc, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, เกี่ยวกับคน าษาและวั'นธรรมของประเทศสวีเ"น, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський, người Thuỵ điển tiếng Thuỵ điển, for Swedish; Tagalu, tagalòg, Filipaina, tagalog, สมาชิกของชาวมลายูในเกาะลูซอนของฟิลิปปินส์, าษาอินโ"นีเซียที่ใช้กันในฟิลิปปินส์, for Tagalog; Tahitiaans, Tahitiaan, tahitisch, tahitianer, tahitiano, tahitili, tahiti dili, tahiti, for Tahitian; Tailandes, 泰國 , 泰文 , 泰国, 泰 , thailænder, Thailander, Thai, Thais, thailendskt, thaimaalainen, Thaïlandais, thailändisch, Thailänder, Ταϊλανδός· Ταϊλανδέζος, tailandese, 泰語 , たい", 타이 말, tailandês, tailandés, thailändare, ที่เกี่ยวกับประเทศไทย, าษาไทย, เกี่ยวกับคนไทย, คนไทย, Taylandlı, Tayland Dili, Tayland, Tai Dili, Та"ць, Тайська Мова, Тайський, for Thai; Tswana, Tswana-taal, sí-Tjwána, setswana, umTswana, for Tswana; Turks, turk, تركي أحد أبناء تركيا, اللغة التركية, Turcu, турски, турски език, Turko, 土耳其, 土耳其語 , tureètina, turecký, turkist, turkkilainen, turque, turc, Turksk, türkisch, τούρκικοσ, טורקי, török, Yn Turkish, Turkagh, turcesc, турецкий, turski jezik, turski, turco, turkisk, türk, türkçe, турецька мова, турецький, tiếng Thổ nhĩ kỳ, for Turkish; Тюркменски Език, turkmener, Turkmeen, Turkmeense, turkmenistanilainen, Turkmène, Turkmene, Turkmenin, Τουρκομάνος, turkmeno, turcomano, turquemeno, turquemene, turkmenistanier, for Turkmen; 乌克兰, for Ukranian; Vietnamees, vietnamez, vietnamisht, виетнамски език, виетнамски, Vietnamis, 越南語 , 越南 , 越南语, vietnamský, vietnamka, vietnamec, vietnamština, vietnameser, vjetmanskt, vietnamilainen, vietnamien, Fjetnameesk, vietnamese, vietnamesisch, Vietnamesin, 'ιετναμέζος, vietnami, vietnámi, ベトナ 人 , ベトナ じ", 트남, vietnamita, вьетнамский, vijetnamski jezik, vijetnamski, vijetnamac, vietnames, vietnam, vietnamlı, vietnam dili, в'"тнамець, в'"тнамський, người Việt nam tiếng Việt, for Vietnamese; Wallies, i uellsit, gjuha e uellsit, shkel premtimin, populli i uellsit, ik pa paguar, ويلزي, الولزية لغة إقليم ويلز, تهرب من دفع الرهان, не си плащам дълга, измъквам се от задължение, уелски език, уелски, 威"士, 威爾士語 , waleština, waleský, Wels, valisiskt, gallois, walisisch, δεν πληρώνω τα οφειλόμενα, ουάλλοσ, ουαλλικόσ, walesi, Breatnais, gallese, Bretnagh, galês, gallés, limba velşã, din ţara galilor, velş, уэльский, velški jezik, podvaliti, velški, velšanin, galés, walesisk, galler ile ilgili, sözünü tutmamak, gal dili, bahisleri ödemeden kaçmak, şartları yerine getirmemek, ödemeden kaçmak, у"льський, валлійська мова, валлійці, валлійський, не віддати гроші, Cymreig, for Welsh; jalofo, wolof, for wolof; Xhosa, Xhosa-, sí-Choza, isiXhosa, umXhosa, for Xhosa; Zoeloe, Zuluano, Zoeloetaal, sulumál, Zoulou, ζουλού, zulu, zulù, Soolooish, Sooloo, zulo, zolo, зулусский, Sulu, zulu jezik, zulú, sí-Zulu, zulu-, เผ่าซูลูในแอฟริกา, zulu dili, zulu kabilesinden kimse, zulu kabilesi, зулуський, зулус, зулуська мова, umZulu, isiZulu, for Zulu; |
