Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
| Domain | Definition |
Physics | In plasmas, ions with characteristic velocities much larger than the characteristic local thermal (Maxwellian) velocity are known as fast ions, or, equivalently, superthermal or suprathermal ions. Fast ions can be created by beam injection, radiofrequency wave heating, fusion reactions, scattering from energetic photons (X rays or gamma rays), laser-plasma interactions, and other methods. The free energy in fast ion populations can drive plasma instabilities. In plasmas whose temperature is below the peak fusion reactivity, fast ions are more likely to produce fusion reactions, and one then distinguishes between thermonuclear reactions and beam-target reactions. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)46 41 53 54 49 4F 4E 2C 53 55 50 45 52 54 48 45 52 4D 41 4C 49 4F 4E 2C 53 55 50 52 41 54 48 45 52 4D 41 4C 49 4F 4E |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01000110 01000001 01010011 01010100 00100000 01001001 01001111 01001110 00101100 00100000 01010011 01010101 01010000 01000101 01010010 01010100 01001000 01000101 01010010 01001101 01000001 01001100 00100000 01001001 01001111 01001110 00101100 00100000 01010011 01010101 01010000 01010010 01000001 01010100 01001000 01000101 01010010 01001101 01000001 01001100 00100000 01001001 01001111 01001110 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)F A S T   I O N ,   S U P E R T H E R M A L   I O N ,   S U P R A T H E R M A L   I O N |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0046 0041 0053 0054 0049 004F 004E 002C 0053 0055 0050 0045 0052 0054 0048 0045 0052 004D 0041 004C 0049 004F 004E 002C 0053 0055 0050 0052 0041 0054 0048 0045 0052 004D 0041 004C 0049 004F 004E |
Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)40355354243494814253555039525442395247354624349481425355505235544239524735462434948 |
| 1. Orthography 2. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
