Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: EXCLUDED |
EXCLUDEDImperative & past participle1. Of Exclude |
Date "EXCLUDED" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Science | Shut out - applied to proper or thalline margin of a discocarp when the disc swells, causing the margin to be obliterated. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Japanese American internment refers to the exclusion and subsequent removal of approximately 112,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans, officially classified as "persons of Japanese ancestry", from certain parts of the United States during World War II to temporary relocation camps in the nation's interior. The government of the United States officially apologized for this action in the 1980s and has paid reparations, and claims for about 60 years to survivors.While this action is most commonly referred to as internment, some argue that relocation is a more appropriate term. The main arguments for this view are (1) internment occurs in a prison; the Japanese Americans were not required to stay in the camps and they were permitted to settle anywhere outside the exclusion area; (2) an estimated 30,000 to 50,000 internees did eventually settle outside the exclusion area; (3) the contemporaneous term used by Roosevelt administration and the WRA was relocation center and officials specifically distinguished the WRA camps from internment camps.
Many other things besides both internment and relocation are involved, among them: individual and group exclusion from "military" zones, deportation, illegal detainment, de-naturalization, alien enemy registration requirements, curfews, travel restrictions, and property confiscation (including seizures, freezing, bond seizure, and restrictions) for those of foreign birth and/or of "enemy" ancestry.
Using different definitions of internment, you can arrive at different numbers of those affected.
Only 9,009 people of Japanese ancestry from the US were interned under the Alien Enemy Act of 1798 (50 USC 21-24), compared to a total of 23,435 internees from America. Of those 9,009, only 8,004 were from the continental US.
Of all American citizens who were descended from "enemy" ancestry (Italian, German and Japanese), the only recorded instances of American citizens asking for renunciation of their citizenship were of Japanese ancestry. 5,620 of these renunciants, who had asked to be repatriated to Japan, were not included in the general internment totals (which would otherwise be 14,629 out of 29,055 - not including any non-American residents).
Internment is strictly limited to non-citizens, under the Alien Enemy Act, however with governmental approval children and spouses who were American citizens were allowed to also be interned with their relatives. Luckily in almost all Japanese cases the children were permitted to go with their parents, instead of being left to fend for themselves, or placed in orphanages/foster homes.
The individual exclusion zones were particularly onerous, as they were personally targeted, and very swift - allowing very little time to relocate. Government agents continued to follow the excludees they couldn't convict of crimes and warn potential new employers, police, and people of their new towns on how "dangerous" they were.
For example in Korematsu's case the Japanese population had 5 days from May 3, 1942 until 12 noon, May 8 (or 9th) to leave their hometown according to General DeWitt's Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34.
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History
During the period of 1939-1941, the FBI compiled the Custodial Detention Index ("CDI") on citizens, enemy aliens and foreign nationals which might be dangerous.
On June 28, 1940 the Alien Registration Act of 1940 (or Smith Act) is passed, Section 31 required the registration and fingerprinting of aliens above the age of 14, Section 35 required reports of change of address within 5 days. Registered aliens are to get back their Green cards, after form processing. Within 4 months 4,741,971 registered at post offices around the country. Of the 1.1 million aliens above the age of 14 who would be classed as enemy aliens, 683,259 were males of which only 56,332 were Japanese.
The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 led many to suspect the Japanese were preparing a full-scale attack on the West Coast. Further attacks, such as the submarine shelling of an California oil refinery in 1942 redoubled these suspicions. Also, Japan's rapid military conquest of much of Asia made their military machine seem to Americans frighteningly unstoppable. Thus, the presence of about 100,000 ethnic Japanese on the West Coast was considered a huge security risk.
Critics of the exclusion often claim that there was no military justification for it as there are no cases of military espionage was ever that has was ever attributable to Japanese-Americans. David Lowman has, however, asserted the decryption of the MAGIC codes suggested to the military and political leaders at the time that there was a vast spy network of Japanese-Americans feeding information to Japan's war machine. His claims have been controversial with others pointing out that much of the information that the Japanese obtained may have come from public sources such as newspapers, and that communications by Japanese consular officials stating an attempt to recruit Japanese-Americans did not necessarily mean that those attempts were successful. However, some of the intercepted messages specifically said that the information had come from Japanese-American spies. One captured Japanese officer who had graduated from UCLA, and spoke fluent English specifically reported attempting to cultivate contacts for such spying, as reported in a letter sent to Congressman Wallop of Wyoming by a serviceman.
Commander Kenneth Ringle estimated that 25% of all Americans of Japanese ancestry were of doubtful loyalty and that about 3,500 could be expected to become espionage agents and sabotageurs.
Approximately 20,000 Japanese-americans in Japan at the start of the war joined the Japanese war effort, and hundreds joined the Japanese Army. Tomoya Kawakita, an American citizen who worked as an interpreter and a POW guard for the Japanese army, actively participated in the torture (and at least one death) of American soldiers, including survivors of the Bataan Death March.
In January 25, 1942 the Secretary of War reported that "on the Pacific coast not a single ship had sailed from our Pacific ports without being subsequently attacked". Due to this espionage was suspected.
In addition to espionage, there was also concern that in the event of an invasion there could be sabotage of both military and civilian facilities inside the United States. For instance, California's water systems were highly vulnerable, and there were concerns about arson, brush fires in particular.
Administration and military leaders doubted the loyalty of ethnic Japanese. Many, including some born in America, had been educated in Japan, where school curricula emphasized reverence for the Emperor. Several pro-Japan groups, such as the Black Dragon Society, functioned both inside and outside the camps, and pro-Japan riots occurred in many camps, which required moving some residents to Tule Lake (see below). 19,000 Japanese applied to be returned to Japan during the war. 94% of military-aged men said they would not serve in the U.S. Armed Forces. Some, however, did serve, in the famed 442nd regiment which operated in Europe (not Japan, as some believe). Many of the American residents refused to take a loyalty oath to America (or a promise to abide by American laws), which with the exception of a reference to the Japanese Emperor, was the same as required by draftees and war industry workers. There was no comparable refusal by Germans, Italians or other Europeans living in America.
On December 7, 1941 Presidential Proclamations 2525 (German), 2526 (Italian) and 2527 (Japanese) were signed. Many homes were raided using the CDI and other information, and hundreds of aliens were in custody by the end of the day, including Germans and Italians (although war was not declared on Germany or Italy until Dec 11). As of 11:AM, Dec 9th 1,801 aliens were in custody, of which 1,221 were Japanese (376 of them in Hawaii) - the author of that memorandum "did not believe there would be very many more arrests of Japanese."
Only 6,056 of the 16,811 foriegners arrested in security measures by the FBI between December 7, 1941 and June 30, 1945 were of non-European descent.
Presidential Proclamation 2537 issued on Jan.14, 1942, 1 million enemy aliens register. Any change of address, employment or name had to be reported to the FBI/DOJ. Enemy aliens were not allowed to enter restricted areas. Violaters of regulations were subject to "arrest, detention and internment for the duration of the war."
Executive Order 9066, signed by Franklin D Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, allowed military commanders to designate areas "which any or all persons may be excluded, and with such respect to which, the right of any person to enter, remain in, or leave...". These exclusion zones, unlike internment, were applicable to both citizens and non-citizens. Eventually such areas would include both the East and West Coasts, and about 1/3 of the country, and were applied to all of those of Enemy Alien Ancestry (of which the Japanese were a minority).
On March 2, 1942 General DeWitt issued Public Proclamation No. 1, applying to all those of enemy ancestry in areas of the West Coast were required to file Change of Residence Notices. Subsequent proclamations expanded the coverage all of California, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Nevada and Utah, and the southern portion of Arizona.
March 11, 1942 Executive Order 9095 created the Office of the Alien Property Custodian giving it discretionary, plenary authority over all alien property interests. Many assets were frozen, creating immediate financial difficulty for the affected aliens.
March 27, 1942, by Proclamation No. 4, General DeWitt proclaimed as of March 29, 1942 all Japanese and Americans of Japanese ancestry were restricted from leaving Military Area No. 1, in order to ensure an orderly migration.
May 9, 1942 most were forced from their homes.
Over 112,000 residents of Japanese ancestry were excluded from regions of the US, however nearly 40% of those excludees were enemy aliens who should have been interned, the remaining 67,000+ were US citizens by birth. The last of these "subversives" was not removed until 11 months after Pearl Harbor, 3 months after the last exclusion order was issued. The leisure with which such orders were issued, and the fact that martial law was not declared, leads to the conclusion that military necessity was not as urgent as represented.
The Japanese internees were first sent to one of 17 temporary "Civilian Assembly Centers," where most awaited shipment to a more permanent relocation center. Some of those who did report to the civilian assembly centers were not sent to relocation centers, but were released upon condition that they remain outside the prohibited zone until the military orders were modified or lifted. Almost 120,000 Japanese Americans and resident Japanese aliens would eventually be removed from their homes in California, western Oregon and Washington, and southern Arizona as part of the single largest forced relocation in U.S. history. Only those of Japanese ancestry were offered berths in the relocation centers, whereas the bulk of the population of enemy ancestry effected by exclusion orders faced immediate and mandatory resettlement with minimal assistance.
Many Japanese spent the next three years in one of ten "relocation centers" across the country, which were run by the newly-formed War Relocation Authority (WRA). Although 35,000 of them rapidly left for portions of the US not in the exclusionary zones. Others would be held in facilities run by the Department of Justice and the U.S. Army. Federal officials attempted to conduct the massive relocation in a humane manner.
Most of these camps/residences, gardens, and stock areas were placed on Native American reservations, for which the Native Americans were not compensated, nor consulted about. The Native Americans consoled themselves that they might at least get the improvements made to the land, but at the end of the duration such buildings, and gardens were bulldozed or sold by the government instead.
National Student Council Relocation Program, which only gave benefits to Japanese relocatees, placed 4,300 individual scholarships to more than 500 colleges and universities located outside of the exclusionary zone.
Japanese Americans in Hawaii were not subject in the internment policy, despite the fact that they were closer to essential military facilities than most of the Japanese Americans in the western states. The main reason for this is the colony was already virtually under martial law. Also, given that about a third of the Hawaiian population was Japanese American, it is likely that a wholesale detention of Japanese Americans in Hawaii would have collapsed the local economy.
A key supporter of the internment was California Attorney General Earl Warren.
In early 1944, the government began clearing individuals to return to the West Coast. And on January 2, 1945, the exclusion order was rescinded entirely, although the relocation camps remained open for residents who weren't ready to make the move back. The fact that this occurred long before the Japanese surrender (see V-J day), while the war was arguably at its most vicious, weighs heavily against the charge that the relocation was simply because of "racism".
The last internment camp was not closed until August 1948, although all Japanese were cleared sometime in 1945.
One of the WRA camps, Manzanar,
was designated a National Historic Site in 1992 to "provide for the protection and interpretation of historic, cultural, and natural resources associated with the relocation of Japanese Americans during World War II" (Public Law 102-248).
Compensation
During the internment precautions were taken to protect the property of those forced to move. The personal possessions of Japanese were indexed and warehoused, and the owners issued receipts. Items requested would be shipped to the camps free of charge. Farms were tended in their owners' absence, the products sold, and the proceeds deposited in the proper bank accounts.
Despite this, however, many families still suffered heavy losses as a result of the internment. A key contributor to their losses was California's Alien Land Act, which prohibited non-citizens from owning property in that state. Consequently, many of the Japanese American farmers were tenant farmers and lost their rights to those farm lands. To compensate these losses, the U.S. Congress ion July 2, 1948 passed the "American Japanese Claims Act ", stated that all claims for war losses not presented within 18 months "shall be forever barred". Approximately $147 million in claims are submitted, 26,568 settlements to family groups totalling more than $38 million are disbursed.
Only those of Japanese descent have been offered recompensation for internment and relocation.
Some of the laws passed to reimburse them:
1951: PL 82-116 1952: PL 82-545 1956: PL 84-673 1960: PL 86-782
This settled the matter—for some time. However, a movement beginning around the 1960s, largely focused on condemning America as a racist society, pushed to reopen the issue and gain government apologies and further reparations.
1972: PL 92-603 - Social Security adjustment.
The movement's first success was in 1976, when President Gerald Ford proclaimed that the evacuation was "wrong".
1978: PL 95-382 - another Social Security adjustment.
In 1980, under Jimmy Carter, a commission was established by Congress to study their matter. The ideological biases of this commission has been questioned by some, with 40% of the commission staff being of Japanese descent, some with vested financial interests. The commission's refusal to address non-Japanese interment/relocation also weighed on their impartiality. On February 24, 1983, they issued a report entitled Personal Justice Denied condeming the internment.
These conclusions largely having become accepted, President [[Ronald Reagan]] signed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 which provided redress of $20,000 for each surviving detainee, totalling $1.2 billion dollars. Despite congressional cries to individually determine worth, this was a straight dole, and included about 3,500 Japanese who had renounced their citizenship during the war and asked to be returned to Japan, and hundreds who live in Japan today and have virtually no connection to the United States.
On September 27 1992: PL 102-371 (H.R. 4551) the Amendment of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, and an additional $400 million in benefits was signed into law by President George H. W. Bush, who also issued another formal apology from the U.S. government.
Terminology: Internment vs. Relocation
Most historical references refer to internment camps, although others favor the name 'relocation camps'. Others, more critical of this action, refer to them as detention camps or prisons.
Whatever name is used, the perimeters of many camps were lightly fenced and guarded, and more so in the later war years. Camp administrations eventually allowed relatively free movement outside the marked boundaries of the camps. Still, all of the camps were in remote, desolate areas far from any population centers.
As the war progressed, nearly a quarter of the internees left the camps to live and work elsewhere in the United States, outside the exclusion zone. Later in the war, some were authorized to return to the exclusion zone under supervision of a sponsoring family or agency.
One of the camps, Tule Lake, was in fact later turned into a prison camp, with watchtowers, fences, and guards. Tule Lake was reserved for those Japanese who were specifically suspected of espionage, treason, or other such disloyalty, and their families. Other famlies were held at Tule Lake because they requested to be "repatriated" to Japan. A number of pro-Japan demonstrations were held there throughout the war.
These camps are sometimes referred to as concentration camps, but the use of this loaded term should not be construed to mean they were on the same severity as Nazi Germany's extermination camps during the war.
Conditions in the camps
The relocation camps also had the highest live-birth rate and the lowest death rate in the US during the wartime period.
Criticisms
The internment is widely condemned today, often attacked as racist. People frequently cite it as a precedent for large-scale violations of civil liberties, and a warning sign of what might happen again. However, others defend it as a harsh necessity in a bitter and desperate war.
Former Supreme Court Justice Tom C. Clark, who represented the US Department of Justice in the "relocation," writes in the Epilogue to the book ''Executive Order 9066: The Internment of 110,000 Japanese Americans'' (written by Maisie & Richard Conrat):
—that constitutions and laws are not sufficient of themselves...Despite the unequivocal language of the [[United States Constitution|Constitution of the United States]] that the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, and despite the Fifth Amendment's command that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law, both of these constitutional safeguards were denied by military action under Executive Order 9066....
- The truth is — as this deplorable experience proves
Some estimate that by the time the last relocation camps (except Tule Lake) closed on December 1, 1945, the Japanese Americans had lost homes and businesses estimated to be worth, in 1999 values, 4 to 5 billion dollars, and that deleterious effects on Japanese American individuals, their families, and their communities, went beyond monetary damages.
Other camps
Crystal City, Texas was an internment camp where together with Japanese, Germanss, enemy aliens from Latin America, and other people were interned as well. During the war tens of thousands of Germans and Italians were also detained, most of whom were foreign nationals or otherwise seen as subversive.
Japanese Canadians were interned by their government during World War II. See Japanese Canadian internment.
Legal Legacy
A number of significant legal decisions arose out of Japanese American internment, relating to the powers of the government to detain people in wartime. Among the cases which reached the Supreme Court were Yasui v. United States (1943), Hirbayashi v. United States (1943), ex parte Endo (1944) and Korematsu v. United States (1944). In Yashui and Hirabayashi, the court upheld the constitutionality of curfews based on Japanese ancestry, and in Korematsu, the court upheld the constitutionality of the exclusion order. In Endo, the court accepted a petition for a writ of habeas corpus and ruled that the WRA had no authority to subject a citizen whose loyalty was acknowledged to its procedures.
A number of legal scholars have expressed the opinion that these decisions have taken on an added relevance in the context of the War on terror.
List of internment camps
- Manzanar War Relocation Center
- Tule Lake War Relocation Center
- Heart Mountain War Relocation Center
- Minidoka War Relocation Center
- Topaz War Relocation Center
- Poston War Relocation Center
- Gila River War Relocation Center
- Granada War Relocation Center
- Rohwer War Relocation Center
- Jerome War Relocation Center
External Links
Documents of Interest
- Civilian Restrictive Order No. 1, 8 Fed. Reg. 982, provided for detention of those of Japanese ancestry in assembly or relocation centers.
- House Report No. 2124 (77th Cong., 2d Sess.) 247-52
- Hearings before the Subcommittee on the National War Agencies Appropriation Bill for 1945, Part II, 608-726
- Final Report, Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 1942 (pg 309-327), by Lt. Gen. J. L. DeWitt. This report is dated June 5, 1943, but was not made public until January, 1944.
- Further evidence of the Commanding General's attitude toward individuals of Japanese ancestry is revealed in his voluntary testimony on April 13, 1943, in San Francisco before the House Naval Affairs Subcommittee to Investigate Congested Areas, Part 3, pp. 739-40 (78th Cong., 1st Sess.)
- Hearings before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, House of Representatives, 78th Cong., 2d Sess., on H. R. 2701 and other bills to expatriate certain nationals of the United States, pp. 37-42, 49-58.
- 56 Stat. 173.
- 7 Fed. Reg. 2601
- House Report No. 1809, 84th Congress, 2d session, 9 (1956).
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Japanese American Internment."
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Exclusion | Verb: be excluded from; |
Adjective: excluding; Verb: exclusive. excluded; Verb: unrecounted, not included in; inadmissible. | |
Extraneousness | Excluded; inadmissible; exceptional. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | I would look the same had I banged anyone in that elevator present company excluded. (Mallrats; writing credit: Kevin Smith) I mean, present company excluded. (Firefly; writing credit: Michael Mates) Yes, I think we have been guilty of homophobic cruelty, and, excluded people like you, in the past (When Night Is Falling; writing credit: Patricia Rozema) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit |  | Osmotic stress can be generated even when no semipermeable membrane is present to define the subphase. This happens when there are regions of steric exclusion of the stressing polymer. Every region of steric exclusion feels the osmotic stress generated by the excluded polymer. Credit: NICHD. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | Every one is at the disposure of his own will, when those who had, by the delegation of the society, the declaring of the public will, are excluded from it, and others usurp the place, who have no such authority or delegation. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | Items to which such objection has been made shall not, however, be excluded from the agenda, if at the Conference a majority of two-thirds of the votes cast by the Delegates present is in favour of considering them. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | Resentment could not have been more plainly spoken than in a civility to her father, from which she was so pointedly excluded. |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | One of these two straight lines excluded the other |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Nonepileptic attacks have been excluded and epilepsy is, in fact, present. (references) | |
A number of studies excluded by the systematic review were also addressed. (references) | ||
After the bats have been excluded, the openings can be permanently sealed. (references) | ||
Business | Virgin paper is excluded. (references) | |
Employer payments for mandatory health insurance are excluded from their taxable income. (references) | ||
SAKAB has a general permission and is thus excluded from the requirement to obtain permission for each type of waste. (references) | ||
Children | United Arab Emirates | In September the Ministry of Education and Youth excluded from the public school ban those noncitizen children living in rural areas that lack private schools. (references) |
India | No significant sectors or groups actively are excluded from education, but children of wealthier families are more likely to attend school than those of poor families. (references) | |
United Kingdom | In March the Government responded to a disability rights task force report by announcing new measures to cover nearly 7 million jobs previously excluded from the DDA, such as police, firefighters, and prison officers. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Bangladesh | Press reports stated that the police charged 10 persons with involvement in the incident on September 10 but excluded the alleged close relative of the influential Awami League leader. (references) |
Cote d'Ivoire | Beginning in August 2000, when the presidential campaign began, government television provided almost exclusive coverage of General Guei's activities and excluded coverage of the other candidates and their activities. (references) | |
Ukraine | Crimean Tatar leaders have complained that their community has not received adequate assistance in resettling and that an onerous process of acquiring citizenship previously excluded many of them from participation in elections and from the right to take part in the privatization of land and state assets. (references) | |
Economic History | Poland | Procurements by state-owned enterprises are excluded from the law. (references) |
Peru | Rice from Asia, and rough rice, is now excluded for phytosanitary reasons. (references) | |
Chile | Mining and some fishing companies are excluded from the free trade benefits. (references) | |
Human Rights | Turkey | Illegally gathered evidence may be excluded by law. (references) |
Korea | Although the World Food Program (WFP) has been given access to most counties in North Korea, it has been excluded from several dozen. (references) | |
Syria | Lawyers are not ensured access to their clients before the trial and are excluded from the court during their client's initial interrogation by the prosecutor. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Nicaragua | As in previous years, some indigenous groups complained that central government authorities excluded the indigenous people of the Atlantic coast from meaningful participation in decisions affecting their lands, cultures, traditions, and the allocation of natural resources. (references) |
Minorities | Trinidad and Tobago | Some Indo-Trinidadians assert that they are excluded from equal representation in the civil service due to racial discrimination. (references) |
Romania | On May 7, Romani CRISS filed a complaint against a Bucharest-based advertising newspaper, which in March had published an advertisement for security guards that overtly excluded Roma. (references) | |
Political Economy | FINLAND | In excluded sectors, particularly defense, counter trade is actively practiced. (references) |
JAMAICA | Foreigners are not excluded from participation in privatization/divestment activities. (references) | |
COLOMBIA | A price-band system to determine tariffs for agricultural products excluded them from the liberalization process. (references) | |
Political Rights | Burma | Women also are excluded from military leadership. (references) |
Congo | Pygmies continued to be excluded effectively from social programs and the political process, in part due to their isolation in remote forested areas of the country. (references) | |
Kyrgyz Republic | The Government excluded independent observers representing the constituent organizations of the Coalition of NGO's for Democracy and Civil Society from polling places. (references) | |
Trade | Switzerland | Spare parts are always excluded. (references) |
Syria | Only military and other prohibited items are excluded. (references) | |
Argentina | Non-profit organizations were excluded from this benefit by Decree 180/97 (March 7,1997). (references) | |
Travel | Saudi Arabia | Wives are often excluded from social gatherings or are entertained separately. (references) |
Women | Afghanistan | In practice women were excluded from treatment by male physicians in most hospitals. (references) |
Cambodia | Women often are concentrated in low-paying jobs in these sectors and largely are excluded from management positions. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Zimbabwe | Government workers are excluded also. (references) |
Thailand | The petrochemical industry is excluded from these regulations. (references) | |
Mali | Only the military, the Gendarmerie, and the National Guard are excluded from forming unions. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Orrin Hatch | Well, you can't prefer one group over another in this day and age, that's what you call racial quotas. All that does is create more animosity, more grief. It's unfair to those who are excluded and left out. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Ulysses S. Grant | 1869-1877 | The question of suffrage is one which is likely to agitate the public so long as a portion of the citizens of the nation are excluded from its privileges in any State. |
Benjamin Harrison | 1889-1893 | None are excluded from achieving that diversification of pursuits among the people which brings wealth and contentment. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "EXCLUDED" is generally used as a lexical verb (past participle) -- approximately 78.43% of the time. "EXCLUDED" is used about 1,852 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Lexical Verb (past participle) | 78.43% | 1,452 | 5,571 |
| Lexical Verb (past tense) | 14.56% | 270 | 17,892 |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 6.42% | 119 | 29,501 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.54% | 10 | 111,207 |
| Unclassified Items | 0.05% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 1,852 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "EXCLUDED": Excluded middle ♦ law of the excluded middle. Additional references. | |
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "EXCLUDED": non-excluded, partially-excluded. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
excluded list party | 8 |
excluded party | 5 |
excluded list party system | 4 |
excluded | 4 |
excluded law middle | 3 |
excluded listing party system | 3 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "EXCLUDED"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Chinese | '除 (Elimination, Exclude, Excluding, Exclusion). (various references) | |
Danish | X, udelukket. (various references) | |
Dutch | uitgesloten (impossible). (various references) | |
Finnish | estetty (barred), poissuljettu. (various references) | |
French | exclu (expelled). (various references) | |
German | ausgeschlossen (debared, debarred, excludet, impossible, out, out of the question, precluded), ausgenommen (apart from, barring, besides, but, except, except for, excepted, excepting, gilled, other than, save). (various references) | |
Greek | ανταγωνισμός ηθελημένα αποκλειόμενος από το δρομολόγιο (competition deliberately excluded from the route), Λευκό 'ιβλίο "Χρόνος εργασίας και αποκλειόμενοι τομείς" (White Paper on working time and excluded sectors). (various references) | |
Italian | escluso (except), X. (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 税引き (tax excluded). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ぜいびき (tax excluded). (various references) | |
Korean | 하". (various references) | |
Pig Latin | excludeday.(various references) | |
Portuguese | Livro Branco relativo ao tempo de trabalho e aos sectores protegidos (White Paper on working time and excluded sectors). (various references) | |
Romanian | exclus (expelled). (various references) | |
Russian | исключать исключенный (expelled). (various references) | |
Spanish | eXcluido (barred), X. (various references) | |
Swedish | X, utesluten, borttagen. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Romans Chapter 3, Verse 27 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Pou oun h kauchsiV exekleisqh dia poiou nomou twn ergwn ouci alla dia nomou pistewV |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Ubi est ergo gloriatio exclusa est per quam legem factorum non sed per legem fidei |
| Old English | 990 | West Saxon | Hwær forðy is seo gielpnes? Heo tellað to nahte. For hwy? For þære gehealding þære æ? Na, ac for geleafan. |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | Where thanne is thi gloriyng? It is excludid. Bi what lawe? Of dedis doyng? Nay, but by the lawe of feith. |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | Where is then thy reioysinge? It is excluded. By what lawe? by ye lawe of workes? Naye: but by the lawe of fayth. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | Where is boasting then? It is excluded. By what law? of works? Nay: but by the law of faith. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | Where is boasting then? It is excluded. By what law? of works? No; but by the law of faith. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | What reason, then, is there for pride? It is shut out. By what sort of law? of works? No, but by a law of faith. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Romans Chapter 3, Verse 27 |
| Cebuano | Nan, hain na man ang atong pagpagarbo? Gipalagpot na sa gawas. Pinasikad sa unsang lagda? Sa lagda ba sa mga buhat? Dili, hinonoa pinasikad sa lagda sa pagtoo. |
| Croatian | Gdje je dakle hvastanje? Iskljuèeno je. Po kojem zakonu? Po zakonu djela? Ne, nego po zakonu vjere. |
| Danish | Hvor er så vor Ros? Den er udelukket. Ved hvilken Lov? Gerningernes? Nej, men ved Troens Lov. |
| Dutch | Waar is dan de roem? Hij is uitgesloten. Door wat wet? Der werken? Neen, maar door de wet des geloofs. |
| Finnish | Missä siis on kerskaaminen? Se on suljettu pois. Minkä lain kautta? Tekojenko lain? Ei, vaan uskon lain kautta. |
| German | Wo bleibt nun der Ruhm? Er ist ausgeschlossen. Durch das Gesetz? Durch der Werke Gesetz? Nicht also, sondern durch des Glaubens Gesetz. |
| Hungarian | Hol van tehát a dicsekedés? Kirekesztetett. Mely törvény által? A cselekedeteké által? Nem; hanem a hit törvénye által. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Oleh karena itu tidak ada lagi alasan bagi kita untuk berbangga-bangga. Mengapa demikian? Apakah karena kita melakukan yang tercantum dalam hukum agama Yahudi? Bukan. Tetapi karena kita percaya. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Jikalau begitu, di manakah kemegahan itu? Itu sudah ditolak. Atas hukum manakah? Atas hukum melakukan syariat Tauratkah? Bukan, melainkan atas hukum iman. |
| Italian | Dove sta dunque il vanto? Esso è stato escluso! Da quale legge? Da quella delle opere? No, ma dalla legge della fede. |
| Latvian | Kur paliek tava diþoðanâs? Tâ ir izslçgta. Ar kâdu likumu? Darbiem? Nç, bet ar ticîbas likumu. |
| Maori | Na, kei hea te whakamanamana? Kua araia atu. E tehea ritenga ture? e to nga mahi? Kahore: engari e te ture o te whakapono. |
| Norwegian | Hvor er så vår ros? Den er utelukket. Ved hvilken lov? Gjerningenes? Nei, ved troens lov. |
| Portuguese | Onde está logo a jactância? Foi excluída. Por que lei? Das obras? Não; mas pela lei da fé. |
| Rumanian | Unde este dar pricina de laudq? S`a dus. Prin ce fel de lege? A faptelor? Nu; ci prin legea credinyei. |
| Shuar | Nújainkia ii pénker ajasjinia nu "winia kakarmarjai Túrunajai" Tíchamnia asar ¿nankaamantu Enentáimtumarminkaitiaj~i? Penkesha. Warí, akupkamu umitsuk aya Kristu nekas Enentáimtakrin Yus "pénkeraitme" Túramji. |
| Swahili | Basi, tunaweza kujivunia nini? Hakuna! Kwa nini? Je, kwa sababu ya kutimiza Sheria? La! Bali kwa sababu tunaamini. |
| Swedish | Huru bliver det då med vår berömmelse? Den är utestängd. Genom vilken lag? Månne genom en gärningarnas lag? Nej, genom en trons lag. |
| Uma | Jadi', uma-pi ria ohea-ta mpomolangko nono-ta. Apa' Alata'ala uma mpotarima-ta ngkai po'ingku-ta to lompe'. Natarima-tale, ngkai pepangala' -ta hi Pue' Yesus. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Misspellings | |
"EXCLUDED" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: exclide, exclided, exclud, excrude, exlude. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "EXCLUDED" (pronounced ikskluw"dud) |
| 6 | -k l uw" d u d | concluded, included, precluded, secluded. |
| 5 | -l uw" d u d | alluded, colluded, deluded, eluded. |
| 4 | -uw" d u d | brooded, denuded, intruded, extruded, exuded, feuded. |
| 3 | -d u d | abounded, acceded, accorded, abided, added, afforded, aided, amended, appended, applauded, apprehended, ascended, astounded, attended, avoided, awarded, backhanded, banded, barricaded, beaded, bearded, bedded, befriended, beheaded, bended, bladed, blended, blinded, blindfolded, blindsided, blockaded, blooded, boarded, bombarded, bonded, bounded, braided, branded, breaded, broadsided, candid, carded, cascaded, ceded, chided, clouded, coded, coincided, collided, commanded, commended, compounded, comprehended, conceded, confided, confounded, contended, corded, corresponded, corroded, crowded, decided, deeded, defended, defrauded, degraded, demanded, depended, derided, descended, disbanded, discarded, invaded, jaded, kidded, landed, larded, lauded, leaded, lightheaded, loaded, lopsided, disregarded, dissuaded, distended, divided, downgraded, downloaded, dreaded, dumbfounded, embedded, encoded, ended, enshrouded, eroded, evaded, evenhanded, exceeded, expanded, expended, exploded, expounded, extended, faded, fended, fielded, flooded, folded, forwarded, founded, funded, gilded, glided, goaded, graded, grounded, guarded, guided, handed, hardheaded, headed, heeded, heralded, herded, hoarded, homesteaded, hooded, hounded, imbedded, impeded, imploded, impounded, intended, interceded, masterminded, melded, mended, minded, misguided, molded, muddleheaded, needed, nodded, offended, outmoded, overcrowded, overextended, overfunded, overloaded, padded, paraded, persuaded, pervaded, pleaded, plodded, pounded, preceded, prerecorded, presided, pretended, prided, proceeded, prodded, propounded, provided, raided, railroaded, rebounded, receded, recommended, recorded, redheaded, refunded, regarded, reloaded, remanded, reminded, remolded, reprimanded, rescinded, resided, responded, retarded, rewarded, rounded, safeguarded, sanded, scalded, scolded, seceded, seconded, seeded, serenaded, shaded, shepherded, shielded, shredded, shrouded, sided, skidded, sordid, sounded, spearheaded, speeded, splendid, stampeded, stranded, studded, subdivided, subsided, succeeded, superseded, surrounded, suspended, tended, threaded, traded, transcended, trended, unaided, unamended, unattended, unbounded, unbranded, undecided, underfunded, underhanded, undivided, unexploded, unfolded, unfounded, unfunded, unguarded, unheeded, unheralded, unimpeded, unintended, unleaded, unloaded, unneeded, unrecorded, upbraided, upgraded, voided, wadded, waded, warded, wedded, weeded, welded, wielded, winded, wooded, worded, wounded, wrongheaded, yielded. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "c-d-d-e-e-l-u-x" | |
-1 letter: exclude. | |
-2 letters: cuddle, deduce, delude, deluxe, deuced, dueled, educed, eluded, exuded. | |
-3 letters: ceded, clued, culex, deled, deuce, educe, elude, excel, exude. | |
-4 letters: cede, clue, cued, deed, dele, duce, dude, duel, exec, leud, luce, lude, luxe. | |
-5 letters: cee, cel, cud, cue, dee, del, dex, dud, due, ecu, eel, eld, led, lee, leu, lex, lux. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Photo Album 6. Quotations: Historic 7. Quotations: Fiction 8. Quotations: Non-fiction | 9. Quotations: Spoken 10. Quotations: Speeches 11. Usage Frequency 12. Expressions | 13. Expressions: Internet 14. Translations: Modern 15. Bible Trace 16. Derivations | 17. Rhymes 18. Anagrams 19. Bibliography |
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