Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Erasmus |
ErasmusNoun1. Dutch Renaissance scholar and Roman Catholic theologian who attacked the theology of Martin Luther (1466-1536). Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
"Erasmus" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "love". |
Date "Erasmus" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1509. (references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (also Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) (October 27, probably 1466 - July 12, 1536) was a Dutch humanist and theologian.
He was born Geert Geertsen in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. He (mistakenly) believed that the root Geert'\' derived from begeren (to desire'') and translated this into both Latin and Greek. Information as to his family and early life comes mainly from vague references in his writings. He was almost certainly illegitimate. His father was a priest named Gerard. Little is known of his mother other than the fact that her name was Margaret. Despite his illegitimacy, he was cared for by his parents till their early death from the plague in 1483, and then given the best education open to a young man of his day in a series of monastic or semi-monastic schools. He was admitted to the priesthood and took monastic vows at about the age of twenty-five, but he never seems to have worked as a priest, and monasticism was one of the chief objects of his attack in his lifelong assault upon the evils of the Church.
He went on to study at the University of Paris, then the chief seat of scholastic learning, but already under the influence of the revived classical culture of Italy. Erasmus chose to lead the life of an independent scholar, independent of country, of academic ties, of religious allegiance and anything else that might interfere with his freedom of intellect and literary expression. The chief centres of his activity were Paris, Louvain, England, and Basel; yet he never belonged firmly in any one of these. His time in England was fruitful in the making of lifelong friendships with the leaders of English thought in the stirring days of King Henry VIII: John Colet, Thomas More, Thomas Linacre, and William Grocyn. At the University of Cambridge, he was Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity, and had the option of spending the rest of his life as an English professor. He stayed at Queens' College, Cambridge and may have been an alumnus.
He was offered many positions of honour and profit throughout the academic world, but declined them all, preferring the uncertain, but as it proved sufficient rewards of independent literary activity. From 1506 to 1509 he was in Italy. He spent part of the time at the publishing house of Aldus Manutius at Venice, but apart from this he had less active association with Italian scholars than might have been expected.
His residence at Louvain exposed Erasmus to much petty criticism, from those hostile to the principles of literary and religious progress to which he was devoting his life. He represented this lack of sympathy as persecution, and sought refuge in Basel, where under the shelter of Swiss hospitality he could express himself freely and where he was surrounded by devoted friends. Here he was associated for many years with the great publisher Froben, and to him came the multitude of his admirers from all quarters of Europe.
Erasmus's literary productivity began comparatively late in his life. Only when he had mastered Latin did he begin to express himself on major contemporary themes in literature and religion. His revolt against the forms of church life did not result from doubts about the truth of the traditional doctrine, nor from any hostility to the organization of the Church itself. Rather, he felt called upon to use his learning in a purification of the doctrine and in a liberalizing of the institutions of Christianity. As a scholar, he tried to free the methods of scholarship from the rigidity and formalism of medieval traditions; but he was not satisfied with this. He saw himself as a preacher of righteousness. It was his lifelong conviction that what was needed to regenerate Europe was sound learning applied frankly and fearlessly to the administration of public affairs in Church and State. This conviction gives unity and consistency to a life which might otherwise seem full of contradictions. Erasmus held himself aloof from all entangling obligations; yet he was in a singularly true sense the center of the literary movement of his time. He corresponded with more than five hundred men of the highest importance in the world of politics and of thought, and his advice on all kinds of subjects was eagerly sought, if not always followed.
While in England Erasmus began the systematic examination of manuscripts of the New Testament to prepare for a new edition and Latin translation. This edition was published by Froben of Basel in 1516 and was the basis of most of the scientific study of the Bible during the Reformation period (see Bible Text, II., 2, § 1). He published a critical edition of the Greek New Testament in 1516 - Novum Instrumentum omne, diligenter ab Erasmo Rot. Recognitum et Emendatum. The edition included a Latin translation and annotations. It used recently rediscovered additional manuscripts. In the second edition the more familiar term Testamentum was used instead of Instrumentum. This edition was used by the translators of the King James Version of the Bible. The text later became known as the textus receptus. Erasmus did three other editions - 1522, 1527 and 1535. It was the first attempt on the part of a competent and liberal-minded scholar to ascertain what the writers of the New Testament had actually said. Erasmus dedicated his work to Pope Leo X as a patron of learning, and he regarded this work as his chief service to the cause of Christianity. Immediately afterwards he began the publication of his Paraphrases of the New Testament, a popular presentation of the contents of the several books. These, like all his writings, were in Latin, but were immediately translated into other languages, with his encouragement.
Martin Luther's movement began in the year following the publication of the New Testament, and tested Erasmus's character. The issue between European society and the Roman Church had become so clear that few could escape the summons to join the debate. Erasmus, at the height of his literary fame, was inevitably called upon to take sides, but partisanship was foreign to his nature and his habits. In all his criticism of clerical follies and abuses he had always protested that he was not attacking church institutions themselves and had no enmity toward churchmen. The world had laughed at his satire, but few had interfered with his activities. He believed that his work so far had commended itself to the best minds and also to the dominant powers in the religious world.
Erasmus was in sympathy with the main points in the Lutheran criticism of the Church. For Martin Luther personally he had the greatest respect, and Luther always spoke with admiration of his superior learning. Luther hoped for his cooperation in a work which seemed only the natural outcome of his own. In their early correspondence Luther expressed boundless admiration for all Erasmus had done in the cause of a sound and reasonable Christianity, and urged him to join the Lutheran party. Erasmus declined to commit himself, arguing that to do so would endanger his position as a leader in the movement for pure scholarship which be regarded as his purpose in life. Only as an independent scholar could he hope to influence the reform of religion. Luther's work was to provide a new doctrinal basis for the hitherto scattered attempts at reform. In reviving the half-forgotten principles of Augustinian theology Luther had furnished the needed impulse to the personal interest in religion which is the essence of Protestantism. Erasmus, however, dreaded any change in doctrine and believed that there was room within existing formulas for the kind of reform he valued most.
Twice in the course of the great discussion he allowed himself to enter the field of doctrinal controversy, a field foreign alike to his nature and his previous practise. One of the topics he dealt with was the freedom of the will, a crucial point. In his De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio (1524), he analyzes with great cleverness and good humour the Lutheran exaggeration of the obvious limitations on human freedom. He lays down both sides of the argument impartially. His position was that Man was bound to sin, but had a right to the forgiving mercy of God, if only he would seek this through the means offered him by the Church itself. It was an easy-going Semi-Pelagianism, opening the way to those laxities and perversions which Erasmus and the Reformers were fighting against. The "Diatribe" did not encourage any definite action; this was its merit to the Erasmians and its fault in the eyes of the Lutherans.
When Erasmus hesitated to support him, it seemed to the straightforward Luther an avoidance of responsibility due either to cowardice or lack of purpose. However, the Roman Catholic party was equally eager to retain the services of a man who had so often declared his loyalty to the principles it maintained, and his reluctance to take sides now brought upon him the suspicion of disloyalty to Catholicism. Erasmus's attitude toward the Reformation may nevertheless be seen as consistent. The evils he had combated were either those of form or were evils of a kind curable only by a long slow regeneration in the moral and spiritual life of Europe. The programme of the "Erasmian Reformation" was to use learning to remove the worst excesses. However, it failed to offer any tangible method of applying its principles to the existing church system. When Erasmus was charged with having "laid the egg that Luther hatched" he half admitted the truth of the charge, but said he had expected quite another kind of a bird.
As the popular response to Luther gathered momentum, the social disorders which Erasmus dreaded began to appear. The Peasants' War, the Anabaptist disturbances in Germany and in the Low Countries, iconoclasm and radicalism everywhere, seemed to confirm all his gloomy predictions. If this were the outcome of reform, he was thankful he had kept out of it. Yet he was being ever more bitterly accused of having started the whole "tragedy." In Switzerland he was especially exposed to criticism through his association with men there who were more than suspected of extreme rationalistic doctrines.
The test question was the doctrine of the sacraments, and the crux of this question was the observance of the Eucharist. Partly to clear himself of suspicion, Erasmus published in 1530 a new edition of the orthodox treatise of Algerus against the heretic Berengar of Tours in the 11th century. He added a dedication, affirming his belief in the reality of the body of Christ after consecration in the Eucharist, but admits that the form in which this mystery ought to be expressed is a matter for debate. It was enough for the mass of Christians that the Church should prescribe the doctrine, and speculation might safely be left to the philosophers. Here and there Erasmus lays down the principle that a man may properly have two opinions on religious subjects, one for himself and his intimate friends and another for the public. The anti-sacramentarians, headed by Œcolampadius of Basel, were, as Erasmus says, quoting him as holding views similar to their own. He denies this, but in his denial betrays how he had, in private conversation, gone a long way toward a rational view of the doctrine of the Eucharist. As in the case of free will, he could not expect the approval of the Church.
His best-known work, Praise of Folly, was dedicated to his friend Sir Thomas More. In 1536 he wrote De puritate ecclesiae christianae in which he tried to reconcile the different parties. Many of his writings appeal to a wide audience and deal with matters of general human interest; he seems to have regarded these as trifling, a leisure activity. His more serious writings begin early with the Enchiridion Militis Christiani, the "Manual (or Dagger) of the Christian Gentleman" (1503). In this short work, Erasmus outlines the views of the normal Christian life which he was to spend the rest of his days in elaborating. The chief evil of the day, he says, is formalism, a respect for traditions without consideration for the true teaching of Christ. The remedy is for every man to ask himself at each point: what is the essential thing? and to do this without fear. Forms may hide or quench the spirit. In his examination of the dangers of formalism, Erasmus discusses monasticism, saint-worship, war, the spirit of class and the foibles of "society", but the Enchiridion is more like a sermon than a satire. Its companion piece, the Institutio Principis Christiani (Basel, 1516), was written as advice to the young king Charles of Spain, later Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Erasmus applies the general principles of honour and sincerity to the special functions of the Prince, whom he represents throughout as the servant of the people.
Other works:
The great portraitist Hans Holbein the Younger made a profile half-length portrait in 1523, and Albrecht Dürer made an engraving of Erasmus in 1526.
- Colloquia which appeared at intervals from 1500 on.
As a result of his reformatory activities, Erasmus found himself at odds with both the great parties. His last years were embittered by controversies with men toward whom he was sympathetic. Notable among these was Ulrich von Hutten, a brilliant, but erratic genius, who had thrown himself into the Lutheran cause and had declared that Erasmus, if he had a spark of honesty, would do the same. In his reply, Spongia adversus aspergines Hutteni (1523), Erasmus displays his skill in semantics. He accuses Hutten of having misinterpreted his utterances about reform and reiterates his determination never to take sides. When the city of Basel was definitely and officially "reformed" in 1529, Erasmus gave up his residence there and settled in the imperial town of Freiburg-im-Breisgau. It would seem that he found it easier to maintain his neutrality under Roman Catholic than under Protestant conditions. His literary activity continued unabated, chiefly on the lines of religious and didactic composition. The most important work of this last period is the Ecclesiastes or "Gospel Preacher" (Basel, 1535), in which he brings out the function of preaching as the most important office of the Christian priest, a Protestant emphasis. His little tract of 1533, "Preparation for Death", in which the emphasis throughout is on the importance of a good life as the essential condition of a happy death, shows another tendency.
Erasmus found himself drawn once more to the happiest of his homes, at Basel, and returned in 1535 after an absence of six years. Here, in the midst of the group of Protestant scholars who had long been his friends, and, so far as is known, without relations of any sort with the Roman Catholic Church, he died. So long as he lived he had never been called to account for his opinions by the dominant Church authorities. The attacks on him were by private persons and his protectors had always been men of the highest standing. After his death, in the seal of the Roman Catholic reaction, his writings were honoured with a distinguished place on the Index of prohibited books.
The extraordinary popularity of his books, however, has been shown in the number of editions and translations that have appeared since the 16th century, and in the undiminished interest excited by his elusive but fascinating personality. Ten columns of the catalogue of the British Library are taken up with the bare enumeration of the works and their subsequent reprints. The greatest names of the classical and patristic world are among those translated, edited or annotated by Erasmus, including as Saint Ambrose, Aristotle, Saint Augustine, Saint Basil, Chrysostom, Cicero, and Saint Jerome.
Erasmus died in Basel, Switzerland.
See also: Rodolphus Agricola
External Links
- The Internet Encylopedia of Philosophy
- Metropolitan Museum of Art: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/refo/ho_1975.1.138.htm
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Erasmus."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Erasmus Alberus (c. 1500-1553), German humanist, reformer and poet, was born in the village of Sprendlingen near Frankfurt am Main about the year 1500. Although his father was a schoolmaster, his early education was neglected.Ultimately in 1518 he found his way to the University of Wittenberg, where he studied theology. He had the good fortune to attract the attention of Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchthon, and subsequently became one of Luther's most active helpers in the Protestant Reformation.
Not only did he fight for the Protestant cause as a preacher and theologian, but he was almost the only member of Luther's party who was able to confront the Roman Catholics with the weapon of literary satire. In 1542 he published a prose satire to which Luther wrote the preface, ''Der Barfusser Monche Eulenspiegel und Alkoran, an adaptation of the Liber confermitatum'' of the Franciscan Bartolommeo Albizzi of Pisa, in which the Franciscan order is held up to ridicule.
Of higher literary value is the didactic and satirical ''Buch von der Tugend und Weisheit'' (1550), a collection of forty-nine fables in which Alberus embodies his views on the relations of Church and State.
His satire is incisive, but in a scholarly and humanistic way; it does not appeal to popular passions with the fierce directness which enabled the master of Catholic satire, Thomas Murner, to inflict such telling blows.
Several of Alberus's hymns, all of which show the influence of his master Luther, have been retained in the German Protestant hymnal.
After Luther's death, Alberus was for a time a deacon in Wittenberg; he became involved, however, in the political conflicts of the time, and was in Magdeburg in 1550-1551, while that town was besieged by Maurice of Saxony. In 1552 he was appointed Generalsuperintendent at Neubrandenburg in Mecklenburg, where he died on the 5th of May 1553.
Initial text from 1911 encyclopedia -- Please update as needed -- has had minor copyediting
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Erasmus Alberus."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Erasmus of Formiae (d 303 AD), also known as Saint Erasmus or Saint Elmo is the patron Saint of sailors. St. Elmo's Fire is named after him.This article is a stub.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Erasmus of Formiae."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
ERASMUS | English | European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students | Education |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: ErasmusSynonyms: Desiderius Erasmus (n), Geert Geerts (n), Gerhard Gerhards (n). (additional references) |
Crosswords: Erasmus |
| English words defined with "Erasmus": Erasmian ♦ Itacism. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "Erasmus": FOLLY ♦ PROCOL. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Clever | Apothegms are in history, the same as pearls in the sand, or gold in the mine. (references; author: Erasmus) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Erasmus Montanus (1973) Civis totius mundi Erasmus (1969) Erasmus (1963) Erasmus. Le università e l'Europa (1990) Erasmus Microman (1988) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title |
Books | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Julius Erasmus Hilgard, 5th Superintendent of the Coast Survey. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Frontispiece of "Der Wunder-reiche Uberzug [sic] unserer Nider-Welt ..." by Erasmus Francisci, 1627-1680. Published in 1680. Library call number QC859 .F72 1680. Credit: Treasures of the Library. |
 | Title page of "Der Wunder-reiche Uberzug [sic] unserer Nider-Welt ..." by Erasmus Francisci, 1627-1680. Published in 1680. Library call number QC859 .F72 1680. Credit: Treasures of the Library. |  | Erasmus Darwin, M.D. / Drawn by J. Thurston. Engraved by J.T. Wedgwood. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | Erasmus Darwin. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Erasmus Wilson photographed by Ernest Edwards. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | Portrait of Maj. Gen. Erasmus D. Keyes, officer of the Federal Army. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Erasmus Darwin and Emily Cooper, three-quarter length portrait, seated. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Erasmus brug Rotterdam at nigh" by Job Genders Commentary: "Same as the Euromast picture." | "Bench in a park" by Adam Kurzok Commentary: "A bench in a park of erasmus university:) free to use, just click www.creactive.cz." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Desiderius Erasmus | A peck of troubles. |
| All things obey money. | |
| Fools are without number. | |
| Your library is your paradise. | |
| Prevention is better than cure. | |
| Time takes away the grief of men. | |
| Fire and sea and woman, three evils. | |
| To know nothing is the happiest life. | |
| Concealed talent brings no reputation. | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | FOLLY, n. That "gift and faculty divine" whose creative and controlling energy inspires Man's mind, guides his actions and adorns his life. Folly! although Erasmus praised thee once In a thick volume, and all authors known, If not thy glory yet thy power have shown, Deign to take homage from thy son who hunts Through all thy maze his brothers, fool and dunce, To mend their lives and to sustain his own, However feebly be his arrows thrown, Howe'er each hide the flying weapons blunts. All-Father Folly! be it mine to raise, With lusty lung, here on his western strand With all thine offspring thronged from every land, Thyself inspiring me, the song of praise. And if too weak, I'll hire, to help me bawl, Dick Watson Gilder, gravest of us all. Aramis Loto Frope |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Erasmus" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 87.50% of the time. "Erasmus" is used about 64 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (proper) | 87.5% | 56 | 45,296 |
| Noun (singular) | 12.5% | 8 | 124,375 |
| Total | 100.00% | 64 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| "Erasmus" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "love". | |||
| The following table summarizes names related to "Erasmus." | |||
| Name | Gender | Language | Related Name |
| Erasmus | Male | N/A | N/A |
| Rasmus | Male | Scandinavian | Erasmus |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
Expression using "Erasmus": Desiderius Erasmus. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "Erasmus"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Danish | EF-handlingsprogram til fremme af de studerendes mobilitet (EuRopean Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students). (various references) | |
Dutch | Communautair actieprogramma inzake de mobiliteit van studenten (EuRopean Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students). (various references) | |
Italian | Programma di azione comunitario in materia di mobilità degli studenti (EuRopean Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | erasmusay.(various references) | |
Russian | Эразм. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Misspellings | |
"Erasmus" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Brasmus, Erasma, Erasmi, Etrusques, Gerasimos, Kerasous, merismus, Rasmus, Rosmus, Servamus. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: amusers, assumer, masseur. | |
| Words within the letters "a-e-m-r-s-s-u" | |
-1 letter: amuser, amuses, assume, assure, marses, masers, musers, serums, smears, urases. | |
-2 letters: amuse, arses, arums, aures, mares, marse, maser, masse, mesas, muras, mures, muser, muses, ramus, rases, reams, ruses, seams, sears, serum, smear, suers, suras, urase, ureas, ursae, users. | |
-3 letters: amus, ares, arms, arse, arum, ears, emus, eras, maes, mare, mars, mass, mesa, mess. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-e-m-r-s-s-u" | |
+1 letter: assumers, marquess, masquers, masseurs, measures, reassume, surnames. | |
+2 letters: amauroses, ambushers, aneurisms, aneurysms, fumarases, grampuses, marquises, measurers, reassumed, reassumes, rhamnuses, staumrels, subframes, summaries, summarise, surnamers, unmaskers. | |
+3 letters: admeasures, antiserums, bushmaster, castoreums, charmeuses, embrasures, farmhouses, marasmuses, marquesses, metatarsus, mousetraps, muscarines, nursemaids, pauperisms, reassuming, remeasures, scrummages, secularism, simulacres, somersault, submarines, submarkets, summarised, summarises, summarizes, superfarms, supermales, supersmart, surrealism, transmutes. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Familiar 10. Quotations: Non-fiction 11. Usage Frequency 12. Names: Derived from | 13. Expressions 14. Expressions: Internet 15. Translations: Modern 16. Abbreviations | 17. Acronyms 18. Derivations 19. Anagrams 20. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
