Enamel

Definitions: Enamel

Enamel

Noun

1. Hard white substance covering the crown of a tooth.

2. A colored glassy compound (opaque or partially opaque) that is fused to the surface of metal or glass or pottery for decoration or protection.

3. A paint that dries to a hard glossy finish.

4. Any smooth glossy coating that resembles ceramic glaze.

Verb

1. Coat, inlay, or surface with enamel.

Date "enamel" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1321. (references)

Domain	Definitions
Chemical Industry	Paint whose vehicle consists of a varnish; on drying, it gives a particularly smooth hard film. Source: European Union. (references)
Aerospace	A thin ceramic coating, usually of high glass content, applied to a substrate, generally a metal. (references)
Chemical Industry	A pigmented alkyd varnish usually characterized by a glossy surface. Source: European Union. (references)
Medicine	A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. Source: European Union. (references)
Metallurgy	Glass or frit used to coat, protect and decorate metal surfaces. They consist generally of mixtures of borates, silicates and aluminates of the alkali metals, fritted at temperatures around 1200° C and milled with additions to give desired properties of colour, opacity and coefficient of expansion. Source: European Union. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

In a discussion of art or technology, enamel (or vitreous enamel, or 'porcelain enamel'\ in American English) is the colorful result of fusion of powdered glass to a substrate through the process of firing, usually between 750 and 850 degrees Celsius. The powder melts and flows to harden as a smooth, durable vitreous coating on metal, glass or ceramic. It is often applied in a paste form and may be transparent or opaque when fired. Vitreous enamel can be applied to most metals.

Also, an "enamel" is a decorative object, usually very small, having an enamel coating, such as a piece of champlevé or cloisonné.

Vitreous enamel has many excellent properties: it is smooth, hard, chemically resistant, durable, can take on long-lasting, brilliant colors, and cannot burn. Disadvantages are its tendency to crack or shatter when the substrate is stressed or bent.

Enamelling is an old and widely-adopted technology. The ancient Egyptians applied enamels to pottery and stone objects. Other practitioners include the ancient Greeks, Celts, Russians, and the Chinese.

The durability of enamel has given it many functional applications, including: early 20th century advertising signs, interior walls of ovens, speckleware cooking pots, exterior walls of high quality kitchen appliances, cast iron bathtubs, and storage silos on farms.

The bright, jewel-like colors have also made enamel a favored choice for designers of jewelry and bibelots, such as ancient beads, the fantastic eggs of Carl Fabergé, enameled copper boxes of Battersea enamellers, and artists such as George Stubbs and other painters of miniatures.

According to some sources, the word enamel comes from the High German word smelzan (to smelt) via the Old French esmail.

Some techniques of enameling:

Cloisonné, French for "cell", where copper or gold wires separate differently colored areas.
Champlevé - French for "raised field" where enamel is fired around raised fields of metal, leaving the metal exposed.
Limoges – ceramic ware, such as jewelry boxes, painted with true enamel and fired.
Pique-à-jour, resembles stained glass.

Color in enamel is obtained by the addition of various minerals, often based on the elements cobalt, praseodymium, iron, or neodymium, which last creates delicate shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm gray.

External Links

Mechanical and Physical Properties of Vitreous Enamel

Institute of Vitreous Enamellers (UK)

"Enamel" paint

Some paints are called "enamel paints". This is a commonly used, yet fanciful term, implying that an ordinary latex or oil-based paint has the same properties as true, fired enamel.

Synonym: Enamel

Synonym: tooth enamel (n). (additional references)

Context	Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).
Artist	Noun: artist; painter, limner, drawer, sketcher, designer, engraver; master, old master; draftsman, draughtsman; copyist, dauber, hack; enamel, enameler, enamelist; caricaturist.
Covering	Coat, paint, varnish, pay, incrust, stucco, dab, plaster, tar; wash; besmear, bedaub; anoint, do over; gild, plate, japan, lacquer, lacker, enamel, whitewash; parget; lay it on thick.
	Veneer, facing; overlay; plate, silver plate, gold plate, copper plate; engobe; ormolu; Sheffield plate; pavement; coating, paint; varnish; (resin) a; plating, barrel plating, anointing; Verb: enamel; epitaxial deposition, vapor deposition; ground, whitewash, plaster, spackel, stucco, compo; cerement; ointment; (grease).
Ornament	Smarten, furbish, polish, gild, varnish, whitewash, enamel, japan, lacquer, paint, grain.
	Gilding, plating, ormolu, enamel, cloisonn_.
Painting	Pallet, palette; easel; brush, pencil, stump; black lead, charcoal, crayons, chalk, pastel; paint; (coloring matter); watercolor, body color, oil color; oils, oil paint; varnish; a, priming; gouache, tempera, distemper, fresco, water glass; enamel; encaustic painting; mosaic; tapestry.
Sculpture	Marble, bronze, terra cotta, papier-mache; ceramic ware, pottery, porcelain, china, earthenware; cloisonne, enamel, faience, Laocoon, satsuma.
Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

Domain	Title
References	The World Market for Glass Frit, Powder, Granules, Flake, and Prepared Pigments, Opacifiers, Colors, and Vitrifiable Enamel Used in Ceramic, Enameling, and Glass Industry: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective (reference) (more reference examples)

Books	Cell Biology of Tooth Enamel Formation: Functional Electron Microscopic Monographs (Monographs in Oral Science, Vol 14) (reference) Ceramic Formulas: The Complete Compendium: A Guide to Clay, Glaze, Enamel, Glass, and Their Colors (reference) Enamel Advertising Signs (reference) Encyclopedia of Porcelain Enamel Advertising: With Price Guide (Schiffer Book for Collectors) (reference) English Enamel Boxes: From the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (reference) (more book examples)

Theater & Movies	Enamel Bead Making with Pam East (reference) (more DVD examples; more video examples)

Music	Enamel (reference) (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)

Consumer Goods	T-Fal Encore Black Enamel Cookset (8-pc.) (reference) T-Fal Perfection Hard Enamel 12-Piece Cookware Set, Black (reference) (more baby examples; more wireless phone examples; more garden examples; more kitchen examples; more tool examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Architectural porcelain enamel. Toncan iron enameling sheets. Republic Steel Corporation.Credit: Library of Congress.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Title	Author	Quote
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man	Joyce, James	The pot of pink enamel paint gave out and the wainscot of his bedroom remained with its unfinished and illplastered coat.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		The acid in the vomit can hurt the teeth by corroding the tooth enamel. (references)
		It should also be noted that poor calcium nutrition in childhood may be related to development of enamel hypoplasia and accelerated dental caries. (references)
		For example, a group of researchers has recently observed that more than one-third of children who have cerebral palsy also have missing enamel on certain teeth. (references)
Business		Given the recent depletion of Uzbekistan's hard currency reserves and in order to reduce UzDaewoo's dependence on imports, a number of enterprises have been established for local production of parts such as seats, bumpers, enamel, mufflers, pedals, fuel tanks, etc. One major goal was to construct a factory for production of engines and transmissions in conjunction with the leading automotive companies. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

"Enamel" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.00% of the time. "Enamel" is used about 300 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Noun (singular)	99%	297	16,856
Lexical Verb (base form)	0.67%	2	245,945
Lexical Verb (infinitive)	0.33%	1	339,140
Total	100.00%	300	N/A

Expressions using "enamel": alkyd enamel ♦ Dental Enamel ♦ Dental Enamel Hypoplasia ♦ Dental Enamel Permeability ♦ Dental Enamel Proteins ♦ enamel frit ♦ enamel lined pump ♦ Enamel Microabrasion ♦ Enamel Organ ♦ enamel paint ♦ Enamel painting ♦ Enamel paper ♦ Limoges enamel ♦ nail enamel ♦ oil enamel ♦ stove enamel ♦ tooth enamel ♦ vitreous enamel ♦ wire enamel. Additional references.
Hyphenated Usage
	Beginning with "enamel": enamel-base, enamel-based, enamel-coated, enamel-dentine, enamel-like.
	Ending with "enamel": re-enamel, stove-enamel.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Language		Translations for "enamel"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Albanian		emaloj, emalim, vernik (dope, lacker, lacquer, varnish), smalt, llak (lacker, lacquer, varnish). (various references)

Arabic		‏مينا طلاء, ‏مطلي (coated, glazy, painted, plated), ‏لمع (beam, blaze, buff, burnish, coruscate, dazzle, flare, flash, furbish, gleam, glisten, glitter, polish, radiate, rub up, shine, sparkle), ‏طلى بالمنيا, ‏طلاء (facing, gilding, glaze, grout, overlay, paint, size, varnish), ‏صقل (buff, buffer, burn, burnish, cultivate, furbish, gloss, glossiness, grind, lacquer, perfect, planish, plume, polish, refine, rumble, scour, shine, sleek, smooth, stone). (various references)

Bulgarian		глеч, емайл лак, емайл (glaze). (various references)

Chinese		搪�"� . (various references)

Czech		email, smaltovat, smalt, sklovina. (various references)

Danish		emaljemasse (vitrifiable glaze), emaljelak, emaljefarve, emaljeblaat, emalje (enamel frit, vitreous enamel), tandemalje, lakfarve, lakere (apply lacquer, apply varnish), glasurmasse (glaze), glasur (compound coating, glaze, icing, vitrifiable glaze). (various references)

Dutch		glazuur (compound coating, flux, fluxing material, glaze, icing, overglaze, varnish), emailleren, email (enamel frit, vitreous enamel, vitrifiable glaze). (various references)

Esperanto		emajlo, emajli. (various references)

Finnish		emaliväri, emali (enamel frit, vitreous enamel), peittävä emali, lakata (apply lacquer, apply varnish, cease, lacquer, leave off, seal, stop, varnish). (various references)

French		émail (enamel frit, vitreous enamel). (various references)

Frisian		gimmeleard. (various references)

German		Emaille (enamel frit, vitreous enamel), email (enamel frit, vitreous enamel, vitrifiable glaze), zahnschmelz (dental enamel), lackieren (apply lacquer, apply varnish, lacquer, paint, painting, spray, varnish), glasur (frosting, glaze, icing, overglaze, sealing, varnish), emaillieren. (various references)

Greek		σμάλτο (enamel frit, glaze, smalt, vitreous enamel, vitrifiable glaze), εμαγιέ. (various references)

Hebrew		לצפות באימל, תז�'י�', ש� �"ב (ivory), אימל (anamel), ז�'ו�'ית �"שן. (various references)

Hungarian		zománcmáz, zománc (glaze, lacker, lacquer, lacquering). (various references)

Indonesian		email. (various references)

Italian		verniciare (apply lacquer, apply varnish, coat, delete, erase, glaze, paint, scratch, spray, spread, to cancel, varnish, zap), smalto (enamel frit, glaze, nail varnish, polish, varnish, vitreous enamel, vitrifiable glaze). (various references)

Japanese Kanji		釉薬 (glaze), 琺瑯 , エナメル質 , エッフェル�" (and so forth, Eden, Edinburgh, edit, editing, edition, editor, editorial, editorial design, education, Eiffel Tower, enamel paint, energy, et cetera, ethos, Oedipus complex, somewhat, star, stranger, tufted puffin), 上薬 (glaze). (various references)

Japanese Katakana		うわぐすり (glaze), ほうろう (wandering), ゆうやく (being in high spirits, glaze, taking heart), エナメルしつ, エナメル . (various references)

Korean		사기질. (various references)

Manx		crooaney (enamelling), crooan. (various references)

Norwegian		emaljere, emalje, glasur (glaze, icing), glasere (glaze, ice). (various references)

Pig Latin		enamelay

Portuguese		esmalte (enamel frit, glaze, smalt, varnish, vitreous enamel, vitrifiable glaze), esmaltar (glaze, speckle, sprinkle, varnish). (various references)

Romanian		emaila (glaze, varnish, veneer), email (varnish, veneer), smalţ (glaze, varnish, veneer), smãlţui (anneal, varnish, veneer), picturã pe email, picta pe email. (various references)

Russian		эмаль, глазурь (frosting, glaze, salt-glaze, varnish), покрывать эмалью. (various references)

Serbo-Croatian		emajlirati, emajl, gleđosati (glaze), gleđ (glaze). (various references)

Spanish		esmalte (enamel frit, glaze, smalt, varnish, vitreous enamel, vitrifiable glaze), esmaltar (varnish), esmaltado. (various references)

Swedish		emalj (baked enamel, enamel frit, enemal, vitreous enamel). (various references)

Thai		เคลือบ, ชั้นนอกของฟัน, สิ่งเคลือบ. (various references)

Turkish		emaylamak, emaye (glazing, varnish), emay işi eser, emay işi, emay, tırnak cilası (nail polish), süslemek (adorn, array, beautify, bedeck, bedight, caparison, crown, damask, deck out, decorate, dike, dizen, doll out, doll up, dress, dress up, embellish, embroider, enrich, fancy up, fig out, figure, flourish, garnish, gild, gird, grace, interlard, lace, lard, ornament, prank, prank out, prank up, rig, scrimshaw, set, smarten, tart up, tire, titivate, trick out, trick up, trig out, trig up, trim, zing up, zip, zip up), sırlamak (glaze, silver, varnish, veneer, vitrify), sır (arcana, arcanum, cabala, cabbala, confidence, foil, glaze, glazing, hugger mugger, huggermugger, luster, lustre, mystery, riddle, secret), minelemek, mine (glazing), diş minesi. (various references)

Turkmen		syrзa. (various references)

Ukranian		глазурувати (enrobe, frost, glaze, ice), емалювати, емаль. (various references)

Vietnamese		m� u bề ngo� i. (various references)

Welsh		owmal. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Derivations
	Words beginning with "enamel": enameled, enameler, enamelers, enameling, enamelist, enamelists, enamelled, enamelling, enamels, enamelware, enamelwares. (additional references)
Misspellings
	"Enamel" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Aname, Eame, efame, efanol, enama, enamal, enamo, enane, enayme, endame, eneem, enemal, enjambe, entame, iname, Neeme. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

# of Phoneme Matches	Pronunciation	Word(s) rhyming with "enamel" (pronounced una"mul)
4	-a" m u l	camel, mammal, tramel, trammel.
3	-m u l	abnormal, abysmal, animal, baptismal, caramel, decimal, dermal, dismal, endodermal, epidermal, formal, geothermal, Hamal, hydrothermal, infinitesimal, informal, isothermal, maximal, mesodermal, minimal, normal, optimal, paranormal, pommel, primal, proximal, pummel, thermal.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "a-e-e-l-m-n"
	-1 letter: anele, enema, leman.
	-2 letters: alee, alme, amen, elan, lame, lane, lean, male, mane, meal, mean, name, neem, nema.
	-3 letters: ale, ane, eel, elm, eme, lam, lea, lee, mae, man, mel, men, nae, nam, nee.
	-4 letters: ae, al, am, an, el, em, en, la, ma, me, na, ne.
	Words containing the letters "a-e-e-l-m-n"
	+1 letter: amylene, empanel, emplane, enamels, enflame, gleeman, leadmen, melange, teleman, velamen.
	+2 letters: aldermen, amenable, amylenes, bonemeal, dalesmen, empanels, emplaned, emplanes, enameled, enameler, endemial, enflamed, enflames, ensample, filename, hymeneal, lameness, lamented, lamenter, leadsmen, lemonade, liegeman, maleness, maneless, mantelet, melamine, melanges, melanite, melanize, mendable, mineable, nameable, nameless, placemen, salesmen, talesmen, whalemen, wheelman.
	+3 letters: alimented, alinement, allemande, amendable, ampleness, bonemeals, cattlemen, chameleon, demential, ealdormen, elemental, eliminate, embrangle, emendable, empaneled, enamelers, enameling, enamelist, enamelled, ensamples, filenames, gentleman, germanely, greenmail, hymeneals, impaneled, intermale, lamenters, lemonades, letterman, lineament, madeleine, madrilene, magdalene, mantelets, meanwhile, melamines, melanites, melanized, melanizes, meningeal, mescaline, messaline, minelayer, nameplate, numerable, placement, ravelment, segmental, selectman, semblance, stablemen, tegmental, telamones, wheelsman.
	+4 letters: alderwomen, alinements, allemandes, allurement, antebellum, antifemale, babblement, bafflement, battlement, cajolement, calmnesses, camerlengo, centesimal, ceremonial, chameleons, colemanite, delaminate, demandable, derailment, ecumenical, elecampane, elementals, elementary, eliminated, eliminates, emalangeni, embalmment, emblazoned, emblazoner, embrangled, embrangles, empaneling, empanelled, enamelists, enamelling, enamelware, endodermal, enlacement, entailment, entodermal, enumerable, evangelism, examinable, femaleness, greenmails, hymeneally, impalement, impanelled, lambencies, lamenesses, lamentable, lamentedly, lebensraum, lemniscate, lentamente, lineaments, madeleines, madrilenes, magdalenes, maleficent, malenesses, malevolent, malingered, malingerer, manageable, manchineel, mannerless, meanwhiles, melanocyte, melanosome, menarcheal, mensurable, mercantile, mescalines, mesnalties, messalines, minelayers, mineralise, mineralize, mislearned, myelinated, namelessly, nameplates, neorealism, neurilemma, numberable, overmantel, pedimental, phenomenal, placements, planimeter, plasmagene, rabblement, ravelments, regimental, resemblant, revealment, saleswomen, seamanlike, semblances, solacement, streamline, tanglement, terminable, trawlermen, treponemal, unamenable, unexampled, unlamented, unnameable, vestmental, watermelon.
	+5 letters: aimlessness, allurements, ambivalence, amiableness, amplenesses, assemblymen, babblements, bafflements, balletomane, balminesses, battlements, cajolements, camerlengos, ceremonials, chameleonic, colemanites, commendable, compensable, complacence, concealment, condemnable, congealment, contemplate, decremental, delaminated, delaminates, deliveryman, demountable, denumerable, denumerably, derailments, detrimental, disablement, elecampanes, elementally, eliminative, embalmments, emblazoners, empanelling, emplacement, enamelwares, endemically, endometrial, enlacements, enlargement, enslavement, entailments, evangelisms, excremental, externalism, fermentable, gentlemanly, gentlewoman, greenmailed, greenmailer, impalements, impregnable, incremental, inestimable, innumerable, lamebrained, lebensraums, legerdemain, lemniscates, lineamental, machineable, machinelike, maleficence, malevolence, malfeasance, malingerers, manchineels, manlinesses, mantelpiece, mantelshelf, meaningless, medicinable, melanocytes, melanophore, melanosomes, mentalities, mentholated, mentionable, mercenarily, mesalliance, mesenchymal, metanalyses, methylamine, millenaries, mineralised, mineralises, mineralized, mineralizer, mineralizes, miscellanea, movableness, needlewoman, neorealisms, neurilemmal, neurilemmas, oecumenical, overmantels, penultimate, permanently, planimeters, plasmagenes, plebeianism, preterminal, prolegomena, rabblements, realignment, regimentals, reimplanted, renormalize, replacement, resemblance, revealments, salinometer, salmonellae, segmentally, sempiternal, sentimental, smallnesses, solacements, startlement, steelmaking, streamlined, streamliner, streamlines, tanglements, unassembled, unmemorable, unreclaimed, unremovable, untrammeled, watermelons.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

45 6E 61 6D 65 6C

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

⁼

Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

Braille (1829, in France) (references)

Morse Code (1836) (references)

. -. .- -- . .-..

Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01000101 01101110 01100001 01101101 01100101 01101100

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#69 &#110 &#97 &#109 &#101 &#108

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

0045 006E 0061 006D 0065 006C

British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

Expression	Frequency per Day
enamel	91
enamel lapel pin	59
enamel charm	42
enamel jewelry	41
enamel paint	37
enamel pin	36
tooth enamel	33
enamel ring	28
acrylic enamel	19
enamel kiln works	19
halcyon day enamel	18
enamel cookware	14
enamel switch plate	14
nail enamel	12
enamel thompson	11
enamel box	10
kiln enamel	10
enamel plate	10
porcelain enamel	10
enamel ware	9
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Enamel

Definitions: Enamel

Enamel

Noun

Verb

Specialty Definitions: Enamel

Specialty Definition: Vitreous enamel

External Links

"Enamel" paint

Synonym: Enamel

Synonyms within Context: Enamel

Artist

Covering

Ornament

Painting

Sculpture

Crosswords: Enamel

Commercial Usage: Enamel

References

Books

Theater & Movies

Music

Consumer Goods

Image Slideshow: Enamel

Illustrations:Enamel

Photo Album: Enamel

Use in Literature: Enamel

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

Joyce, James

Non-Fiction Usage: Enamel

Usage Frequency: Enamel

Expressions: Enamel

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Enamel

enamel

enamel lapel pin

enamel charm

enamel jewelry

enamel paint

enamel pin

tooth enamel

enamel ring

acrylic enamel

enamel kiln works

halcyon day enamel

enamel cookware

enamel switch plate

nail enamel

enamel thompson

enamel box

kiln enamel

enamel plate

porcelain enamel

enamel ware

Modern Translations: Enamel

Albanian

Arabic

Bulgarian

Chinese

Czech

Danish

Dutch

Esperanto

Finnish

French

Frisian

German

Greek

Hebrew

Hungarian

Indonesian

Italian

Japanese Kanji

Japanese Katakana

Korean

Manx

Norwegian

Pig Latin

Portuguese

Romanian

Russian

Illustrations:
Enamel