ELECTROPORATION

Domain	Definition
Health	A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of cell membranes, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA. Some applications of electroporation include introduction of plasmids or foreign DNA into living cells for transfection, fusion of cells to prepare hybridomas, and insertion of proteins into cell membranes. (references)
Medicine	A method for increasing DNA uptake by protoplasts through prior exposure to a high voltage which results in the temporary formation of small pores in the cell membrane. Source: European Union. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Specialty Definition: Electroporation

In genetics, the process of electroporation is used for the transformation of bacteria. Bacterial cell walls can be weakened by a careful process of freezing to make them "electrocompetent". If electrocompetent bacteria and plasmids are mixed together, the plasmid can be transferred into the cell by using an electric discharge to carry the plasmid into cells in the path of the spark crossing the reaction chamber. Several thousand volts are typically used in this process. Afterwards, the cells have to be handled carefully until they have had a chance to divide, producing new cells (with normal tough cell walls) containing reproduced plasmid. This process is usually 10× as effective as chemical transformation.

Commercial Usage: ELECTROPORATION

Domain	Title
Books	Animal Cell Electroporation and Electrofusion Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology, 48) (reference) Electroporation and Electrofusion in Cell Biology (reference) Electroporation Protocols for Microorganisms (reference) Guide to Electroporation and Electrofusion (reference) Plant Cell Electroporation and Electrofusion Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology, 55) (reference) (more book examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Usage Frequency: ELECTROPORATION

"ELECTROPORATION" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "ELECTROPORATION" is used about 8 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Expressions: ELECTROPORATION

Frequency of Internet Keywords: ELECTROPORATION

Modern Translation: ELECTROPORATION

Language		Translations for "ELECTROPORATION"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Danish		elektroporese (electropermeabi lization, electrotransfection), elektroindførsel af DNA (electropermeabi lization, electrotransfection). (various references)

Dutch		elektroporatie (electropermeabi lization, electrotransfection). (various references)

Finnish		elektroporaatio (electropermeabi lization, electrotransfection). (various references)

French		électroporation (electropermeabi lization, electrotransfection). (various references)

German		Elektrotransfection (electropermeabi lization, electrotransfection), Elektroporation (electropermeabi lization, electrotransfection). (various references)

Greek		ηλεκτρομετασχηματισμός (electropermeabi lization, electrotransfection), ηλεκτρομεταμόλυνση (electropermeabi lization, electrotransfection). (various references)

Italian		elettrotr asfezione (electropermeabi lization, electrotransfection), elettroporazione (electropermeabi lization, electrotransfection), elettropemeabilizzazione (electropermeabi lization, electrotransfection). (various references)

Pig Latin		electroporationay

Portuguese		electroporação (electropermeabi lization, electrotransfection). (various references)

Spanish		electroporación (electropermeabi lization, electrotransfection). (various references)

Swedish		elektroporering (electropermeabi lization, electrotransfection). (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Anagrams: ELECTROPORATION

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "a-c-e-e-i-l-n-o-o-o-p-r-r-t-t"
	-3 letters: interoceptor, interpolator, precentorial.
	-4 letters: centripetal, coleopteran, cooperation, corporation, correlation, incorporate, incorporeal, interceptor, intercooler, interpolate, percolation, procreation, protectoral, protractile, protraction, reoperation, retroaction.
	-5 letters: coleoptera, coloration, colorpoint, cooperator, corotation, epicentral, interloper, intertroop, percolator, peritoneal, peroration, pratincole, prelection, proctorial, protection, recreation, relocation, replicator, retractile, retraction, toleration, torrential.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

Alternative Orthography: ELECTROPORATION

Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

45 4C 45 43 54 52 4F 50 4F 52 41 54 49 4F 4E

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

⁼

Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

Braille (1829, in France) (references)

Morse Code (1836) (references)

. .-.. . -.-. - .-. --- .--. --- .-. .- - .. --- -.

Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01000101 01001100 01000101 01000011 01010100 01010010 01001111 01010000 01001111 01010010 01000001 01010100 01001001 01001111 01001110

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#69 &#76 &#69 &#67 &#84 &#82 &#79 &#80 &#79 &#82 &#65 &#84 &#73 &#79 &#78

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

0045 004C 0045 0043 0054 0052 004F 0050 004F 0052 0041 0054 0049 004F 004E

British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Noun (singular)	100%	8	124,375

Expression	Frequency per Day
electroporation	28
electroporation therapy	7
electroporation surfactants	2
electromagnetic electroporation field molecular	2
electroporation manual	2
biorad electroporation	2
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

ELECTROPORATION

Specialty Definition: ELECTROPORATION

Health

Medicine

Specialty Definition: Electroporation

Crosswords: ELECTROPORATION

Commercial Usage: ELECTROPORATION

Books

Usage Frequency: ELECTROPORATION

Expressions: ELECTROPORATION

Frequency of Internet Keywords: ELECTROPORATION

electroporation

electroporation therapy

electroporation surfactants

electromagnetic electroporation field molecular

electroporation manual

biorad electroporation

Modern Translation: ELECTROPORATION

Danish

Dutch

Finnish

French

German

Greek

Italian

Pig Latin

Portuguese

Spanish

Swedish