ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER

Domain	Definition
Computing	Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) The first ever general-purpose digital electronic computer and the ancestor of most computers in use today. ENIAC was developed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert during World War II at the Moore School of the University of Pennsylvania and was released publicly in 1946. ENIAC was underwritten and its development overseen by Lieutenant Herman Goldstine of the U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL). While the prime motivation for constructing the machine was to automate the wartime production of firing and bombing tables, the very first program run on ENIAC was a highly classified computation for Los Alamos. Later applications included weather prediction, cosmic ray studies, wind tunnel design, petroleum exploration, and optics. The machine performed an addition in 200 microseconds, a multiplication in about three milliseconds, and a division in about 30 milliseconds. John von Neumann, a world-renowned mathematician serving on the BRL Scientific Advisory Committee, soon joined the developers of ENIAC and made some critical contributions. While Mauchly, Eckert and the Penn team continued on the technological problems, he, Goldstine, and others took up the logical problems. In 1947, while working on the design for the successor machine, EDVAC, von Neumann realized that ENIAC's lack of a centralized control unit could be overcome to obtain a rudimentary stored program computer. Modifications were undertaken, that eventually led to an instruction set of 92 "orders". Von Neumann also proposed the fetch-execute cycle. [R. F. Clippinger, "A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC", Ballistic Research Laboratory Report No. 673, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, September 1948. (http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/48eniac-coding)]. [H. H. Goldstine, "The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann", Princeton University Press, 1972]. [K. Kempf, "Electronic Computers within the Ordnance Corps", Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 1961. (http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/61ordnance)]. [M. H. Weik, "The ENIAC Story", J. American Ordnance Assoc., 1961. (http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-story.html)]. (1997-08-03). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

45 4C 45 43 54 52 4F 4E 49 43 4E 55 4D 45 52 49 43 41 4C 49 4E 54 45 47 52 41 54 4F 52 41 4E 44 43 4F 4D 50 55 54 45 52

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01000101 01001100 01000101 01000011 01010100 01010010 01001111 01001110 01001001 01000011 00100000 01001110 01010101 01001101 01000101 01010010 01001001 01000011 01000001 01001100 00100000 01001001 01001110 01010100 01000101 01000111 01010010 01000001 01010100 01001111 01010010 00100000 01000001 01001110 01000100 00100000 01000011 01001111 01001101 01010000 01010101 01010100 01000101 01010010

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#69 &#76 &#69 &#67 &#84 &#82 &#79 &#78 &#73 &#67 &#32 &#78 &#85 &#77 &#69 &#82 &#73 &#67 &#65 &#76 &#32 &#73 &#78 &#84 &#69 &#71 &#82 &#65 &#84 &#79 &#82 &#32 &#65 &#78 &#68 &#32 &#67 &#79 &#77 &#80 &#85 &#84 &#69 &#82

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

0045 004C 0045 0043 0054 0052 004F 004E 0049 0043 004E 0055 004D 0045 0052 0049 0043 0041 004C 0049 004E 0054 0045 0047 0052 0041 0054 004F 0052 0041 004E 0044 0043 004F 004D 0050 0055 0054 0045 0052

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER

Specialty Definition: ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER

Computing

Crosswords: ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER

Alternative Orthography: ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER

45 4C 45 43 54 52 4F 4E 49 43 4E 55 4D 45 52 49 43 41 4C 49 4E 54 45 47 52 41 54 4F 52 41 4E 44 43 4F 4D 50 55 54 45 52

&#69 &#76 &#69 &#67 &#84 &#82 &#79 &#78 &#73 &#67 &#32 &#78 &#85 &#77 &#69 &#82 &#73 &#67 &#65 &#76 &#32 &#73 &#78 &#84 &#69 &#71 &#82 &#65 &#84 &#79 &#82 &#32 &#65 &#78 &#68 &#32 &#67 &#79 &#77 &#80 &#85 &#84 &#69 &#82

0045 004C 0045 0043 0054 0052 004F 004E 0049 0043 004E 0055 004D 0045 0052 0049 0043 0041 004C 0049 004E 0054 0045 0047 0052 0041 0054 004F 0052 0041 004E 0044 0043 004F 004D 0050 0055 0054 0045 0052

394639375452494843372485547395243373546243485439415235544952235483823749475055543952

INDEX