Electron

Definition: Electron

Electron

Noun

1. An elementary particle with negative charge.

Date "electron" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1907. (references)

Specialty Definitions: Electron

Domain	Definitions
Computing	Electron A sub-atomic particle with a negative quantised charge. A flow of electrical current consists of the unidirectional (on average) movement of many electrons. The more mobile electrons are in a given material, the greater it electrical conductance (or equivalently, the lower its resistance). (1995-10-06). Source: The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing.
Aerospace	The subatomic particle that possesses the smallest possible negative electric charge (4.80298 * 10-10 electrostatic units). See physical constants, table.The mass of the electron is approximately equal to 1/1836 that of a hydrogen atom; its theoretical rest mass (Symbol me) is equal to. (references)
Chemistry	An elementary entity having the smallest charge of negative or positive electricity. Its rest mass is approximately equal to 1/1840 part of that of the hydrogen atom. Source: European Union. (references)
Energy	An elementary particle of an atom with a negative electrical charge and a mass of 1/1837 of a proton; electrons surround the positively charged nucleus of an atom and determine the chemical properties of an atom. (references)
	An elementary particle with a negative charge and a mass 1/1837 that of the proton. Electrons surround the positively charged nucleus and determine the chemical properties of the atom. (references)
Mining	One of the constituent elementary particles of an atom. A charge of negative electricity equal to about 1.602 X 10-19 C and having a mass when at rest of about 9.107 X 10-28 g or 1/1,837 that of a proton. Electrons surround the positively charged nucleus of the atom anddetermine the chemical properties of the atom. (references)
Physics	A negatively charged elementary particle that normally resides outside (but is bound to) the nucleus of an atom. (references)
Space	A lightweight particle, carrying a negative electric charge and found in all atoms. Electrons can be energized or even torn from atoms by light and by collisions, and they are responsible for many electric phenomena in solid matter and in plasmas. (About the discovery of the electron in 1897, click here. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: Electron

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The electron is a subatomic particle. It has a negative electric charge of -1.6 × 10^-19 coulombs, and a mass of about 9.10 × 10^-31 kg (0.51 MeV/c²).

The electron is commonly represented as e^-. The antiparticle of the electron is the positron, which is identical to an electron but has positive electrical charge.

Atoms consist of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. Electrons are very light compared to the other two types of particles: a proton is about 1800 times as heavy as an electron.

The electron is one of a class of subatomic particles called leptons which are believed to be fundamental particles (that is, they cannot be broken down into smaller constituent parts). The electron has spin 1/2, which implies it is a fermion, i.e., follows the Fermi-Dirac statistics.

History

The electron had been posited by G. Johnstone Stoney, as a unit of charge in electrochemistry, but Thompson realised that it was also a subatomic particle.

The electron was discovereded by J.J. Thomson in 1897 at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, while studying "cathode rays." Influenced by the work of James Clerk Maxwell, and the discovery of the X-ray, he deduced that cathode rayss existed and were negatively charged "particles", which he called "corpuscles".

Technical details

The electron is described in quantum mechanics by the Dirac Equation.

In the Standard Model it forms a doublet in SU(2) with the electron neutrino, as they interact through the weak interaction. The electron has two more massive partners, with the same charge but different masses: the muon and the tau.

Electricity

When electrons move, free of the nuclei of atoms, and there is a net flow, this flow is called electricity, or an electric current. This might be compared to a flock of sheep moving north together, while the shepherds do not. Electric charge can be directly measured with an electrometer. Electric current can be directly measured with a galvanometer.

So-called "static electricity" is not a flow of electrons at all. More correctly called a "static charge", it refers to a body that has more or fewer electrons than are required to balance the positive charge of the nuclei. When there is an excess of electrons, the object is said to be "negatively charged". When there are fewer electrons than protons, the object is said to be "positively charged". When the number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, the object is said to be electrically "neutral".

External links

Particle Data Group

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Electron."

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: Electron

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
Entry	Source	Expression	Field
ELS	English	Electron Loss Spectroscopy	N/A
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Synonym: Electron

Synonym: negatron (n). (additional references)

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Crosswords: Electron

English words defined with "electron": antielectron ♦ beauty quark, beta particle, bevatron, bottom quark ♦ camera, charm quark ♦ delta ray, down quark ♦ electron accelerator, electron beam, electron gun, electron lens, electron microscope, electron microscopic, electron microscopy, electron multiplier, electron optics, electron orbit, electron paramagnetic resonance, electron radiation, electron shell, electron spin resonance, electron tube, electron volt, electrostatic bond, electrovalent bond, eV ♦ field-emission microscope, Franck, free electron, free radical ♦ high-energy ♦ ionic bond ♦ James Franck, Joseph John Thomson ♦ klystron ♦ magnetic dipole moment, Millikan, mu-meson, muon ♦ negative muon ♦ orbit ♦ pair creation, pair formation, pair production, perturb, photoelectron, positron, proton ♦ quantum jump ♦ radical, regenerate, Robert Andrews Millikan ♦ Sir Joseph John Thomson, squark, strange quark ♦ television camera, thermion, Thomson, top quark, truth quark, tv camera ♦ up quark ♦ valence electron. (references)

Specialty definitions using "electron": Acrylamide, Adrenodoxin, aligned-grid tube, aligned-grid valve, amplitude-modulated indicator, arc-through loss of control, atomic particle, Azurin ♦ Band Gap Energy, band-to-band recombination, Bayard-Alpert ionization gage, beam-switching tube, Bernstein Mode, beta decay, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, blanked scope, bohr magneto, Bohr magneton, Bohr magneton, electronic Bohr magneton, Bohr radius, Bohr unit, bremsstrahlung, broadcast quality video ♦ captured electron, captured hole, carbanion, cascade shower, cathode ray tube, CATHODE RAY TUBE SALVAGE PROCESSOR, cesium electron tube, Chapman region, characteristic radiation, characteristic X-rays, Charge Carrier, Charles gun, chelating agent, CHEMICAL PREPARER, CHEMIST, INSTRUMENTATION, Ciliary Motility Disorders, circuit board inspector, color registration, colour registration, Compton electron, Compton recoil electron, conduction level, conduction state, conduction-band state, Confinement Time, corpuscular cosmic rays, Corrosion Casting, cosmic ray burst, Cosmic rays, covalent bonding, cross-linking, crossover point, Cryoelectron Microscopy, Cryoultramicrotomy, CRYSTAL MACHINING COORDINATOR, cyclotron frequency, Cytochrome A, Cytochrome b5, Cytochrome-c Oxidase ♦ Debye length, defect electron, deflecting electrode, deflecting yoke, deflection yoke, deflector plate, density of energy states, density of quantum states, density of states, deposition operator, determinative mineralogy, Dibromothymoquinone, Diffusion Length, Dihydroorotate Oxidase, direct recombination, donor atom, Dopant, dynode ♦ E-layer, ELECTROLESS PLATER, PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD PANELS, electroluminescence, Electron Acoustic Wave, electron avalanche, electron beam d.c.resistance, Electron Beam Ion Trap, electron beam melting, electron capture, electron capture detector, Electron Cyclotron Discharge Cleaning, Electron Cyclotron Emission, Electron Cyclotron Frequency, Electron Cyclotron Heating, electron density, electron device, Electron Flux, electron model, electron octet, Electron Probe Microanalysis. (references)

Non-English Usage: "Electron" is also a word in the following language with English translations in parentheses.

Romanian (corpuscle, electron).

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Modern Usage: Electron

Domain	Usage
Movie/TV Titles	L' Electron libre (2000)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Electron

Domain	Title
References	Daito Electron Co., Ltd.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference) Eurodis Electron Plc: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference) Muramoto Electron (Thailand) Public Company Limited: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference) SVA Electron Co., Ltd.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference) Thermo Electron Corporation: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference) (more reference examples)

Books	Advanced Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis (reference) Electron Holography (Springer Series in Optical Sciences, Vol 70) (reference) Electron Microprobe Analysis (reference) Electron Scattering for Nuclear & Nucleon Structure (reference) Electron spin relaxation phenomena in solids (reference) (more book examples)

Periodicals	Australian Electron Microscopy Newsletter (reference) Electron (reference) Electron Microscopy Society Of America Directory (reference) Journal Of Electron Microscopy (reference) (more periodical examples)

Music	Electron Love Theory (reference) (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)

High Tech	19in Crt Electron Blue III with hood 100% Flat Aperture (reference) (more camera examples; more video game examples; more computer examples; more electronic examples; more software examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Image Slideshow: Electron

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Photo Album: Electron

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	[Scientist using an electron microscope] / WHO p.Credit: National Library of Medicine; photo by T. Farkas..		The electron microscope - one of the wonders of modern technology. / WHO p.Credit: National Library of Medicine; photo by J. Mohr..
	The electron microscope - one of the wonders of modern technology. / WHO p.Credit: National Library of Medicine; photo by J. Mohr..		[Examining tracings of electron micrographs of rat sciatic nerve cross sections] / Photographed by Thomas Joy.Credit: National Library of Medicine.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Sounds Captioned with "Electron".

Play	Caption	Play	Caption
	Electricity; voltage; volts; power; AC; DC; current; electromagneticism; electron; galvanism; heat; hot stuff; ignition; juice; light; magneticism; neutron; positron; proton; radioactivity; service; spark; tension; utilities; energy; kilowatts.		Electricity; voltage; volts; power; AC; DC; current; electromagneticism; electron; galvanism; heat; hot stuff; ignition; juice; light; magneticism; neutron; positron; proton; radioactivity; service; spark; tension; utilities; energy; kilowatts.
	Electricity; voltage; volts; power; AC; DC; current; electromagneticism; electron; galvanism; heat; hot stuff; ignition; juice; light; magneticism; neutron; positron; proton; radioactivity; service; spark; tension; utilities; energy; kilowatts.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Electron

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		Scanning electron microscope study. (references)
		It was taken in an electron microscope. (references)
		The ultrastructure of viruses can be examined by electron microscopy. (references)
Business		Irradiation using a source of Gamma radiation has been used as a treatment process for many years, and a newer form of irradiation employing an electron beam has the potential to treat clinical waste. (references)
		Demand for imported healthcare supplies is expected to grow at an accelerated pace for items such as positron emission tomography scanners (PET), electro-cardiographs, computed axial tomography scanners, ultra-sound scanners and electron microscopes. (references)
Economic History	Finland	Many international companies have established a business in Finland - companies such as Schering, Perkin Elmer and Thermo Electron. (references)
	Australia	In addition, there is a high degree of interest on the part of Australian state governments and commercial entities in Australia's biotechnology sector, which generated A$1 billion (US$520 million) in revenue in 2000. A positive development for the sector was the announcement by the Victorian State Government (in June 2001) of the decision to build a synchrotron (an electron accelerator, which acts as an immensely powerful microscope), likely to attract research and development activities to the state. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: Electron

"Electron" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 98.78% of the time. "Electron" is used about 899 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Noun (singular)	98.78%	888	8,019
Noun (proper)	1.22%	11	106,044
Total	100.00%	899	N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Usage in Company Names: Electron

Country	Name	Country	Name
China	SVA Electron Co., Ltd.	Japan	Daito Electron Co., Ltd.
Thailand	Muramoto Electron (Thailand) Public Company Limited	United Kingdom	Eurodis Electron Plc
USA	Thermo Electron Corporation
	(more examples...)

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Expressions: Electron

Expressions using "electron": captured electron ♦ cesium electron tube ♦ defect electron ♦ electron accelerator ♦ electron avalanche ♦ electron beam ♦ electron beam d.c.resistance ♦ electron capture detector ♦ electron density ♦ electron emission ♦ electron gun ♦ electron lens ♦ electron microscope ♦ electron microscopic ♦ electron microscopy ♦ electron model ♦ electron multiplier ♦ electron octet ♦ electron optics ♦ electron orbit ♦ electron oven ♦ electron paramagnetic resonance ♦ Electron Probe Microanalysis ♦ electron radiation ♦ electron radiography ♦ electron shell ♦ electron spin ♦ electron spin resonance ♦ Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ♦ Electron Transport ♦ electron tube ♦ electron volt ♦ free electron ♦ initiating electron ♦ lone electron ♦ positive electron ♦ secondary electron emission ♦ separately pumped electron gun ♦ single electron ♦ single electron substance ♦ single Electron Tunneling ♦ single Electron Tunneling Technology ♦ total electron content ♦ valence electron. Additional references.
Hyphenated Usage
	Beginning with "electron": electron-antineutrino, electron-antineutrinos, electron-beam, electron-bombarded, electron-capture, electron-dense, electron-density, electron-donating, electron-energy, electron-grabbing, electron-like, electron-lucency, electron-microscope, electron-microscopic, electron-neutrino, electron-nucleus, electron-phonon, electron-position, electron-positron, electron-proton, electron-radiation, electron-rich, electron-richness, electron-shell, electron-shells, electron-sized, electron-stained, electron-to-photon, electron-transfer, electron-transparent, electron-transport, electron-type, electron-velocity, electron-volt, electron-volts.
	Ending with "electron": one-electron, valence-electron.
	Containing "electron": single-electron transistor.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Electron

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Expression	Frequency per Day
electron	222
electron microscope	113
thermo electron	103
configuration electron	94
electron beam welding	61
visa electron	45
electron beam tomography	39
electron microscopy	37
electron valence	35
tokyo electron	34
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translations: Electron

Language		Translations for "electron"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Afrikaan		elektron. (various references)

Albanian		elektron. (various references)

Arabic		‏الإلكترون شحنة سالبة. (various references)

Bulgarian		магнезиева сплав, електрон. (various references)

Chinese		電子 (electronic), �"�子 (Electrical, Electrically, Electronic, electronically, electronics). (various references)

Czech		elektron. (various references)

Danish		elektron (negaton, negatron). (various references)

Dutch		elektron (negaton, negatron). (various references)

Esperanto		elektrono. (various references)

Farsi		الکترون . (various references)

Finnish		elektroni. (various references)

French		électron. (various references)

German		elektron (negaton, negatron). (various references)

Greek		ηλεκτρόνιο. (various references)

Hebrew		אלקטרון. (various references)

Hungarian		elektron. (various references)

Indonesian		elektron. (various references)

Italian		elettrone. (various references)

Japanese Kanji		電子 , エル�"ー盤 (aerogram, angel, elbow, Electone, Electra complex, electric, electric guitar, electricity, electroluminescence, electronic, electronic banking, electronic cooking, electronic cottage, electronic file, electronic mail, electronic money, electronic music, electronic office, electronic sound, electronics, elegance, elegant, elegy, element, elementary, elevation, elevator, elf, elm, elocution, elven, encapsulation, enclosure, encode, encoder, encoding, encounter, encyclopedia, engage, engagement, engagement ring, engine, engine brake, engineer, engineering, engineering plastics, enjoy, erect, erection, erogenous zone, Eroica, Eros, erotic, erotic and grotesque, erotic and grotesque nonsense, erotic production, erotica, eroticism, erotism, erotomania, Herman, Hermes, ignition key, long-playing record, LP). (various references)

Japanese Katakana		で�"し, エレクトロン . (various references)

Korean		� �자 (Electronic). (various references)

Pig Latin		electronay.(various references)

Portuguese		eletromotor, electrão. (various references)

Romanian		electron (corpuscle). (various references)

Russian		электронный (electronic), электрон. (various references)

Serbo-Croatian		elektron, kao elektron. (various references)

Spanish		electrón. (various references)

Swedish		elektron. (various references)

Turkish		elektron, negatif elektrik atomu. (various references)

Ukranian		електрон. (various references)

Vietnamese		$Electron, $ điện tử. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Electron

Derivations
	Words beginning with "electron": electronegative, electronegativities, electronegativity, electronic, electronically, electronics, electrons. (additional references)
	Words ending with "electron": antielectron, interelectron, photoelectron. (additional references)
	Words containing "electron": antielectrons, interelectronic, isoelectronic, isoelectronically, microelectronic, microelectronically, microelectronics, nonelectronic, nonelectronics, optoelectronic, optoelectronics, photoelectronic, photoelectrons. (additional references)
Misspellings
	"Electron" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Alceron, eclectro, Edleston, electol, electon, electrol, electrom, electronc, electrone, elektro, Elektron, Elmeston. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Electron"

# of Phoneme Matches	Pronunciation	Word(s) rhyming with "electron" (pronounced ule"ktrÄn)
4	-t r Ä n	negatron.
3	-r Ä n	interferon, nephron, oxymoron.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Electron

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "c-e-e-l-n-o-r-t"
	-1 letter: elector, electro, lectern.
	-2 letters: cenote, center, centre, cloner, colter, cornel, cornet, crenel, creole, encore, lector, recent, relent, tenrec, tercel.
	-3 letters: cento, ceorl, clone, conte, creel, crone, elect, enrol, enter, erect, lento, leone, loner, nerol, noter, recon, recto, relet, rente, tenor, terce, terne, toner, treen, trone.
	-4 letters: celt, cent, cere, cero, cete, clon, clot, cole, colt, cone, core, corn, cote, enol, erne, leer, leet, leno, lent, lone, lore, lorn, noel, note, once, orle, reel, rent, rete, role, rote, rotl, teel, teen, tele, tern, tole, tone, torc, tore, torn, tree.
	-5 letters: cee, cel, col, con, cor, cot, eel, eon, ere, ern, lee, let, lot, nee, net, nor, not, ole, one, orc, ore, ort, rec, ree, ret, roc, roe, rot, tee, tel, ten, toe, ton, tor.
	Words containing the letters "c-e-e-l-n-o-r-t"
	+1 letter: centriole, coeternal, electrons, tolerance.
	+2 letters: centerfold, centrioles, clinometer, coelentera, coherently, concretely, electroing, electronic, enterocoel, florescent, prelection, reelection, reflection, tolerances.
	+3 letters: celebration, centerfolds, clinometers, coelenteron, coleopteran, concertedly, convertible, counterplea, crenelation, dereliction, electioneer, electronics, enterocoele, enterocoels, fluorescent, intercooler, intercouple, interlocked, intolerance, neuroleptic, nonelectric, plecopteran, preelection, prelections, reconditely, reelections, reflections, reinoculate, telocentric, thermocline.
	+4 letters: acceleration, acetonitrile, antielectron, celebrations, coelenterate, coleopterans, concelebrant, concelebrate, conferential, conglomerate, conventicler, convertibles, counterpleas, counterspell, counterstyle, crenelations, crenellation, deceleration, dechlorinate, decontrolled, derelictions, efflorescent, electioneers, electrogenic, electrotonic, electrotonus, endotracheal, enterococcal, enterocoeles, enterocoelic, fluorescents, heliocentric, inclinometer, incoherently, inoperculate, intercoolers, internucleon, intolerances, lectionaries, microelement, neorealistic, neuroleptics, nomenclature, noncelebrity, nonelectrics, perceptional, plecopterans, precentorial, predilection, preelections, preselection, recollecting, recollection, recreational, reescalation, reflectional, reinoculated, reinoculates, retinotectal, telocentrics, thermoclines, tredecillion, uncorrelated, underclothes.
	+5 letters: accelerations, acetonitriles, adrenalectomy, antielectrons, ceremonialist, cobelligerent, coelenterates, colinearities, complementary, concelebrants, concelebrated, concelebrates, conglomerated, conglomerates, considerately, containerless, conventiclers, convertaplane, convertiplane, coresidential, countermelody, counterplayer, counterspells, counterstyles, countervailed, courtlinesses, crenellations, decelerations, dechlorinated, dechlorinates, directionless, electioneered, electioneerer, electrocuting, electrocution, electrolyzing, electromagnet, electrotyping, ensorcellment, enterocoelous, enterocolitis, helicoptering, inclinometers, inconvertible, inoperculates, interelectron, intersocietal, isoelectronic, laryngectomee, microelements, nephelometric, nomenclatures, nonelectrical, nonelectronic, nonreflecting, nonretractile, nucleoprotein, photoelectron, preadolescent, predilections, preselections, recollections, reconcilement, reconsolidate, reescalations, retroflection, scleroprotein, selenocentric, thermonuclear, tredecillions, trinucleotide, ultraviolence, uncorrectable, untheoretical.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.