Dopamine

Definition: Dopamine

Dopamine

Noun

1. A monoamine neurotransmitter found in the brain and essential for the normal functioning of the central nervous system; as a drug (trade names Dopastat and Intropin) it is used to treat shock and hypotension.

Specialty Definition: Dopamine

Domain	Definition
Health	An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: Dopamine

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Dopamine (C₆H₃(OH)₂-CH₂-CH₂-NH₂) is a catecholamine neurotransmitter in the brain.

It can also be supplied as a sympathomimetic drug, i.e. a drug which acts on the sympathetic nervous system, producing effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure.

Dopamine in the basal ganglia plays a critical role in the way our brain controls our movements. Thus, shortage of dopamine, particularly the death of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, is a cause of Parkinson's disease, in which a person loses the ability to execute smooth, controlled movements.

In the frontal lobes, dopamine plays a role in controlling the flow of information from other areas of the brain. Dopamine disorders in the frontal lobes can cause a decline in neurocognitive function, particularly those linked to the frontal lobes, such as memory, attention and problem solving.

Disruption to the dopamine system has also been strongly linked to psychosis and schizophrenia. Dopamine neurons in the mesolimbic pathway are particularly associated these conditions. This is partly due to the discovery of a class of drugs called the phenothiazines (which block dopamine D₂ receptors) which can reduce psychotic symptoms and partly due to the finding that drugs such as amphetamines and cocaine (which are known to greatly increase dopamine levels) can cause psychosis when used in excess. Because of this all modern antipsychotic medication is designed to blocks dopamine function to varying degrees.

In addition, dopamine is involved in the chemistry of pleasure. Release of dopamine into that part of the limbic system known as the "pleasure center" (an area just below the thalamus) causes pleasure. Although meant to reward vital activities such as eating and sex, this same mechanism is responsible for the craving connected with addiction to drugs, cocaine for example.

Dopamine is also a hormone released by the hypothalamus. Its main function is to inhibit the release of prolactin from the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

Major Dopamine Pathways

mesolimbic pathway
nigrostriatal pathway
mesocortical pathway
tuberoinfundibular pathway

Synonyms: Dopamine

Synonyms: Dopastat (n), Intropin (n). (additional references)

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Crosswords: Dopamine

English words defined with "dopamine": dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopa. (references)

Specialty definitions using "dopamine": 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ♦ 4-Butyrolactone ♦ ABBOTT 69024, Amantadine, Amoxapine, antidopaminergic ♦ Benserazide, Benztropine, Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters, Bromocriptine, Bupropion ♦ Carbidopa, Clopenthixol, Clozapine ♦ Deprenyl, Dextroamphetamine, Dihydroergotoxine, Dimethyldithiocarbamate, Domperidone, Dopa Decarboxylase, Dopamine Agents, Dopamine Agonists, Dopamine Antagonists, dopamine theory, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors ♦ Fenoldopam, Fusaric Acid ♦ Lisuride ♦ mazindol, Methergoline, Metoclopramide, monoamine oxidase B ♦ Oxidopamine ♦ Pergolide, Piribedil ♦ quinpirole ♦ Raclopride, Receptors, Biogenic Amine, Receptors, Catecholamine, Receptors, Dopamine, Receptors, Dopamine D1, Receptors, Dopamine D2, Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone, Remoxipride, Risperidone ♦ Sch-23390, selegiline, SK&F-38393 ♦ Tiapride ♦ Wellbutrin. (references)

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Modern Usage: Dopamine

Domain	Usage
Movie/TV Titles	Dopamine (2003)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Dopamine

Domain	Title
Books	Cardiovascular Function of Peripheral Dopamine Receptors (Clinical Pharmacology, Vol 15) (reference) CNS Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Dopamine (reference) Dopamine and Mental Depression (Advances in the Biosciences, Vol 77) (reference) Dopamine in the CNS II (reference) Dopamine Receptors and Transporters: Pharmacology, Structure, and Function (reference) (more book examples)

Music	Dopamine (reference) Dopamine [EXPLICIT LYRICS] (reference) (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Photo Album: Dopamine

Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Schematic representation of the possible influence of b-endorphin (b-EP) on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Credit: NIAA.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Dopamine

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		This type of drug is called a dopamine agonist. (references)
		Jaffe CA, Barkan AL. Treatment of acromegaly with dopamine agonists. (references)
		It codes for an enzyme important in the brain's manufacture of dopamine. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: Dopamine

"Dopamine" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 94.87% of the time. "Dopamine" is used about 39 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Noun (singular)	94.87%	37	56,631
Lexical Verb (infinitive)	2.56%	1	339,140
Noun (proper)	2.56%	1	339,140
Total	100.00%	39	N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Expressions: Dopamine

Expressions using "dopamine": Dopamine Agents ♦ dopamine agonist ♦ Dopamine Agonists ♦ Dopamine Antagonists ♦ dopamine theory ♦ Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors. Additional references.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Dopamine

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Expression	Frequency per Day	Expression	Frequency per Day
dopamine	528	dopamine effects	4
receptors dopamine	15	dopamine trazodone	4
dopamine agonist	9	adhd dopamine	4
dopamine function	9	calculating dopamine drip	4
dopamine agonists	8	dopamine inhibitor reuptake	4
dopamine depression	8	depletion dopamine	3
dopamine serotonin	8	dopamine neurotransmitters	3
mesolimbic dopamine system	8	dopamine natural	3
dopamine phobia social	7	addiction dopamine	3
dopamine drug	7	depression dopamine manic	3
alcohol dopamine	6	dopamine prolactin sex	3
dopamine wellbutrin	6	dopamine drip	3
anxiety dopamine	5	dopamine system	3
dopamine deficiency	5	definition dopamine	3
dopamine sex	5	dopamine exercise	3
dopamine schizophrenia	5	dopamine nicotine	3
increase dopamine	4	dopamine level	3
dobutamine dopamine	4	dopamine dose renal	3
dopamine supplement	4	dopamine medication	3
dopamine neurotransmitter	4	dopamine seratonin	3
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translation: Dopamine

Language		Translations for "dopamine"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Danish		dopamin. (various references)

Dutch		dopamine. (various references)

Finnish		dopamiini. (various references)

French		dopamine. (various references)

German		Dopamin. (various references)

Italian		dopammina, dopamina. (various references)

Korean		도파민. (various references)

Pig Latin		opamineday

Portuguese		dopamina. (various references)

Spanish		dopamina. (various references)

Swedish		dopamin. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Dopamine

Derivations
	Words beginning with "dopamine": dopaminergic, dopamines. (additional references)
Misspellings
	"Dopamine" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Dipnarine, dopamime, Dopeman, dopemine, dopmine, Dopramine, Jopanini, nopaline. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Dopamine"

# of Phoneme Matches	Pronunciation	Word(s) rhyming with "dopamine" (pronounced dÄ"pumī'n)
4	-u m ī' n	calamine, cholestyramine.
3	-m ī' n	landmine, undermine.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Dopamine

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "a-d-e-i-m-n-o-p"
	-1 letter: amidone, imponed.
	-2 letters: aidmen, anomie, daemon, daimen, daimon, dampen, domain, domine, emodin, impend, impone, maiden, median, medina, moaned, monied, opined, pained, pomade, ponied.
	-3 letters: admen, aimed, amend, amide, amido, amine, amino, amnio, anime, anode, danio, demon, denim, imped, maned, media, menad, minae, mined, monad, monde, monie, moped, named, nomad, opine, paeon, paned, piano.
	Words containing the letters "a-d-e-i-m-n-o-p"
	+1 letter: companied, compendia, dopamines.
	+2 letters: championed, complained, palindrome, pantomimed.
	+3 letters: accompanied, companioned, endoplasmic, impassioned, madreporian, palindromes, pandemonium, predominant, predominate, promenading.
	+4 letters: deprograming, dopaminergic, impersonated, imponderable, imponderably, madreporians, miscaptioned, pandemoniums, preadmission, predominance, predominancy, predominated, predominates, prenominated, pyridoxamine.
	+5 letters: commandership, deprogramming, endolymphatic, imponderables, intercompared, preadmissions, predominances, predominantly, predominately, predominating, predomination, premeditation, preordainment, pyridoxamines, unaccompanied, uncomplicated, unimpassioned.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.