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Definition: Discrimination |
DiscriminationNoun1. Unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice. 2. The cognitive process whereby two or more stimuli are distinguished. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "discrimination" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references) |
Etymology: Discrimination \Dis*crim`i*na"tion\, noun. [Latin expression discriminatio the contrasting of opposite thoughts.]. (Websters 1913) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Chemistry | The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. Source: European Union. (references) |
Diversity | A biased decision based on a prejudice against an individual group characterized by race, class, sexual orientation, age, disabilities, etc . . . (references) |
Economics | A failure to treat all persons or parties equally where no reasonable distinction can be found between those favored and those not favored. It mat be reflected in treatment, service or rates. (references) |
Electrical Engineering | A process of obtaining the modulating signal from a frequency or phase modulated wave. Source: European Union. (references) |
Post & Telecom | The minimum time by which events must be separated such that the sequence of their occurrence is determined correctly. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
To discriminate means to make a distinction. There are several meanings of the word, including statistical discrimination, or the actions of a circuit called a discriminator. This article addresses the most common meaning of the word, social, racial, religious, sexual and ethnic discrimination.
Discrimination generally refers to treating one group of people less well than another on such grounds as their race (racism), gender (sexism), religion (religious discrimination), ethnic background, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, preference or behavior, or political views. Discrimination on the basis of such grounds as subcultural preference (Punks, Hippies, Mods vs. Rockers) is also common.
The effects of discrimination span the spectrum from mild, such as slow or unhelpful retail service, through racial and ethnic slurs, denial of employment or housing, to hate crimes and genocide.
Use of the term carries the implication that the factors on which the discrimination is based are intrinsically irrelevant to the decision being influenced. Generally, the aggrieved group is considered by the discriminator as inferior to others.
Some governments have formalized and supported discrimination. Examples include apartheid in South Africa, institutionalized racial segregation in the USA from the Civil War through the 1960s, the "Jewish problem" in Nazi Germany, or re-education camps in some communist countries.
For example, the Kingdom of Jordan forbids Jews from becoming citizens, although peoples of any other group are allowed to do so. (Law No. 6, sect. 3, of April 3, 1954; restated in law no. 7, sect. 2, of April 1, 1963.) Saudi Arabia forbids non-Muslims from practising their religion in public. Christians who ask Muslims to convert to Christianity have been persecuted and arrested; Muslims who have converted to Christianity have been executed. Jews are forbidden from practising their faith. The article on discrimination against non-Muslims in Saudi Arabia discuses this subject in more depth.
According to reports from the U.S. Department of State, non-Muslims also suffer discrimination in many non-Arab Muslim nations. Separate articles discuss discrimination against non-Muslims in Afghanistan, Iran, Malaysia, Mauritania, Pakistan and
Sudan.
The State of Israel is often accused of discrimination against Palestinian Arabs; this topic is discussed in the article on apartheid.
Different groups of people will have different perceptions of a situation. Four people who witness a car accident will have four different perceptions of what happened and how it happened.
Therefore it is possible to have a situation where two groups of people vehemently oppose each other, both objecting to the same piece of legislation on the grounds that it "gives more favorable treatment" to the other group.
Even here, the situation is complicated by possible indirect or institutionalized discrimination. Suppose black people are just as capable of being musicians but have not had access to training. For example, in 1989, the Detroit Symphony Orchestra was threatened with losing a $1.3 state subsidy unless it hired a second black musician. It side-stepped the blind audition and hired an African-American. This affirmative action was clearly in the narrowest sense discriminatory, yet a chain of events followed leading to the Detroit Symphony African-American Fellowship Program in which young black musicians join the orchestra in rehearsals and performances. They receive coaching and audition preparation tips from orchestra members. Seven Detroit fellows have won seats in major American orchestras.Definition
Discrimination involves formally or informally classifying people into different groups and according the members of each group distinct, and typically unequal, treatments, rights and obiligations. The criteria delineating the groups, such as gender, race, or class, determine the kind of discrimination.Institutionalized Discrimination and Responses
Many governments have attempted to control discrimination through civil rights legislation, equal opportunity laws and institutionalised policies of affirmative action (or reverse discrimination).Religious Discrimination
Religious intolerance often manifests itself in discriminatory behaviours. During the Middle Ages, in the Crusades, Popes, kings, and emperors tried to draw on Christian unity to defend their lands from some followers of Islam, which was spreading along Europe's southern and eastern borders. Roman Catholic countries have historically persecuted dissenters, for example with the Spanish Inquisition. Rulers of Protestant countries sponsored discrimination against members of the Roman Catholic faith. During Tudor and Stuart times, rulers of the UK persecuted both Catholics and non-Catholics at intervals for political reasons. Non-Muslims are discriminated against in many Arab nations. Jews and Christians have historically had fewer rights than Muslim citizens in all Muslim nations; all non-Muslim monotheists have been consigned to the status of dhimmis. Communist countries have discriminated against members of all theistic faiths.The Paradox of Discrimination
Many people assume that when there is discrimination, one group of people is given more favorable treatment than others. This is not always the case. It is possible to have cases where it is not at all clear which group is given the more favorable treatment.
There are four possible answers.
The key to the paradox is the subjectively interpreted phrase "more favorable treatment". Different people have different ideas about what constitutes "favorable treatment". To a male who does not want to die, favorable treatment means not being forced to go to the frontline. To a female who wants to defend her homeland, favorable treatment means being allowed to defend her homeland.See Also
Footnote
1 This is not to assert anything about the relative suitability of men and women for conflict. There may however be other examples of a situation some might regard as discriminatory, but in which there was no discrimination because of the decision was based on the intrinsic suitedness of the two groups to the roles being apportioned. An example might be symphony orchestras made up of all-white musicians selected by blind auditions. In a blind audition, you play behind a curtain. They can't see you, so there is no possibility of skin or race influencing the choice.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Discrimination."
Synonyms: DiscriminationSynonyms: favoritism (n), favouritism (n), secernment (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Comparison | Discrimination; indiscrimination a; identification b. |
Difference | Nice distinction, fine distinction, delicate distinction, subtle distinction; shade of difference, nuance; discrimination; differentia. |
Discrimination | Noun: discrimination, distinction, differentiation, diagnosis, diorism; nice perception; perception of difference, appreciation of difference; estimation; nicety, refinement; taste; critique, judgment; tact; discernment; (intelligence); acuteness, penetration; nuances. |
Intelligence Wisdom | Noun: intelligence, capacity, comprehension, understanding; cuteness, sabe , savvy ; intellect; nous, parts, sagacity, mother wit, wit, esprit, gumption, quick parts, grasp of intellect; acuteness; Adjective: acumen, subtlety, penetration, perspicacy, perspicacity; discernment, due sense of, good judgment; discrimination; cunning; refinement; (taste). |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | This is the worst kind of discrimination. The kind against me! (Futurama; writing credit: Lance Smith; Carl Colpaert) This is discrimination! Do you realize there's not a single homosexual on the jury? (Bananas; writing credit: Woody Allen; Mickey Rose) | |
Movie/TV Titles | ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Position emission tomography (PET) of cerebral glucose utilization in a normal individual. This tomogram is through the upper part of the cerebral hemisphere. Note discrimination between gray matter (yellow-red color) and white matter (green-blue color) which uses less glucose. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | Wipe out discrimination. CIO says "Wipe out discrimination" / Milton Ackoff. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Resolutely support the struggle of the African people against colonialism and racial discrimination : irresistible historical trend : countries want independence, nations want liberation, the people want revolution. Credit: Library of Congress. | ||
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
President Dwight D. Eisenhower | Legislation to apply the principle of equal pay for equal work without discrimination because of sex is a matter of simple justice. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | There shall be no discrimination in regard to any of the provisions of the present Article between persons belonging to different nationalities or between goods of different origin or destination. (reference) |
United Nations | 1948 | Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. (reference) |
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. | 1963 | One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. (Delivered on the steps at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. on August 28, 1930) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | Jean Valjean was too ignorant, even after so much ill fortune, for nice discrimination in these matters. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Risks include misdiagnosis, stigmatization, diminished self-esteem, and potential discrimination. (references) | |
Family members should also seek out assistance if they face discrimination regarding insurance, employment, or other matters. (references) | ||
In spite of laws that are put into place to protect people from external discrimination, less visible or more subtle harm may occur. (references) | ||
Business | The law thoroughly protects workers against antiunion discrimination. (references) | |
The law does not allow any discrimination whatsoever from the regulator. (references) | ||
In other words, foreign products must not be subjected to discrimination. (references) | ||
Children | Macedonia | There is societal discrimination against persons with disabilities. (references) |
Palau | No instances of discrimination against persons with disabilities were reported. (references) | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | In the RS, the law also prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Jordan | Baha'is face both official and social discrimination. (references) |
Tunisia | Neither group believed that it was a victim of religious discrimination. (references) | |
Korea | Such individuals, as a category, suffered broad discrimination in the past. (references) | |
Discrimination | Cote d'Ivoire | Ethnic discrimination and division are problems. (references) |
Israel and the occupied territories | This includes discrimination in residency and land use. (references) | |
Azerbaijan | Preventing this discrimination is not a government priority. (references) | |
Economic History | Sri Lanka | It prohibits anti-union discrimination. (references) |
Finland | Private companies do not face discrimination. (references) | |
Kuwait | Kuwaiti labor law prohibits anti-union discrimination. (references) | |
Human Rights | Mexico | In December 2000 President Fox established the Citizen's Commission Against Discrimination. (references) |
Australia | Overall, the number of complaints of discrimination received by the HREOC fell from 1,317 in 1999-2000 to 1,263 in 2000-01, a drop of 4 percent. (references) | |
Lithuania | The Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsman, founded in 2000, exercises similar functions for complaints of discrimination and sexual harassment. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Gabon | Pygmies suffered societal discrimination and often lived in extreme poverty. (references) |
Mexico | The indigenous population has been long subject to discrimination, repression, and marginalization. (references) | |
Trinidad and Tobago | They maintain social ties with each other and other aboriginal groups and are not subject to discrimination. (references) | |
Minorities | Ukraine | Roma face considerable societal discrimination. (references) |
Kyrgyz Republic | Converts from Islam at times faced discrimination. (references) | |
Japan | Other foreigners also were subject to discrimination. (references) | |
Political Economy | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Religious discrimination remained a problem. (references) |
IRELAND | Legislation prohibits antiunion discrimination. (references) | |
Burundi | State discrimination against Hutus was widespread. (references) | |
Political Rights | Hong Kong | The Court unanimously found that the practice violated both the Bill of Rights and the Sex Discrimination Ordinances. (references) |
Korea | Because of cultural traditions and discrimination, women occupy few important positions in government, although this is slowly changing. (references) | |
Hong Kong | In January 1999, the Government blocked a legislator's attempt to introduce two bills on collective bargaining and antiunion discrimination on the grounds that they would affect government spending and operations and therefore fell outside the scope allowed for private member bills under the Basic Law. (references) | |
Trade | Guatemala | Foreign borrowers face no systematic discrimination in terms or access but local real interest rates are 11 to 15 percent. (references) |
Romania | The free trade arrangements with the EU, EFTA, and CEFTA are already triggering customs duty discrimination against some U.S. products. (references) | |
Uae | The UAE joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. Although the WTO prohibits discrimination in investments or shareholding between nationals and non-nationals, the UAE has been granted certain exemptions for its financial services sector. (references) | |
Women | Singapore | Some areas of discrimination remain. (references) |
Mauritania | Women still faced legal discrimination. (references) | |
Burundi | Women face legal and societal discrimination. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Mauritius | The IRA prohibits antiunion discrimination. (references) |
Israel and the occupied territories | No antiunion discrimination has been reported. (references) | |
Guinea | The Code also prohibits antiunion discrimination. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | HOMILETICS, n. The science of adapting sermons to the spiritual needs, capacities and conditions of the congregation. So skilled the parson was in homiletics That all his normal purges and emetics To medicine the spirit were compounded With a most just discrimination founded Upon a rigorous examination Of tongue and pulse and heart and respiration. Then, having diagnosed each one's condition, His scriptural specifics this physician Administered -- his pills so efficacious And pukes of disposition so vivacious That souls afflicted with ten kinds of Adam Were convalescent ere they knew they had 'em. But Slander's tongue -- itself all coated -- uttered Her bilious mind and scandalously muttered That in the case of patients having money The pills were sugar and the pukes were honey. Biography of Bishop Potter |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | Lawrence and the Lakes which may prove more than equivalent to the loss sustained by the discrimination made to favor the trade of the northern colonies with the West Indies. |
Lyndon B. Johnson | 1963-1969 | As far as the writ of Federal law will run, we must abolish not some, but all racial discrimination. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | We have successfully fought against red lining and housing discrimination. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | Our commitment to fairness means that we must assure legal and economic equity for women, and eliminate, once and for all, all traces of unjust discrimination against women from the United States Code. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | Discrimination against any American is un-American. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Discrimination" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.54% of the time. "Discrimination" is used about 1,973 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.54% | 1,964 | 4,375 |
| Noun (common) | 0.46% | 9 | 117,287 |
| Total | 100.00% | 1,973 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "discrimination": Discrimination (Psychology) ♦ Discrimination Learning ♦ discrimination score for speech ♦ freedom from discrimination ♦ Pitch Discrimination ♦ race discrimination ♦ racial discrimination ♦ sex discrimination ♦ sexual discrimination ♦ Speech Discrimination Tests ♦ target discrimination ♦ without discrimination. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "discrimination": discrimination-learning. | |
Ending with "discrimination": anti-discrimination. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "discrimination"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | diskriminim, diferencim (differentiation), dallim me paragjykim, dallim (contradistinction, difference, differentiation, discernment, distinction, identification, relief), aftësi dalluese. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | تمييز في المعاملة, تمييز (difference, differentiation, discernment, recognition, segregation), تعصب على. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | разум (mind, nous, rationality, understanding, wit), разграничение (delimitation, demarcation), благоразумие (discretion, policy, prudence), изтънченост (courtliness, daintiness, delicacy, nicety, polish, politeness, refinement, sophistication, subtlety, urbanity), дискриминация. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 歧视 (Discriminate, Discriminated, Discriminating). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | diskriminace (victimization), rozlišování (contradistinction). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | diskrimination, skelnen, skelneevne, opløsningsevne (definition, resolution, resolving power, separating capability), lyddiskrimination, frekvensfasedemodulation, frekvensdemodulation. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | discriminatie. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | diskriminacio. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | diskriminaattori-ilmaisu, diskriminaatio, erotuskyky (definition, isolation, resolution, resolution capability, resolving capability, resolving power), erottelukyky (resolution, separating capability), erottaminen (discernment, dismissal, expulsion, parting, removal, separation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | distinction (distinction, distinctness), discrimination, discernement (discernment). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Frisian | diskriminaasje. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | unterscheidung (difference, differentiation, distinction), Diskriminierung. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | διάκριση (differentiation, discretion, distinction, note), διακρίσεις. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | משוא פ ים (bias, favouritism, partiality, prejudice), קפוח (denial, deprivation, injustice), אפלי", "פלי", "בח " (differentiation, discernment, distinction), שיאת פ ים (bias, favouritism, partiality). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | megkülönböztetés (differentiation, discernment, distinction, sexism), megkülönböztetett bánásmód, belátás (discernment, discretion, wit), okosság (astuteness, brightness, cleverness, prudence, sagacity, sapience, shrewdness), különbségtétel (differentiation), józanság (presence of mind, sanity, soberness, sobriety), előnyben részesítés, ítélőképesség (discernment, discursive faculty, judgment, power of discrimination, sense). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | diskriminasi, perbedaan (chasm, contradiction, contrariety, contrast, difference, differentiation, disparity, dissent, dissidence, distinction, divergence, diverification, variation), pembedaan (classification, differentiation). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | discriminazione, discernimento (discernment, discretion, judgement, judgment). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 有心 (attachment, distractions, historical school of poetic thought), 別ち (differentiation, distinction), 分別 (classification, discernment, discretion, distinction, division, judgement, separation), 分別心 (distinction, prudence), 分け"て , 分かち (differentiation, distinction), 差別 (differentiation, distinction), 判別 (distinction), 偏 (favoritism), 被差別 , "乙 (A and B, discernment, distinction, excellent and good, similarity), 眼識 (insight), 見境 (distinction), 識別 (discernment, identification), 識別力 (discernment), 鑑別 (judgement), 鑑識 (discernment, having eye for, judgement), 弁 (braid, dialect, petal, speech, valve). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | ふ"べつし" (distinction, prudence), へ"ぱ (favoritism), みさかい (distinction), わけへ て (distinction, favoritism), わかち (differentiation, distinction), "うおつ (A and B, discernment, distinction, excellent and good, similarity), か"べつ (judgement), は"べつ (distinction), ふ"べつ (discernment, discretion, judgement), が"しき (insight), ぶ"べつ (classification, distinction, division, separation), うし" (attachment, distractions, historical school of poetic thought), さべつ (differentiation, distinction), べ" (braid, convenience, counter for whipping, crown, dialect, evacuation, excreta, facility, petal, speech, stools, valve), ひさべつ, しきべつ (discernment, identification), しきべつりょく (discernment), か"しき (discernment, dry process, having eye for, judgement). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 차별 (Differentiator, Discriminatory). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | teiy (ballot, balloting, choice, choose, cream, cream best, cull, division; tomahawk, gather, highlight; selection, pick, pick over, poll; prime, select, vote), reih (champion, choice, choose, correct, correct as behaviour, elect, favourite, opt, option, preferred, single out), geyre-chooishaght (alertness, astuteness, shrewdness), foayr (benefaction, boon, favour, interest, kindness). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Norwegian | diskriminering. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Papiamen | diskriminashon. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | iscriminationday discriminação (breakdown, make-up). (various references) discriminare, discernãmânt (discerning, discernment, insight, judgement, judgment, purposefulness), deosebire (chasm, contradistinction, difference, differentiation, disparity, dissimilarity, distinction, otherness, separation). (various references) дискриминация. (various references) diskriminacija, sposobnost razlikovanja. (various references) discriminación (finesse). (various references) diskriminering (victimization), urskillning (discernment, discretion). (various references) fark gözetme (distinction), ayrıcalık yapma, ayırt etme (differentiation, distinction), ayırma yetkisi. (various references) упередженість (animus, inequity, partiality, prejudgement, prejudgment, prejudication, presentiment), розрізнення (appreciation, distinction), здатність розрізняти, дискримінація. (various references) sự tách bạch ra sự biết phân biệt, sự sáng suốt (discernment, insight, judiciousness, perspicacity, policy), sự phân biệt (distinction), sự nhận rõ điều khác nhau, óc suy xét sự đối xử phân biệt, óc phán đoán. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | dilectum, dilectus. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "discrimination": discriminational, discriminations. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "discrimination": antidiscrimination, indiscrimination, nondiscrimination. (additional references) | |
Words containing "discrimination": indiscriminations, nondiscriminations. (additional references) | |
| |
"Discrimination" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: descrimination, dicrimination, discreditation, discremination, discriminarion, discriminatino, discriminatio, discriminiation, diskrimination, disrcimination, disvrimination. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "discrimination" (pronounced di'skri'munā"shun) |
| 13 | d i' s k r i' m u n ā" sh u n | nondiscrimination. |
| 11 | -s k r i' m u n ā" sh u n | antidiscrimination. |
| 10 | -k r i' m u n ā" sh u n | incrimination, recrimination. |
| 8 | -i' m u n ā" sh u n | elimination. |
| 7 | -m u n ā" sh u n | abomination, contamination, culmination, decontamination, denomination, determination, dissemination, domination, emanation, examination, extermination, germination, illumination, insemination, nomination, reexamination, renomination, rumination, termination, transillumination. |
| 6 | -u n ā" sh u n | alienation, assassination, combination, concatenation, coordination, coronation, decaffeination, desalination, destination, detonation, disinclination, divination, explanation, fascination, hallucination, hydrogenation, imagination, impersonation, inclination, incoordination, indoctrination, insubordination, intonation, machination, ordination, origination, pagination, pollination, predestination, procrastination, profanation, rejuvenation, subordination, vaccination. |
| 5 | -n ā" sh u n | carnation, condemnation, consternation, damnation, designation, donation, hibernation, impregnation, incarnation, indignation, nation, reincarnation, resignation, stagnation. |
| 4 | -ā" sh u n | abbreviation, abdication, aberration, abrogation, acceleration, acclimation, accommodation, accreditation, accumulation, accusation, acidification, activation, adaptation, adjudication, administration, admiration, adoration, adulation, advocation, affectation, affiliation, affirmation, agglomeration, aggravation, agitation, allegation, alleviation, allocation, alphabetization, alteration, altercation, amalgamation, amelioration, amortization, amplification, amputation, animation, annexation, annihilation, annotation, anticipation, appellation, application, appreciation, approbation, appropriation, approximation, arbitration, argumentation, articulation, aspiration, assimilation, association, augmentation, authentication, authorization, automation, aviation, avocation, balkanization, bifurcation, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, castration, categorization, causation, celebration, centralization, certification, cessation, cetacean, characterization, citation, civilization, clarification, classification, coagulation, codification, cogeneration, cogitation, cohabitation, collaboration, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, communication, communization, compensation, compilation, complication, computation, computerization, concentration, conciliation, condensation, confabulation, confederation, configuration, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, confrontation, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, connotation, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, constipation, consultation, consummation, contemplation, continuation, conversation, convocation, cooperation, corporation, correlation, corroboration, creation, cremation, criminalization, crustacean, cultivation, dalmatian, decapitation, deceleration, decentralization, decertification, declaration, decoration, decriminalization, dedication, defamation, deflation, deforestation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deification, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deliberation, delineation, demarcation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, denationalization, denuclearization, denunciation, depopulation, deportation, depravation, depreciation, depredation, deprivation, deregulation, derivation, desalinization, desecration, desegregation, desiccation, desolation, desperation, destabilization, detoxication, detoxification, devaluation, devastation, deviation, dictation, differentiation, dilatation, dilation, discoloration, discontinuation, disembarkation, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorganization, disorientation, dispensation, disputation, disqualification, dissertation, dissipation, dissociation, distillation, diversification, documentation, domestication, dramatization, duplication, duration, echolocation, edification, education, ejaculation, elaboration, elation, electrification, elevation, elongation, emancipation, embarkation, emigration, emulation, enumeration, equalization, equitation, equivocation, eradication, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, evocation, exacerbation, exaggeration, exasperation, excavation, excitation, exclamation, excommunication, exfoliation, exhalation, exhilaration, exhortation, exhumation, exoneration, expatriation, expectation, experimentation, expiration, explication, exploitation, exploration, expropriation, extrapolation, fabrication, facilitation, falsification, federation, fermentation, fertilization, fibrillation, figuration, filtration, fixation, flirtation, flotation, fluctuation, fluoridation, foliation, formation, formulation, fortification, foundation, fragmentation, frustration, fumigation, gasification, gastrulation, generalization, generation, gentrification, gestation, glaciation, globalization, glorification, gradation, graduation, granulation, gratification, gravitation, gyration, habitation, harmonization, hesitation, hospitalization, humiliation, hybridization, hydration, hyperinflation, identification, illustration, imitation, immigration, immunization, implantation, implementation, implication, importation, improvisation, imputation, inactivation, inauguration, incantation, incapacitation, incarceration, incorporation, incrustation, incubation, indemnification, indentation, indexation, indication, industrialization, infatuation, infestation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, information, inhabitation, inhalation, initiation, innovation, inoculation, insinuation, inspiration, installation, instigation, institutionalization, instrumentation, insulation, integration, intensification, internationalization, interpretation, interrogation, intimation, intimidation, intoxication, inundation, invalidation, investigation, invitation, invocation, ionization, irradiation, irrigation, irritation, isolation, jubilation, justification, laceration, lactation, legalization, legislation, levitation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, limitation, liquidation, litigation, localization, location, lubrication, magnetization, magnification, malformation, manifestation, manipulation, marginalization, masturbation, maturation, maximization, mechanization, mediation, medication, meditation, menstruation, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, misappropriation, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscommunication, miscreation, misidentification, misinformation, misinterpretation, misrepresentation, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modification, modulation, molestation, monopolization, motivation, multiplication, mummification, mutation, mutilation, narration, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, negotiation, neutralization, nitration, nonproliferation, normalization, notation, notification, nucleation, nullification, obfuscation, obligation, observation, occupation, operation, optimization, oration, orchestration, organisation, organization, orientation, ornamentation, oscillation, ossification, ostentation, ovation, overpopulation, overregulation, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pacification, palpitation, participation, pasteurization, penetration, perforation, permutation, perpetuation, personalization, personification, perspiration, perturbation, pigmentation, plantation, polarization, politicization, pontification, popularization, population, precipitation, prefabrication, premeditation, preoccupation, preparation, presentation, preservation, pressurization, privation, privatization, probation, proclamation, procreation, prognostication, proliferation, pronunciation, propagation, proration, prostration, protestation, provocation, publication, punctuation, purification, qualification, quantification, quotation, radiation, radicalization, ramification, ratification, rationalization, reaffirmation, realization, reallocation, reauthorization, recalculation, recantation, recapitalization, recertification, recitation, reclamation, reclassification, recommendation, reconciliation, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, recreation, rectification, recuperation, redecoration, rededication, reevaluation, reflation, reforestation, reformation, refrigeration, refutation, regeneration, regimentation, registration, regulation, rehabilitation, rehydration, reincorporation, reinterpretation, reinvigoration, reiteration, relation, relaxation, relocation, remediation, remuneration, renationalization, renegotiation, renovation, renunciation, reorganization, reparation, repatriation, replication, representation, repudiation, reputation, reregulation, reservation, respiration, restoration, resuscitation, retaliation, retardation, reunification, revaluation, revelation, reverberation, revitalization, revocation, rotation, salvation, sanctification, sanitation, saponification, saturation, securitization, sedation, sedimentation, segmentation, segregation, sensation, separation, sequestration, simplification, simulation, situation, socialization, solicitation, sophistication, specialization, specification, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, standardization, starvation, station, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, subsidization, substantiation, suburbanization, suffocation, summation, superstation, syndication, tabulation, taxation, telecommunication, temptation, titillation, toleration, transformation, translation, transplantation, transportation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, undervaluation, unification, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vacation, vacillation, validation, valuation, vaporization, variation, vegetation, ventilation, verification, vibration, victimization, vilification, vindication, violation, visitation, visualization, vocation, vulgarization, westernization. |
| 3 | -sh u n | abduction, abolition, abortion, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, accession, accretion, acquisition, action, addiction, addition, admission, admonition, adoption, advection, affection, affliction, aggression, alliteration, alternation, ambition, ammunition, antiabortion, anticorruption, apparition, apportion, apprehension, ascension, ashen, assertion, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, beautician, benediction, brutalization, caption, carburetion, caution, circulation, circumspection, clinician, coalition, coercion, cognition, collection, commission, commotion, compassion, competition, completion, complexion, composition, comprehension, compression, compulsion, compunction, conception, conceptualization, concession, concoction, concussion, condescension, condition, conduction, confection, confession, conjunction, connection, conniption, conscription, constitution, constriction, construction, consumption, contention, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conviction, convolution, convulsion, correction, corruption, counterrevolution, crucifixion, cushion, deception, decimation, decommission, decomposition, decompression, deconstruction, deduction, defection, definition, deletion, demolition, demotion, dentition, depiction, depletion, deposition, depression, dereliction, description, desertion, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, devolution, devotion, diction, dietitian, diffraction, digression, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, disconnection, discretion, discussion, disinfection, disposition, disruption, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissension, dissolution, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, dysfunction, edition, egyptian, ejection, election, electrician, electrocution, elocution, emission, emotion, emulsion, encryption, erection, erudition, eruption, eviction, evolution, exaction, exception, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exhibition, expansion, expedition, exposition, expression, expulsion, extension, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, faction, fashion, fiction, fission, flexion, formalization, fraction, freshen, friction, fruition, function, gentian, geriatrician, gumption, hessian, homogenization, hypertension, hypotension, ignition, impassion, imperfection, imposition, impression, inaction, inception, incineration, indiscretion, induction, infarction, infection, inflection, infliction, infraction, inhibition, injection, injunction, inquisition, inscription, insertion, inspection, institution, instruction, insurrection, interaction, interception, intercession, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, interruption, intersection, introduction, introspection, intuition, invention, junction, jurisdiction, juxtaposition, lilliputian, liposuction, liquefaction, locomotion, logician, lotion, magician, malfunction, malnutrition, mansion, martian, mathematician, mention, midsection, misapprehension, misconception, misimpression, misperception, mission, mortician, motion, munition, musician, nonaggression, nonfiction, nonprescription, notion, nutrition, objection, obs |
