Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

DIFFICILE

Definition: DIFFICILE

DIFFICILE

Adjective

1. Difficult; hard to manage; stubborn.

Source: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)
 

Date "DIFFICILE" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1599. (references)

Etymology: Difficile \Dif"fi*cile\, adjective. [Latin expression difficilis: compare to the French expression difficile. See Difficult.]. (Websters 1913)

"DIFFICILE" is a common misspelling or typo for: difficult, edificial.


Synonyms within Context: DIFFICILE

ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).

Discrimination

Phrase: il y a fagots et fagots; rem acu tetigisti; la critique est aisee et l'art est difficile; miles apart; a distinction without a difference.

Judgment

Phrase: "a Daniel come to judgment"; "and stand a critic, hated yet caress'd"; "it is much easier to be critical than to be correct"; la critique est aisee et l'art est difficile; "nothing if not critical"; "O most lame and impotent conclusion".

Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

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Crosswords: DIFFICILE

Specialty definitions using "DIFFICILE": Clostridium difficileEnterocolitis, PseudomembranousPremier Pas, Pseudomembranous Colitis. (references)
Non-English Usage: "DIFFICILE" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses.

French (arduous, awkward, difficult, fiendish, finicking, fussy, hard, hard and fast, inconvenient, knotty, lean, nice, painful, pernickety, severe, sticky, tartar, testing, tough, tricky, troublesome, uneasy, unmanageable, uphill), Italian (arduous, awkward, catchy, difficult, difficult to please, fastidious, hard, inconvenient, problem, rough, severe, stiff, strained, stressful, tight, tough, tricky, trying, uneasy), Latin (difficult, hard, hard to manage, intractable, morose, obstinate).

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Modern Usage: DIFFICILE

DomainUsage

Movie/TV Titles

La Verit difficile (1968)

L' Amore difficile (1962)

Una Vita difficile (1961)

Une tâche difficile (1956)

Sempre più difficile (1942)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: DIFFICILE

DomainTitle

Books

  • Analyse Transnationale Des Politiques D'Education Et de Formation Des Adultes: La Liberation Difficile Des Forces Creatrices (reference)

  • Coexistence Difficile LA Dualite Linguisique (reference)

  • Comprendre et éduquer un enfant difficile (reference)

  • E Difficile Parlare Di Se (reference)

  • Etats-Unis, Europe Et Union Europeenne: Histoire Et Avenir D'Un Partenariat Difficile (1945-1999) = the United States, Europe and the European Union (reference)

    (more book examples)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: DIFFICILE

"DIFFICILE" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 50.00% of the time. "DIFFICILE" is used about 4 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words
Rank in English
Noun (proper)50%2245,945
Noun (singular)50%2245,945
                    Total100.00%4N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Expressions: DIFFICILE

Expressions using "DIFFICILE": Clostridium difficile la critique est aisee et l'art est difficile. Additional references.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: DIFFICILE

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day

clostridium difficile

188

c difficile

62

clostridium difficile colitis

10

clostridium difficile toxin

9

c difficile toxin

8

difficile

6

clostridium difficile treatment

4

c difficile colitis

4

clostridium difficile image

4

bacterium clostridium difficile

3

c difficile infection

3

clostridium diet difficile

3

difficile levinas liberte

2

c difficile treatment

2

clostridium difficile fatigue

2

clostridum difficile

2

colostrum difficile

2

clostridium difficile precaution universal

2
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translations: DIFFICILE

Language Translations for "DIFFICILE"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Albanian

  

i rëndë (arduous, artless, awkward, bad, bulky, burdensome, cubbish, cumbersome, cumbrous, dead, elephantine, grave, grievous, grinding, hard, heavy, hefty, incondite, knock about, leaden, lumping, massive, oafish, onerous, peremptory, plodding, ponderous, portly, serious, set up, severe, solemn, stertorous, stodgy, tricky, unwieldy, wakeless, weighty). (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

труден (arduous, awkward, complex, difficult, dodgy, formidable, heavy, knotty, laborious, lively, painful, perplexed, perplexing, pick-and-shovel, rocky, sore, spiny, stroppy, taxing, thorny, ticklish, tight, tough, tricky, troublesome, uphill, warm). (various references)

   

Czech

  

obtížný (difficult, dodgy, hard, heavy, nagging, onerous, painful, tricky, troublesome). (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

nehéz természetû (hard-tempered). (various references)

   

Italian

  

difficult. (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

ifficileday

   

Portuguese

  

difícil (arduous, cornered, cramped, difficult, fustian, go ahead, grave, grueling, gruelling, hard, heavy, hidebound, inconvenient, kidnap, knotty, labored, laboured, nice, painful, pernickety, ponderous, puzzling, rugged, thankless, thorny, ticklish, tough, tricky, trying, well-made). (various references)

   

Russian 

  

несговорчивый (gnarled, gnarly, intractable, stroppy, unaccommodating, uncompliant, uncooperative). (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

težak (bulky, crushing, difficult, formidable, grave, hard, heavy, hefty, kittle, labored, laborious, laboured, leaden, lumbering, ponderous, punishing, rough, swingeing, trying, uneasy, weighty). (various references)

   

Spanish

  

difícil (arduous, awkward, complicated, complicative, delicate, difficult, grave, hard, heavy, off putting, painful, picky, problem, tender, touch and go, tough, tricky, wild). (various references)

   

Ukranian 

  

упертий (asinine, bullheaded, churlish, cobby, contumacious, cross-grained, disobedient, dogged, hard-nosed, headstrong, mulish, obdurate, obstinate, opinionated, opinioned, patient, persistent, pertinacious, perverse, piggish, pigheaded, rebellious, reluctant, restive, rowdy, self-opinionated, set, stiff necked, strong-willed, stubborn, wilful, willful), незговірливий (cross-grained, intractable, thwart). (various references)

   

Vietnamese 

  

khó tính (cantankerous, finical, finicking, finicky, finikin, miminy-piminy, nicely, perverse, select, unaccommodating). (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Bible Trace: DIFFICILE

LanguageDateSourceMatthew Chapter 19, Verse 23
Greek (transliterated)250 BCSeptuagintO de ihsouV eipen toiV maqhtaiV autou amhn legw umin oti duskolwV plousioV eiseleusetai eiV thn basileian twn ouranwn
Latin405VulgateIesus autem dixit discipulis suis amen dico vobis quia dives difficile intrabit in regnum caelorum
Old English990West SaxonWitodlice se hælend cwæð to hysleorning-cnihten. Soðlice ich eow segge þætærfedlice se wælige gæð on godes riche.
Middle English1395WyclifAnd Jhesus seide to hise disciplis, Y seie to you treuthe, for a riche man of hard schal entre in to the kyngdom of heuenes.
Renaissance English1526TyndaleThen Iesus sayde vnto his disciples: Verely I saye vnto you: yt is harde for a ryche ma to enter into ye kyngdome of heaven.
Jacobean English1611King JamesThen said Jesus unto his disciples, Verily I say unto you, That a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven.
Victorian English1833WebsterThen said Jesus to his disciples, Verily I say to you, that a rich man shall with difficulty enter into the kingdom of heaven.
Basic English1964OgdenAnd Jesus said to his disciples, Truly I say to you, It is hard for a man with much money to go into the kingdom of heaven.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Matched Bible Translations: DIFFICILE

LanguageMatthew Chapter 19, Verse 23
Cebuano¶ Ug sa iyang mga tinun-an si Jesus miingon, "Sa pagkatinuod, magaingon ako kaninyo, nga igakalisud unya sa usa ka dato ang pagsulod sa gingharian sa langit.
CroatianA Isus reèe svojim uèenicima: "Zaista, kažem vas, teško æe bogataš u kraljevstvo nebesko.
DanishMen Jesus sagde til sine Disciple: "Sandelig, siger jeg eder: En rig Kommer vanskeligt ind i Himmeriges Rige.
DutchEn Jezus zeide tot Zijn discipelen: Voorwaar, Ik zeg u, dat een rijke bezwaarlijk in het Koninkrijk der hemelen zal ingaan.
FinnishSilloin Jeesus sanoi opetuslapsillensa: "Totisesti minä sanon teille: rikkaan on vaikea päästä taivasten valtakuntaan.
FrenchJésus dit ses disciples: Je vous le dis en vérité, un riche entrera difficilement dans le royaume des cieux.
GermanJesus aber sprach zu seinen Jüngern: Wahrlich, ich sage euch: Ein Reicher wird schwer ins Himmelreich kommen.
Haitian Creole¶ Lè sa a, Jezi di disip li yo: Sa m'ap di nou la a, se vre wi. Sa ap difisil nèt pou yon nonm rich antre nan Peyi Wa ki nan syèl la.
HungarianJézus pedig monda az õ tanítványainak: Bizony mondom néktek, hogy a gazdag nehezen megy be a mennyeknek országába.
Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hariLalu Yesus berkata kepada pengikut-pengikut-Nya, "Aku berkata kepadamu, sukar sekali untuk orang kaya menjadi anggota umat Allah.
Indonesian-Terjemahan LamaMaka kata Yesus kepada murid-murid-Nya, "Sesungguhnya Aku berkata kepadamu, bahwa sukarlah seorang yang kaya masuk ke dalam kerajaan surga.
LatvianBet Jçzus sacîja saviem mâcekïiem: Patiesi es jums saku: bagâtam grûti ieiet debesvalstîbâ.
Manx GaelicEisht dooyrt Yeesey rish e ostyllyn, Dy firrinagh ta mee gra riu, S'doillee hed dooinney berchagh stiagh ayns reeriaght niau.
Maori¶ Ka mea a Ihu ki ana akonga, He pono taku kupu ki a koutou, E tapoko whakauaua te tangata taonga ki te rangatiratanga o te rangi.
NorwegianOg Jesus sa til sine disipler: Sannelig sier jeg eder: Det vil være vanskelig for en rik å komme inn i himlenes rike.
PortugueseDisse então Jesus aos seus discípulos: Em verdade vos digo que um rico dificilmente entrará no reino dos céus.   
RumanianIsus a zis ucenicilor Sqi: ,,Adevqrat vq spun cq greu va intra un bogat kn Kmpqrqyia cerurilor.
Shuar¶ Nuyá Jesus ni unuiniamurin tiarmiayi "Nekasan Tájarme, Kuítrintin Yus akupeamunam pachiinkiatin ti itiurchataiti.
SpanishEntonces Jesús dijo a sus discípulos: --De cierto os digo, que difícilmente entrará el rico en el reino de los cielos.
SwahiliHapo Yesu akawaambia wanafunzi wake, "Kweli nawaambieni, itakuwa vigumu sana kwa tajiri kuingia katika Ufalme wa mbinguni.
SwedishDå sade Jesus till sina lärjungar: "Sannerligen säger jag eder: För den som är rik är det svårt att komma in i himmelriket.
Uma¶ Toe pai' na'uli' Yesus hi ana'guru-na: "Makono mpu'u lolita-ku toi: mokoro rahi tauna to mo'ua' jadi' ntodea-na Alata'ala hi rala Kamagaua' -na.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Anagrams: DIFFICILE

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "c-d-e-f-f-i-i-i-l"

-1 letter: filicide.

-3 letters: deific.

-4 letters: cliff, felid, field, fifed, filed, flied.

-5 letters: cedi, ceil, clef, defi, deil, delf, deli, dice, diel, fice, fief, fife, file, fled, flic, iced, idle, lice, lied, lief, life.

 Words containing the letters "c-d-e-f-f-i-i-i-l"
 

+3 letters: difficulties.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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Alternative Orthography: DIFFICILE


Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

44 49 46 46 49 43 49 4C 45

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

=

Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

Braille (1829, in France) (references)

Morse Code (1836) (references)

-..    ..    ..-.    ..-.    ..    -.-.    ..    .-..    .

Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01000100 01001001 01000110 01000110 01001001 01000011 01001001 01001100 01000101

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#68 &#73 &#70 &#70 &#73 &#67 &#73 &#76 &#69

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

0044 0049 0046 0046 0049 0043 0049 004C 0045

British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

384340404337434639

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Crosswords
3. Usage: Modern
4. Usage: Commercial
5. Usage Frequency
6. Expressions
7. Expressions: Internet
8. Translations: Modern
9. Bible Trace
10. Anagrams
11. Orthography
12. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

 

 

 

 

Note to the press & webmasters - this dictionary can be linked, indexed, or referred to using the following non-English expressions:
woordeboek, fjalor, ‏معجم, ‏قاموس, diccionariu, речник, diccionari, diksyonario, diksinario, 字典, gérlyver, slovník, ordbog, woordenboek, shimiyuc p'anca, orðabók, orðbók, dictionnaire, wurdboek, wörterbuch, λεξικό, אוצר מילים, szótár, uqausiit tukingit, dizionario, 字引 , じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , 사 , dizionari, recnik, fockleyr, dikshonario, słownik, dicionário, dicţionar, dicziunari, словарь, lolomi fefiloi, foclair, abardair, faclair, briathrachan, pukuntau, leksikon, rečnik, vocabbulariu, diccionario, sí-chazamagâma, ordbok, lexikon, พจนานุกรม, sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, словник, довідник, có tính chất sách vở, geirlyfr, geiriadur, for dictionary;
definisie, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, ‏الوضوحية في الشيء, ‏حد, ‏تحديد, ‏تعريف, ‏التحديد, ‏الإيضاحية, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, 定義 , 定义, definice, deskriptordefinition, definitie, määritelmä, définition, ορισμός, "'"ר", "'בל", meghatározás, definíció, definizione, 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, 의, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght, definishon, definição, definiţie, determinare, definire, определение, definicija, definición, definition, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, diffiniad, darnodiad, for definition;
vertaling, transferim, transmetim, ‏ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ‏ترجمة, ‏إفتتان, транслация, огъване, превод, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, превеждане, 翻译, překlad, oversættelse, translatie, taajuusmuutos, translaatio, traduction, oersetting, Übersetzung, μετάφραση, תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק, fordítás, traduzione, 翻訳 , へい"ういどう, やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, トランスレーション , やくじゅつ, ほ"やくしょ, 번역, tradukshon, tradução, translaţie, tãlmãcire, traducere, сдвиг, трансляция, перемещение, перевод, tumačenje, traducción, översättning, tercüme, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thích, trosiad, for translation;
Albaans, Albanies, Albaniese taal, shqip, ‏الألبانية, ‏الألباني, албанец, албански език, албански, Albanyano, 阿"巴尼亚语, 阿爾巴尼亞人 , albánský, Albanees, albanskt, albanialainen, Albanais, Albaneesk, albaner, αλβανικόσ, Αλβανός, αλβανόσ, arbnisht, arbërisht, albán, albanskur, albanska, AlbÚinis, albanese, 알"니아, Albaneagh, albanês, arnãut, albanez, arnãuţesc, албанский, Alapania, albanski, albanac, albanés, alban, Arnavut, албанський, албанка, албанець, for Albanian;
Bulgaars, Bulgaar, bulgr, ‏البلغارية, ‏بلغاري, Búlgaru, български, български език, българин, Bulgaryan, 保 利亚, bulharský, bulgarer, bulgarskt, bulgarialainen, Bulgaarsk, bulgare, 'ούλγαρος, bullgar, bolgár, bulgaro, 불가리아, Bulgeyragh, Bulgeyrish, Bułgar, болгарский, болгарин, bugarski jezik, bugarski, bugarka, bugarin, búlgaro, bulgar, bulgaristan ile ilgili, болгарський, người Bun-ga-ri tiếng Bun-ga-ri, for Bulgarian;
Tsjeggies, Tsjeg, çek, ‏تشيكي, ‏اللغة التشيكوسلوفاكية, ‏التشيكي أحد أبناء تشيكوسلوفاكيا, Checu, чешки, Sekoslovakyano, 捷克語 , 捷克语, 捷克 , èesky, èeské, èech, èeština, èeský, èeška, tjekker, tjekke, Tsjech, Tsjechisch, tjekkiskt, t?ekkiläinen, tchèque, Tsjechysk, Tscheche, tschechisch, Tschechin, Τσέχος, cseh, ceco, 체", Sheckagh, Sheckish, Czech, chèc, ceh, чешский, češki jezik, čeh, češki, checo, tjeck, Çek, çekoslovakyalı kimse, çekoslovakyalı, çek dili, чех, чеська мова, чеський, чешка, người Séc tiếng Séc, for Czech;
Hongaars, Hongaar, hungarez, ‏الهنغاري, ‏مجري, ‏هنغاري, ‏المجري, ‏اللغة الهنغارية, Húngaru, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, Hungaryan, 匈牙利語 , 匈牙利语, maïarský, maïar, maïarština, ungarer, Hongaarse, ungarskt, unkarilainen, hongrois, Hongaarsk, ungar, Ούγγρος, "ו 'רי, magyar, ungherese, 헝가리, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, Węgier, ongrés, ungureşte, ungur, limba maghiarã, unguresc, maghiar, limba ungarã, венгр, венгерский, mađarski, mađar, mađarski jezik, húngaro, ungrare, ชาวฮังการี, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорка, угорський, угорець, người Hung-ga-ri tiếng Hung-ga-ri, for Hungarian;
Italianer, Italiaans, Italiaan, ‏شخص إيطالي, ‏اللغة الإيطالية, ‏الإيطالي, ‏إيطالي, Italianu, италиански език, италиански, италианец, Italyano, 意大利 , 意大利語 , 意大利语, italština, italský, ital, italiener, italienskt, italialainen, Italien, Italjaansk, italienisch, Ιταλός, italisht, איטלקי, איטלקית, olasz, Ítali, IodÚilis, italiano, 이탈리아, Iddaalish, Włoch, italianã, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, итальянский язык, итальянский, итальянец, Italia, italijanski, italijanski jezik, italijan, sí-Taliyáne, italienare, italiensk, italienska, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, ชาวอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка, for Italian;
Portugees, portugez, portugalisht, ‏اللغة البرتغالية, ‏البرتغالية, ‏البرتغالي, португалски език, португалски, португалец, Potuges, 葡萄牙语, 葡萄牙人 , 葡萄牙語 , portugalský, portugiser, portugisiskt, portugalilainen, portugais, Portugeesk, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, Portaingéilis, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", 포르투갈, Portiugish, Portiugagh, portugues, Portugalczyk, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalski, portugalac, portugués, Mreno, si-Putúkezi, portugis, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, portekizce, португальська мова, португальський, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha, for Portuguese;
Russies, Rus, ‏الروسية, ‏روسي, ‏اللغة الروسية, Rusu, руски, руски език, руснак, Rusyan, 俄語 , 俄语, 俄文 , ruština, ruský, russer, russur, russiskt, venäläinen, Russysk, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, רוסי, orosz, rússneskur, Rússi, Rúisis, russo, ロシア語 , ロシア", 러시아, Rooshish, Rooshagh, russisk, Rosjanin, русский, Lusia, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, sí-Rashîya, ryss, ชาวรัสเซีย, rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський, người Nga tiếng Nga, for Russian;
塞爾維亞克羅地亞語 , 塞"维亚-克罗地亚语, serbokroatisch, 세르보크로아티아, servo-croata, sârbo-croat, srpsko-hrvatski, srpsko-hrvatski jezik, serbokroatiska, serbokroatisk, เกี่ยวกับ าษาเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, าษาหลักของชาวเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, for Serbo-Croatian;
Spaans, Spaanse taal, spanjoll, ‏اللغة الأسبانية, ‏الأسبانية, ‏أسباني, испански език, испански, espanyoles, Espanyol, 西班牙语, 西班牙文 , 西班牙語 , španìlský, španìlština, spanskt, espanjalainen, espagnol, Spaansk, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, karaiñe'êmegua, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, SpÚinnis, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , 스페인, Spaainagh, Spaainish, spañó, espanhol, espanhòl, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, spaniol, испанский, Sipaniolo, španski jezik, španski, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyolca, ispanyol, іспанська мова, іспанський, for Spanish;
乌克兰, for Ukranian;
Vietnamees, vietnamez, vietnamisht, виетнамски език, виетнамски, Vietnamis, 越南語 , 越南 , 越南语, vietnamský, vietnamka, vietnamec, vietnamština, vietnameser, vjetmanskt, vietnamilainen, vietnamien, Fjetnameesk, vietnamese, vietnamesisch, Vietnamesin, 'ιετναμέζος, vietnami, vietnámi, ベトナ 人 , ベトナ じ", 트남, vietnamita, вьетнамский, vijetnamski jezik, vijetnamski, vijetnamac, vietnames, vietnam, vietnamlı, vietnam dili, в'"тнамець, в'"тнамський, người Việt nam tiếng Việt, for Vietnamese;