Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: DNA |
DNANoun1. A nucleic acid consisting of large molecules shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information; "DNA is the king of molecules". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "DNA" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1985. (references) |
"DNA" is a common misspelling or typo for: daisy, dank, Den. |
| Domain | Definition |
Agriculture | Deoxyribonucleic acid. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
See DNA (disambiguation) for other meanings
 |
| DNA replication |
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the primary chemical component of chromosomes and the material of which genes are made. It is sometimes called the "molecule of heredity," because parents transmit copied portions of their own DNA to offspring during reproduction and because in doing so they propagate their traits.
In fact, the units of DNA that reside in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, and DNA pieces as people typically think of them, are not single molecules. Rather, they are pairs of molecules, which entwine like vines to form a "double helix" (top half of the illustration at the right).
Each vine-like molecule, or strand of DNA, is a chemically linked chain of nucleotides, which each consist of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and one of four varieties of "aromatic" bases. Because DNA strands are composed of these nucleotide subunits, they are polymers.
The diversity of the bases means that four distinct kinds of nucleotide exist, which are commonly referred to by the identity of their base. These are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
In a DNA double helix, two polynucleotide strands come together through complementary pairing of the bases, which occurs by hydrogen bonding. Each base forms hydrogen bonds readily to only one other—A to T and C to G—so that the identity of the base on one strand dictates what base must face it on the opposing strand. Thus the entire nucleotide sequence of each strand is complementary to that of the other, and when separated, each may act as a template with which to replicate the other from free nucleotides (middle and lower half of the illustration at the right).
Because pairing causes the nucleotide bases to face the helical axis, the sugar and phosphate groups of the nucleotides run along the outside, and the two chains they form are sometimes called the "backbones" of the helix. In fact, it is chemical bonds between the phosphates and the sugars that link one nucleotide to the next in the DNA strand.
Because hydrogen bonds are weak compared to covalent chemical bonds, the strands of the double helix can be easily separated by enzymes or even, as in PCR, by gentle heating. On the other hand, gentle heating works only on pieces of DNA that are less than about 10,000 base pairs (10 kilobase pairs, or 10 kbp) long. The intertwining of the DNA strands makes long segments difficult to separate. Enzymes knowns as helicases unwind the strands to facilitate the advance of sequence-reading enzymes such as DNA polymerase. The unwinding requires that helicases chemically cleave the phosphate backbone of one of the strands so that it can swivel around the other.
When the ends of a piece of double-helical DNA are joined so that it forms a circle, as in plasmid DNA, the strands are topologically knotted. This means they cannot be separated by gentle heating or by any process that does not involve breaking a strand. The task of unknotting topologically linked strands of DNA falls to enzymes known as topoisomerases. Some of these enzymes unknot circular DNA by cleaving two strands so that another double-stranded segment can pass through. Unknotting is required for the replication of circular DNA as well as for various types of recombination in linear DNA.
The DNA helix can assume one of three slightly different geometries, of which the "B" form described by James Watson and Francis Crick is believed to predominate in cells. It is 2 nanometers wide and extends 3.4 nanometers per 10 bp of sequence. This is also the approximate length of sequence in which the helix makes one complete turn about its axis. This frequency of twist (known as the helical pitch) depends largely on stacking forces that each base exerts on its neighbors in the chain.
The narrow breadth of the double helix makes it impossible to detect by conventional electron microscopy, except by heavy staining. At the same time, the DNA found in many cells can be macroscopic in length—approximately 5 centimeters long for strands in a human chromosome. Consequently, cells must compact or "package" DNA to carry it within them. This is one of the functions of the chromosomes, which contain spool-like proteins known as histones, around which DNA winds.
The B form of the DNA helix twists 360° per 10.6 bp in the absence of strain. But many molecular biological processes can induce strain. A DNA segment with excess or insufficient helical twisting is referred to, respectively, as positively or negatively "supercoiled". DNA in vivo is typically negatively supercoiled, which facilitates the unwinding of the double-helix required for RNA transcription.
The two other known double-helical forms of DNA, called A and Z, differ modestly in their geometry and dimensions. The A form appears likely to occur only in dehydrated samples of DNA, such those used in crystallography experiments, and possibly in hybrid pairings of DNA and RNA strands. Segments of DNA that cells have methylated for regulatory purposes may adopt the Z geometry, in which the strands turn about the helical axis like a mirror image of the B form.
Within a gene, the sequence of nucleotides along a DNA strand defines a protein, which an organism is liable to manufacture or "express" at one or several points in its life using the information of the sequence. The relationship between the nucleotide sequence and the amino-acid sequence of the protein is determined by simple cellular rules of translation, known collectively as the genetic code. Reading along the "protein-coding" sequence of a gene, each successive sequence of three nucleotides (called a codon) specifies or "encodes" one amino acid.
In many species of organism, only a small fraction of the total sequence of the genome appears to encode protein. The function of the rest is a matter of speculation. It is known that certain nucleotide sequences specify affinity for DNA binding proteins, which play a wide variety of vital roles, in particular through control of replication and transcription. These sequences are frequently called regulatory sequences, and researchers assume that so far they have identified only a tiny fraction of the total that exist. "Junk DNA" represents sequences that do not yet appear to contain genes or to have a function.
Sequence also determines a DNA segment's susceptibility to cleavage by restriction enzymes, the quintessential tools of genetic engineering. The position of cleavage sites throughout an individual's genome determines one kind of an individual's "DNA fingerprint".
The asymmetric shape and linkage of nucleotides means that a DNA strand always has a discernable orientation or directionality. Because of this directionality, close inspection of a double helix reveals that, although the nucleotides along one strand are heading one way (e.g. the "ascending strand") the others are heading the other (e.g. the "descending strand"). This arrangement of the strands is called antiparallel.
For reasons of chemical nomenclature, people who work with DNA refer to the asymmetric termini of each strand as the 5' and 3' ends (pronounced "five prime" and "three prime"). DNA workers and enzymes alike always read nucleotide sequences in the "5' to 3' direction". In a vertically oriented double helix, the 3' strand is said to be ascending while the 5' strand is said to be descending.
As a result of their antiparallel arrangement and the sequence-reading preferences of enzymes, even if both strands carried identical instead of complementary sequences, cells could properly translate only one of them. The other strand a cell can only read backwards. Molecular biologists call a sequence "sense" if it is translated or translatable, and they call its complement "antisense". It follows then, somewhat paradoxically, that the template for transcription is the antisense strand. The resulting transcript is an RNA replica of the sense strand and is itself sense.
Some viruses blur the distinction between sense and antisense, because certain sequences of their genomes do double duty, encoding one protein when read 5' to 3' along one strand, and a second protein when read in the opposite direction along the other strand. As a result, the genomes of these viruses are unusually compact for the number of genes they contain, which biologists view as an adaptation.
Topologists like to note that the juxtaposition of the 3' end of one DNA strand beside the 5' end of the other at both termini of a double-helical segment makes the arrangement a "crab canon".
In some viruses DNA appears in a non-helical, single-stranded form. Because many of the DNA repair mechanisms of cells work only on paired bases, viruses that carry single-stranded DNA genomes mutate more frequently than they would otherwise. As a result, such species may adapt more rapidly to avoid extinction. The result would not be so favorable in more complicated and more slowly replicating organisms, however, which may explain why only viruses carry single-stranded DNA. These viruses presumably also benefit from the lower cost of replicating one strand versus two.
Working in the 19th century, biochemists initially isolated DNA and RNA together from cell nuclei. They were relatively quick to appreciate the polymeric nature of their "nucleic acid" isolates, but realized only later that nucleotides were of two types—one containing ribose and the other deoxyribose. It was this subsequent discovery that led to the identification and naming of DNA as a substance distinct from RNA. Not until 1943 did Oswald Theodore Avery provide the first compelling evidence that DNA could carry genetic information.
How it could do so was unimaginable at the time. Because chemical dissection of DNA samples always yielded the same four nucleotides, the chemical composition of DNA appeared simple, perhaps even uniform. Organisms, on the other hand, are fantastically complex individually and widely diverse collectively. Geneticists did not speak of genes as conveyors of "information" in such words, but if they had, they would not have hesitated to quantify the amount of information that genes need to convey as vast. The idea that information might reside in a chemical in the same way that it exists in text—as a finite alphabet of letters arranged in a sequence of unlimited length—had not yet been conceived. It would emerge upon the discovery of DNA's structure, but few researchers imagined that DNA's structure had much to say about genetics.
In the 1950s, only a few groups made it their goal to determine the structure of DNA. These included an American group led by Linus Pauling, and two in England. At Cambridge University, Crick and Watson were building physical models using metal rods and balls, in which they incorporated the known chemical structures of the nucleotides, as well as the known position of the linkages joining one nucleotide to the next along the polymer. At King's College, London, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin were examining x-ray diffraction patterns of DNA fibers.
A key inspiration in the work of all of these teams was the discovery in 1948 by Pauling that many proteins included helical (see alpha helix) shapes. Pauling had deduced this structure from x-ray patterns. Even in the intitial crude diffraction data from DNA, it was evident that the structure involved helices. But this insight was only a beginning. There remained the questions of how many strands came together, whether this number was the same for every helix, whether the bases pointed toward the helical axis or away, and ultimately what were the explicit angles and coordinates of all the bonds and atoms. Such questions motivated the modeling efforts of Watson and Crick.
In their modeling, Watson and Crick restricted themselves to what they saw as chemically and biologically reasonable. Still, the breadth of possibilities was very wide. A breakthrough occurred in 1952, when Erwin Chargaff visited Cambridge and inspired Crick with a description of experiments Chargaff had published in 1947. Chargaff had observed that the proportions of the four nucleotides vary between one DNA sample and the next, but that for particular pairs of nucleotides—adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine—the two nucleotides are always present in equal proportions.
Watson and Crick had begun to contemplate double helical arrangements, and they saw that by reversing the directionality of one strand with respect to the other, they could provide an explanation for Chargaff's puzzling finding. This explanation was the complementary pairing of the bases, which also had the effect of ensuring that the distance between the phosphate chains did not vary along a sequence. Watson and Crick were able to discern that this distance was constant and to measure its exact value of 2 nanometers from an X-ray pattern obtained by Franklin. The same pattern also gave them the 3.4 nanometer-per-10 bp "pitch" of the helix. The pair quickly converged upon a model, which they announced before Franklin herself published any of her work.
The great assistance Watson and Crick derived from Franklin's data has become a subject of controversy, and it has angered people who believe Franklin has not received the credit due to her. The most controversial aspect is that Franklin's critical X-ray pattern was shown to Watson and Crick without Franklin's knowledge or permission. Wilkins showed it to them at his lab while Franklin was away.
Watson and Crick's model attracted great interest immediately upon its presentation. Arriving at their conclusion on February 21 1953, Watson and Crick made their first announcement on February 28. Their paper 'A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid' was published on April 25. In an influential presentation in 1957, Crick laid out the "Central Dogma", which foretold the relationship between DNA, RNA, and proteins, and articulated the "sequence hypothesis." A critical confirmation of the replication mechanism that was implied by the double-helical structure followed in 1958 in the form of the Meselson-Stahl experiment. Work by Crick and coworkers deciphered the genetic code not long afterward. These findings represent the birth of molecular biology.
Watson, Crick, and Wilkins were awarded a Nobel Prize in 1962, by which time Franklin had died.
Introduction
Mechanical properties relevant to biology
Space-filling model of a section of DNA moleculeThe role of the sequence
DNA sequence reading
Single-stranded DNA and repair of mutations
The discovery of DNA and the double helix
External links
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "DNA."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
DNA | Danish | Deoxyribonukleinsyre | Medicine |
DNA | Dutch | Deoxyribonucleïnezuur | Medicine |
DNA | English | Defense Nuclear Agency | Nuclear Energy & Physics, Military & Defense |
DNA | Finnish | Deoksiribonukleiinihappo | Medicine |
DNA | French | Acide désoxyribonucléique | Medicine |
DNA | German | Desoxiribo-Nuklein-Säure | Medicine |
DNA | Greek | δεσοξυριβονουκλεϊκό οξύ | Medicine |
DNA | Italian | Acido desossiribonucleico | Medicine |
DNA | Spanish | Arquitectura de red distribuida | Computing |
DNA | Swedish | Deoxiribonukleinsyra | Medicine |
| L DNA | English | Linear DNA | Medicine |
| DNAA | English | DNA array | Medicine |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: DNASynonyms: deoxyribonucleic acid (n), desoxyribonucleic acid (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Disease | DNA virus; RNA virus. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Lyrics | He could theoretically build a DNA structure that would ensure (Mephisto and Kevin; performing artist: Primus) Was to genetically duplicate the DNA structure of Asparagus, (Mephisto and Kevin; performing artist: Primus) | |
Movie/TV Titles | DNA (1969) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books | |||
Periodicals |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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High Tech |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Using recombinant DNA technology, a transgenic mouse has been engineered whose bone marrow is protected from the toxic effects of chemotherapy by expression of the MDR 1 gene. This animal system allows rapid screening of drugs which inhibit the multidrug transporter and heralds a new era of using transgenic animals for pharmacologic screening. Multidrug resistance resulting from expression of an energy-dependent drug efflux pump encoded by the human MDR gene is a major impediment to effective cancer therapy. Credit: Jeannie Kelly (artist). |  | This schematic illustration shows how a human therapeutic gene is inserted into a deactivated mouse retrovirus. The retrovirus then attaches to and empties its genetic material into a patient's cell (in the laboratory). The therapeutic human gene is integrated into the patient's DNA and replaces the "defective" gene, in the treatment for ADA. See artwork: GR-10. Credit: Jeannie Kelly (artist). |
 | DNA study in CDC laboratory. Credit: CDC. |  | Laboratory worker reviewing DNA band pattern. Credit: CDC. |
 | Veterinary pathologist Norman Cheville (left), molecular biologist Shirley Halling, and National Animal Disease Center director Harley Moon analyze DNA sequence reactions of a vaccine made from a modified Brucella abortus bacterium. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Keith Weller.. |  | Lawrence Johnson, who is at the Germplasm and Gamete Physiology Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland, has developed a system for sorting batches of livestock sperm cells based on the amount of DNA they carry. The X-bearing sperm carry more DNA, which can be measured using a fluorescent dye and a laser. Based on the light they emit, the X and Y sperm can be collected in separate tubes. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Scott Bauer.. |
 | DNA research may lead to ways eye disease can be prevented, delayed, and treated. Credit: National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health. |  | At large osmotic pressure long DNA fragments create a hexagonally ordered macromolecular array. Except for the symmetry of the subphase this experiment is equivalent to the multilamellar lipid subphase. Credit: NICHD. |
 | At smaller osmotic pressure long DNA fragments exist in a cholesteric phase, characterised by the cholesteric pitch and pronounced positional disorder. Credit: NICHD. |  | Diagram of the polymerase chain reaction test shows how to emplify HIV DNA sequences as a way to diagnose HIV infection in blood samples. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Aneuploid DNA content. (references) | |
The amplified DNA fragments were then sequenced. (references) | ||
DNA is packaged in structures known as chromosomes. (references) | ||
Business | Some products, which are actually derived from GMOs, do not contain any traceable DNA or protein, and, therefore, do not need to be labeled. (references) | |
This rule only applies to aromas and additives which still contain DNA or proteins resulting from genetical modification, and which can, therefore, be verified as genetically modified. (references) | ||
The general rule is that products containing DNA or protein resulting from genetic modification need to be labeled (with the exception of those products subject to the 1% threshold regulation). (references) | ||
Children | Belize | It requires parents to maintain and support children until they reach the age of 18, compared with the previous law's mandate of support until the age of 16. The law also accepts DNA testing as legal proof of paternity and maternity. (references) |
Economic History | India | Automatic approval is granted irrespective of the FDI limit, provided the activity does not attract compulsory licensing or use recombinant DNA technology; otherwise, a license is required and the proposal must be submitted to FIPB. (references) |
Human Rights | Guatemala | Forensic research and DNA testing have identified some of the remains. (references) |
Women | Botswana | A 1999 study of rape by the police service urged police to develop improved methods of rape investigation, including the use of DNA tests in all rape cases. (references) |
Worker Rights | China | In an effort to gain a degree of control over this problem, in mid-2000, the Government began to use DNA technology to confirm parentage, and the Chinese Ministry of Public Security reportedly has invested millions of dollars to establish a national DNA databank. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "DNA" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 95.78% of the time. "DNA" is used about 2,508 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 95.78% | 2,402 | 3,724 |
| Noun (proper) | 3.31% | 83 | 36,350 |
| Noun (common) | 0.92% | 23 | 72,767 |
| Total | 100.00% | 2,508 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name |
| South Africa | DNA Supply Chain Investments Limited |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "DNA": bacterial DNA ♦ branched DNA ♦ branched DNA assay ♦ Branched DNA Signal Amplification Assay ♦ cloned DNA ♦ complementary DNA ♦ DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase ♦ DNA Adducts ♦ DNA chip ♦ dna computing ♦ DNA Damage ♦ DNA electroporation ♦ DNA Fingerprinting ♦ DNA Footprinting ♦ DNA Fragmentation ♦ DNA Helicases ♦ DNA ligase ♦ DNA Ligases ♦ DNA Methylation ♦ DNA microarray ♦ DNA Modification Methylases ♦ DNA Mutational Analysis ♦ DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase ♦ DNA Nucleotidyltransferases ♦ DNA particule gun ♦ DNA polimerase ♦ DNA polymerase ♦ DNA Polymerase beta ♦ DNA Polymerase I ♦ DNA Polymerase II ♦ DNA Polymerase III ♦ DNA Primase ♦ DNA Primers ♦ DNA probe ♦ DNA Probes ♦ DNA Repair ♦ DNA Replication ♦ DNA Restriction Enzymes ♦ DNA Restriction-Modification Enzymes ♦ DNA sequence ♦ DNA Topoisomerase ♦ DNA Topoisomerase (ATP-Hydrolysing) ♦ DNA Transposable Elements ♦ DNA Tumor Viruses ♦ DNA vaccin ♦ DNA vaccine ♦ dna virus ♦ DNA Viruses ♦ DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase ♦ donor DNA ♦ foreign DNA ♦ linearizing of DNA ♦ random amplified polymorphic DNA ♦ Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ♦ recombinant DNA ♦ recombinant DNA engineered organism ♦ recombinant DNA molecule ♦ recombinant DNA organism ♦ recombinant DNA technology ♦ RF DNA ♦ RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase ♦ satellite DNA ♦ Site-Specific DNA Methyltransferase (Cytosine-Specific) ♦ spacer DNA ♦ transfer DNA ♦ twisting number of a DNA. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "DNA": dna-activated, dna-affinic, dna-affinity, dna-based, dna-bending, dna-bind, DNA-binding, DNA-Binding Proteins, Dna-binding-domain, dna-binding-site, dna-bound, dna-cleavage, dna-contacts, dna-containing, dna-copying, dna-cutting, dna-damaging, DNA-dependent, DNA-Directed, DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase, DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase, dna-dna, dna-drug, dna-encoding, dna-fingerprint, dna-fingerprinting, DNA-gyrase, dna-independent, dna-pk, dna-pk-mediated, DNA-polymerase, dna-probe, dna-protein, dna-recognition, dna-region, DNA-repair, dna-replication, dna-ribbon, DNA-RNA, dna-sequencing, dna-strand, DNA-supercoiling, dna-synthesis, dna-targeted, dna-targeting, dna-thymidine, dna-transmitted. | |
Ending with "DNA": crp-dna, cytr-dna, hbv-dna, protein-dna, recombinant-dna, virus-dna. | |
Containing "DNA": O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
dna | 4,021 | dna rna | 61 |
dna testing | 991 | dna paternity tampa testing | 60 |
dna test | 318 | derrick dna lee louisiana todd | 57 |
dna paternity testing | 220 | mitochondrial dna | 54 |
dna fingerprinting | 196 | dna print | 53 |
dna structure | 152 | dna strand | 50 |
dna picture | 147 | dna molecule | 48 |
dna replication | 122 | dna evidence | 45 |
dna trial | 110 | home dna testing | 45 |
dna model | 99 | dna double helix | 44 |
dna gmp manufacturing medicine | 96 | dna extraction | 43 |
dna sequencing | 94 | free dna testing | 41 |
derrick dna lee louisiana serial slayings todd | 90 | dna florida testing | 41 |
dna internet | 85 | dna lounge | 41 |
recombinant dna | 83 | cheap dna testing | 38 |
dna home test | 74 | dna tampa testing | 37 |
dna gilera | 70 | integrated dna technology | 36 |
dna florida paternity testing | 64 | dna testing and identification | 36 |
dna paternity | 64 | dna fingerprint | 35 |
dna paternity test | 61 | dna transcription | 35 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "DNA"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 脫氧 糖 酸 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | DNA-reparation (DNA repair), duplikering (copying, DNA replication, doubling, duplicating, duplication), donor-DNA (donor DNA, foreign DNA), dobbeltkædet DNA (double-stranded DNA, ds DNA), dobbelstrenget DNA (double-stranded DNA, ds DNA), DNA-supercoiling (DNA supercoiling), DNA-sonde (DNA probe, molecular probe, nucleic acid probe), DNA-skade (damage in DNA, DNA damage), DNA-replikation (DNA replication), DNA-probe (DNA probe, molecular probe, nucleic acid probe), DNA-afhængig RNA-polymerase (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), DNA-restriktion (DNA restriction), DNA topoisomerase (DNA topoisomerase), DNA-polymorfi (DNA polymorphism), DNA-DNA crosslink (DNA-DNA crosslink), DNA-gyrase (DNA gyrase), DNA-motiv (DNA motif), DNA-polymerase (DNA polimerase, DNA polymerase, DNA-polymerase), G-C-procent (DNA base composition, mol percent G + C, mol percent guanine + cytosine), ikosaedriske DNA-virus (icosahedral DNA viruses), cDNA (cDNA, complementary DNA), branched DNA (bDNA assay, branched DNA, branched DNA assay), enkeltstrenget DNA (single-strand DNA, ss-DNA), enkeltstrengs-DNA-bindende protein (single-strand DNA binding protein, ssDNA binding protein), bevise familieslægtskab ved hjælp af en DNA-test (to prove their family relationship through a DNA test), c-DNA (complementary DNA), repetetiv DNA-sekvens (repetitive DNA sequence), vaccine baseret på rekombineret DNA (vaccine based on recombinant DNA), unscheduled DNA-syntese (unscheduled DNA synthesis), total cellulær DNA (cellular DNA), teorien om det egoistiske gen (selfish DNA theory), sygdomsfremkaldende patologisk DNA (pathological DNA causing a disease), stigning (apogean range, elevation, grade, gradient, lead, pitch, rise, slope, swell, twisting number, twisting number of a DNA, upgrade, upwards grade), spacer-DNA (spacer DNA), satellit-DNA (satellite DNA), samling af DNA-fragmenter i kendt raekkefoelge (ordered set of DNA fragments), revers transcriptase (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), fejltilbøjelig DNA-reparation (DNA error-prone repair, mutagenic repair), replikation (duplication, replication), viral DNA (viral DNA), rekombinant DNA-teknologi (recombinant DNA technology), rekombinant DNA-teknik (rec DNA technique, recombinant DNA technique), primase (DNA primase), pitch (pitch, tip inclination, twisting number, twisting number of a DNA), passager-DNA (donor DNA, foreign DNA), omvendt transkriptase (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), nøgent DNA (naked DNA), linearisering af DNA (linearizing of DNA), lineært DNA (linear DNA), kopi-DNA (complementary DNA), komplementær DNA (complementary DNA). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | DNA. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | DNA-jättikierukka (DNA supercoiling), DNA-vaurio (damage in DNA, DNA damage), DNA-topoisomeraasi (DNA topoisomerase), DNA-syntetisaattori (desoxyribonucleic acid synthesizer, DNA synthesier), DNA-primaasi (DNA primase), DNA-koetin (DNA probe, molecular probe, nucleic acid probe), DNA-gyraasi (DNA gyrase), DNA:n restriktio (DNA restriction), DNA:n polymorfismi (DNA polymorphism), DNA:n kahdentuminen (DNA replication), DNA-polymeraasi (DNA polimerase, DNA polymerase, DNA-polymerase), korjautumisreplikaatio (DNA repair, SOS repair system), bakteerien DNA (bacterial desoxyribonucleic acid, bacterial DNA), cDNA (cDNA, complementary DNA), branched-DNA assay (bDNA assay, branched DNA, branched DNA assay), bDNA (bDNA assay, branched DNA, branched DNA assay), bakteerisolussa syntyvä DNA (naked DNA), emästen luku yhtä kaksois-DNA:n kierrettä kohti (twisting number, twisting number of a DNA), guaniinin ja sytosiinin prosenttiosuus DNA:n emöksistä (DNA base composition, G + C percent, G+C content, mol percent G + C, mol percent guanine + cytosine), introni (intervening sequence, intron, spacer DNA), itsekkään geenin teoria (selfish DNA theory), transfuusion kautta tarttuva virus (a novel single-stranded DNA virus, identified in Japan, transfusion-transmitted virus, TT virus), yksiketjuisen DNA:n kiinnittymisproteiini (single-strand DNA binding protein, ssDNA binding protein), yhdistelmä-DNA-tekniikka (rec DNA technique, recombinant DNA technique), virheitä salliva DNA:n korjautuminen (DNA error-prone repair, mutagenic repair), virheellisestä DNA:sta aiheutuva sairaus (pathological DNA causing a disease), viherhiukkasen DNA (chloroplastic DNA, choloroplastic desoxyribonucleic acid), vieras DNA (donor DNA, foreign DNA), vastin-DNA (c-DNA, complementary DNA), tuman DNA (nuclear desoxyribonucleic acid, nuclear DNA), käänteiskopioijaentsyymi (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), transkriptaasi (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), kaksisäikeinen DNA (double-stranded DNA, ds DNA), solun DNA (cellular DNA), satelliitti-DNA (satellite DNA), replikoiva välimuoto (replicative form, RF DNA), rengasmaisen DNA:n suoristus (linearizing of DNA), mitokondrion DNA (mitochondrial desoxyribonucleic acid, mitochondrial DNA), lineaarinen DNA (L DNA, linear DNA), kromosomin ulkopuolinen DNA (chromosomal desoxyribonucleic acid, chromosomal DNA), kromosomien DNA (chromosomal desoxyribonucleic acid, chromosomal DNA), yksisäikeinen DNA (single-strand DNA, ss-DNA), TTV-virus (a novel single-stranded DNA virus, identified in Japan, transfusion-transmitted virus, TT virus). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | ADN. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | DNS-Polymerase (antigen-associated DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase, HBV specific DNA polymerase, virion-associated DNA polymerase), DNA-Reparatur (DNA repair), DNA-Sequenz (base sequence, DNA sequence, nucleotide sequence), DNA-Sequenz,die für ein Protein kodiert ist (DNA sequence which codes for one protein), DNA-Sonde (DNA probe, molecular probe, nucleic acid probe), DNS-Addukt (DNA adduct), DNA-Probe (DNA probe, molecular probe, nucleic acid probe), DNS-Moleküle (single-strand DNA, ss-DNA), DNA-Sequenzmotiv (DNA motif), DNS-Rekombinationstechnik (rec DNA technique, recombinant DNA technique), DNS-Replikation (DNA replication), DNS-Schädigung (DNA damage), DNS-Virus (DNA virus), doppelsträngige DNA (double-stranded DNA, ds DNA), doppelsträngige DNS (double-stranded DNA, ds DNA), DNS-Gyrase (DNA gyrase), DNA-Chip (DNA chip), DNS-abhängige RNS-Polymerase (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), DNA-Polymorphismus (DNA polymorphism), DNA in Zytoplasma (cytoplasmic DNA), DNA-Einzelstrang-Fixierungsprotein (single-strand DNA binding protein, ssDNA binding protein), DNA-Ligase (DNA ligase), DNA-Polimerase (DNA polimerase, DNA polymerase, DNA-polymerase), DNA-Polymerase (DNA polimerase, DNA polymerase, DNA-polymerase), DNA des HBV (DNA of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B viral DNA, viral DNA), Überspiralisierung der DNS (DNA supercoiling), G-Protein (DNA primase, G protein), bDNA (bDNA assay, branched DNA, branched DNA assay), einsträngige DNS (single-strand DNA, ss-DNA), geordnete DNA-Bibliothek (ordered DNA library), GC-Gehalt (DNA base composition, G + C percent, G+C content, mol percent G + C, mol percent guanine + cytosine), Fremd-DNA (donor DNA, foreign DNA), Einstrang-DNA (single-strand DNA, ss-DNA), einsträngige DNA (single-strand DNA, ss-DNA), Autoduplikation (DNA replication), bakterielles DNA (bacterial desoxyribonucleic acid, bacterial DNA), Basensequenz (base sequence, DNA sequence, nucleotide sequence), cDNA (cDNA, c-DNA, complementary DNA), chromosomale DNA (chromosomal desoxyribonucleic acid, chromosomal DNA), HBV-DNA-spezifische DNA-Polymerase (antigen-associated DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase, HBV specific DNA polymerase, virion-associated DNA polymerase), HBV-DNS (DNA of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B viral DNA, viral DNA), Basenpaare pro Helixwindung (twisting number, twisting number of a DNA), Transfer-DNA (T-DNA, transfer DNA), HBV-DNA (DNA of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B viral DNA, viral DNA), Satelliten-DNS (satellite DNA), Schädigung der DNA (damage in DNA, DNA damage), spacer DNA (spacer DNA), Spender-DNA (donor DNA, foreign DNA), stumme DNA (latent DNA), Technologie der rekombinierten DNS (recombinant DNA technology), Test zur unplanmäßigen DNA-Synthese (unscheduled DNA synthesis test). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | DNA πριμάση (DNA primase), DNA γυράση (DNA gyrase), DNA παθολογικό που προκαλεί νόσο (pathological DNA causing a disease), DNA τοποϊσομεράση (DNA topoisomerase), DΝΑ κατευθυνόμενη RΝΑ πολυμεράση (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), DΝΑ πολυμεράση εξαρτώμενη από το RΝΑ (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), DΝΑ υπερσπείρας (DNA supercoiling), διπλασιασμός του DNA (DNA replication), ανάστροφη μεταγραφάση (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), ταξινομημένη βιβλιοθήκη DNA (ordered DNA library), αντιγραφή (copy, copying, crib, tracing, transcription), αποδεικνύω την οικογενειακή μου συγγένεια μέσω ενός τεστ DNA (to prove their family relationship through a DNA test), αλληλουχία βάσεων του DNA που αποτελεί τον κώδικα μιας πρωτεϊνης (DNA sequence which codes for one protein), τεχνική ανασυνδυασμένου DΝΑ (rec DNA technique, recombinant DNA technique), τεχνολογία ανασυνδυαζομένου DNA (recombinant DNA technology), αντιγραφόμενη μορφή (replicative form, RF DNA), θέση του μορίου του DNA (DNA motif), θεωρία του εγωιστικού γονιδίου (selfish DNA theory), bDNA (bDNA assay, branched DNA, branched DNA assay), διόρθωση του DNA (DNA repair), επαναλαμβανόμενη αλληλουχία DNA (repetitive DNA sequence), διαχωριστικό DΝΑ (spacer DNA), δορυφόρο DΝΑ (satellite DNA), δίκλωνο DΝΑ (double-stranded DNA, ds DNA), CDNA (cDNA, complementary DNA), δότης DΝΑ (donor DNA, foreign DNA), ξένο DΝΑ (donor DNA, foreign DNA), κυτόπλασμα DΝΑ (cytoplasmic DNA), κυτταρικό DNA (cellular DNA), συμπληρωματικό DNA (cDNA, complementary DNA), συμπληρωματικό DΝΑ (c-DNA, complementary DNA), συλλογή θραυσμάτων DNA γνωστής διάταξης (ordered set of DNA fragments), σταθεροποιητική πρωτεϊνη του μονόκλωνου DNA (single-strand DNA binding protein, ssDNA binding protein), γραμμικό DNA (L DNA, linear DNA), γραμμομοριακό ποσοστό G+C (DNA base composition, G + C percent, G+C content, mol percent G + C, mol percent guanine + cytosine), γυμνό DΝΑ (naked DNA), γονίδιο της DNA λιγάσης (DNA ligase gene), βλάβη στο DNA (damage in DNA, DNA damage), ανιχνευτής νουκλεϊκών οξέων (DNA probe, molecular probe, nucleic acid probe), ιός TTV (a novel single-stranded DNA virus, identified in Japan, transfusion-transmitted virus, TT virus), αριθμός περιελίξεων του DNA (twisting number, twisting number of a DNA), μη-προγραμματισμένη σύνθεση DNA (unscheduled DNA synthesis), μη ακριβής αποκατάσταση του DNA (DNA error-prone repair, mutagenic repair), μετάπτωση του DΝΑ σε γραμμική μορφή (linearizing of DNA), μεταλλαξογόνος αποκατάσταση του DNA (DNA error-prone repair, mutagenic repair), μονόκλωνο DΝΑ (single-strand DNA, ss-DNA), πρωτεϊνικό DNA G (DNA primase), περιορισμός του DNA (DNA restriction), πολυμορφισμός του DNA (DNA polymorphism), υπερσυνεστραμμένο DΝΑ (DNA supercoiling), εικοσαεδρικοί DNA ιοί (icosahedral DNA viruses). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | DNA spaziatore (spacer DNA), DNA lineare (L DNA, linear DNA), DNA nucleare (nuclear desoxyribonucleic acid, nuclear DNA), DNA nudo (naked DNA), DNA polimerasi (DNA polimerase, DNA polymerase, DNA-polymerase), DNA polimerasi del virus B (antigen-associated DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase, HBV specific DNA polymerase, virion-associated DNA polymerase), DNA primasi (DNA primase), DNA fossile (ancient DNA), DNA satellite (satellite DNA), DNA girasi (DNA gyrase), DNA topoisomerasi (DNA topoisomerase), DNA virale (DNA of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B viral DNA, viral DNA), DNA-copia (c-DNA, complementary DNA), DNA-fingerprinting (DNA fingerprint, DNA fingerprinting), DNA-ligasi (DNA ligase), DNA-polimerasi (DNA polimerase, DNA polymerase, DNA-polymerase), duplicazione (duplication), DNA ricombinante (recombinant DNA), DNA batterico (bacterial desoxyribonucleic acid, bacterial DNA), danno del DNA (DNA damage), DMGT (DMGT, DNA mediated gene transfer), DNA a doppio filamento (double-stranded DNA, ds DNA), DNA mitocondriale (mitochondrial desoxyribonucleic acid, mitochondrial DNA), DNA a zig-zag (Z-DNA, zig-zag DNA), DNA extracromosomico (chromosomal desoxyribonucleic acid, chromosomal DNA), DNA cellulare (cellular DNA), DNA citoplasmatico (cytoplasmic DNA), DNA complementare (c-DNA, complementary DNA), DNA cromosomico (chromosomal DNA), DNA del virus B (DNA of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B viral DNA, viral DNA), DNA di trasporto (T-DNA, transfer DNA), DNA estraneo (donor DNA, foreign DNA), DNA a filamento singolo (single-strand DNA, ss-DNA), insieme ordinato di frammenti di DNA (ordered set of DNA fragments), libreria del DNA ordinato (ordered DNA library), chip DNA (DNA chip), cDNA (cDNA, c-DNA, complementary DNA), ADN-polimerasi (DNA polimerase, DNA polymerase, DNA-polymerase), forma replicativa del DNA (replicative form, RF DNA), HBV-DNA (DNA of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B viral DNA, viral DNA), ADN antico (ancient DNA), superspiralizzazione del DNA (DNA supercoiling), segmento di DNA ripetitivo (repetitive DNA segment), sequenza di basi del DNA (string of DNA bases), sequenza nel DNA che costituice il codice per la formazione di una proteina (DNA sequence which codes for one protein), sequenza ripetitiva di DNA (repetitive DNA sequence), sintesi del DNA non programmata (unscheduled DNA synthesis), sonda a DNA (DNA probe, molecular probe, nucleic acid probe), sonda di DNA (DNA probe, molecular probe, nucleic acid probe), ibridazione in situ (fluorescence in situ hybridisation, fluorescence in situ hybridization, in situ hybridization, The hybridization of radioactive single-stranded DNA or RNA probes to denatured cellular DNA on microscopic slides and their detection by autoradiography), superavvolgimento del DNA (DNA supercoiling). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | ""옥시리보핵산. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | adnay ADN monocatenário (single-strand DNA, ss-DNA), forma replicativa (replicative form, RF DNA), ADN-polimerase (DNA polimerase, DNA polymerase, DNA-polymerase), ADN simplex (single-strand DNA, ss-DNA), ADN satélite (satellite DNA), ADN polimerase (DNA polimerase, DNA polymerase, DNA-polymerase), ácido desoxirribonucleico-polimerase (DNA polimerase, DNA polymerase, DNA-polymerase), ADN monofilamentar (single-strand DNA, ss-DNA), molécula de ADN (snippet of DNA), ADN duplex (double-stranded DNA, ds DNA), ADN de espaçamento (spacer DNA), ADN dador (donor DNA, foreign DNA), ADN complementar (c-DNA, complementary DNA), ADN citoplásmico (cytoplasmic DNA), ADN bicatenário (double-stranded DNA, ds DNA), ADN nu (naked DNA), rectilinização do ADN (linearizing of DNA), vacina baseada recombinação do ADN (vaccine based on recombinant DNA), transcriptase reversa (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), técnica de recombinação do ADN (rec DNA technique, recombinant DNA technique), superespiralamento do ADN (DNA supercoiling), sonda de ADN (DNA probe, molecular probe, nucleic acid probe), sonda de ácidos nucleicos (DNA probe, molecular probe, nucleic acid probe), lesão de DNA (DNA damage), RNA-polimerase DNA-dirigida (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), linearização do ADN (linearizing of DNA), provar a seu relacionamento familiar por meio de um teste DNA (to prove their family relationship through a DNA test), polimerase do ARN dependente do ADN (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), polimerase do ADN dependente do ARN (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), polimerase do ADN (DNA polimerase, DNA polymerase, DNA-polymerase), motivo de ADN (DNA motif), vírus icosaedral ADN (icosahedral DNA viruses), síntese não programada de ADN (unscheduled DNA synthesis). (various references) duplicación (doubling, duplication), demostrar el lazo de parentesco mediante una prueba de ADN (to prove their family relationship through a DNA test), DNA patológico causante de enfermedad (pathological DNA causing a disease), DNA-polimerasa (DNA polimerase, DNA polymerase, DNA-polymerase), DNA-topoisomerasa (DNA topoisomerase), ARN-polimerasa ADN-dependiente (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), virus icosaédrico CON ADN (icosahedral DNA viruses), ADN topoisomerasa-II (DNA gyrase), ADN viral (viral DNA), ADNc (cDNA, c-DNA, complementary DNA), ADN-girasa (DNA gyrase), ADN-polimerasa (DNA polimerase, DNA polymerase, DNA-polymerase), ADN recombinante, técnica de (rec DNA technique, recombinant DNA technique), al convertise el ARN virico en ADN de cadena sencilla (converting viral RNA into a single DNA strand), ADN recombinante (recombinant DNA), biblioteca ordenada de ADN (ordered DNA library), biochip (biochip, DNA chip, DNA microarray, gene chip), cDNA (cDNA, complementary DNA), chip de ADN (biochip, DNA chip, DNA microarray, gene chip), chip de expresión génica (biochip, DNA chip, DNA microarray, gene chip), colección de juegos ordenados de fragmentos de ADN (ordered set of DNA fragments), ensayo bDNA (bDNA assay, branched DNA, branched DNA assay), ADN-topoisomerasa (DNA topoisomerase), ADN latente (latent DNA), ADN bicatenario (double-stranded DNA, ds DNA), ADN celular (cellular DNA), ADN complementario (cDNA, c-DNA, complementary DNA), ADN cromosómico (chromosomal DNA), ADN desnudo (naked DNA), ADN donante (donor DNA, foreign DNA), ADN satélite (satellite DNA), ADN girasa (DNA gyrase), vacuna genética (DNA vaccin, genetic vaccin, polynucleotide vaccin), ADN lineal (L DNA, linear DNA), ADN mitocondrial (mitochondrial desoxyribonucleic acid, mitochondrial DNA), ADN monocatenario (single-strand DNA, ss-DNA), ADN nuclear (nuclear desoxyribonucleic acid, nuclear DNA), ADN polimerasa ARN dependiente (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), ADN prehistórico (ancient DNA), ADN primasa (DNA primase), ADN espaciador (spacer DNA), secuencia de bases de ADN (string of DNA bases), virus transmitido por transfusiones (a novel single-stranded DNA virus, identified in Japan, transfusion-transmitted virus, TT virus), prueba bDNA (bDNA assay, branched DNA, branched DNA assay), reparación del ADN (DNA repair), reparación del DNA (DNA repair), reparación propensa a error (DNA error-prone repair, mutagenic repair), restricción del ADN (DNA restriction), proteína de unión a ADN de cadena simple (single-strand DNA binding protein, ssDNA binding protein), síntesis de ADN no programada (unscheduled DNA synthesis), proporción guanina-citosina (DNA base composition, G + C percent, G+C content, mol percent G + C, mol percent guanine + cytosine). (various references) DNA-skada (damage in DNA, DNA damage), dubbelsträngat DNA (double-stranded DNA, ds DNA), dubbelkedjigt DNA (double-stranded DNA, ds DNA), donor-DNA (donor DNA, foreign DNA), DNA-sond (DNA probe, molecular probe, nucleic acid probe), DNA-probe (DNA probe, molecular probe, nucleic acid probe), DNA-polymeras (DNA polimerase, DNA polymerase, DNA-polymerase), DNA-fragment (snippet of DNA), DNA-beroende RNA-polymeras (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA pol), DNA synthesizer (desoxyribonucleic acid synthesizer, DNA synthesier), DNA-supercoiling (DNA supercoiling), givar-DNA (donor DNA, foreign DNA), extrakromosomalt DNA (chromosomal desoxyribonucleic acid, chromosomal DNA), cDNA (c-DNA, complementary DNA), enkelkedjigt DNA (single-strand DNA, ss-DNA), bakteriellt DNA (bacterial desoxyribonucleic acid, bacterial DNA), naket DNA (naked DNA), satellit-DNA (satellite DNA), reverse transcriptase (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), replikativ form (replicative form, RF DNA), rekombinant DNA-teknik (rec DNA technique, recombinant DNA technique), patologiskt,sjukdomsalstrande DNA (pathological DNA causing a disease), enkelsträngat DNA (single-strand DNA, ss-DNA), nukleärt DNA (nuclear desoxyribonucleic acid, nuclear DNA), spacer-DNA (spacer DNA), mitokondriellt DNA (mitochondrial desoxyribonucleic acid, mitochondrial DNA), linearisering av DNA (linearizing of DNA), kromosomalt DNA (chromosomal desoxyribonucleic acid, chromosomal DNA), komplementärt DNA (c-DNA, complementary DNA), kloroplastiskt DNA (chloroplastic DNA, choloroplastic desoxyribonucleic acid), kärn-DNA (nuclear desoxyribonucleic acid, nuclear DNA), omvänt transkriptas (reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase). (various references) dna. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words ending with "DNA": echidna. (additional references) | |
Words containing "DNA": adnate, adnation, adnations, echidnae, echidnas, kidnap, kidnaped, kidnapee, kidnapees, kidnaper, kidnapers, kidnaping, kidnapped, kidnappee, kidnappees, kidnapper, kidnappers, kidnapping, kidnaps, ordnance, ordnances, padnag, padnags. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: and. | |
| Words within the letters "a-d-n" | |
-1 letter: ad, an, na. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-d-n" | |
+1 letter: ands, band, damn, dang, dank, darn, dawn, dean, dona, hand, land, nada, nard, rand, sand, wand. | |
+2 letters: acned, adman, admen, adorn, adown, adunc, aland, amend, anode, anted, awned, bands, bandy, baned, bland, brand, candy, caned, canid, daman, damns, dance, dandy, dangs, danio, darns, daunt, daven, dawen, dawns, deans, denar, dewan, dinar, divan, diwan, donas, donga, donna, drain, drank, drawn, dunam, eland, gland, gonad, grand, hands, handy, honda, knead, laden, lands, maned, maund, menad, monad, nadas, nadir, naiad, naked, naled, named, nards, nicad, nidal, nodal, nomad, panda, pandy, paned, radon, rands, randy, ranid, redan, sands, sandy, saned, sedan, stand, ulnad, vanda, vaned, viand, wands, waned. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)44 4E 41 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references)-.. -. .- |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01000100 01001110 01000001 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)D N A |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0044 004E 0041 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)384835 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Non-fiction | 9. Usage Frequency 10. Names: Company Usage 11. Expressions 12. Expressions: Internet | 13. Translations: Modern 14. Abbreviations 15. Acronyms 16. Derivations | 17. Anagrams 18. Orthography 19. Bibliography |
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