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Definition: Darwin |
DarwinNoun1. English natural scientist whose `On the Origin of Species' formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882). 2. Provincial capital of the Northern Territory of Australia. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
"Darwin" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "a dear friend". |
Date "Darwin" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1762. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | Darwin 1. |
Biographical Satire | DARWIN, Charlie, a well-known enemy of preachers. He discovered that many men looked like their progenitors, and proved his theories with the exception of one link. The clergymen claimed that a chain with one link missing was no chain, and that D. was a nature faker. Publications: Origin of Species, a valuable book, even if it does fail to explain the currency bill. Source: Who was Who: 5000BC - 1914. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Darwin is the core operating system of Apple Computer's Mac OS X, and runs on the open source Darwin kernel, XNU.Darwin integrates a number of technologies, most importantly Mach 3.0, operating-system services based on 4.4BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution, particularly FreeBSD), high-performance networking facilities, and support for multiple integrated file systems.
Originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University, the Mach kernel manages all the tasks and processes the computer runs. Apple's Head of Software Engineering, Dr Avie Tevanian, worked on the Mach kernel at Carnegie-Mellon. Mac OS X owes no small part of its existence to Avie Tevanian. The Mach kernel gives Mac OS X features such as protected memory and symmetric multiple processing.
Currently Darwin is built for both Apple's PowerPC architecture as well as to the Intel architecture, though the latter only has very limited driver support.
The Darwin developers decided to take a mascot in 2000. Hexley the platypus was chosen over other contenders, such as an Aqua Darwin fish, Clarus the DogCow, and an orca.
External links
- Apple - Mac OS X - Technologies - Darwin
- OpenDarwin community development site
- Hexley, the Darwin mascot
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Apple Darwin."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Charles Robert Darwin (February 12, 1809 - April 19, 1882) was a British Naturalist. He developed the first theory of a naturalistic mechanism for evolution, based on mutation and natural selection. It explains the diversification of life through a lengthy process of descent with modifications. The enormous influence of Darwin's theories is proven by the tenacity of the generally discredited ideas described as Social Darwinism.
Early life
Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, the fifth of six children of Robert and Susannah Darwin (née Wedgwood), and the grandson of Erasmus Darwin, and of Josiah Wedgwood.
After finishing school, Darwin studied medicine in Edinburgh in 1825. His dislike for dissection and the brutality of surgery at the time led him to leave the medical school in 1827. Whilst there, however, he was influenced by the Lamarckian Robert Edmund Grant.
His father, unhappy that his younger son had not become a physician and fearing that he would become a "ne'er do well", enrolled him at Cambridge University, with the hopes of Charles' eventually becoming a parson. While at Cambridge, he came under the intellectual influence of scientific minds such as William Whewell and John Stevens Henslow which (combined with his interest in collecting beetles, which was encouraged by his cousin, William Darwin Fox) resulted in him pursuing natural history.
After taking his degree with honors, Darwin stayed at Cambridge for further studies in geology, where he proved particularly adept. In the summer of 1831, Darwin worked with the great geologist Adam Sedgwick mapping strata in Wales.
Darwin had planned to visit Madeira with some class-mates upon graduation in 1831. These plans, however, fell through. After Darwin finished his studies, Henslow recommended him for the position of gentleman's companion to Robert Fitzroy, the captain of the HMS Beagle, which was departing on a five-year expedition to chart the coastline of South America.
Journey on the Beagle
Darwin's work during the Beagle expedition allowed him to study both the geological properties of continents and isles and a multitude of living organisms and fossils. He collected an enormous number of specimens new to science in a very methodical way, and his specimens sent back to the British Museum were by themselves a significant contribution to science. No other collector has rivalled his work since.
During his voyage, he visited the Cape Verde Archipelago, the Falkland Islands, the South American coast, the Galapagos Islands and Australia, collecting considerable quantities of specimens.
After returning from the voyage on October 2, 1836, Darwin analyzed the specimens he collected, and noticed similarities between fossils and living species within the same geographic area. In particular, he noticed that every island in the Galapagos Archipelago had its own kind of tortoises and birds that were all slightly different in appearance, favored food etc., but otherwise similar.
In the spring of 1837 ornithologists at the British Museum informed Darwin that the several very different species of birds he had taken in the Galapagos were all finches. This, coupled with a re-reading of Thomas Malthus' 1798 essay on populations, triggered a chain of thought that would culminate in the theory of evolution by natural and sexual selection. He developed the hypothesis that, for example, all the different turtles had originated from a single turtle species, and had adapted to life on the different islands in different ways.
Based on these thoughts, he formulated his ideas about the changes and developments of species in his Notebook on the Transmutation of Species, which was in accordance with Lyell's Principles of Geology and Thomas Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population, which stated that the size of a population is limited by the food resources available. Realizing the potential of this understanding, Darwin undertook extensive experiments with pigeons and plants, and extensive consultation with pig breeders and other animal husbanders, in an attempt to discover holes in the hypothesis.
First writings
In 1842, Darwin formulated a short "Pencil Sketch" of his theory and by 1844 had written a 240 page "Essay" which provides an expanded version of his early ideas on natural selection. Between 1844 and 1858, when he would present his theory to the Linnean Society of London, Darwin would modify his theory in a number of ways.
Darwin published other treatises in science, including an explanation for the creation of coral atolls in the South Pacific, and the story of his voyage aboard the Beagle.
Darwin married his cousin Emma Wedgwood in 1839. After living for a number of years in London, the couple eventually moved to Down House, in Downe, Kent (which is now open to public visits, south of Orpington). Darwin and his wife had ten children, three of whom died early. Between 1839 and 1843, Darwin's Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle was published in five volumes.
The Origin of Species
Darwin's work brought him a correspondence relationship with Alfred Russel Wallace, working in the islands of the South Pacific. In June, 1858, Wallace sought Darwin's ideas on a theory Wallace had developed which exactly mirrored Darwin's own work. Scientist friends persuaded Darwin to go public with the theory, now independently confirmed. On 1 July, 1858, Darwin's paper about The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection was read to the Linnean Society in London, jointly with Wallace's paper.
Darwin's book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection was published one year later, and was of sufficient interest to have the publisher's stocks completely sold to bookstores on the first day.
It provoked an outraged response from the Church. A large meeting was organised in Oxford where 'Soapy Sam' Wilberforce, the Bishop of Oxford, numerous Clergy and Robert Fitzroy (the Captain of HMS Beagle) argued against Darwin, Thomas Huxley and their Evolutionist supporters. On being asked by Wilberforce, whether he was descended from monkeys on his grandfather's side or his grandmother's side, Huxley, recognizing the stupidity of the question, apparently muttered to himself: "The lord has delivered him into my hands", and then replied that he "would rather be descended from an ape than from a cultivated man who used his gifts of culture and eloquence in the service of prejudice and falsehood" [several alternative versions of this supposed quote exist, see Wilberforce and Huxley: A Legendary Encounter.
In several of his later books The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication (1868), The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871) and The Expression of Emotions in Animals and Man (1872), Darwin expanded on many topics introduced in Origin of Species.
The value of Darwin's work was appreciated throughout the scientific community. He became a member of the Royal Society of London in 1839 (on the basis of his collecting during his voyages) and of the French Academy of Science (l'Académie des Sciences) in 1878
Darwin died in Downe, Kent, England, on 19 April 1882 was given a state funeral, and interred in Westminster Abbey near Isaac Newton.
Darwin was given particular recognition in 2000 when his image appeared on the Bank of England ten pound note, replacing Charles Dickens. His impressive and supposedly hard-to-forge beard was reportedly a contributing factor in this choice.
Before Darwin
Before the nineteenth century, the accepted theory for the extinction of species was called Catastrophism, which stated that species went extinct due to catastrophes that were often followed by the formation of new species ex nihilo (out of nothing). The extinct species can then be found as fossils. The new species were considered unchangeable. This theory was in accordance with the story of the Flood in the Bible. In the early nineteenth century, several new theories started to compete with Catastrophism. One of the most important ones was developed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829). He observed that every new generation inherits the traits of its ancestors. He suggested that traits or organs become enhanced with repeated use and weakened or removed by disuse in each individual, who will pass these improvements or losses directly to their offspring. In 1830, the British geologist Sir Charles Lyell disproved the Catastrophism Theory, but held on to the theory of species staying unchanged during time. Lyell founded uniformitarianism, a theory stating that the surface of earth changed slowly through eons by constant forces.
Darwin's theory of evolution
Darwin's theory of evolution is based on five key observations and inferences drawn from them. These observations and inferences have been summarized by the great biologist Ernst Mayr as follows: First, species have great fertility. They make more offspring than can grow to adulthood. Second, populations remain roughly the same size, with modest fluctuations. Third, food resources are limited, but are relatively constant most of the time. From these three observations it may be inferred that in such an environment there will be a struggle for survival among individuals. Fourth, in sexually reproducing species, generally no two individuals are identical. Variation is rampant. And fifth, much of this variation is heritable. From this it may be inferred: In a world of stable populations where each individual must struggle to survive, those with the "best" characteristics will be more likely to survive, and those desirable traits will be passed to their offspring. These advantageous characteristics are inherited by following generations, becoming dominant among the population through time (Fig. 2). This is natural selection. It may be further inferred that natural selection, if carried far enough, makes changes in a population, eventually leading to new species. These observations have been amply demonstrated in biology, and even fossils demonstrate the veracity of these observations.
Darwin imagined it might be possible that all life is descended from an original species from ancient times. DNA evidence supports this idea.
Figure 2 : Schematic drawing of the evolution process.
(1) Natural selection. (2) Reproduction. (3) Mutation.
Response to Darwin's theory
After the publication of Darwin's book, evolution as the means of natural selection was widely discussed (Fig. 3), particularly by the religious and the scientific communities. Though Darwin was supported by some scientists (e.g., T.H. Huxley), others hesitated to accept the theory due to the unexplained ability of individuals to pass their special abilities to their offspring. The last point remained a mystery until the existence of genes was discovered. In 1902 Peter Kropotkin published the book Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, challenging Darwin's Theory as too narrow. In 1874, the theologian Charles Hodge accused Darwin of denying the existence of God by defining humans to be a result of a natural process rather than a creation designed by God. Darwin's theory is now backed up by the comparison of DNA from different organisms which shows the closeness of their relationship.
Today, whilst the overwhelming majority of biologists consider Darwin's basic theory correct, a significant fraction of the general population, particularly in the United States amongst Western countries, do not do so on religious grounds. See Pseudoscience creationism.
Contrary to popular opinion, Darwin did not "discover" evolution as it was accepted by many since the beginning of the 1800s. Instead, he and Wallace discovered the first really coherent mechanism that explains how evolution occurs (natural selection).
Other important aspects of Darwin's overall theory were: common descent, sexual selection, gradualism, and pangenesis. It is important to remember that Darwin's version of natural selection was different from that presented by Wallace in that he held that natural selection was continuously operating, whereas Wallace argued that selection only occurred when the environment changed.
Figure 3 : Caricature of Darwin as an ape in the Hornet magazine. (Image in the PD)Darwin is included in the top 10 of the 100 Greatest Britons poll sponsored by the BBC and voted for by the public.
'Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals' http://paradigm.soci.brocku.ca/~lward/Darwin/darwin00.html
Views on religion
It has been falsely claimed that Darwin converted to Christianity on his deathbed. The claim can be dismissed by his never having renounced the church. This claim is discussed in The Survival of Charles Darwin: A Biography of a Man and an Idea, by Ronald W. Clark (Weidenfeld & Nicholson 1985), p. 199:
In the introduction of The Descent of Man (1871), Darwin wrote:
- "Shortly after his death, Lady Hope addressed a gathering of young men and women at the educational establishment founded by the evangelist Dwight Lyman Moody at Northfield, Massachusetts. She had, she maintained, visited Darwin on his deathbed. He had been reading the Epistle to the Hebrews, had asked for the local Sunday school to sing in a summerhouse on the grounds, and had confessed: 'How I wish I had not expressed my theory of evolution as I have done.' He went on, she said, to say that he would like her to gather a congregation since he 'would like to speak to them of Christ Jesus and His salvation, being in a state where he was eagerly savouring the heavenly anticipation of bliss.'
- "With Moody's encouragement, Lady Hope's story was printed in the Boston Watchman Examiner. The story spread, and the claims were republished as late as October 1955 in the Reformation Review and in the Monthly Record of the Free Church of Scotland in February 1957. These attempts to fudge Darwin's story had already been exposed for what they were, first by his daughter Henrietta after they had been revived in 1922. 'I was present at his deathbed,' she wrote in the Christian for February 23, 1922. 'Lady Hope was not present during his last illness, or any illness. I believe he never even saw her, but in any case she had no influence over him in any department of thought or belief. He never recanted any of his scientific views, either then or earlier. We think the story of his conversion was fabricated in the U.S.A. . . . The whole story has no foundation whatever.'" (Ellipsis original.)
Later on in the book he dismisses an argument for religion being innate:
- "Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge: it is those who know little, and not those who know much, who so positively assert that this or that problem will never be solved by science."
Darwin's own struggle with faith got sharper the older he became, and his posthumously-published autobiography contained quotes about Christianity that were omitted by Darwin's wife Emma and his son Francis because they were deemed dangerous for Charles Darwin's reputation. Only in 1958 Darwin's granddaughter Nora Barlow published a revised version which contained the omissions. This included statements such as:
- "Belief in God- Religion.- There is no evidence that man was aboriginally endowed with the ennobling belief in the existence of an Omnipotent God. On the contrary there is ample evidence, derived not from hasty travellers, but from men who have long resided with savages, that numerous races have existed, and still exist, who have no idea of one or more gods, and who have no words in their languages to express such an idea. The question is of course wholly distinct from that higher one, whether there exists a Creator and Ruler of the universe; and this has been answered in the affirmative by some of the highest intellects that have ever existed."
- "The belief in God has often been advanced as not only the greatest, but the most complete of all the distinctions between man and the lower animals. It is however impossible, as we have seen, to maintain that this belief is innate or instinctive in man. On the other hand a belief in all-pervading spiritual agencies seems to be universal; and apparently follows from a considerable advance in man's reason, and from a still greater advance in his faculties of imagination, curiosity and wonder. I am aware that the assumed instinctive belief in God has been used by many persons as an argument for His existence. But this is a rash argument, as we should thus be compelled to believe in the existence of many cruel and malignant spirits, only a little more powerful than man; for the belief in them is far more general than in a beneficent Deity. The idea of a universal and beneficent Creator does not seem to arise in the mind of man, until he has been elevated by long-continued culture."
- "Whilst on board the Beagle (October 1836-January 1839) I was quite orthodox, and I remember being heartily laughed at by several of the officers (though themselves orthodox) for quoting the Bible as an unanswerable authority on some point of morality. I suppose it was the novelty of the argument that amused them. But I had gradually come, by this time, to see that the Old Testament; from its manifestly false history of the world, with the Tower of Babel, the rainbow as a sign, etc., etc., and from its attributing to God the feelings of a revengeful tyrant, was no more to be trusted than the sacred books of the Hindoos, or the beliefs of any barbarian." (Charles Darwin: The Autobiography of Charles Darwin with original omissions restored. New York, Norton, 1969. p.85)
- "By further reflecting that the clearest evidence would be requisite to make any sane man believe in the miracles by which Christianity is supported, --that the more we know of the fixed laws of nature the more incredible, do miracles become, --that the men at that time were ignorant and credulous to a degree almost incomprehensible by us, --that the Gospels cannot be proved to have been written simultaneously with the events, --that they differ in many important details, far too important as it seemed to me to be admitted as the usual inaccuracies of eyewitness; --by such reflections as these, which I give not as having the least novelty or value, but as they influenced me, I gradually came to disbelieve in Christianity as a divine revelation. The fact that many false religions have spread over large portions of the earth like wild-fire had some weight with me. Beautiful as is the morality of the New Testament, it can hardly be denied that its perfection depends in part on the interpretation which we now put on metaphors and allegories." (p.86)
- "Thus disbelief crept over me at a very slow rate, but at last was complete. The rate was so slow that I felt no distress, and have never since doubted even for a single second that my conclusion was correct." (p.87)
- "I can indeed hardly see how anyone ought to wish Christianity to be true; for if so the plain language of the text seems to show that the men who do not believe, and this would include my Father, Brother and almost all my best friends, will be everlastingly punished. And this is a damnable doctrine." (p. 87)
- "The old argument of design in nature, as given by Paley, which formerly seemed to me so conclusive, fails, now that the law of natural selection had been discovered. We can no longer argue that, for instance, the beautiful hinge of a bivalve shell must have been made by an intelligent being, like the hinge of a door by man. There seems to be no more design in the variability of organic beings and in the action of natural selection, than in the course which the wind blows. Everything in nature is the result of fixed laws." (p.87)
- "At the present day (ca. 1872) the most usual argument for the existence of an intelligent God is drawn from the deep inward conviction and feelings which are experienced by moat persons. But it cannot be doubted that Hindoos, Mahomadans and others might argue in the same manner and with equal force in favor of the existence of one God, or of many Gods, or as with the Buddists of no God...This argument would be a valid one if all men of all races had the same inward conviction of the existence of one God: but we know that this is very far from being the case. Therefore I cannot see that such inward convictions and feelings are of any weight as evidence of what really exists." (p.91)
- "Nor must we overlook the probability of the constant inculcation in a belief in God on the minds of children producing so strong and perhaps as inherited effect on their brains not yet fully developed, that it would be as difficult for them to throw off their belief in God, as for a monkey to throw off its instinctive fear and hatred of a snake." (p.93)
External links
- DarwinWiki
- Darwin Literature, Chapter-indexed, searchable versions of Darwin's works.
- Charles Darwin University (proposed university, Australia)
External texts
http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin/
- Note: The comprehensive and authoritative web source for Darwin texts (essentially all of them, in a consistent and citable format) is here:
'Life and Letters of Charles Darwin' http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2010 'Descent of Man' http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/charles_darwin/descent_of_man/ 'Formation of vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms' http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2355 'Geological Observations of South America' http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=3620 'Geological Observations of Volcanic Islands' http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=3054 'Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants' http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2485 'Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs' http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2690 'Variation of Plants and Animals Under Domestication' http://www.esp.org/books/darwin/variation/facsimile/title3.html 'Voyage of the Beagle' http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/charles_darwin/voyage_of_beagle/ 'Autobiography of Charles Darwin' http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2010 See also
- UK topics
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles Darwin."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The word Darwin, when used alone, has several possible meanings in the English language. It became popular largely due to the findings of Charles Darwin regarding evolution.
The term "Darwin", when used by itself can refer to:
Darwin is also part of the name of:
- Darwin, Australia, the capital city of Northern Territory in Australia.
- Apple Darwin, a BSD based operating system used in Mac OS X
- Darwin, a planned project by the European Space Agency
- Darwin, a small town in Minnesota
- Charles Darwin
- Erasmus Darwin
- Mount Darwin
- Darwin, Australia
- Darwin Awards
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Darwin."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The capital of the Northern Territory, \Darwin is a city of 109,419 people (2001 census) located on Australia's far north-western coastline.
Central Darwin
(larger version)Darwin was largely destroyed in 1974 when Cyclone Tracy passed through, killing 49 people and destroying over 70% of the buildings. The town was subsequently rebuilt with newer materials and techniques.
During World War II, on February 19, 1942 about 150 Japanese warplanes attacked Darwin.
Darwin is reputed to experience more ground-strikes of lightning than any other inhabited place in the world. It is also home to the territory's sole university, Northern Territory University.
External links
- Darwin City Council site
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Darwin, Australia."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Darwin is a town located in Inyo County, California. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 54.Geography
Darwin is located at 36°16'6" North, 117°35'31" West (36.268417, -117.591970)1. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.6 km² (1.4 mi²). 3.6 km² (1.4 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.Demographics
As of the census2 of 2000, there are 54 people, 36 households, and 14 families residing in the town. The population density is 15.1/km² (39.3/mi²). There are 54 housing units at an average density of 15.1/km² (39.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 90.74% White, 1.85% Black or African American, 3.70% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 3.70% from two or more races. 5.56% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 36 households out of which 8.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 22.2% are married couples living together, 13.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 61.1% are non-families. 55.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 1.50 and the average family size is 2.00. In the town the population is spread out with 5.6% under the age of 18, 1.9% from 18 to 24, 16.7% from 25 to 44, 59.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 53 years. For every 100 females there are 145.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 142.9 males. The median income for a household in the town is $13,333, and the median income for a family is $15,000. Males have a median income of $0 versus $36,250 for females. The per capita income for the town is $11,048. 37.7% of the population and 33.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 100.0% are under the age of 18 and 0.0% are 65 or older.Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Darwin, California."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Darwin is a city located in Meeker County, Minnesota. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 276.Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.1 km² (0.8 mi²). 1.9 km² (0.8 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 9.64% water.Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there are 276 people, 119 households, and 79 families residing in the city. The population density is 142.1/km² (368.7/mi²). There are 130 housing units at an average density of 66.9/km² (173.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 92.03% White, 0.72% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 5.80% from other races, and 1.45% from two or more races. 5.07% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 119 households out of which 31.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.6% are married couples living together, 9.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 33.6% are non-families. 29.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.32 and the average family size is 2.84. In the city the population is spread out with 27.2% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 25.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 97.1 males. The median income for a household in the city is $34,286, and the median income for a family is $37,321. Males have a median income of $31,000 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,813. 10.2% of the population and 6.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 17.1% are under the age of 18 and 8.5% are 65 or older.Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Darwin, Minnesota."
Synonyms: DarwinSynonyms: Charles Darwin (n), Charles Robert Darwin (n). (additional references) |
Crosswords: Darwin |
| English words defined with "Darwin": black ♦ calamitous ♦ disastrous ♦ fatal, fateful, Francis Galton, Functionless ♦ Galton ♦ Pangenesis ♦ Sir Francis Galton. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "Darwin": configuration programming ♦ EVOLUTION ♦ Marseilles' Good Bishop ♦ Noli me Tangere. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | They've been reptiles since Darwin was a boy. (The Grotesque; writing credit: Patrick McGrath) | |
Movie/TV Titles | The Darwin Adventure (1972) Felix Doubles for Darwin (1924) Darwin Was Right (1924) A Disciple of Darwin (1912) Genius: Charles Darwin (1999) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
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Books |
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Periodicals |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Plate VII -- Tropical and Polar Air Currents. Contrast this view to some of the early TIROS imagery in the Space collection. In: The Weather Book : A Manual of Practical Meteorology, by Rear Admiral Robert Fitzroy . Published in 1863. Call Number QC861 .F54 1863. He was the commanding officer of H. M. S. BEAGLE when Charles Darwin made his famous studies. Credit: Treasures of the Library. |  | C-141 at Darwin Royal Australian Air Force Base. |
 | Operation Stabilise - C-5 lands at Darwin Royal Australian Air Force Base. |  | Charles Darwin. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | Erasmus Darwin, M.D. / Drawn by J. Thurston. Engraved by J.T. Wedgwood. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Charles (Robert) Darwin / Petrolagar Laboratories, Inc. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | At Darwin, Australia, probably on 15 or 18 February 1942. The destroyer astern of Houston may be USS Peary (DD-226). Among the ships in the background, to the left, are HMAS Terka and the SS Zealandia. The donor was on board HMAS Tolga, then used as a water carrier for ships in Darwin harbor. Credit: NAVY. |  | Erasmus Darwin and Emily Cooper, three-quarter length portrait, seated. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Hugh Stafford and Darwin Elmore at forge in shop at school. Ashwood Plantations, South Carolina. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | The Darwin club. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
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| "Baby crocs" by L L Commentary: "Baby saltwater crocodiles, Darwin Crocodile Farm, Australia." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Author | Quotation |
Charles Darwin | I love fools' experiments, I am always making them. |
| A man's friendships are one of the best measures of his worth. | |
| The highest possible stage in moral culture is when we recognize that we ought to control our thoughts. | |
| The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble by us; and I for one must be content to remain an agnostic. | |
| What a book a devil's chaplain might write on the clumsy, wasteful, blundering, low, and horribly cruel work of nature! | |
| I have steadily endeavored to keep my mind free so as to give up any hypothesis, however much beloved (and I cannot resist forming one on every subject), as soon as the facts are shown to be opposed to it. | |
| I am not very skeptical... a good deal of skepticism in a scientific man is advisable to avoid much loss of time, but I have met not a few men, who... have often thus been deterred from experiments or observations which would have proven servicable. | |
Erasmus Darwin | He who allows oppression shares the crime. |
Steven Wright | My theory of evolution is that Darwin was adopted. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Economic History | Australia | In 1999, a major rail line from Adelaide to Darwin was announced, with a completion date of 2003. (references) |
Australia | The second largest city of NT is Alice Springs, located 1,500 kilometers south of Darwin in Central Australia. (references) | |
Australia | Darwin is the capital and is a young and vibrant city, with all the modern conveniences and sound infrastructure. (references) | |
Trade | Australia | The Darwin TDZ is concentrating on developing Australia's trading relationships with its Asian neighbors to the north and west. (references) |
Worker Rights | Australia | In practice the Darwin initiative is focused almost exclusively on its Asian neighbors to the north and west. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Darwin" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 99.91% of the time. "Darwin" is used about 1,122 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (proper) | 99.91% | 1,121 | 6,798 |
| Noun (singular) | 0.09% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 1,122 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "Darwin" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Darwin | First name Male | 14,000 | 583 |
| Darwin | Last name | 1,000 | 10,786 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
1. Darwin, MN (city, FIPS 14842) |
Expressions using "Darwin": Charles Darwin ♦ Charles Robert Darwin ♦ Darwin tulip. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "Darwin": Darwin-mendel. | |
Ending with "Darwin": Freud-darwin, post-darwin, Psycho-darwin. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
darwin award | 2,130 | charles darwin evolution | 19 |
charles darwin | 1,084 | darwin gross | 18 |
darwin | 995 | darwin theory evolution | 18 |
darwin australia | 441 | erasmus darwin | 17 |
darwin hotel | 109 | darwin real estate | 17 |
darwin fish | 83 | darwin minnesota | 16 |
darwin dive | 73 | darwin de evolucion la teoria | 15 |
charles darwin biography | 44 | darwin deason | 14 |
darwin hobbs | 43 | carlos darwin | 14 |
darwin evolution | 34 | darwin survival of the fittest | 13 |
darwin theory | 34 | awards.com darwin | 13 |
charles darwin picture | 33 | 2002 award darwin | 13 |
darwin de teoria | 27 | bombing darwin | 12 |
2003 award darwin | 26 | darwin origin of species | 12 |
darwin high school | 26 | darwin quote | 12 |
darwin dive island | 26 | darwin mount zimbabwe | 11 |
charles darwin theory of evolution | 23 | darwin nt | 11 |
darwin accommodation | 23 | charles darwin theory | 11 |
darwin charles robert | 22 | darwin ludo w | 11 |
darwin partner | 20 | darwin furniture | 10 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "Darwin"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Danish | Darwin's teori (Darwin theory, darwinism), Darwin's pangenesis-teori (Darwin theory of pangenesis), Darwinisme (Darwin theory, darwinism). (various references) | |
Dutch | darwinisme (Darwin theory, darwinism), pangenesis (Darwin theory of pangenesis, pangenesis). (various references) | |
French | darwinisme (Darwin theory, darwinism), théorie pangénétique de Darwin (Darwin theory of pangenesis). (various references) | |
German | Darwinismus (Darwin theory, darwinism), Darwin Pangenesis-Theorie (Darwin theory of pangenesis), Selektionstheorie (Darwin theory, darwinism). (various references) | |
Greek | πανγενεσία (Darwin theory of pangenesis), θεωρία του Δαρβίνου περί πανγενεσίας (Darwin theory of pangenesis), δαρβινισμός (Darwin theory, darwinism). (various references) | |
Italian | darwinismo (Darwin theory, darwinism), teoria pangenetica di Darwin (Darwin theory of pangenesis), teoria di Darwin (Darwin theory, darwinism). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | タ行 (Classification for Japanese verb with the dictionary form ending in "tsu", Dahl, dark, dark matter, darling, diagram, dial, dialogue, dial-up, diary, diatonic, diet, digest, Dijkstra, Diner's Club, diode, dozen, DynaBook, dynamic, dynamics, dynamism, dynamite, necktie, tie). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ダーウイン . (various references) | |
Pig Latin | arwinday.(various references) | |
Portuguese | darwinismo (Darwin theory, darwinism), teoria da pangénese de Darwin (Darwin theory of pangenesis). (various references) | |
Spanish | darwinismo (Darwin theory, darwinism), teoría pangenética de Darwin (Darwin theory of pangenesis). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | Pterocnemia pennata. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Misspellings | |
"Darwin" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Caerwyn, Darlink, Darlix, D'arpino, Darvi, Darwent, Darwins, Dawen, Dawkin, Derlin, Dernin, Derwen, Derwig, Derwin, Derwyn, Dharwar, drawin, Drawne, Dzardin. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: inward. | |
| Words within the letters "a-d-i-n-r-w" | |
-1 letter: dinar, diwan, drain, drawn, nadir, ranid, rawin. | |
-2 letters: airn, arid, darn, dawn, draw, nard, raid, rain, rand, rani, rind, wadi, wain, wair, wand, ward, warn, wind. | |
-3 letters: aid, ain, air, and, ani, awn, daw, din, naw, rad, ran, raw, ria, rid, rin, wad, wan, war, win. | |
-4 letters: ad, ai, an, ar, aw, id, in. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-d-i-n-r-w" | |
+1 letter: drawing, indrawn, inwards, warding. | |
+2 letters: awarding, cordwain, drawings, drawling, dwarfing, handwrit, inwardly, misdrawn, swarding, windward. | |
+3 letters: cordwains, drawknife, handiwork, handwrite, inwrapped, rawhiding, redrawing, rewarding, undrawing, unwearied, wandering, windbreak, windwards, wiredrawn, withdrawn, wristband. | |
+4 letters: bedwarfing, cordwainer, dewatering, dinnerware, downstairs, drawknives, drawlingly, drawstring, forwarding, handiworks, handwrites, hardwiring, inwardness, misdrawing, outdrawing, rainwashed, rawinsonde, stewarding, tawdriness, wanderings, wardenries, wardenship, windbreaks, windjammer, wingspread, wristbands. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Familiar 10. Quotations: Non-fiction 11. Usage Frequency 12. Names: Frequency | 13. Cities 14. Expressions 15. Expressions: Internet 16. Translations: Modern | 17. Translations: Ancient 18. Derivations 19. Anagrams 20. Bibliography |
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