Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Corporation |
CorporationNoun1. A business whose articles of incorporation have been approved in some state. 2. (informal) slang terms for a paunch. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "corporation" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1651. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Satire | CORPORATION, n. An ingenious device for obtaining individual profit without individual responsibility. Source: Devil's Dictionary. |
Economics | Any form of association in which capital is provided by a body of persons and the capital-sharing aspect is more important than the personal collaboration of the members. Source: European Union. (references) |
Finance | A group of people granted a charter legally recognizing them as a separate entity having its own rights, powers, privileges and liabilities distinct and separate from those of its members. (references) |
Law | A compnay having its own compnay name and a predetermined capital(capital stock)which is divided into parts(shares of stock). The liability of the company is limited to the compnay's assets. Source: European Union. (references) |
| A -- - apart from its owners - has its own name, its own address, and its own life; it has a legal existence of its own. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Literature | Corporation A large paunch. A municipal corporation is a body of men elected for the local government of a city or town. Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Slang in 1811 | CORPORATION. A large belly. He has a glorious corporation; he has a very prominent belly. CORPORATION. The magistrates, &c. of a corporate town. Corpus sine ratione. Freemen of a corporation's work; neither strong nor handsome. Source: 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A corporation is a legal entity, other than a natural person which often has similar rights in law as a person. This is referred to as corporate personhood and is seen by critics as a fundamental flaw in the nature of corporations. In civil law systems corporations are referred to as moral persons and may also go by the name SA (society anonymous) or something similar, depending on the language. In modern practice, corporation is often used more narrowly to mean commercial entities created within a governmental framework. However, monasteries, interest-groups, (both can be formed as not-for-profit corporations) cities and townships (often chartered as public corporations) among others, may also have corporate identities, some with lengthy histories.
=General=
Some jurisdictions do not allow the use of the word company alone to denote corporate status, since the word company may refer to a partnership or may merely be part of the business entities name. Some of the magic words used to signify corporation status that can only be used with state sanction include: Limited (Ltd.), Unlimited, Incorporated (Inc.), Corporation (Corp.), S.A. (Société anonyme), GmbH (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung). Some jurisdictions require that one of a list of terms or abbreviations appear in the corporate name. Generally speaking if a corporate, be it domestically created or foreign (from another jurisdiction) it must be registered to conduct business in a state, such a registry will also designate the principal addresss of the corporation, i.e. where it may be contacted for legal process.
Sometimes called a fictional person, legal person or a moral person (as opposed to a natural person); in the United States this is known as the doctrine of corporate personhood. Under such a doctrine, obviously a legal fiction, a corporation enjoys many (or all) of the rights and obligations of individual citizens such as the ability to own property, sign binding contracts , pay taxes, have constitutional rights and otherwise participate in society. Typically a corporation is governed by a board of directors which has a fiduciary duty to look after the interests of the corporation. The corporate officers such as the CEO, president, treasurer and other titled offices manage the affairs of the corporation.
Kenneth Pomeranz, an economic historian, argues that the need to perform pseudo-governmental operations such as the waging of war was the reason this economic structure developed in Europe and not in China or the Middle East.
Historically, most U.S. states issued charters for fixed lengths of time (e.g. a manufacturing corporation might be chartered for forty years), and only by an act of the legislature. The theory behind a limited charter was that it forced corporations to remain accountable to government (i.e. the community) for the special privileges granted to them. Investors protested that it actually led to unhealthy amounts of political payoffs and graft. Most states now charter unlimited-term corporations for a small fee, and possibly a yearly tax.
Related topics: Preferred stock, Corporate governance, Bylaws, Delaware corporation, Commercial law, Stock certificates
=Corporate Taxation=
The two types of corporations for taxation purposes are:
C-Corp - Most common form of corporation, the C-corporation has few ownership restrictions and must pay corporate taxes; all publicly traded corporations are C-corporations. C-corporations pay income taxes just as an individual does, and C-corporations do not receive a deduction on dividends they pay to stockholders. This leads to the so-called "double-taxation" of corporate profits: a given profit will be subject to income tax twice, once at the corporate level, as an item of income, and once at the stockholder level, as a dividend.
S-Corp - Commonly used by small business proprietors, the S-corporation pays no corporate taxes, but instead passes profits and losses directly to its owners (the stockholders) who declare such profits and losses as part of their personal income taxes). In this manner they are similar to partnerships, although there are some subtle differences in taxation. As a result, S-corporations are not subject to the "double-taxation" that C-corporations are. However, S-corporation treatment is not available to all corporations. An S-corporation must generally have no more than 75 stockholders, all of the stockholders must be natural persons (not other corporations or entities) who are U.S. residents, and the S-corporation can only issue a single class of stock.
=Other related types of Business Entities=
A partnership can have general partners and limited partners (also known as silent partners). General partners are liable for all of the debts and obligations of the partnership. Limited partners, on the other hand, are liable only for the amounts they have specifically agreed to contribute to the partnership pursuant to the partnership agreement.
A limited liability partnership (LLP) is a partnership composed entirely of limited partners without any general partner. In most U.S. jurisdictions, limited liability partnership are, for historical reasons, restricted to associations of professionals such as lawyers and doctors. However, this restriction is fairly meaningless since the same legal result can be achieved using the form of a limited liability company.
Many lawyers and businesspersons prefer the limited liability company form of taxation because of its extreme flexibility and favorable tax treatment.
=See also=
Legal Status
Within the official framework, a corporation or in some jurisdictions a company, is a legal, artificial entity with or without stockholders, who may be humans, trusts or other corporations. When there are no stockholders this may be a non-stock corporation, a membership corporation or similar name — this second type of corporations are not-for-profit corporations. In either category, the corporation is a collective of individuals with a distinct legal status with special privileges that are not given to ordinary unincorporated businesses, voluntary associations or groups of individuals. Corporations are chartered by a state, and regulated by the laws enacted by that state. Its activities will generally be regulated by the law of the state in which the corporation operates, if different from the state in which it was formed.Benefits of forming a Corporation
Two of the most salient features of incorporation are:
Origins
Early corporations of the commercial sort, such as the Dutch East India Company were formed under frameworks set up by governments to undertake tasks which were too risky or too expensive for individuals or the governments to embark upon.Non-profit Organizations
In modern economic systems, the corporate form of governance is commonly used for a wide variety of business and non-profit activities. Though the laws governing these creatures of statute are often different the courts often interpret provisions of the law that apply to profit making enterprises in the same manner, or in a similar manner, when applying principles to non-profit organizations as the underlying structures between these two types of entity are often very similar.National Features
United States
In the United States there are several corporate forms; what are generally called corporations are businesses run for profit that have been granted corporate charters by the States of the United States. The federal government of the United States usually does not grant corporate charters to businesses (exceptions include public corporations such as the Post Office and Amtrak). American corporations are typically chartered in Delaware, which charges no tax on activities outside the state and has courts experienced in business law. Corporations set up for privacy or asset protection are often chartered in Nevada, which allows setting them up with no record of who owns them.Canada
In Canada both the federal government and the provinces have corporate statutes, and thus a corporation may have a provincial or federal charter. Many older corporations in Canada were created by an Act of Parliament before the general corporation law was passed.In the United States
In the United States business corporations are taxed according to several different categories. The United States Internal Revenue Service classifies organizations as associations (taxable as corporations), partnerships (not limited to common-law partnerships) or trusts ("ordinary trusts"). [see 26 CFR §§301.7701-2 through 301.7701-4] Partnerships and Limited Liability Partnerships
A partnership is a contractual agreement between individuals and/or corporations in which profits and losses are shared. It is similar to a sole proprietorship but it has more than one member, each called partners. A partnership is not considered a separate entity and the partners are all liable for the debts of each partner (if contracted to on behalf of the partnership). Usually a partnership will not survive the death of one of the partners (though it may be reorganized at that time).Limited Liability Company
The limited liability company (LLC) is similar to a partnership in that it provides a very flexible structure. A limited liability company has members, rather than partners, and is governed by an operating agreement, rather than a partnership agreement. Otherwise it is very similar to a partnership in that the members can contractually arrange in the operating agreement for the management and economic provisions that they wish.Business Trusts
There is also a final type of business entity that can be used, though it is most often used as a vehicle for investment purposes, called a business trust. Only a few jurisdictions allow for the creation of business trusts, most notably Massachusetts. In many jurisdictions it has become popular as a vehicle for investing in real estate, which are called real estate investment trusts or REITs (pronounced reets).Taxation of Non-Corporate Entities
Since 1996, United States partnerships and limited liability companies have been able to elect whether to be treated as corporations or "flow-through" entities under the IRS' check the box regulations (see form 8832). A flow-through entity is not treated as a person for income tax purposes, instead its income and loss (and every other tax attribute) is divided up among its partners and reported by them to the IRS. There are some limits on an entity's ability to elect flow-through treatment, the most important of which is a publicly-traded company cannot elect flow-through treatment; as a practical matter this means that publicly traded corporations are subject to a more stringent tax regime than closely held companies.Quote
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Corporation."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| COMNET | English | Computer Network Corporation | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: CorporationSynonyms: bay window (n), corp (n), pot (n), potbelly (n), tummy (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Convexity | Tooth, knob, elbow, process, apophysis, condyle, bulb, node, nodule, nodosity, tongue, dorsum, bump, clump; sugar loaf; (sharpness); bow; mamelon; molar; belly, corporation, pot belly, gut; withers, back, shoulder, lip, flange. |
Jurisdiction | Judge; tribunal; municipality, corporation, bailiwick, shrievalty; lord lieutenant, sheriff, shire reeve, shrieve, constable; selectman; police, police force, the fuzz; constabulary, bumbledom, gendarmerie. |
Party | Corporation, corporate body, guild; establishment, company; copartnership, partnership; firm, house; joint concern, joint-stock company; cahoot, combine, trust. |
Size | Turgidity; (expansion); corpulence, obesity; plumpness; Adjective: embonpoint, corporation, flesh and blood, lustihood. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | I'm a product tester for a large corporation. I make sure products are safe and practical (Bananas; writing credit: Woody Allen; Mickey Rose) | |
Lyrics | Someone's always playing corporation games (We Built This City; performing artist: Starship) Who cares they're always changing corporation names (We Built This City; performing artist: Starship) | |
Movie/TV Titles | ||
Song Titles | Rock the Boat (performing artist: Hues Corporation) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
| ||
Books | |||
Periodicals |
| ||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Consumer Goods |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Title page to manual - "The Submarine Fathometer" Fathometer invented by Herbert Grove Dorsey of the Sub Signal Corporation. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Lieutenant Harley Nygren conducting gravity observations for Sandia Corporation. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Inside the Clean Air Facility. The Computer Data Acquisition System. A 64K Digital Corporation computer interfaced to a teletype. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |  | Fishing gear at the SOC Corporation Fishing Tackle Warehouse. Credit: Fisheries. |
 | Figure 69. Expendable bathythermograph made by Sippican Corporation. These instruments pay out a copper wire upon descent that has varying conductivity as the temperature changes. Depth is determined as a function of the rate of descent of the instrument. These are used by ships while underway to determine the temperature profile of the water column and corresponding velocity profile. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |  | Figure 7. Autonomous ultrasonic tide recorder. This instrument was mounted on the bottom and emitted sound waves that reflected off the water surface. As the water level changed, the instrument would record the apparent changes in depth. This instrument was developed for Crouzet Marine Oceanology Corporation from a prototype developed by the Studies and Research Department of France Electric. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |
 | Roylene Rides at the Door-Waln, NRCS Resource Conservationist, discusses the practice of field shelter belts of a single row of Siberian pea trees between wheat fields on this. The 6,000 acre farm has been a family corporation for forty years. [Slide 97CS. Credit: Bob Nichols. |  | Joe Shevchik, NRCS District Conservationist, William Towns, NRCS Engineering Technician, and Executive Director, Keystone Economic Development Corporation survey plans for a new park and nature trail for the Bethel A.M.E. Park in Pittsburgh, PA. [Slide 9. Credit: Bob Nichols. |
 | Exterior close-up of tower from north. Photograph by Jack E. Boucher, August 1969. (Reproduction Number: HABS WIS,51-RACI,5-6) The great American architect Frank Lloyd Wright made national headlines in 1936 with his designs for the Pennsylvania house known as Fallingwater and this building, the Johnson Wax Corporation Building in Racine, Wisconsin. Using reinforced concrete, brick, and innovative glass tubing, Wright created one of his most distinctive commercial designs for Johnson Wax. The eight-story research tower shown here was completed in 1947 to complement the original building. Each floor of the tower is cantilevered out from a central cylindrical core. The exterior walls are made of layers of curved glass tubing and brick. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | A Sudden Call, : or one of the Corporation, Summoned from his favorite Amusement. / Pub. by S.W. Fores, No. 50, Piccadilly. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Howard Scott | A criminal is a person with predatory instincts who has not sufficient capital to form a corporation. |
Thomas Carlyle | What is aristocracy? A corporation of the best, of the bravest. |
Ulysses S. Grant | I would suggest the taxation of all property equally whether church or corporation. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | Germany undertakes neither to impose nor to maintain any control over transmigration traffic through her territories beyond measures necessary to ensure that passengers are bona fide in transit; nor to allow any shipping company or any other private body, corporation or person interested in the traffic to take any part whatever in, or to exercise any direct or indirect influence over, any administrative service that may be necessary for this purpose. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Gulliver's Travels | Swift, Jonathan | Whether they were a rich or a poor corporation. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | The anthrax vaccine is manufactured and distributed by BioPort, Corporation, Lansing, Michigan. (references) | |
Non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation that offers support and information for families of children who have hemiplegia due to stroke or other causes. (references) | ||
Chemist Albert Hofmann, working at the Sandoz Corporation pharmaceutical laboratory in Switzerland, first synthesized LSD in 1938. He was conducting research on possible medical applications of various lysergic acid compounds derived from ergot, a fungus that develops on rye grass. (references) | ||
Business | It was spun-off four years ago into its own separate corporation. (references) | |
Other U.S. suppliers include Automation Products and AP Corporation. (references) | ||
This corporation maintains a strategic agreement with British Telecom. (references) | ||
Children | Chile | A report from the La Morada Corporation for Women released in 1999 estimated that there are 20,000 cases of sexual abuse of children every year. (references) |
India | Significant funding is provided to a few government organizations such as the Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India, the National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation, and the Rehabilitation Council of India. (references) | |
Malta | The Employment Training Corporation has responsibility for registering unemployed persons with disabilities to insure compliance with the law, which requires that every company employing more than 20 persons hire at least 2 percent of its workforce from the Register for Unemployed Disabled Persons. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Croatia | The supervisory board appoints the HRT director and is responsible for the financial management of the corporation. (references) |
Bangladesh | One of the accused is a local Awami League leader and another is a ward commissioner of the Khulna City Corporation. (references) | |
Singapore | Only one radio station, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) World Service, is completely independent of the Government. (references) | |
Economic History | Russia | U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC). (references) |
Ecuador | The minimum capital for this type of corporation is USD 800. (references) | |
Peru | Such power can be revoked anytime by the parent corporation. (references) | |
Human Rights | Chile | The CODEPU and the Corporation to Defend the Rights of Juveniles (CODEJU) greatly reduced their scope of activity during the year. (references) |
Jamaica | The Urban Development Corporation (UDC), an executive agency, ordered the operation; residents charged that they were not notified in advance. (references) | |
Ecuador | A survey during the year by the Latin American Corporation for Development revealed that 54 percent of judges believed that other judges were corrupt. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Chile | The National Corporation for Indigenous Development (CONADI) was created in 1994, and indigenous people were elected directly as representatives to this body in 1995 and 1999. It advises and directs government programs that assist the economic development of indigenous people. (references) |
Minorities | Tanzania | In 1994 6 Barabaig plaintiffs filed a class action suit, which included 750 members of the Barabaig tribe, challenging their eviction by the National Food Corporation, a parastatal organization. (references) |
Political Economy | CHILE | A branch of a foreign corporation is taxed on its own worldwide income. (references) |
Trade | Turkey | Corporation / banking relationships are close. (references) |
Ukraine | ACRO Extrusion Corporation is conducting the study. (references) | |
Kenya | Funding comes from the U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC). (references) | |
Travel | New Zealand | The Chrysler Corporation utilized a low, non-negotiable retail price structure when it introduced its Jeep line in New Zealand. (references) |
Peru | The 480 km. central railway servicing only cargo from the port of Callao to La Oroya-Huancayo run by Ferrocarril Central Andino S.A. and owned by six companies being one of these the U.S. firm Railroad Development Corporation. (references) | |
Nigeria | Sophisticated forged documents may also be provided using government letterhead from the Federal Ministry of Justice, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and others, along with a variety of official-looking stamps and seals. (references) | |
Women | Kuwait | A few have been appointed to senior positions in the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Planning, and the state-owned Kuwaiti Petroleum Corporation. (references) |
Chile | Employers do not have the right to ask women to take pregnancy tests prior to hiring them, although the La Morada Corporation for Women has received reports that the practice continues in some companies. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Papua New Guinea | These strikes, such as the action against the PNG Banking Corporation, in August were brief and ineffective. (references) |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | TRUST, n. In American politics, a large corporation composed in greater part of thrifty working men, widows of small means, orphans in the care of guardians and the courts, with many similar malefactors and public enemies. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Rush Limbaugh | The children of employees should be the responsibility of the corporation. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | Amongst other acts of questionable validity, the notes of the expired corporation are known to have been used as its own and again put in circulation. |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | During the war, the Smaller War Plants Corporation assisted small concerns to make a maximum contribution to victory. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | New institutions have been established such as the Synthetic Fuels Corporation and Solar Bank. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | For years and years and years, we've had this OPIC, this Overseas Private Investment Corporation, because we knew we had untapped markets overseas. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Corporation" is generally used as a noun (common) -- approximately 98.01% of the time. "Corporation" is used about 3,513 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (common) | 98.01% | 3,443 | 2,813 |
| Noun (proper) | 1.99% | 70 | 39,981 |
| Total | 100.00% | 3,513 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Australia | Australian Magnesium Corporation Limited | Canada | Acktion Corporation |
| China | China Eastern Airlines Corporation Limited | Finland | Elisa Communications Corporation |
| France | Guillemot Corporation | Hong Kong | 21CN Cybernet Corporation Ltd |
| India | Automobile Corporation of GOA Ltd. | Indonesia | Perusahaan Perseroan (Persero) P.T. Indonesian Satellite Corporation |
| Ireland | Anglo Irish Bank Corporation PLC | Israel | Dan Hotels Corporation Limited |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "corporation": 3Com Corporation ♦ advance corporation tax ♦ Amdahl Corporation ♦ bank corporation ♦ Borland Software Corporation ♦ british Broadcasting Corporation ♦ Burroughs Corporation ♦ close corporation ♦ closed corporation ♦ closely held corporation ♦ Compaq Computer Corporation ♦ compuserve Corporation ♦ compuware Corporation ♦ Consolidated Services Corporation ♦ convex Computer Corporation ♦ corel Corporation ♦ Corporation aggregate ♦ corporation bus ♦ corporation charter ♦ corporation cock ♦ corporation for Open Systems ♦ corporation for Research and Educational Networking ♦ corporation of Ranson ♦ Corporation sole ♦ corporation stop ♦ corporation tax ♦ Corporation Tax Law ♦ Corporation Tax Statutes ♦ corporation valve ♦ dell Computer Corporation ♦ digital Equipment Corporation ♦ digital Equipment Corporation Network ♦ dummy corporation ♦ Factory Mutual Research Corporation ♦ federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ♦ federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ♦ frame Technology Corporation ♦ gensym Corporation ♦ Gupta Corporation ♦ informatics Corporation ♦ Inprise Corporation ♦ Intel Corporation ♦ international Finance Corporation ♦ internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ♦ iomega Corporation ♦ Korea Tobacco and Ginseng Corporation ♦ lotus Development Corporation ♦ microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation ♦ Microsoft Corporation ♦ Microware Corporation ♦ mitre Corporation ♦ mosaic Communications Corporation ♦ Municipal Assistance Corporation ♦ municipal corporation ♦ NCR Corporation ♦ Netscape Communications Corporation ♦ oracle Corporation ♦ Physician Corporation of America ♦ powersoft Corporation ♦ private corporation ♦ privately held corporation ♦ public corporation ♦ public utility corporation ♦ Quadralay Corporation ♦ quasi corporation ♦ Rand Corporation ♦ shell corporation ♦ software Publishing Corporation ♦ sperry Corporation ♦ state owned corporation ♦ stock corporation ♦ teletype Corporation ♦ thinking Machines Corporation ♦ tower Technology Corporation ♦ trust corporation ♦ unify Corporation ♦ Unisys Corporation ♦ vme Microsystems International Corporation ♦ western Digital Corporation ♦ WordPerfect Corporation ♦ xerox Corporation. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "corporation": corporation-caused, corporation-speak, corporation-tax. | |
Ending with "corporation": ex-corporation. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "corporation"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | shoqëri aksionare (joint-stock-company), korporatë (fellowship, incorporation), bashki (city hall, civic centre, town hall). (various references) | |
Arabic | نقابة (brotherhood, guild, order, organization, syndicate), جماعة (association, band, body, clan, cluster, cohort, company, connection, connexion, drove, gaggle, gang, group, horde, order, troupe), البطن (interior, stomach), شركة (association, company, firm). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | корпорация (incorporation), акционерно дружество (joint-stock-company, stock company). (various references) | |
Chinese | 公司 (company, firm, incorporated). (various references) | |
Czech | spoleènost (association, community, companionship, company, incorporation, league, partnership, party, set, society, world), spoleèenství (commonalty, communion, community, guild, partnership), sdružení (association, clearing house, guild, society, syndicate, union), mìstská rada (city council, municipal council), korporace. (various references) | |
Danish | fagforening (labour-union, syndicate, trade-union). (various references) | |
Dutch | vakvereniging (labour-union, syndicate, trade-union), gilde (trade-union), corporatie (trade-union). (various references) | |
Esperanto | korporacio (trade-union). (various references) | |
Faeroese | felagsskapur (academy, circle, club, society, trade-union, union). (various references) | |
Farsi | گروهی که دارای شخصیت حقوقی باشند, شرکت (Bodycorporate, Cahoot, Firm, Hand, Society, Unity). (various references) | |
Finnish | yhtiö (company), pääomayhtiö (company with share capital, corporate enterprise), osakeyhtiö (incorporated company, joint-stock company, limited company), kunnallinen (council, municipal). (various references) | |
French | corporation. (various references) | |
Frisian | fakferiening (labour-union, syndicate, trade-union). (various references) | |
German | Körperschaft (body, corporate body, statutory corporation, trade-union), gesellschaft (academy, assn, association, bunch, circle, club, companionship, company, crowd, fellowship, function, group of people, guests, house party, limited partnership, line, pack, party, reception, society), korporation (fraternity, student society, trade-union), Aktiengesellschaft (incorporated company, joint-stock company, private limited company, public company, public corporation, stock corporation). (various references) | |
Greek | συντεχνία (gild, guild, trade union, union). (various references) | |
Hebrew | מועצת "עיר (city council), תא'י", חבר" מסחרית (company, firm). (various references) | |
Hungarian | városi tanács (common council, town council), vállalat (business, business concern, business house, business undertaking, Co, company, enterprise, express agency, house, officers of a society, show, undertaking), testület (advisory board, college, corps, establishment, plenum, public body, syndicate), társulás (association, partnership), részvénytársaság (incorporated company, joint-stock company, public limited company, share company, shareholder group), pocak (paunch, swag-belly), korlátolt felelősségű társaság (limited liability company). (various references) | |
Indonesian | badan hukum, badan (agency, board, body, group, torso). (various references) | |
Italian | corporazione (body, craft, guild), compagnia (academy, bevy, circle, club, companionship, company, crowd, fellowship, gang, gathering, group, lot, party, society, squad), societ di capitali (company with share capital, corporate enterprise, corporations), societ anonima (joint stock company, Public limited company), societ (association, club, company, partnership, society, trust), SA (you know). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 社団法人 , 社団 (association), 事業団 (agency), 法人 (corporate body, juridicalperson), 式会社 (public company), 会社企業 , 会社 (company), 会社 (company), 営団 (foundation), コー'ー豆 (call, call broker, call girl, call loan, call money, call rate, call sign, call-back, called, called game, choir exercises, chorus, chorus girl, coal tar, coffee bean, Cohen, cola, cold, cold beef, cold chain, cold chicken, cold coffee, cold cream, cold meat, cold permanent wave, cold war, cold wave, coleslaw, coop, coral, coral island, cord, corded velveteen, corduroy, corporate identity, corporated house, corpse, Koran), 保全会社 , 保全会 . (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | しゃ "ほうじ", しゃ " (association, interception, quarantine), ほぜ"かいしゃ, ほぜ"かい, ほうじ" (corporate body, fellow countryman, Japanese, juridicalperson, magic square, square formation), かぶしきがいしゃ (public company), かいしゃきぎょう, かいしゃ (company, household word, universal praise), コーポレーション , じぎょう " (agency), えい " (decisive judgement, foundation, resolution). (various references) | |
Korean | 기업 (enterprise, entrepreneurial, undertaking). (various references) | |
Manx | kiouyl (keel), bolg (abdomen, belly, bilge, bowl, bowl of lamp, stomach, tummy). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | orporationcay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | corporação (company, fellowship, fraternity, syndicate). (various references) | |
Romanian | corporaţie (body corporate, commonalty, guild), corp (body, bone, carcas, corps, corpse, corpus, frame, head, housing), consiliu (assembly, council, senate), municipalitate (municipality), burtã mare (pot belly), breaslã (brotherhood, commonalty, craft, guild, mystery, trade). (various references) | |
Russian | корпорация (Corp corporation, Corpn corporation, incorporated, incorporation). ( |
