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Definition: Confusion |
ConfusionNoun1. Disorder resulting from a failure to behave predictably; "the army retreated in confusion". 2. A mental state characterized by a lack of clear and orderly thought and behavior. 3. A feeling of embarrassment that leaves you confused. 4. A mistake that results from taking one thing to be another; "he changed his name in order to avoid confusion with the notorious outlaw". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "confusion" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references) |
Etymology: Confusion \Con*fu"sion\, noun. [French expression confusion, from Latin expression confusio.]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Health | A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. (references) |
Multilingual Slang | Catalan (merder), Italian (bordello). (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Confusion is unclarity, e.g. arising from ambiguity.Mental confusion (such as paranoia) may be caused by drugs or mental illness.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Confusion."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Utagawa school was a group of Japanese woodblock print artists founded by Toyoharu. After his pupil Toyokuni I took over (after Toyoharu's death), he raised it to become the most famous and powerful woodblock print school for the rest of the 19th century.Among it many other luminaries were the great landscape artist Hiroshige, Kunisada, Kuniyoshi and Yoshitoshi (the last great master of woodblock prints).
The Utagawa School and Inherited Art-Names
In the main Utagawa school of woodblock artists, there was eventually a whole series of go (art-names), from most senior to junior. As each senior person died, the rest would all move up a step!
The head of the school generally used the go (and signed his prints) as "Toyokuni"; after Kunisada I took over as head of the school (in 1842 or so), he started signing as "Toyokuni", and the next most senior member, Kochoro, started signing as "Kunisada" (Kunisada II, in this case).
The next most senior member after him, in turn, began signing as "Kunimasa" (Kunimasa IV, in this case), which had been Kochoro's go before he became Kunisada II. (The original Kunimasa I had been a student of Toyokuni I.)
Here is a list of some members of the main Utagawa school, giving the succession of names used by some of them, along with the modern numbering of each:
- Toyokuni (I)
- Toyoshige -> Toyokuni (II)
- Kunisada (I) -> Toyokuni (III)
- Kochoro -> Kunimasa (III) -> Kunisada (II) -> Toyokuni (IV)
- Kochoro (II) -> Kunimasa (IV) -> Kunisada (III) -> Toyokuni (V)
The Two Different Toyokuni "II"s
One final additional complexity is caused by the fact that there are two different artists who are sometimes referred to as "Toyokuni II".
The first Toyokuni II was Toyoshige, a mediocre pupil and son-in-law of Toyokuni I who had taken over as head of the Utagawa school after Toyokuni I died.
Kunisada I (Toyokuni III) despised Toyoshige, and refused to acknowledge him as head of the Utagawa school. Apparently, this was because he felt that as the best pupil, he should have been named head after the old master died, and was upset with Toyoshige, who apparently got the position because of his family connection.
When Kunisada I took over the art-name Toyokuni (in about 1842), he "removed" Toyokuni II from house history and for a period actually signed as "Toyokuni II". Everyone now numbers him Toyokuni III, though. So one needs to be careful, as there are prints which are signed "Toyokuni II" but which are actually by the artist we now call Toyokuni III.
This numbering persisted, so when Kochoro became head of the Utagawa school, he signed as "Toyokuni III", although by our counting he's Toyokuni IV; and likewise Kochoro II eventually signed as "Toyokuni IV", when we number him as Toyokuni V.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Utagawa school."
Synonyms: ConfusionSynonyms: disarray (n), discombobulation (n), mental confusion (n), mix-up (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Disorder | Turmoil; ferment; (agitation); to-do, trouble, pudder, pother, row, rumble, disturbance, hubbub, convulsion, tumult, uproar, revolution, riot, rumpus, stour, scramble, brawl, fracas, rhubarb, fight, free-for-all, row, ruction, rumpus, embroilment, melee, spill and pelt, rough and tumble; whirlwind; bear garden, Babel, Saturnalia, donnybrook, Donnybrook Fair, confusion worse confounded, most admired disorder, concordia discors; Bedlam, all hell broke loose; bull in a china shop; all the fat in the fire, diable a' quatre, Devil to pay; pretty kettle of fish; pretty piece of work, pretty piece of business. |
Noun: disorder; derangement; irregularity; anomaly; (unconformity); anarchy, anarchism; want of method; untidiness; Adjective: disunion; discord. confusion; confusedness; Adjective: mishmash, mix; disarray, jumble, huddle, litter, lumber; cahotage; farrago; mess, mash, muddle, muss, hash, hodgepodge; hotch-potch, hotch-pot; imbroglio, chaos, omnium gatherum, medley; mere mixture; fortuitous concourse of atoms, disjecta membra, rudis indigestaque moles. | |
Humility | Modesty; verecundity, blush, suffusion, confusion; sense of shame,sense of disgrace; humiliation, mortification; let down, set down. |
Language | Confusion of tongues, Babel, pasigraphie; pantomime; (signs); onomatopoeia; betacism, mimmation, myatism, nunnation; pasigraphy. |
Malediction | Interjection: woe to! beshrew! ruat coelum! ill betide, woe betide; confusion seize! damn! damn it! damn you! damn you to hell! go to hell! go to blazes! confound! blast! curse! devil take! hang! out with! a plague upon! out upon! aroynt! honi soit! parbleu! |
Neologism | Dog Latin, macaronics, gibberish; confusion of tongues, Babel; babu English, chi-chi. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | To avoid widespread confusion, Welsh people often add an occupation to a name (The Englishman Who Went Up a Hill But Came Down a ; writing credit: Christopher Monger.) There shall in that time be rumors of things going astray, erm, and there shall be a great confusion as to where things really are, and nobody will really know where lieth those little things with the sort of raffia-work base, that has an attachment (Life of Brian; writing credit: Graham Chapman; John Cleese) Lieutenant, in the next 15 minutes we have to create enough confusion to get out of here alive (Where Eagles Dare; writing credit: Alistair MacLean;) But I've named them all the same name, and there's terrible confusion. (Buffy the Vampire Slayer; writing credit: Doreen Spicer) From the great state of confusion, I am proud to nominateKim Possible (Kim Possible; writing credit: Julie DuFine; Madellaine Paxson) | |
Lyrics | Tell me why, this is a land of confusion. (Land Of Confusion; performing artist: Genesis) We need a resolution, We have so much confusion. (We Need A Resolution; performing artist: Aaliyah) Caught up in circles confusion (Time After Time; performing artist: Cyndi Lauper) Confusion will be my epitaph (EPITAPH; performing artist: King Crimson) They add to your confusion (Something About You; performing artist: Level 42) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Universal Variety View 7361: Confusion in India (1943) The Constable's Confusion (1911) Erotic Confusion (1997) | |
Song Titles | Land Of Confusion (performing artist: Genesis) Ball of Confusion (performing artist: The Temptations) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
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Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Pulmonary disease common symptoms are fever, cough, and chest pain; for central nervous system disease symptoms are usually headache, lethargy, confusion, seizures, and sudden onset of neurologic deficit. Credit: CDC. |  | Tarzan. Leading his company of bowmen, Tarzan concentrated his attack upon the rifle-armed warriors who, startled into confusion ... Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
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| "Confusion" by Steve Matthews Commentary: "One of the busy intersections in Japan. Every few minutes total chaos brakes loose. But it is amazing how polite the people are…." | "Urban confusion" by bizilagun design Commentary: "This moved snap of Fuencarral Street in Madrid inspires a feeling of anguish and / or confusion." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Albert Einstein | Perfection of means and confusion of ends seem to characterize our age. |
Blaise Pascal | The multitude which is not brought to act as a unity, is confusion. That unity which has not its origin in the multitude is tyranny. |
Bob Dole | Those who cultivate moral confusion for profit should understand this: we will name their names and shame them as they deserve to be shamed. |
Francis Bacon | Truth arises more readily from error than from confusion. |
Theodore Roosevelt | At sometime in our lives a devil dwells within us, causes heartbreaks, confusion and troubles, then dies. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | May the commands then of a prince be opposed? May he be resisted as often as any one shall find himself aggrieved, and but imagine he has not right done him? This will unhinge and overturn all polities, and, instead of government and order, leave nothing but anarchy and confusion. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | The most frightful thoughts rushed through his mind in confusion. |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | Casy spoke again, and his voice rang with pain and confusion. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Exposure to high doses can cause confusion and delirium. (references) | |
Sudden confusion, trouble talking, or understanding speech. (references) | ||
Common reactions are denial, anger, guilt, grief, fear, and confusion. (references) | ||
Business | As a rule of thumb, and to avoid confusion, industries are expected to adhere to the most stringent set of standards. (references) | |
Many words have subtly or radically different meanings in British and American English, which can lead to confusion or misunderstanding. (references) | ||
Projects sometimes shift from agency to agency under one ministry to another, which causes delays, overlaps, inefficiencies and confusion. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Gambia | The NIA accused Sillah of inciting genocide and confusion and attempting to overthrow the Government; Sillah described the allegations as false. (references) |
Guinea | Although the Government and the NIL have spoken out against the proliferation of Shi'a fundamentalist sects on the grounds that they "generate confusion and deviation" within the country's Islamic family, they have not restricted these groups. (references) | |
Macedonia | The 1997 Law on Religious Communities and Religious Groups contained a number of specific requirements for the registration of religious groups that were struck down by the Constitutional Court in 1999. Subsequently there was considerable confusion over which procedures still applied, and several foreign religious groups experienced delays in their efforts to register. (references) | |
Economic History | Russia | Some confusion might naturally result in the transformation process. (references) |
Indonesia | The process is disorganized and there is confusion as to the limits and scope of the new authorities. (references) | |
Burma | Regulations affecting foreign business are subject to frequent amendment, leading to considerable confusion. (references) | |
Human Rights | Guatemala | Six adolescents escaped but were recaptured quickly in the confusion. (references) |
Venezuela | However, confusion over the COPP still exists, and arbitrary arrests continue to be common. (references) | |
Gambia | Sillah was held incommunicado and released after he was charged with inciting genocide and confusion and attempting to overthrow the Government; he was not tried. (references) | |
Political Economy | POLAND | A new, EU-compatible tariff classification system to be introduced in January 2002 may cause some initial confusion. (references) |
Indonesia | There continues to be confusion in the armed forces regarding the respective responsibilities of each institution in some cases. (references) | |
Vietnam | Competition among government agencies for control over business and investments has created a confusion of overlapping jurisdictions and bureaucratic procedures. (references) | |
Political Rights | Madagascar | Furthermore, although the Senate was established officially on May 8, there still is confusion regarding the specific responsibilities of the provincial governments. (references) |
Indonesia | The numerous technical problems, due to inadequate preparations and ambiguities in the regulations, included inadequate supplies of ballots and reporting forms, poor training of poll workers, confusion over procedures, and insufficient funds to pay poll workers. (references) | |
Ecuador | After a brief period of confusion, during which the leaders of the coup announced the dissolution of the three branches of government and the formation of a "People's Parliament," on January 22, 2000, then-Vice President Gustavo Noboa assumed the presidency and restored order. (references) | |
Trade | Vietnam | To avoid confusion, dates should follow the Vietnamese pattern: day/month/year. (references) |
Tunisia | THIS ISSUE HAS BEEN THE SOURCE OF CONFUSION AND OCCASIONAL DIFFICULTY FOR SOME U.S. COMPANIES IN TUNISIA. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Cambodia | Since passage of the Labor Law in 1997, there has been confusion over the overlapping roles of labor unions and elected shop stewards. (references) |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | OWE, v. To have (and to hold) a debt. The word formerly signified not indebtedness, but possession; it meant "own," and in the minds of debtors there is still a good deal of confusion between assets and liabilities. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | Similar inconveniences exist in other cases, in which the construction put upon the laws by the public accountants may operate unequally, produce confusion, and expose officers to the odium of claiming what is not their due. |
Warren G. Harding | 1921-1923 | Any wild experiment will only add to the confusion. |
Richard Nixon | 1969-1974 | At the time of the bombing halt just a year ago, there was some confusion as to whether there was an understanding on the part of the enemy that if we stopped the bombing of North Vietnam they would stop the shelling of cities in South Vietnam. |
Gerald Ford | 1974-1977 | History and experience tells us that moral progress cannot come in comfortable and in complacent times, but out of trial and out of confusion. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Confusion" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.93% of the time. "Confusion" is used about 2,799 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.93% | 2,797 | 3,309 |
| Noun (common) | 0.07% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Total | 100.00% | 2,799 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes names derived from the word "confusion". | |||
| Name | Gender | Language | Meaning |
| Babel | N/A | Biblical | Confusion |
| Barabbas | N/A | Biblical | Confusion |
| Bashemath | N/A | Biblical | Confusion of death |
| Jabesh | N/A | Biblical | Confusion |
| Jerubbesheth | N/A | Biblical | Let the idol of confusion defend itself |
| Jibsam | N/A | Biblical | Their confusion |
| Tubal | N/A | Biblical | Confusion |
| Tubal-cain | N/A | Biblical | Possessed of confusion |
| Zerubbabel | N/A | Biblical | Dispersion of confusion |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
| |||
Expressions using "confusion": Confusion of goods ♦ confusion of names ♦ confusion of tongues ♦ confusion reflector ♦ confusion worse confounded ♦ fall into confusion ♦ in confusion ♦ in great confusion ♦ mental confusion ♦ noisy confusion ♦ put smb. to confusion ♦ throw into confusion ♦ zone of confusion. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "confusion": confusion-that. | |
Ending with "confusion": bat-confusion, dazzle-confusion, size-confusion, techno-confusion. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "confusion"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | begripsverwarring (confusion of ideas). (various references) | |
Albanian | pështjellim (welter, winding), ngatërrim (bewilderment, embarrassment, embroilment, entanglement, implication, involution, jumble, mess, mingle-mangle, mixing, mixture, muddiness, muss), ngatërresë (complication, embroilment, entanglement, hindrance, huddle, imbroglio, intricacy, mess, mix, moil, muddle, Mull, network, nodus, nonsense, nuisance, obstruction, quarrel, Ravel, razzle, razzle-dazzle, toss), hutim (abashment, absence of mind, absentmindedness, bewilderment, discomfiture, distraction, inadvertence, inadvertency, inattention, maze, nonplus, perplexity, puzzlement, vagueness, wool gathering), çrregullim (bewilderment, clutter, derangement, disarrangement, disarray, dislocation, disorder, disorganization, distemper, disturbance, excess, foul up, hugger mugger, mess, misrule, mix, muddle, muss, turmoil, upset), çoroditje (anility, corruption, dissipation, embarrassment, perversion, perversity). (various references) | |
Arabic | فوضى (anarchy, chaos, clatter, clutter, commotion, disarray, disorder, hugger mugger, jumble, lawlessness, litter, mess, misrule, mix up, muddle, muss, rumpus, shambles, topsy turvy, turmoil, welter), حيرة (bewilderment, discomfiture, disconcertion, dismay, distraction, embarrassment, hesitance, hesitancy, indecision, irresolution, maze, mystification, nonplus, perplexedly, perplexity, puzzle, puzzlement, tangle), تشوش (addle, become confused, fog, fogginess, incoherence, mix up, morass, muddling, perplexity, perturbation, pother, promiscuity, ramp, ravel, tangle), خلط (admix, alloy, blending, jumble, metis, mingle, mix, mix up, mixing, mixture, scramble, shuffle), التشوش (chaos, criss cross, interference), التباس (ambiguity, equivocation), إرتباك (awkwardness, bewilderment, constraint, disruption, distraction, embarrassment, foolishness, involvement, morass, mystification, nonplus, perplexity, pink, puzzle, puzzlement, quandary, self consciousness, shame, shyness, spot, tangle, uneasiness). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | смущение (abashment, alarm, bewilderment, discomposure, disorder, disturbance, embarrassment, intimidation, muddle, perplexity, perturbation, ruffle, uneasiness, upset), смешение (mess), объркване (abashment, addlement, bewilderment, commotion, discomfiture, dislocation, embarrassment, embroilment, entanglement, fuddle, involution, maze, stir, tizzy, tumble), обърканост (blankness, complexity, distraction, fluster, fog, harassment, indigestion, involution, maze, muddle, puzzle, puzzlement), неяснота (ambiguity, haze, mistiness, opacity, twilight, unclarity), бъркотия (bungle, clutter, disarrangement, disturbance, dust, farrago, fuss, hash, havoc, huddle, hugger mugger, hurry-scurry, imbroglio, involution, involvement, jumble, jungle, maze, melee, mess, mess up, mishmash, mix, mix up, muddle, muss, patchwork, pell mell, razzle, razzle-dazzle, rout, salmagundi, skein, snafu, tangle, tumble, uproar, upset, welter), пропадане (downgrade). (various references) | |
Chinese | 迷亂 , 羼 (sheep crowding), 混亂 (chaos), 混乱 (Chaotic, Clamorous, Disarray, Disordered, disorganise, disorganised, Disorganize, Disorganized, Disorganizing, mess, Muddle, Muddled, Muddling, ravel). (various references) | |
Czech | chaos (anarchy, chaos, mess up), zmatek (anarchy, bewilderment, chaos, circus, clutter, disarray, disorder, disturbance, embroilment, fluster, hash, hodge-podge, jumble, maze, mess up, mix up, moil, muddle, Mull, nonplus, non-plus, pandemonium, perplexity, perturbation, puzzlement, shambles, stew, tangle, tempest, tumble, tumult, turbulence, turmoil, turnup, upset, welter), rozpaky (dilemma, discomfort, embarrassment, nonplus, non-plus, plunge, puzzle, puzzlement, quandary, self consciousness), blázinec (bedlam, booby hatch, circus, jumble, lunatic asylum, madhouse, nut house, pandemonium, tangle). (various references) | |
Danish | confusio mentis (amentia), confusio, uklarhed (opacity, turbidity), rod (chaos, disorder, root, tangle), forvirring (amentia, perturbation). (various references) | |
Dutch | verwardheid (confusional states, mental confusion, turbidity), verwarring (disorder). (various references) | |
Esperanto | malordo (disorder), konfuzo. (various references) | |
Finnish | epäjärjestys (disarray, disorder, mess). (various references) | |
French | désordre, confusion (confounding). (various references) | |
Frisian | ferbjustering. (various references) | |
German | verwirrung (bafflement, bafflingness, bedevilment, bewilderment, dishevelment, disorder, disorientation, fluster, imbroglio, mix up, perplexity, puzzle, puzzlement), verwechslung (mistake, mix up), gewirr (babble, entanglement, jumble, mat, maze, tangle), durcheinander (babel of tongues, bedlam, chaos, clutter, cluttered, confused, disorder, entanglement, hash, helter-skelter, in a mess, in a muddle, in confusion, Jumble, mess, mix up, mixed up, muddle, muddled, muddled up, mussy, pell mell, piecemeal, punch-drink, tangle, tumble, upset), wirrsal, Verschmelzung (amalgamation, blending, fusion, merger, rounding off, smoothing), Unordnung (clutter, derangement, disarray, disorder, disorderliness, huggermugger, mess, muddle, untidiness), Trubel (hurly burly, turbulence, whirlwind). (various references) | |
Greek | σύγχυση (bewilderment, clutter, disarray, discomfiture, discomposure, disorientation, embroilment, fogginess, hugger mugger, mix up, muss, perplexity, tumble, welter), παραζάλη (bewilderment, giddiness, tumult). (various references) | |
Hebrew | תמהון (amazement, maze, puzzlement, surprise, wonder, wonderment), תרבוכה (noise), שבוש (blunder, breakdown, dislocation, disorder, disruption, error, fault), פתפותי ביצים, ערבוביה (clutter, disorder, helter-skelter, higgledy-piggledy, hodgpodge, hotchpotch, jumble, medley, mess, mingle-mangle, mishmash, muddle, muss, pastiche, tumble, welter), ערבוב (amalgamate, amalgamation, mingling, mixing, mixture, muddling), אנדרלמוסיה (chaos, disorder, pandemonium, pestilence, plaque, tumult, turmoil, upheaval), התבלבלות, בלגן (mess, shambles), בלבול (disorder, mess, mix up, perplexity), בהו (chaos, emptiness, void), סבוך (complication, entanglement, implication, intricacy, shaggy). (various references) | |
Hungarian | zavar (abashment, annoy, awkwardness, bafflement, bewilderment, bother, difficulties, discomfiture, discomposure, disorder, disorientation, disturb, disturbance, embarrassment, fermentation, harass, hitch, interfere, jam, mess-up, nonplus, perplexity, perturbation, puzzle, puzzlement, quandary, self-consciousness, shuffling, snarl, to discommode, to disturb, to fluster, to get into sy's hair, to get under one's skin, to incommode, to inconvenience, to put to it), zûrzavar (chaos, clutter, disorder, embroilment, helter-skelter, huddle, hurly burly, jumble, maze, melee, mess, muddle, muss, pandemonium, snafu, tumult, turbulence), megdöbbenés (consternation, recoiling, shock, stupor, surprise), felfordulás (cataclysm, clutter, combustion, commotion, convulsions, earthquake, hoo-ha, hoopla, huddle, hurly burly, hurly-burly, hurry-skurry, mess, mix, mix-up, muddle, muss, subversion, tangled skein, tumult, turbulence, turmoil, upheaval, upset, upsetting, whoop-de-doo), összetévesztés (mixing up). (various references) | |
Indonesian | kekisruhan (chaos, muddle), kekalutan, kekalapan (bewilderment), kekalang-kabutan (chaos). (various references) | |
Irish | dallamullóg. (various references) | |
Italian | confusione (abashment, ado, bedlam, carry on, chaos, clutter, commotion, disorder, disturbance, embarrassment, fuss, haze, hotchpotch, hubbub, jumble, mess, mix up, muddle, noise, pother, puzzledom, shambles, stir). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 錯乱 (derangement, distraction), 紛糾 (complication, disorder), 混雑 (congestion). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | こんせん (crossed wires or lines, free-for-all fight), とりこみごと (bustle), とうわく (bewilderment, embarrassment, perplexity), らんちょう (pages out of order), らんちょうし, らんみゃく (chaos, disorder), らんざつ (affray, clutter, disorder, muddle, promiscuity), むちつじょ (chaos, disorder), めちゃ (extremely, mess), わいざつ (disorder), ろうばい (Japanese allspice), ろうぜき (disorder, outrage, riot, violence), わくらん (bewilderment), こんとん (chaos, disorder), とりこみ, どさくさ (turmoil), くるい (deviation, disorder), まぎれ, さくらん (derangement, distraction), ふんぜん (anger, disorder, indignation, rage, resoluteness), ふんきゅう (complication, disorder, grave mound, tumulus), こんらん (chaos, disorder, mayhem), ふんらん (disorder), こんめい (kind words, stupefaction, stupor, unconsciousness), どう (body, change, child, copper, foolishness, frame, how, how about, ibid., in what way, labor, motion, prefix to building meaning "magnificent", servant, the said, the same, trunk, work), ごたごた (trouble), ごった (huddle, mess, mix), こんざつ (congestion), こんどう (main temple structure, merger, mixing), ざっぱく, ふんぷん (scattering). (various references) | |
Korean | 혼란 (snarl). (various references) | |
Manx | tharmane (alarm, atmospherics, blow, boom, boom noise, clash, concussion, continual noise, crash, crash of noise, din, report, rumble, rumbling, smacking, tumult), shaghrynys (abberation, absence, bewilderment, blunder, deviation, deviousness, error, gaffe, hallucination, maze, mental alienation, quibble, truancy), rouailley (delerium, deviousness, incoherence, mix up, prowl, rambling, rave, wander), mestid (miscellaneousness), fud y cheilley (at variance, chaotic, confused, confusing, dishevelled, disorder, disordered, embarrassed, flustered, mixed up, muddle, muddled, perplexed, tangled, topsy-turvy), corvaal (chaos, mix up, muddle, shambles, turmoil), bun ry baare (disorder, disordered, topsy-turvy), branlaadee (hallucinate, rambling, raving, wandering of mind), boirey (aggrieve, annoy, bother, care, confuse, disconcert, disrupt, disruption, distract, distraction, disturb, embarrass, embarrassment, heartache, madden, molestation, niggle, nuisance, perplex, perturb, perturbation, pester, preoccupy, put upon, row, strife, trouble, vex, worrier, worry). (various references) | |
Papiamen | konfushon. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | onfusioncay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | confusão (baffle, bedlam, bother, bungle, clutter, daze, disarray, discomfiture, discomposure, disturbance, donnybrook, embroilment, entanglement, fog, foul-up, fuddle, intricacy, involution, involvement, jumble, kettle of fish, labyrinth, macaroni, maze, medley, mess, mind-breaker, mingle-mangle, mishmash, misrule, mix, mix-up, moil, muddle, mull, muss, olio, pandemonium, pell-mell, perplexity, perturbation, pother, puddle, puzzle, ravel, rough-and-tumble, rout, shuffle, skein, to-do, tumble, turbidity, turmoil). (various references) | |
Romanian | confuzie (bewilderment, blankness, clutter, disorder, distraction, embroilment, fuss, haziness, huddle, hugger mugger, jumble, mix up, muddle, obfuscation, shuffle, storm, tumble), încurcãturã (abashment, difficulty, encumbrance, entanglement, fix, hash, involution, involvement, loss, lost, mess, mire, mishmash, morass, perplexity, pretty kettle of fish, puzzle, scrape, stew, tangle, trouble, upset), învãlmãşealã (bustle, crowd, hubbub, scrimmage, scuffle, scurry, squash, stampede, stir, struggle, throng, turmoil), aiurealã (babble, flurry, fuss, hubbub, muss, raving, rigmarole, thoughtlessness, tomfoolery, twaddle), amestecul limbilor, bãlmãjealã, balamuc (bedlam, disorder, hubbub, madhouse), buimãcealã (alarm, consternation, dismay, dizziness, stupefaction), încâlcealã (intricacy), dezmãţ (anarchy, debauchery, disorder, dissipation, ordure, riot), zãpãcealã (Babel, bewilderment, daze, discomfiture, disorder, distraction, entanglement, flurry, fuddle, haze, jumble, kerfuffle, mix up, muddle, topsy turvy), dezordine (clutter, disarrangement, disarray, disorder, disturbance, disturbances, glory-hole, havoc, hubbub, huddle, hugger mugger, litter, mess, misrule, motley, riot, riots, rough, rout, topsy turvy, tumble, upset, welter), haos (chaos, pell mell, pie), harababurã (fuss, glory-hole, hubbub, jumble, mess, mix up, motley, muddle, pease meal, pell mell, turmoil, welter), neorânduialã (disorder, mess), ruşine (abashment, abomination, bashfulness, blot, contempt, disgrace, infamy, reproach, scandal, shame, shyness, stain), talmeş-balmeş (farrago, fustian, glory-hole, helter-skelter, higgledy-piggledy, hodge-podge, hotchpotch, hurry-scurry, jumble, mix up, muddle, olio, topsy turvy, upside down, welter), tulburare (agitation, bewilderment, commotion, discomfort, disorder, disturbance, excitement, feeling, flap, flurry, fluster, interruption, invasion, perturbation, revolt, trouble, unrest, vexation), vãlmãşag (bustle, disorder), debandadã (disorder, helter-skelter, hurry-scurry, rout, scurry, stampede). (various references) | |
Russian | сумбур, смущение (abashment, bewilderment, blankness, disorder, dither, embarrassment, perturbation), неурядица (disorder), неразбериха (bewilderment, box-up, hurrah's nest, mix, mix up, muddle, pell mell, pell-mell, skein, snafu, topsy-turvydom, welter), беспорядок (bewilderment, box-up, chaos, clutter, disarray, disorder, disorganization, huddle, hugger mugger, litter, mess, messroom, misrule, mix, muss, pell mell, tangle, tumble, turbulence, turmoil, untidiness, upset). (various references) | |
Scottish | tuairgneadh, othail , odhail, othail (hubbub), mùsuinn, eachrais, driop, buaireas (disturbance, trouble, tumult), breisleach (delirium), amhluadh (dismay), aimlisg, aimhreidh (disagreement, disturbance), ùbraid (bustle). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | zbunjenost (abashment, bewilderment, blankness, constraint, discomfiture, embarrassment, perplexity, puzzlement, quandary), zbrka (bungle, disarray, fuddle, helter-skelter, hugger mugger, imbroglio, jumble, macaronics, maze, mess, mishmash, muddle, muss, omnium gatherum, pell mell, welter), zabuna (blunder, embarrassment, error, mix up), pometnja (topsy turvy, tumble), nedoumica (perplexity). (various references) | |
Spanish | confusión (abashment, baffle, clutter, commotion, disarray, dislocation, disorganization, distraction, fluster, fog, haziness, huddle, hugger mugger, jumble, knockabout, litter, maze, mess, mix up, mix-up, muddle, mystification, perplexity, pother, puzzlement, shambles, tangle, turmoil, welter). (various references) | |
Swedish | sammanblandning, oreda (disarrangement, disarray, disorder, disorganization, distraction, disturbance, embroilment, hurry-scurry, mess, muddle, Ravel, shambles, tangle), oordning (chaos, commotion, derangement, disarrangement, disarray, disorder, disturbance, mess, tangle, upset), förvirring (bewilderment, Bumble, dislocation, disorder, distraction, embarrassment, flurry, fluster, fuddle, imbroglio, maze, mix, mix up, perplexity, tumult). (various references) | |
Turkish | utanma (being ashamed, blush, embarrassment, shame), keşmekeş (blight, chaos, conflict, disorder, rat race, snarl, snarl up), kargaşa (anarchism, anarchy, Babel, broil, chaos, coil, commotion, disarray, disorder, disturbance, earthquake, grab bag, hurly burly, moil, muss, pell mell, pellmell, rag bag, riot, rough and tumble, roughhouse, ruckus, ruction, rumpus, shemozzle, snarl, sound and fury, squall, storm, tailspin, tempest, tumult, turbulence, uproar, welter), karıştırma (admixture, adulteration, browsing, combination, commixture, compound, intermixture, mix, mixing, mixture, shuffle, shuffling, stir, stirring), karışıklık (bedlam, bungle, cataclysm, chaos, clamor, clamour, clutter, commotion, complexity, complication, disarrangement, disorder, disorderliness, disorganization, disturbance, dogs dinner, embroilment, ferment, fermentation, fray, frenzy, fuss, fuss and kerfufle, grab bag, havoc, helter-skelter, higgledy-piggledy, huddle, hugger mugger, huggermugger, hurly burly, imbroglio, indiscrimination, intricacy, involution, jungle, kerfufle, maziness, mess, mishmash, misrule, mix, mix up, muddle, muss, perturbation, pie, pother, pretty kettle of fish, promiscuity, Ravel, riot, rough and tumble, ruckus, ruction, snafu, snarl, snarl up, stir, swirl, tangle, topsyturvy, topsyturvydom, tumble, turbidity, turbulence, unrest, upheaval, upset, wooliness, woolliness), bozulma (breach, breakdown, breakup, corrosion, corruption, decay, declension, decomposition, deformation, degeneration, degradation, derogation, deterioration, devolution, disfiguration, disfigurement, disruption, dissolution, impairment, infection, pollution, putrefaction, rancidity, rancidness, rottenness, shipwreck, spoilage, taint, undoing, upset), birbirine karıştırma, şaşkınlık (amazement, astonishment, being surprised, bewilderment, blankness, consternation, daze, discomfiture, embarrassment, fuddle, gape, maze, muddle, nonplus, perplexity, puzzle, puzzlement, surprise, wonder, wonderment). (various references) | |
Turkmen | seсselik (bruise), haяa (embarassment), garma-gьrmelik (chaos), bulam-bujar. (various references) | |
Ukrainian | ніяковість (abashment, shamefacedness, uneasiness), заворушення (disorders, ruction, unrest), збентеження (abashment, agitation, amazement, bewilderment, blunder, dismay, distraction, embarrassment, nonplus, puzzlement, tumult), безладдя (bewilderment, chaos, clutter, derangement, disarrangement, disorder, hoity toity, huddle, hugger mugger, mess, misrule, mix, moil, pell mell, pellmell, puddle, racket, shambles, sozzle, topsy turvy, upset, welter), плутанина (boggle, derangement, embroilment, hubbub, hurly burly, intricacy, involute, jumble, maze, mingle-mangle, mishmash, mix up, muddle, muss, patchwork, pell mell, pellmell, puddle, skein, snarl, snarl up, tangle, wooliness, woolliness). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | sự rối loạn (convulsion, disorder, disorderliness, misrule, muss, rout, turmoil, turn-up, welter), sự nhầm lẫn sự bối rối, sự ngượng ngập (sheepishness), sự mập mờ (dimness), sự lộn xôn, sự hỗn loạn sự mơ hồ, sự hỗn độn (hugger-mugger, messiness, mussiness, printer). (various references) | |
Welsh | llanastr (lumber, mess), ffwndwr (hurly-burly), dryswch (perplexity, tangle), astrusi (ambiguity), anhrefn (anarchy, chaos, disorder). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Sumerian | 3100 BCE-2500 BCE | dalhamun, suh. (various references) |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | confusio, conturbatio, conturbatione, conturbationem, tumultu, tumultum, tumultus, turbatio. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | James Chapter 3, Verse 16 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Opou gar zhloV kai eriqeia ekei akatastasia kai pan faulon pragma |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Ubi enim zelus et contentio ibi inconstantia et omne opus pravum |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | For where is enuye and strijf, there is vnstidfastnesse and al schrewid werk. |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | For where envyinge and stryfe is there is stablenes and all maner of evyll workes. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | For where envying and strife is, there is confusion and every evil work. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | For where envying and strife is, there is confusion and every evil work. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | For where envy is, and the desire to get the better of others, there is no order, but every sort of evil-doing. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | James Chapter 3, Verse 16 |
| Cebuano | Kay diin gani anaa ang kapait sa kasina ug ang dinalo nga tinguha sa pagpauswag sa kaugalingon, maanaa usab ang kagubot ug ang tanang mangil-ad nga buhat. |
| Chinese | 在 何 處 有 嫉 妒 分 爭 、 就 在 何 處 有 擾 亂 、 和 各 樣 的 壞 事 。 |
| Croatian | Ta gdje je zavist i svadljivost, ondje je nered i svako zlo djelo. |
| Danish | thi hvor der er Avind og Rænkesyge, der er Forvirring og al ond Handel. |
| Dutch | Want waar nijd en twistgierigheid is, aldaar is verwarring en alle boze handel. |
| Finnish | Sillä missä kiivaus ja riitaisuus on, siellä on epäjärjestys ja kaikkinainen paha meno. |
| German | Denn wo Neid und Zank ist, da ist Unordnung und eitel böses Ding. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Di mana ada cemburu dan sifat mementingkan diri sendiri, di situ juga terdapat kerusuhan dan segala macam perbuatan yang jahat. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Karena barang di mana ada perasaan yang dengki dan perbantahan, di situlah huru-hara dan segala perbuatan yang jahat. |
| Italian | poiché dove c'è gelosia e spirito di contesa, c'è disordine e ogni sorta di cattive azioni. |
| Latvian | Jo kur skaudîba un íildas, tur nekârtîba un viss ïaunums. |
| Maori | I te wahi hoki e noho ai te hae me te totohe, ko reira ano te noho kino me nga mahi he katoa. |
| Norwegian | for hvor der er avind og trettesyke, der er urede og alt det som ondt er. |
| Portuguese | Porque onde há ciúme e sentimento faccioso, aí há confusão e toda obra má. |
| Rumanian | Cqci acolo unde este pizmq wi duh de ceartq, este tulburare wi tot felul de fapte rele. |
| Russian | ЙВП ЗДЕ ЪБЧЙУФШ Й УЧБТМЙЧПУФШ, ФБН ОЕХУФТПКУФЧП Й ЧУЈ ИХДПЕ. |
| Shuar | Shuarsha yajauch Enentáimtunairar tura ninki Enentáimtumainiakui, nujai Ashí meseawai tura Ashí yajauch ti awai. |
