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Definition: Commonwealth |
CommonwealthNoun1. The official name of some states in the United States (Massachusetts and Pennsylvania and Virginia and Kentucky) and associated territories (Puerto Rico). 2. A politically organized body of people under a single government; "the state has elected a new president"; "African nations"; "students who had come to the nation's capitol"; "the country's largest manufacturer"; "an industrialized land". 3. A world organization of autonomous states that are united in allegiance to a central power but are not subordinate to it or to one another. 4. A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "commonwealth" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1321. (references) |
Note: Commonwealth \Com"mon*wealth`\, noun. [Common wealth well-being.]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Satire | COMMONWEALTH, n. An administrative entity operated by an incalculable multitude of political parasites, logically active but fortuitously efficient. This commonwealth's capitol's corridors view, So thronged with a hungry and indolent crew Of clerks, pages, porters and all attaches Whom rascals appoint and the populace pays That a cat cannot slip through the thicket of shins Nor hear its own shriek for the noise of their chins. On clerks and on pages, and porters, and all, Misfortune attend and disaster befall! May life be to them a succession of hurts; May fleas by the bushel inhabit their shirts; May aches and diseases encamp in their bones, Their lungs full of tubercles, bladders of stones; May microbes, bacilli, their tissues infest, And tapeworms securely their bowels digest; May corn-cobs be snared without hope in their hair, And frequent impalement their pleasure impair. Disturbed be their dreams by the awful discourse Of audible sofas sepulchrally hoarse, By chairs acrobatic and wavering floors -- The mattress that kicks and the pillow that snores! Sons of cupidity, cradled in sin! Your criminal ranks may the death angel thin, Avenging the friend whom I couldn't work in. K.Q. Source: Devil's Dictionary. |
Census | The legal designation for four states (Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia), Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. The Census Bureau does not use this term in presenting data. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The English noun "Commonwealth" dates originally from the fifteenth century and in different contexts indicates one of:The original phrase "common wealth" or "the common weal" comprises a calque translation of the Latin term res publica, from which the word republic comes. The Commonwealth of England was the official title of the political unit that replaced the kingdoms of Scotland and England under the rule of Oliver Cromwell. It formed the first republic in the English-speaking world, though this quickly devolved into a pseudo-monarchy.
- a nation, state or political unit
- a state founded on law by agreement of the people for the common good
- a republic
- a federated union of constituent states.
Four states in the United States designate themselves "commonwealths": Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.
The term also served when the Australian colonies federated to form the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The design of the Australian government blends the US-style republican senate and British parliamentary systems, though in the Australian context the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act made it clear that the federation existed as a constitutional monarchy, with the federal state and the individual states each directly linked to the British monarch, and each of which possesses a representative of the Crown.
Various states have used the title "commonwealth" since that time.
The term "commonwealth" is also used for the political relationship between the United States and the unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico and of the Northern Marianas.
When capitalised, "Commonwealth" refers to the Commonwealth of Nations - formerly the "British Commonwealth" - a loose confederation of nations formerly members of the British Empire (with some exceptions). The Commonweath's membership involves both republics and monarchies: the head of the Commonwealth of Nations is Queen Elizabeth II, who reigns as monarch directly in a number of states, notably the United Kingdom, Canada, Jamaica, Australia and New Zealand, among others. (In an Australian context, it may refer to the federal (i.e. Commonwealth) Government.)
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Commonwealth is the direct translation of the official name of Republic of Poland (" Rzeczpospolita "). It is inherited after the federal country formed by Poland and Lithuania 1569-1795. In contemporary political doctrine of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, "our state is a Republic (Commonwealth) under presidency of the King". The commonwealth introduced the doctrine of religious tolerance, had its own parliament "Sejm" and elected kings, that were bond to the contracts "Pacta conventa" from the beginning of the reign. The foundation stones of the Commonwealth (so called Golden Freedom) used to be
- free election of the king
- "pacta conventa" that were binding for the king
- "rokosz""" the legal rebellion of citizens against the king, that violeted freedom
- "liberum veto" the right to express opposition to the decisions of majority by individual
- "confederatio" the military organisation of the citizens, willing to achieve common political aim.
States that use the name Commonweath
- Commonwealth of England - historic name of England when ruled by Oliver Cromwell and his successors from 1649 to 1660.
- Commonwealth of Independent States - an association of most of the former republics of the Soviet Union.
- The U.S states of Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Virginia call themselves commonwealths.
- Puerto Rico (associated with the US) and the Northern Mariana Islands (in political union with the US) are commonwealths of the United States (these unincorporated territories have a separate and unique status from that of the other four US commonwealths which are part of the US and actually possess US statehood).
- Australia uses the official style: The Commonwealth of Australia.
- The Bahamas has the official name: The Commonwealth of the Bahamas.
- Dominica has the official name: Commonwealth of Dominica.
External links
- Commonwealth of Australia website
- site detailing origins of the constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia
- Commonwealth of Kentucky webpage
- Commonwealth of Nations Secretariat
- Royal Commonwealth Society
- Commonwealth of Virginia webpage
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Commonwealth."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Commonwealth was the republican government which ruled first England and then the whole of Britain and Ireland during 1649 - 1653 and 1659 - 1660. The term is also loosely used to describe the system of government during the whole of 1649 - 1660, the years of the Interregnum, although during 1653 - 1659, the government is properly called The Protectorate and took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector.The Commonwealth was followed by the Restoration.
See Also
- Admiral Robert Blake for the role played by sea power during this period.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Commonwealth of England."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states formed mostly by the United Kingdom and most of its former colonies. It was formerly known as the British Commonwealth, and many still call it by that name, either mistakenly or to distinguish it from the many other commonwealths around the world.
Origins and membership
The Commonwealth is the successor of the British Empire and has its origins in the Imperial Conference of the late 1920s (conferences of British and colonial prime ministers had occurred periodically since 1887), where the independence of the self-governing colonies or dominions was recognised, and eventually formalised by the 1931 Statute of Westminster. The Commonwealth was established as an association of free and equal states, and membership was based on common allegiance to the British Crown.
After World War II the Empire was gradually dismantled, partly owing to the rise of independence movements in the then subject territories (most importantly in India under the influence of the pacifist Mohandas Gandhi), and partly owing to the British Government's straitened circumstances resulting from the cost of the war. Burma (now Myanmar) (1948) and South Yemen (1967) are among the only former colonies that did not join the Commonwealth on independence. Ireland was a member but left the Commonwealth upon becoming a republic in 1949.
The issue of republican status within the Commonwealth was only resolved in 1950 (after Ireland's decision) when it was agreed that India should remain a Commonwealth member despite adopting her present republican constitution.1 This decision, known as the London Declaration, by which all members accepted the British monarch as head of the Commonwealth regardless of their domestic constitutional arrangements, is now considered the start of the modern Commonwealth.
Citizens of Commonwealth nations make up 30% of the world's population: India is the most populous member, with a billion people at the 2001 census, while Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nigeria each contain more than 100 million people: Tuvalu, in contrast, has only 11,000 inhabitants.
Membership is normally open to countries which accept the association's basic aims. Members are required to have a present or past constitutional link to the UK or to another Commonwealth member. Not all members have close ties to the UK: some South Pacific countries were formerly under Australian administration, while Namibia was governed by South Africa from 1920 until independence in 1990. Cameroon joined in 1995 although only a fraction of its territory had formerly been under British administration through the (League of Nations mandate of 1920-46 and United Nations Trusteeship arrangement of 1946-61).
One member of the present Commonwealth was never attached to the British Empire or any Commonwealth member: Mozambique applied for and received membership in 1995 on the back of the triumphal re-admission of South Africa, with support from Mozambique's neighbours, all of whom were members of the Commonwealth and who wished to offer assistance in overcoming the losses incurred as a result of the country's opposition to white minority regimes in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and South Africa. In 1997, amid some discontent, Commonwealth Heads of Government agreed that Mozambique's admission should be seen as a special case and should not set any precedents.
Fiji and Pakistan have had their membership suspended in recent years because of military coups removing democratic regimes. South Africa's membership was effectively suspended during the Apartheid era (South Africa actually withdrew of its own accord by not seeking re-admission after it became a republic in 1961), but was reinstated upon the establishment of majority rule in 1994. Nigeria was suspended between 1995 and 1999. Pakistan had earlier left on January 30, 1972 in protest at Commonwealth recognition of breakaway Bangladesh, but rejoined in 1989. Zimbabwe was suspended in 2002 over concerns with the electoral and land reform policies of Robert Mugabe's Zanu-PF government. Charles de Gaulle once suggested that France, though it was never a member of the British Empire (even if for centuries English/British monarchs claimed the title 'King of France') should apply for Commonwealth membership. This never happened.
Organization and objectives
Queen Elizabeth II is the nominal head of the organization, but in practice it is served (since 1965) by a London-based Secretariat. The current (2003) Secretary General is Don McKinnon of New Zealand.
Heads of state or government of the Commonwealth countries meet biennally at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM). This was to have been held in Brisbane, Australia, in October 2001, but was postponed until March 2002 due to the uncertainty in international affairs engendered by the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
The Commonwealth has long been distinctive as an international forum where highly developed economies (the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) and many of the world's poorer countries seek to reach agreement by consensus. This aim has sometimes been difficult to achieve, as when disagreements over Rhodesia in the 1970s and over apartheid South Africa in the 1980s led to a cooling of relations between Britain and African members.
With the mutual decline of interest in each other as former British colonies forge closer relationships with non-Commonwealth trading partners and close geographic neighbours, the Commonwealth's direct political and economic importance has declined.
The Commonwealth today mainly restricts itself to encouraging community between nations and to placing moral pressure on members who violate international laws, such as human rights laws, and abandon democratically elected government. Key activities today include training experts in developing countries and assisting with and monitoring elections.
It is also useful as an international organisation that represents significant cultural and historical links between wealthy first-world countries and poorer developing nations with diverse social and religious backgrounds. The common inheritance of the English language and literature, the common law and British systems of administration underpin the club-like atmosphere of the Commonwealth.
The Commonwealth countries share many links at non-governmental level, notably sporting and cultural links. A multi-sport championship called the Commonwealth Games is held every four years: as well as the usual athletic disciplines the Games include sports popular throughout the Commonwealth such as bowls.
In recent years the Commonwealth model has inspired similar initiatives on the part of France and Portugal and their respective ex-colonies, and in the former case, other sympathetic governments: the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and the Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (Community of Portuguese-speaking countries).
List of Commonwealth Members by continent
Date of membership in (parentheses).
- Europe
- United Kingdom (1931)
- Cyprus (1961)
- Malta (1964)
- The Americas
- Canada (1931)
- Jamaica (1962)
- Trinidad and Tobago (1962)
- Barbados (1966)
- Guyana (1966)
- The Bahamas (1973)
- Grenada (1974)
- Dominica (1978)
- St Lucia (1979)
- St Vincent and The Grenadines (1979)
- Antigua and Barbuda (1981)
- Belize (1981)
- St Kitts and Nevis (1983)
Currently suspended members:
- Africa
- South Africa (1931 and left in 1961 but rejoined 1994)
- Ghana (1957)
- Nigeria (1960 and suspended in 1995 but readmitted 1999)
- Sierra Leone (1961)
- Tanzania (1961)
- Uganda (1962)
- Kenya (1963)
- Malawi (1964)
- Zambia (1964)
- The Gambia (1965)
- Botswana (1966)
- Lesotho (1966)
- Mauritius (1968)
- Swaziland (1968)
- Seychelles (1976)
- Namibia (1990)
- Mozambique (1995)
- Cameroon (1995)
- Asia
- India (1947)
- Pakistan (1947 and left in 1972 but rejoined 1989)
- Sri Lanka (1948)
- Malaysia (1957)
- Singapore (1965)
- Bangladesh (1972)
- Maldives (1982)
- Brunei (1984)
- Oceania
- Australia (1931)
- New Zealand (1931)
- Samoa (1970)
- Tonga (1970)
- Fiji (1970 and left in 1987 but rejoined 1997)
- Papua New Guinea (1975)
- Solomon Islands (1978)
- Vanuatu (1980)
- Tuvalu (1978)
- Kiribati (1979)
- Nauru (1999)
Former Members:
- Pakistan suspended since 1999
- Eire left in 1949
- Zimbabwe left in 2003
Footnote
1 Technically, on becoming a republic, states formally leave the Commonwealth. They have to re-apply for admittance, which is nowadays normally granted automatically. The Republic of Ireland did not apply for re-admittance as the Commonwealth at the time as the Commonwealth did not allow republican membership. However then Leader of the Opposition Eamon de Valera believed Ireland's decision not to apply to stay was a mistake. He and his successor as taoiseach, Sean Lemass both considered re-applying. Eamon Ó Cuiv, a minister in the present Irish Government (and himself de Valera's grandson) raised the issue of Ireland re-applying a number of times in the 1990s. However, the issue arouses hostility in Ireland, as the Commonwealth is still associated with British imperialism, even though the majority of member states are now republics.
See also: dominion, British Empire, Anglosphere
External links
- http://www.thecommonwealth.org is the website of the Commonwealth Secretariat.
- http://www.commonwealth.org.uk/ The Commonwealth Institute, London.
- http://www.empiremuseum.co.uk/ British Empire & Commonwealth Museum, Bristol, England.
- http://www.sas.ac.uk/commonwealthstudies/index.htm University of London Institute of Commonwealth Studies.
- http://makepeace.ca/respublica/com.html Res Publica : The Commonwealth (an international anti-monarchy Web directory)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Commonwealth of Nations."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Commonwealth of the Philippines was formed in 1935 and was conquered by the Japanese on June 9, 1942, during World War II. The first president of the Commonwealth was Manuel L. Quezon. After the Japanese Occupation, it was followed by the Republic of the Philippines.See also:
- History of the Philippines
- Political History of the Philippines
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Commonwealth of the Philippines."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Commonwealth is a town located in Florence County, Wisconsin. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 419.Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 111.2 km² (42.9 mi²). 109.6 km² (42.3 mi²) of it is land and 1.6 km² (0.6 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.42% water.Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there are 419 people, 170 households, and 124 families residing in the town. The population density is 3.8/km² (9.9/mi²). There are 326 housing units at an average density of 3.0/km² (7.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 98.57% White, 0.00% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 170 households out of which 31.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.1% are married couples living together, 7.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 26.5% are non-families. 21.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.46 and the average family size is 2.89. In the town the population is spread out with 23.9% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 105.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 105.8 males. The median income for a household in the town is $38,015, and the median income for a family is $39,659. Males have a median income of $31,250 versus $23,571 for females. The per capita income for the town is $19,137. 6.4% of the population and 5.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 8.0% are under the age of 18 and 8.8% are 65 or older.Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Commonwealth, Wisconsin."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (or The Commonwealth of the Two Nations) was a federal monarchy-republic formed by the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, between 1569 and 1795, which was governed by an elected monarch.
Since the word Poland was also commonly used to described the whole country, the members of the commonwealth were called:
- crown of the Polish Kingdom, popularly the Crown.
- Grand Duchy of Lithuania, popularly the Lithuania.
- Duchy of Ruthenia was the planned member of the Commonwealth, after the reconstruction to triple state of Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth, that was never applied in practise.
In the Partitions_of_Poland in 1772-1795 divided among Russia, Kingdom of Prussia and Austria. However, that last politcal movement, that wanted to restore the triple state, was active around January Uprising 1863-1864.
These lands are distributed today among Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Ukraine, Belarus, and partly Russia.
The term "Commonwealth" is a close translation of the Polish word "Rzeczpospolita", which derives from latin res publica, see "Poland".
The contemprorary political doctrine of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, "our state is a Republic under presidency of the King". The commonwealth introduced the doctrine of religious tolerance, had its own parliament, the Sejm, and elected kings that were bound to the contracts "Pacta conventa" from the beginning of the reign.
The foundation stones of the Commonwealth, the so called Golden Freedoms, were commonly:
See also: The Noble Republic, List of Polish rulers
- free election of the king
- "pacta conventa" that were binding for the king
- "rokosz""" the legal rebellion of citizens against the king, that violeted freedom
- "liberum veto" the right to express opposition to the decisions of majority by individual
- "confederatio" the military organisation of the citizens, willing to achieve common political aim.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A U.S. State is any one of the fifty states which is a member of the federation known as the United States of America. Sovereignty is divided between the individual states and the federal government. Under the United States Constitution, the federal government can legislate only on matters explicitly delegated to it by the Constitution, with the remaining governmental powers belonging to the states.
Map
List of states
The states, with their US postal abbreviations and capitals, are:
- AL Alabama - Montgomery
- AK Alaska - Juneau
- AZ Arizona - Phoenix
- AR Arkansas - Little Rock
- CA California - Sacramento
- CO Colorado - Denver
- CT Connecticut - Hartford
- DE Delaware - Dover
- FL Florida - Tallahassee
- GA Georgia - Atlanta
- HI Hawaii - Honolulu
- ID Idaho - Boise
- IL Illinois - Springfield
- IN Indiana - Indianapolis
- IA Iowa - Des Moines
- KS Kansas - Topeka
- KY Kentucky - Frankfort
- LA Louisiana - Baton Rouge
- ME Maine - Augusta
- MD Maryland - Annapolis
- MA Massachusetts - Boston
- MI Michigan - Lansing
- MN Minnesota - Saint Paul
- MS Mississippi - Jackson
- MO Missouri - Jefferson City
- MT Montana - Helena
- NC North Carolina - Raleigh
- ND North Dakota - Bismarck
- NE Nebraska - Lincoln
- NV Nevada - Carson City
- NH New Hampshire - Concord
- NJ New Jersey - Trenton
- NM New Mexico - Santa Fe
- NY New York - Albany
- OH Ohio - Columbus
- OK Oklahoma - Oklahoma City
- OR Oregon - Salem
- PA Pennsylvania - Harrisburg
- RI Rhode Island - Providence
- SC South Carolina - Columbia
- SD South Dakota - Pierre
- TN Tennessee - Nashville
- TX Texas - Austin
- UT Utah - Salt Lake City
- VT Vermont - Montpelier
- VA Virginia - Richmond
- WA Washington - Olympia
- WV West Virginia - Charleston
- WI Wisconsin - Madison
- WY Wyoming - Cheyenne
In addition to the states, several other areas belong to the United States:
For a complete list of dependent areas and other territory under current or former control of the US, see United States Dependent areas.
- AS American Samoa
- DC District of Columbia, which is the seat of the Federal government
- GU Guam
- MP Northern Mariana Islands, Commonwealth
- PR Puerto Rico, Commonwealth
- VI the U.S. Virgin Islands
- Midway Islands
- Guantanamo Bay (the US has "complete jurisdiction and control" under a lease from Cuba, which retains ultimate sovereignty)
Unlike states the authority to rule those areas comes not from the people of those areas but from the Federal government, however in most cases Congress has granted a large amount of self-rule.
History
Upon the Declaration of Independence from Great Britain, there were 13 states. States can be admitted to the Union by Congress.
The Constitution is silent on the issue of the secession of a state from the United States. The Civil War was fought to prevent states from leaving the Union. Some people claim that it is still not established whether any state can secede legally.
Various facts about the states
- Four of the states are called formally commonwealths: Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. In these cases, this is a merely a name and has no legal impact. However, the United States has non-state areas called commonwealths (Puerto Rico and the Northern Marianas) which do have a legal status different from the states.
- "Georgia" is the name of both a U.S. state and an independent country in Caucasia.
- "New York" is all three: a state, a county in that state, and a city in that state.
- "Washington" is a state, a city corresponding to the District of Columbia (and thus not part of any state), and a number of cities and counties in various states. The state Washington is the only one named after a U.S. President (or after a person born within the U.S., for that matter).
- One state upon joining the United States retained the right to divide itself into up to four separate states. This was a condition of the statehood of Texas.
- Only two states have state capitals named for the state (however, this is a very common practice with states and provinces in other countries, where the state or province is actually often named after the capital city): Oklahoma, with capital Oklahoma City, and Indiana, with capital Indianapolis (which means Indiana City).
- State names speak to the circumstances of their creation.
- Southern states on the Atlantic coast were former British colonies named after British monarchs: Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, and Maryland. Some northeastern states, also former British colonies, are named after English counties: New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York.
- Many later states were named after indigenous Indian tribes: Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, the Dakotas, Mississippi, and more.
- Southern states have Spanish names since these territories were originally controlled by Spain or Mexico: California, Colorado, Florida, Nevada, Texas, and perhaps Arizona.
Grouping of the states in regions
States may be grouped in regions. This is not official, definitions vary, see the separate articles. They are:
See also Geography of the United States.
- The West
- The Southwest
- The Midwest (in the north, and with respect to east-west direction in the middle)
- The South (actually southeast)
- Mid-Atlantic States
- New England (the extreme northeast)
See also
- Etymological list of U.S. States
- United States.
- For an enlarged map of the northeast, see [1]
- For tables with areas, populations, densities and more, see [1] (in order of population) and [1] (alphabetical). Note that units of miles are used.
- Lists of codes: FIPS state code, state codes, US postal abbreviations, ISO 3166-2:US
- List of U.S. states by population
- List of U.S. states by area
- List of U.S. states by unemployment rate
- List of state capitals and former capital cities in the United States
- County (United States)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "U.S. state."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| COFA | English | Commonwealth and Overseas Families Association | Social Sciences |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: CommonwealthSynonyms: body politic (n), country (n), democracy (n), land (n), nation (n), republic (n), res publica (n), state (n). (additional references) |
| Antonym: autocracy (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Government | Monarchy; kinghood, kingship; royalty, regality; aristarchy, aristocracy; oligarchy, democracy, theocracy, demagogy; commonwealth; dominion; heteronomy; republic, republicanism; socialism; collectivism; mob law, mobocracy, ochlocracy; vox populi, imperium in imperio; bureaucracy; beadledom, bumbledom; stratocracy; military power, military government, junta; feodality, feudal system, feudalism. |
State government, state; shire; province; county; canton; territory; duchy, archduchy, archdukedom; woiwodshaft; commonwealth; region; property. | |
Mankind | People, persons, folk, public, society, world; community, community at large; general public; nation, nationality; state, realm; commonweal, commonwealth; republic, body politic; million. (commonalty); population. (inhabitant). |
Utility | Common weal; commonwealth public good, public interest; utilitarianism; (philanthropy). |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | The Systems Commonwealth, the greatest civilization in history, has fallen (Andromeda; writing credit: John Cranna) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Ten Days That Shook the Commonwealth (1957) For the Commonwealth (1912) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title |
References |
|
Books | |
Periodicals | |
Music |
|
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Captain Valentine H. Schaeffer, USN, the carrier's Commanding Officer, cuts the cake at a reception following her commissioning ceremonies, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 17 November 1943. Looking on are Philippine Commonwealth Vice President Sergio Osmeña and Miss Rosie Osmeña. Credit: NAVY. |  | Lieutenant (Junior Grade) Edward Iglesias, USNR, accompanies Miss Estefanie Veloso, grandaughter of Philippine Commonwealth President Sergio Osmeña, as she inspects the cockpit of a Grumman F6F "Hellcat" fighter, while touring the ship on 10 June 1945. Bataan had just completed her tour with Task Force 58 on 30 May. The touring party comprised Mrs. Edilbertio Osmeña, daughter-in-law of President Osmeña; Mr. & Mrs. Juan Veloso, son-in-law and daughter of the President; and Miss. Veloso. Conducting the guests on the tour of the ship was Captain Ward C. Gilbert, USN. Also accompanying the party were various Philippine and United States officials. Credit: NAVY. |
 | Electron microscope being used to study wool, in laboratory of Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Police dog attacking a black Zimbabwean man during a demonstration coinciding with the arrival of British Commonwealth Secretary Arthur Bottomley in Zimbabwe. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Mass. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Jack Neill, "migratory fruit tramp," on banks of Pulah Creek near Winters, California. He owns one acre subsistence farm near Porterville. Represented migratory laborers as speaker at Commonwealth Club, San Francisco (See published "Transactions" of the C. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Junc't., Commonwealth Ave. and Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | One panoramic photo of Commonwealth Ave. showing Algonquin Club, Boston, Mass.]. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Arrival at Commonwealth Pier, Boston, Mass., Troopship Agamemnon with 26th ("Yankee") Division boy's [sic], April 7th, 1919, formerly German "Liner Kaiser Wilhelm II". Credit: Library of Congress. |  | A world to share : Commonwealth Day, March 10/1980. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |
| "Flags" by T. Al Nakib Commentary: "At the grounds of the Commonwealth building (London, UK)." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Author | Quotation |
Thomas Fuller | Though bachelors be the strongest stakes, married men are the best binders, in the hedge of the commonwealth. |
Winston Churchill | Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duty,and so bear ourselves that if the British Commonwealth and its Empire lasts for a thousand years, men will still say, 'This was their finest hour.' |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | The legislative authority, by which they are in force over the subjects of that commonwealth, hath no power over him. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Winston S. Churchill | 1946 | This means a special relationship between the British Commonwealth and Empire and the United States. ("Iron Curtain" Speech) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | As stated above, the Commonwealth Government has also attempted to reduce pressure on the public system by promoting private health insurance. (references) | |
These centers have emerged recently due to a move by the Commonwealth Government to oblige private health funds to offer "no-gap" or "known-gap" products. (references) | ||
Despite the reduction in Commonwealth funding (due to elimination of the Commonwealth Dental Health Program (CDHP), mentioned above), public dental services in Victoria are expanding. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Antigua and Barbuda | The 1999 report of the Commonwealth observer group that monitored the general elections noted that the governing ALP party received the greatest share of political coverage by the government-controlled electronic media. (references) |
Russia | Under the 1993 Commonwealth of Independent States Convention on Legal Assistance in Civil, Family, and Criminal Affairs, persons with outstanding warrants from other former Soviet states may be detained for periods of up to 1 month while the Procurator General investigates the nature of outstanding charges against the detainee. (references) | |
Economic History | Guyana | Type: Republic within the Commonwealth. (references) |
Human Rights | Gambia | In an effort to alleviate the overburdened system, the Government has solicited judges and magistrates from other Commonwealth countries, who share a similar legal system. (references) |
Seychelles | All sitting judges were hired from other Commonwealth countries, including Mauritius, India, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, and Zambia; none are citizens, with the exception of the Chief Justice, who is a naturalized citizen. (references) | |
Trinidad and Tobago | A Commonwealth commission concluded that the judiciary was not threatened by the Attorney General's involvement in judicial administration; however, a law association group recommended that executive requests should be handled by the Prime Minister, not the Attorney General. (references) | |
Political Economy | Kenya | Kenya is a member of the Commonwealth. (references) |
Dominica | Dominica is a multiparty, parliamentary democracy and a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. (references) | |
Jamaica | Jamaica is a constitutional parliamentary democracy and a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. (references) | |
Political Rights | Seychelles | Observers from the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Commonwealth Organization, and the Francophone Organization supervised the polling. (references) |
Trinidad and Tobago | The Constitution extends the right to vote to citizens as well as to legal residents at least 18 years of age who are citizens of other Commonwealth countries. (references) | |
Seychelles | However, on October 5, the Commonwealth Organization observers released their report, which concluded that the elections were peaceful but not entirely free and fair. (references) | |
Trade | Armenia | A certificate of origin is needed to export products to the countries of Commonwealth of Independent States. (references) |
Jamaica | Eligible items must meet a national-origin standard of 60 percent of the factory price originating in Jamaica, Commonwealth Caribbean countries, or Canada. (references) | |
Nigeria | Nigeria is a member of the British Commonwealth, the United Nations and several of its affiliated organizations, the World Bank, and the African Development Bank. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Solomon Islands | Unions are free to affiliate internationally, and the largest trade union, the Solomon Islands' National Union of Workers, is affiliated with the World Federation of Trade Unions, the South Pacific Oceanic Council of Trade Unions, and the Commonwealth Trade Union Congress. (references) |
United Kingdom | Government agencies involved in antitrafficking efforts include the Home Office, Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), the National Criminal Investigative Service (NICS), police, the Department of Trade and Industry, the Department for Education and Employment, the Department for International Development (DFID), the National Crime Squad, and the Immigration and Nationality Directorate (IND). (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | There the benevolent may endeavor to teach them the arts of civilization, and, by promoting union and harmony among them, to raise up an interesting commonwealth, destined to perpetuate the race and to attest the humanity and justice of this Government. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | In the Caribbean, seven elections have returned governments firmly committed to the democratic traditions of the Commonwealth. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Commonwealth" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 90.66% of the time. "Commonwealth" is used about 1,753 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 90.66% | 1,589 | 5,212 |
| Noun (proper) | 9.34% | 164 | 24,408 |
| Total | 100.00% | 1,753 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Australia | Commonwealth Bank of Australia | USA | Commonwealth Bancorp, Inc. |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
1. Commonwealth, VA (CDP, FIPS 18792) |
Expressions using "commonwealth": british commonwealth ♦ commonwealth Day ♦ commonwealth Hackish ♦ commonwealth of Australia ♦ commonwealth of Dominica ♦ commonwealth of Independent States ♦ commonwealth of Nations ♦ commonwealth of Puerto Rico ♦ commonwealth of the Bahamas ♦ the commonwealth of letters ♦ the commonwealth of the nations. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "commonwealth": commonwealth-centred, commonwealth-soviet, commonwealth-style. | |
Ending with "commonwealth": Empire-commonwealth, ex-commonwealth, inter-commonwealth, non-commonwealth, pre-commonwealth. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "commonwealth"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | shtet (land, nation, polity, power, state), republikë (republic), federatë (federation). (various references) | |
Arabic | أمة (people), رابطة الشعوب البريطانية. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | сдружение (association, crew, line up, tie up), федерация (federation), обединение на група щати, обединение на група държави, държава (jurisdiction, orb, polity, power, state). (various references) | |
Chinese | 联邦 (Confederation, Federal, federally). (various references) | |
Czech | konfederace (confederation, union). (various references) | |
Danish | Commonwealth of the Bahamas (Commonwealth of The Bahamas, The Bahamas), Commonwealth Nordmarianerne (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Northern Marianas), Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico), AU (Au, aurum, Australia, Commonwealth of Australia, gold, pigment metal 3), Australien (Australia), Bahamas (Bahamas, Commonwealth of The Bahamas, The Bahamas, The Commonwealth of the Bahamas), BS (Commonwealth of The Bahamas, The Bahamas), DM (Commonwealth of Dominica, Dominica), Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico), Dominica (Commonwealth of Dominica, Dominica, The Commonwealth of Dominica), lande,der er indroemmet Commonwealth praeferencer (countries enjoying Commonwealth preference), lande,der nyder godt af Commonwealthpraeferencer (countries enjoying Commonwealth preference), MP (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Northern Marianas), Nordmarianerne (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Northern Marianas), PR (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, preamble word, Puerto Rico), Den Australske Forbundsstat (Australia, Commonwealth of Australia). (various references) | |
Dutch | Conferentie van Parlementsvoorzitters v.d. Gemenebestlanden (Conference of Speakers of Commonwealth Parliaments), Gemenebest Porto Rico (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico), Australië (Australia), Bahama's (Commonwealth of The Bahamas, The Bahamas), BS (Commonwealth of The Bahamas, The Bahamas), de Bahama-eilanden (Bahamas, The Commonwealth of the Bahamas), de Bahama's (Bahamas, The Commonwealth of the Bahamas), DM (Commonwealth of Dominica, Direct Mail, Dominica, German mark), Dominica (Dominica), Gemenebest Australië (Australia, Commonwealth of Australia), AU (ouch, ow), Gemenebest Dominica (Commonwealth of Dominica, Dominica), Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico), Gemenebest Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico), Gemenebest van de Bahama's (Commonwealth of The Bahamas, The Bahamas), het Gemenebest Australië (Australia, The Commonwealth of Australia), het Gemenebest de Bahama-eilanden (Bahamas, The Commonwealth of the Bahamas), het Gemenebest Dominica (Dominica, The Commonwealth of Dominica), landen waarvoor de preferenties van het Gemenebest gelden (countries enjoying Commonwealth preference), MP (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Marrakesh Protocol to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, Module Processor, Northern Marianas), Noordelijke Marianen (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Northern Marianas), Porto Rico (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico), PR (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, park and ride station, preamble word, Puerto Rico), Gemenebest der Noordelijke Marianen (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Northern Marianas). (various references) | |
Farsi | مشترک المنافع (Commonweal), کشور (Country, Kingdom, Nation, Soil, State, Territory), جمهوری (Republic, Republican, State), رفاه عمومی (Respublica). (various references) | |
Finnish | kansainyhteisö. (various references) | |
French | commonwealth. (various references) | |
German | commonwealth. (various references) | |
Greek | κοινοπολιτεία. (various references) | |
Hebrew | קהליה (republic), אומה (nation, people), חבר העמים. (various references) | |
Hungarian | nemzetközösség. (various references) | |
Indonesian | persemakmuran. (various references) | |
Italian | repubblica (republic). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 連邦 (federation of states). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | きょうわこく (republic), れんぽう (confederation, federation, federation of states, mountain range, union). (various references) | |
Manx | staait, poblaght. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ommonwealthcay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | comunidade (family, intercommunity, society), povo (crowd, folk, general, multitude, nation, people, public, race), nação (country, folk, land, nation, people, realm, state), estado democrático. (various references) | |
Romanian | comunitate de naţiuni, republicã (republic), federaţie (federation). (various references) | |
Russian | содружество (concord), республика (republic), федерация (confederation, federation), государство (nation, nuclear power, nuclear state, polity, realm, state). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | politička zajednica, komonvelt. (various references) | |
Spanish | comunidad de naciones, mancomunidad. (various references) | |
Swedish | samvälde. (various references) | |
Turkish | ulus (commonweal, nation, people), milletler topluluğu, kamu yararı (commonweal, public interest, public welfare), eyalet (principality, shire, state), devlet (commonweal, government, governmental, official, political, polity, state, the community). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | співдружність (brotherhood, cooperation, family, sociality), федерація (alliance, confederation, federation), держава (nation, nunky, power). (various references) | |
Welsh | cymanwlad. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | res publica. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Ephesians Chapter 2, Verse 12 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Oti hte en tw kairw ekeinw cwriV cristou aphllotriwmenoi thV politeiaV tou israhl kai xenoi twn diaqhkwn thV epaggeliaV elpida mh econteV kai aqeoi en tw kosmw |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Quia eratis illo in tempore sine Christo alienati a conversatione Israhel et hospites testamentorum promissionis spem non habentes et sine Deo in mundo |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | And ye weren in that time with out Crist, alienyd fro the lyuyng of Israel, and gestis of testamentis, not hauynge hope of biheest, and with outen God in this world. |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | Remeber I saye yt ye were at that tyme wt oute Christ and were reputed aliantes from the comen welth of Israel and were straugers fro the testamentes of promes and had no hope and were with out god in this worlde. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | That at that time ye were without Christ, being aliens from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers from the covenants of promise, having no hope, and without God in the world: |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | That at that time ye were without Christ, being aliens from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers from the covenants of promise, having no hope, and without God in the world: |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | That you were at that time without Christ, being cut off from any part in Israel's rights as a nation, having no part in God's agreement, having no hope, and without God in the world. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Ephesians Chapter 2, Verse 12 |
| Cebuano | hinumdumi ninyo nga niadtong panahona kamo walay kalabutan kang Cristo, nahigawas kamo sa katilingban sa Israel, ug mga dumuloong sa mga pakigsaad mahitungod sa saad sa Dios, ug dinhi sa kalibutan kamo mga walay kalauman ug usab mga walay Dios. |
| Croatian | i da u ono vrijeme bijaste izvan Krista, udaljeni od graðanstva izraelskoga, tuði Savezima obeæanja, bez nade bijaste i neznabošci na svijetu. |
| Danish | at I på den Tid, uden for Kristus, vare udelukkede fra Israels Borgerret og fremmede for Forjættelsens Pagter, uden Håb og uden Gud i Verden. |
| Dutch | Dat gij in dien tijd waart zonder Christus, vervreemd van het burgerschap Israels, en vreemdelingen van de verbonden der belofte, geen hoop hebbende, en zonder God in de wereld. |
| Finnish | että te siihen aikaan olitte ilman Kristusta, olitte vailla Israelin kansalaisoikeutta ja vieraat lupauksen liitoille, ilman toivoa ja ilman Jumalaa maailmassa; |
| French | souvenez-vous que vous étiez en ce temps-là sans Christ, privés du droit de cité en Israël, étrangers aux alliances de la promesse, sans espérance et sans Dieu dans le monde. |
| German | daß ihr zur selben Zeit waret ohne Christum, fremd und außer der Bürgerschaft Israels und fremd den Testamenten der Verheißung; daher ihr keine Hoffnung hattet und waret ohne Gott in der Welt. |
| Haitian Creole | Lè sa a, nou t'ap viv byen lwen Kris la, nou te tankou etranje, nou pa t' fè pati pèp Bondye te chwazi pou li a. Nou pa t' nan kontra Bondye te fè ak pèp li a dapre sa l' te pwomèt la. Nou t'ap viv sou latè san okenn espwa, san Bondye. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Pada waktu itu kalian tidak bersatu dengan Kristus, kalian adalah orang asing yang tidak termasuk umat pilihan Allah. Kalian tidak termasuk dalam ikatan perjanjian yang dibuat Allah dengan umat-Nya. Kalian hidup dalam dunia ini tanpa harapan dan tanpa Allah. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Tatkala itu kamu jauh daripada Kristus, asing daripada hak orang Israel, dan orang asing di dalam perjanjian yang dijanjikan itu, dengan tiada berpengharapan dan dengan tiada bertuhan di dalam dunia ini. |
| Italian | ricordatevi che in quel tempo eravate senza Cristo, esclusi dalla cittadinanza d'Israele, estranei ai patti della promessa, senza speranza e senza Dio in questo mondo. |
| Latvian | Jo jûs tanî laikâ bijât bez Kristus, ðíirti no Izraçïa kopîbas, sveði apsolîjumu derîbai, bez cerîbas un bez Dieva ðinî pasaulç. |
| Maori | I taua wa he mea motu ke atu koutou i a te Karaiti, ehara i te tangata whenua no Iharaira, he tangata ke ki nga kawenata o te mea i whakaaria mai i mua, kahore he tumanakotanga atu, he hunga Atuakore i te ao. |
| Norwegian | at I på den tid stod utenfor Kristus, utelukket fra Israels borgerrett og fremmede for paktene med deres løfte, uten håp og uten Gud i verden; |
| Portuguese | estáveis naquele tempo sem Cristo, separados da comunidade de Israel, e estranhos aos pactos da promessa, não tendo esperança, e sem Deus no mundo. |
| Rumanian | aduceyi-vq aminte cq kn vremea aceea erayi fqrq Hristos, fqrq drept de cetqyenie kn Israel, strqini de legqmintele fqgqduinyei, fqrq nqdejde wi fqrq Dumnezeu kn lume. |
| Shuar | Nuik Krísturtinchauyarme. Israer-shuarcha asarum Ashí ni Túrutairisha tura Ashí Yus niin tsankatkarmasha nekaachuyarme. Tura Jú nunkanmaya asarum nekas Yusa nu Enentáimtichuyarme tura shiir pujustin Nánkamsarum Enentáimpramarme. |
| Spanish | Y acordaos de que en aquel tiempo estabais sin Cristo, apartados de la ciudadanía de Israel y ajenos a los pactos de la promesa, estando sin esperanza y sin Dios en el mundo. |
| Swahili | Wakati ule ninyi mlikuwa bila Kristo; mlikuwa nje ya jamii ya Israeli; mlikuwa wageni na hamkuwa na sehemu yoyote katika lile agano la zile ahadi. Mlikuwa bila matumaini Mungu hapa duniani. |
| Swedish | kommen ihåg att I på den tiden, då när I voren utan Kristus, voren utestängda från medborgarskap i Israel och främmande för löftets förbund, utan hopp och utan Gud i världen. |
| Uma | Nto'u toe, ko'ia ria posidaia' -ni hante Kristus. Hewa to hi mali-nako-koina, uma-koi hampodooa hante to Yahudi to napelihi-ramo Alata'ala jadi' ntodea-na. Uma ria bagia-ni hi rala pojanci to nababehi Alata'ala hi to Yahudi. Uma ria poncarumakaa-ni hi rala dunia' toi, apa' molaa-koi ngkai Alata'ala. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "commonwealth": commonwealths. (additional references) | |
| |
"Commonwealth" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: commonweath, commonwelalth, commonwelth, commotwealth, commowealth, ommonwealth. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-c-e-h-l-m-m-n-o-o-t-w" | |
-2 letters: commonweal. | |
-4 letters: ecotonal, hometown, hotelman, methanol, oothecal, townhome, watchmen. | |
-5 letters: anethol, chalone, cholate, cholent, comment, coolant, ethanol, lactone, lomenta, manchet, manhole, menthol, momenta, momento, monocle, moonlet, octanol, omental, ootheca, telamon, woolhat, woolman, woolmen. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-c-e-h-l-m-m-n-o-o-t-w" | |
+1 letter: commonwealths. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Familiar 10. Quotations: Historic 11. Quotations: Non-fiction 12. Quotations: Speeches | 13. Usage Frequency 14. Names: Company Usage 15. Cities 16. Expressions | 17. Expressions: Internet 18. Translations: Modern 19. Translations: Ancient 20. Bible Trace | 21. Abbreviations 22. Acronyms 23. Derivations 24. Anagrams | 25. Bibliography |
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