Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
"COALS" is a plural of: coal. |
Date "COALS" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Dream Interpretation | To see bright coals of fire, denotes pleasure and many pleasant changes. To dream you handle them yourself, denotes unmitigated joy. To see dead coals implies trouble and disappointments. Source: Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted .... |
Literature | Coals To blow the coals To fan dissensions, to excite smouldering animosity into open hostility, as dull coals are blown into a blaze by a pair of bellows. To carry coals To be put upon. "Gregory, o' my word, we'll not carry coals"- i.e. submit to be "put upon" (Romeo and Juliet, i. 1) So in Every Man out of his Humour, "Here comes one that will carry coals, ergo, will hold my dog." The allusion is to the dirty, laborious occupation of coal-carriers. Gifford, in his edition of Ben Jonson, says, "Of these (i.e scullions, etc.), the most forlorn wretches were selected to carry coals to the kitchen, halls, etc." (See page 141, col. 1, Blackguard) To carry coals to Newcastle. To do what is superfluous. As Newcastle is the great coal-field, it would be quite superfluous to carry coals thither. The French say, "Porter de l'eau à la rivière " (to carry water to the river). There are numerous Latin equivalents as, "To carry wood to the forests," "Poma Alcinoo dare " (See Alcinoo); "Noctuas Athenas ferre " (See Noctuas), "Crocum in Ciliciam ferre " (See Crocum). To haul over the coals. To bring to task for shortcomings, to scold. At one time the Jews were "bled" whenever the kings or barons wanted money, and one very common torture, if they resisted, was to haul them over the coals of a slow fire, to give them a "roasting." (See Ivanhoe, where Front-de-Boeuf threatens to haul Isaac over the coals.). Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Disapprobation | Reprehend, chide, admonish; berate, betongue; bring to account, call to account, call over the coals, rake over the coals, call to order; take to task, reprove, lecture, bring to book; read a lesson, read a lecture to; rebuke, correct. |
Excitation | Fan the fire, fan the flame; blow the coals, stir the embers; fan into a flame; foster, heat, warm, foment, raise to a fever heat; keep up, keep the pot boiling; revive, rekindle; rake up, rip up. |
Humility | Verb: be humble; Adjective: deign, vouchsafe, condescend; humble oneself, demean oneself; stoop, stoop to conquer; carry coals; submit; submit with a good grace; (brook); yield the palm. |
Inutility | Seek after impossibilities, strive after impossibilities; use vain efforts, labor in vain, roll the stone of Sisyphus, beat the air, lash the waves, battre l'eau avec un baton, donner un coup d'epee dans l'eau, fish in the air, milk the ram, drop a bucket into an empty well, sow the sand; bay the moon; preach to the winds, speak to the winds; whistle jigs to a milestone; kick against the pricks, se battre contre des moulins; lock the stable door when the steed is stolen, lock the barn door after the horse is stolen; (too late); hold a farthing candle to the sun; cast pearls before swine; (waste); carry coals to Newcastle; (redundancy); wash a blackamoor white; (impossible). |
Redundancy | Send coals to Newcastle, carry coals to Newcastle, carry owls to Athens; teach one's grandmother to suck eggs; pisces natare docere;kill the slain, " gild refined gold", "gild the lily", butter one's bread on both sides, put butter upon bacon; employ a steam engine to crack a nut; (waste). |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Ass full of red hot coals (Sealab 2021; writing credit: John J. Miller; Adam Reed) Oh? Ass full of red hot coals. (Sealab 2021; writing credit: John J. Miller; Adam Reed) You shall be punished, and instead of red-hot coals, you will eat chocolate ice cream. (Santa Claus; writing credit: René Cardona; Adolfo Torres Portillo) He certainly raked you over the coals. (Rehearsal for Murder; writing credit: Richard Levinson; William Link) | |
Lyrics | I'll lay down on your bed of coals (Burn; performing artist: Jo Dee Messina) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Coals of Fire (1918) Dancing on Coals (1997) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title |
Books |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | He took his hypodermic syringe out of its case and dropped it among the coals. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Pulling out hot coals with wet cloth, Taos County, New Mexico. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Sweeping hot coals from outdoor earthen oven after it has been heated to proper temperature to bake bread, Taos County, New Mexico. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Sprinkling hot coals with water, Taos County, New Mexico. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Sweeping coals and ashes from oven before baking bread, Taos County, New Mexico. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Science and research. Studies of non-coking coals. Research workers at the Golden, Colorado field station of the U.S. Bureau of Mines at a fifty-pound coke oven, which is used to determine if an unknown coal has coking properties. Coal is tested at variou. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Benjamin Franklin | He that blows the coals in quarrels he has nothing to do with has no right to complain if the sparks fly in his face. |
Billy Graham | Churchgoers are like coals in a fire. When they cling together, they keep the flame aglow; when they separate, they die out. |
Sterling W. Sill | The hottest coals of fire ever heaped upon the head of one who has wronged you are the coals of human kindness. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | It would be a strange catalogue of things, that industry provided and made use of, about every loaf of bread, before it came to our use, if we could trace them; iron, wood, leather, bark, timber, stone, bricks, coals, lime, cloth, dying drugs, pitch, tar, masts, ropes, and all the materials made use of in the ship, that brought any of the commodities made use of by any of the workmen, to any part of the work; all which it would be almost impossible, at least too long, to reckon up. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | A stove containing a fire, the coals of which were visible, stood in one corner. |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | The boy that held the censer had swung it gently to and fro near the door with the silvery cap lifted by the middle chain to keep the coals lighting. |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | Tom reached quietly into his pocket and brought out his tobacco, and he rolled a cigarette slowly and looked over it at the coals while he worked. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Human Rights | Dominican Republic | Other forms include asphyxiation with plastic bags to elicit confessions, and a torture method called "roasting the chicken" in which the victim is placed over hot coals and turned until confessing. (references) |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | TARIFF, n. A scale of taxes on imports, designed to protect the domestic producer against the greed of his consumer. The Enemy of Human Souls Sat grieving at the cost of coals; For Hell had been annexed of late, And was a sovereign Southern State. "It were no more than right," said he, "That I should get my fuel free. The duty, neither just nor wise, Compels me to economize -- Whereby my broilers, every one, Are execrably underdone. What would they have? -- although I yearn To do them nicely to a turn, I can't afford an honest heat. This tariff makes even devils cheat! I'm ruined, and my humble trade All rascals may at will invade: Beneath my nose the public press Outdoes me in sulphureousness; The bar ingeniously applies To my undoing my own lies; My medicines the doctors use (Albeit vainly) to refuse To me my fair and rightful prey And keep their own in shape to pay; The preachers by example teach What, scorning to perform, I teach; And statesmen, aping me, all make More promises than they can break. Against such competition I Lift up a disregarded cry. Since all ignore my just complaint, By Hokey-Pokey! I'll turn saint!" Now, the Republicans, who all Are saints, began at once to bawl Against his competition; so There was a devil of a go! They locked horns with him, tete-a-tete In acrimonious debate, Till Democrats, forlorn and lone, Had hopes of coming by their own. That evil to avert, in haste The two belligerents embraced; But since 'twere wicked to relax A tittle of the Sacred Tax, 'Twas finally agreed to grant The bold Insurgent-protestant A bounty on each soul that fell Into his ineffectual Hell. Edam Smith |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "COALS" is generally used as a noun (plural) -- approximately 99.61% of the time. "COALS" is used about 256 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (plural) | 99.61% | 255 | 18,554 |
| Lexical Verb (-s form) | 0.39% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 256 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "COALS": anthracite coals ♦ call over the coals ♦ call smb. over the coals ♦ carry coals ♦ carry coals to newcastle ♦ haul over the coals ♦ haul smb. over the coals ♦ heap coals of fire on one's head ♦ live coals ♦ To carry coals ♦ To carry coals to Newcastle ♦ To haul over the coals. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| Language | Translations for "COALS"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | тегля един калай на (haul over the coals). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 冰炭不相容 (as incompatible or irreconcilable as ice and hot coals). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | zavolat si koho na kobereèek (haul smb. over the coals), žhavé uhlí (live coals). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | hoejvaerdig anthracit er farligere end lavvaerdigt bituminoes kul ( = gaskul ) (anthracite ( high rank ) coals were more dangerous than bituminous ( low rank ) coals). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | hoogwaardige antracietkolen bleken gevaarlijker dan laagwaardige hoogvluchtige bitumineuze kool (anthracite ( high rank ) coals were more dangerous than bituminous ( low rank ) coals). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | hiilet (embers). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | charbons peu cokéfiants (weakly caking coals, weakly coking coals), anthracites (anthracitic coals). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Kohlen. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | σε αναμμένα κάρβουνα (on hot coals), ανθρακίτεσ (anthracite coals). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | megró vkit (to haul sy over the coals), alaposan lekapják (to get hauled over the coals), alaposan leteremtik (to get hauled over the coals), dunába vizet hord (to carry coals to Newcastle), izzó szén (live coals), kocsmába sört hord (to carry coals to Newcastle), megdorgál vkit (to give sy jesse, to haul sy over the coals), égő széndarabok (live coals), megmossa vkinek a fejét (to give sy a doing, to haul sy over the coals), szemrehányást tesz vkinek (to haul sy over the coals, to twit sy with sg), megszid vkit (to coach sy up, to give sy jesse, to haul sy over the coals), parázs (brand, cinder, ember, embers, live coals), rárak a kályhára (to put a few coals on the fire), rárak a tűzre (to make up the fire, to put a few coals on the fire), rátesz a kályhára (to put a few coals on the fire), rátesz a tűzre (to put a few coals on the fire), megfedd vkit (to haul sy over the coals). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | i carboni antraciti(di alta qualit )sono apparsi più nocivi dei carboni bituminosi(di qualit più scadente) (anthracite ( high rank ) coals were more dangerous than bituminous ( low rank ) coals), antracite (anthracite). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 継ぎ足す (to add coals to a fire), 火種 (live coals, remains of fire), 火渡り (walking over fire or burning coals), 油'絞る (to chew out, to give a sound scolding, to press oil, to rake over the coals, to reprimand severely), 油'搾る (to chew out, to give a sound scolding, to press oil, to rake over the coals, to reprimand severely). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | ひわたり (walking over fire or burning coals), ひ ね (live coals, remains of fire), あぶら'しぼる (to chew out, to give a sound scolding, to press oil, to rake over the coals, to reprimand severely). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | peeshyn geayil, geayl (coal), geayil (of coal). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | oalscay os carvões antracíticos(de alta qualidade)eram mais perigosos que os carvões betuminosos(de qualidade inferior) (anthracite ( high rank ) coals were more dangerous than bituminous ( low rank ) coals). (various references) cãra apã la puţ (carry coals to newcastle), trage o sãpunealã (call over the coals). (various references) сделать выговор (haul over the coals, read a lesson), раскаленные угли (live coals), горящие угли (live coals), задавать жару (rake over the coals), бурый уголь (brown coal, brown coals, lignite). (various references) proveravati (check, haul over the coals), živa žeravica (live coals), žar (ardor, ardour, embers, glow, live coals, zeal). (various references) Las antracitas (rango superior) eran más peligrosas que los carbones bituminosos (rango inferior). (anthracite ( high rank ) coals were more dangerous than bituminous ( low rank ) coals). (various references) "ุว่า (เพราะทำผิ") (คำไม่เป็นทางการ) (rake someone over the coals). (various references) kötülüğe iyilikle karşılık vermek (heap coals of fire on one's head), haşlamak (baste, bawl out, berate, blanch, boil, call smb. over the coals, carpet, give smb. a talking-to, scald, scold, seethe, upbraid), gözünü korkutmak (browbeat, call smb. over the coals, daunt, Hector, intimidate, threaten), azarlamak (admonish, baste, bawl out, berate, blame, blister, blow up, bring up, call down, call smb. over the coals, carpet, castigate, chew out, chide, come down on, decry, dress down, give a piece of one's mind, give smb. a talking-to, give smb. a telling-off, give smb. beans, give smb. hell, give the stick, inveigh, jaw out, keelhaul, lace into, lambaste, lash, lecture, let smb. have it, light into, objurgate, peck at smb., punish, rag, rail, rap smb. over the knuckles, rate, rebuke, reprehend, reprimand, reproach, reprove, roast, sail into, scold, score, slang, slap, slate, strafe, take to task, talk to smb., tell off, tell smb. one's mind, tick off, trim, twit, upbraid, vituperate). (various references) kцz (embers, live coals). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Date | Source | Romans Chapter 12, Verse 20 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Ean oun peina o ecqroV sou ywmize auton ean diya potize auton touto gar poiwn anqrakaV puroV swreuseiV epi thn kefalhn autou |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Sed si esurierit inimicus tuus ciba illum si sitit potum da illi hoc enim faciens carbones ignis congeres super caput eius |
| Old English | 990 | West Saxon | Ac hraðer:"Gif þin andsaca afhungre, fed hine;gif he afðyrste, drence hine.Swa delfest þu him mid birnendum gledum." |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | But if thin enemy hungrith, fede thou hym; if he thirstith, yyue thou drynke to hym; for thou doynge this thing schalt gidere togidere colis on his heed. |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | Terfore yf thyn enemy honger fede him: yf he thurst geve him drinke. For in so doynge thou shalt heape coles of fyre on his heed: |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | Therefore if thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst, give him drink: for in so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on his head. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | Therefore if thy enemy hungereth, feed him; if he thirsteth, give him drink: for in so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on his head. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | But if one who has hate for you is in need of food or of drink, give it to him, for in so doing you will put coals of fire on his head. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Romans Chapter 12, Verse 20 |
| Cebuano | Hinonoa, "kon gutomon ang imong kaaway, pakan-a siya; kon uhawon, paimna siya; kay sa imong pagbuhat niini magapundok ikaw ug mga baga diha sa ibabaw sa iyang ulo." |
| Chinese | 所 以 『 的 仇 敵 若 " 了 、 就 給 他 喫 ． 若 渴 了 、 就 給 他 喝 ． 為 這 樣 行 、 就 是 把 炭 火 在 他 的 上 。 』 |
| Croatian | Naprotiv: Ako je gladan neprijatelj tvoj, nahrani ga, i ako je žedan, napoj ga! Èiniš li tako, ugljevlje mu ražareno zgræeš na glavu. |
| Danish | Nej, dersom din Fjende hungrer, giv ham Mad; dersom han tørster, giv ham Drikke; thi når du gør dette, vil du samle gloende Kul på hans Hoved. |
| Dutch | Indien dan uw vijand hongert, zo spijzigt hem; indien hem dorst, zo geeft hem te drinken; want dat doende, zult gij kolen vuurs op zijn hoofd hopen. |
| Finnish | Vaan "jos vihamiehelläsi on nälkä, ruoki häntä, jos hänellä on jano, juota häntä, sillä näin tehden sinä kokoat tulisia hiiliä hänen päänsä päälle". |
| French | Mais si ton ennemi a faim, donne-lui manger; s`il a soif, donne-lui boire; car en agissant ainsi, ce sont des charbons ardents que tu amasseras sur sa tête. |
| German | So nun deinen Feind hungert, so speise ihn; dürstet ihn, so tränke ihn. Wenn du das tust, so wirst du feurige Kohlen auf sein Haupt sammeln. |
| Hungarian | Azért, ha éhezik a te ellenséged, adj ennie; ha szomjuhozik, adj innia; mert ha ezt míveled, eleven szenet gyûjtesz az õ fejére. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Sebaliknya, kalau musuhmu lapar, berilah ia makan; dan kalau ia haus, berilah ia minum. Karena dengan berbuat demikian, Saudara akan membuat dia menjadi malu. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Melainkan jikalau seterumu lapar, berilah dia makan; jikalau ia dahaga, berilah dia minum. Karena dengan perbuatan yang demikian kelak engkau akan menimbunkan bara api atas kepalanya. |
| Italian | Al contrario, se il tuo nemico ha fame, dagli da mangiare; se ha sete, dagli da bere: facendo questo, infatti, ammasserai carboni ardenti sopra il suo capo. |
| Maori | Na, ki te matekai tou hoariri, whangainga; ki te matewai, whakainumia: ki te penei hoki tau mahi, ka purangatia e koe he waro kapura ki tona matenga. |
| Norwegian | Om da din fiende hungrer, så gi ham å ete; om han tørster, gi ham å drikke! for når du gjør dette, sanker du gloende kull på hans hode. |
| Portuguese | Antes, se o teu inimigo tiver fome, dá-lhe de comer; se tiver sede, dá-lhe de beber; porque, fazendo isto amontoarás brasas de fogo sobre a sua cabeça. |
| Rumanian | Dimpotrivq: dacq ki este foame vrqjmawului tqu, dq -i sq mqnknce; dacq -i este sete, dq -i sq bea; cqci dacq vei face astfel, vei grqmqdi cqrbuni aprinwi pe capul lui.`` |
| Shuar | Tura nu arantcha tawai: "Ame nemasrum tsukamakuisha ayurata. Kitiamakuisha umartin susata. Nu Túrakum pénker ajachua nu iniatsaartatme." |
| Spanish | Más bien, si tu enemigo tiene hambre, dale de comer; y si tiene sed, dale de beber; pues haciendo esto, carbones encendidos amontonarás sobre su cabeza. |
| Swahili | Tena, Maandiko yasema: "Adui yako akiwa na njaa, mpe chakula; akiwa na kiu, mpe kinywaji. Maana kwa kufanya hivyo utamfanya apate aibu kali kama makaa ya moto juu ya kichwa chake." |
| Swedish | Fastmer, "om din ovän är hungrig, så giv honom att äta, om han är törstig, så giv honom att dricka; ty om du så gör, samlar du glödande kol på hans huvud." |
| Uma | Jadi', tuku' -mi tudui' Buku Tomoroli' owi to mpo'uli': "Ane mo'oro' bali' -nu, pokoni' -ra-rawo. Ba ngkamara-ra, poponginu-ra. Ane hewa toe nubabehi, me'ea' huli' -ra mpai'." |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "COALS": coalsack, coalsacks, coalshed, coalsheds. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "COALS": charcoals, recoals. (additional references) | |
| |
"COALS" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Caals, calss, Caol, cearls, cial, Coads, coaless, coaln, coalys, coas, coelis, colax, coles, Conarls, Cosalt, coxal, coxals, cuales, koels, oals, ocale, ocas. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "COALS" (pronounced kō"lz) |
| 4 | k ō" l z | Coles, kohls. |
| 3 | -ō" l z | boles, bolls, bowls, consoles, controls, creoles, doles, enrolls, extols, goals, holes, joles, moles, oles, paroles, patrols, poles, polls, pols, roles, rolls, scrolls, shoals, soles, souls, strolls, toles, tolls, voles, wholes. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: calos, colas. | |
| Words within the letters "a-c-l-o-s" | |
-1 letter: also, calo, coal, cola, cols, lacs, loca, ocas, sola. | |
-2 letters: als, col, cos, lac, las, oca, sac, sal, sol. | |
-3 letters: al, as, la, lo, os, so. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-c-l-o-s" | |
+1 letter: carols, claros, cloaks, coalas, colzas, copals, corals, costal, locals, oscula, social, solace, vocals. | |
+2 letters: alcoves, alnicos, asocial, cajoles, calicos, callose, callous, calypso, canolas, carolus, catalos, celosia, chollas, chorals, citolas, clamors, claroes, claxons, cloacas, coalers, coastal, cobalts, coevals, coleads, collars, copalms, copulas, corrals, cupolas, escalop, escolar, falcons, flacons, lactose, loaches, locales, locates, lochans, locusta, mucosal, oculars, oilcans, oracles, oscular, recoals, salchow, scalado, scallop, scholar, scholia, scopula, scrotal, socials, solaced, solacer, solaces, stoical, talcose, talcous. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Quotations: Familiar 8. Quotations: Historic | 9. Quotations: Fiction 10. Quotations: Non-fiction 11. Usage Frequency 12. Expressions | 13. Translations: Modern 14. Bible Trace 15. Derivations 16. Rhymes | 17. Anagrams 18. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
