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Clover

Specialty Definition: Clover

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Specialty Definition: Clover

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Clover Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Genus: Trifolium Species Trifolium africanum Trifolium albopurpureum Trifolium alexandrinum Trifolium amabile Trifolium ambiguum Trifolium amoenum Trifolium andersonii Trifolium andinum Trifolium angustifolium Trifolium arvense Trifolium attenuatum Trifolium aureum Trifolium barbigerum Trifolium beckwithii Trifolium bejariense Trifolium bifidum Trifolium bolanderi Trifolium brandegeei Trifolium breweri Trifolium buckwestiorum Trifolium calcaricum Trifolium campestre Trifolium carolinianum Trifolium cernuum Trifolium ciliolatum Trifolium cyathiferum Trifolium dalmaticum Trifolium dasyphyllum Trifolium dedeckerae Trifolium depauperatum Trifolium dichotomum Trifolium douglasii Trifolium dubium Trifolium echinatum Trifolium eriocephalum Trifolium fragiferum Trifolium friscanum Trifolium fucatum Trifolium glomeratum Trifolium gracilentum Trifolium gymnocarpon Trifolium haydenii Trifolium hirtum Trifolium howellii Trifolium hybridum Trifolium incarnatum Trifolium jokerstii Trifolium kingii Trifolium lappaceum Trifolium latifolium Trifolium leibergii Trifolium lemmonii Trifolium longipes Trifolium lupinaster Trifolium macraei Trifolium macrocephalum Trifolium medium Trifolium michelianum Trifolium microcephalum Trifolium microdon Trifolium minutissimum Trifolium monanthum Trifolium mucronatum Trifolium nanum Trifolium neurophyllum Trifolium nigrescens Trifolium obtusiflorum Trifolium oliganthum Trifolium olivaceum Trifolium ornithopodioides Trifolium owyheense Trifolium parryi Trifolium pinetorum Trifolium plumosum Trifolium polymorphum Trifolium pratense Trifolium productum Trifolium purpureum Trifolium pygmaeum Trifolium reflexum Trifolium repens Trifolium resupinatum Trifolium rollinsii Trifolium rueppellianum Trifolium scabrum Trifolium semipilosum Trifolium siskiyouense Trifolium spumosum Trifolium squamosum Trifolium stoloniferum Trifolium striatum Trifolium subterraneum Trifolium suffocatum Trifolium thompsonii Trifolium tomentosum Trifolium trichocalyx Trifolium uniflorum Trifolium variegatum Trifolium vesiculosum Trifolium virginicum Trifolium willdenowii Trifolium wormskioldii Trifolium wormskjoldii ;Ref: ITIS 26204 as of 2002-07-31

Clover, in botany, is the English name for plants of the genus Trifolium, from Lat. tres, three, and folium, a leaf, so called from the characteristic form of the leaf, which has three leaflets (trifoliate), hence the popular name trefoil. It is a member of the family Leguminosae, and contains about three hundred species, found chiefly in north temperate regions, but also, like other north temperate genera, on the mountains in the tropics. The plants are small annual or perennial herbs with trifoliate (rarely 5- or 7-foliate) leaves, with stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk, and heads or dense spikes of small red, purple, white, or rarely yellow flowers; the small, few-seeded pods are enclosed in the calyx. Eighteen species are native in Britain, and several are extensively cultivated as fodder-plants. T. pratense, red or purple clover, is the most widely cultivated.

Larger red clover image

This plant, either sown alone or in mixture with rye-grass, has for a long time formed the staple crop for soiling; and so long as it grew freely, its power of shooting up again after repeated mowings, the bulk of crop thus obtained, its palatableness to stock and feeding qualities, the great range of soils and climate in which it grows, and its fitness either for pasturage or soiling, well entitled it to this preference. Except on certain rich calcareous clay soils, it has now, however, become an exceedingly precarious crop. The seed, when genuine, which unfortunately is very often not the case, germinates as freely as ever, and no greater difficulty than heretofore is experienced in having a full plant during autumn and the greater part of winter; but over most part of the country, the farmer, after having his hopes raised by seeing a thick cover of vigorous-looking clover plants over his field, finds to his dismay, by March or April, that they have either entirely disappeared, or are found only in capricious patches here and there over the field. No satisfactory explanation of this "clover-sickness" has yet been given, nor any certain remedy, of a kind to be applied to the soil, discovered. One important fact is, however, now well established, viz, that when the cropping of the land is so managed that clover does not recur at shorter intervals than eight years, it grows with much of its pristine vigour. The knowledge of this fact now determines many farmers in varying their rotation so as to secure this important end. At one time there was a somewhat prevalent belief that the introduction of beans into the rotation had a specific influence of a beneficial kind on the clover when it came next to be sown; but the true explanation seems to be that the beans operate favourably only by the incidental circumstance of almost necessarily lengthening the interval betwixt the recurrences of clover.

Clover sickness may be linked to pollinator decline. Beekeeper trucks have been literally chased down by farmers with clover pastures, who want bees placed on their farms, as farmers observe the increased reseeding that occurs with increased bee activity.

Larger Birdsfoot trefoil

When the four-course rotation is followed, no better plan of managing this process has been yet suggested than to sow beans, pease, potatoes or tares, instead of clover, for one round, making the rotation one of eight years instead of four. The mechanical condition of the soil seems to have something to do with the success or failure of the clover crop. We have often noticed that headlands, or the converging line of wheel-tracks near a gateway at which the preceding root crop had been carted from a field, have had a good take of clover, when on the field generally it had failed. In the same way a field that has been much poached by sheep while consuming turnips upon it, and which has afterwards been ploughed up in an unkindly state, will have the clover prosper upon it, when it fails in other cases where the soil appears in far better condition. If red clover can be again made a safe crop, it will be a boon indeed to agriculture. Its seeds are usually sown along with a grain crop, any time from the 1st of February to May, at the rate of 12th to 20th per acre when not combined with other clovers or grasses.

Italian rye-grass and red clover are now frequently sown in mixture for soiling, and succeed admirably. It is, however, a wiser course to sow them separately, as by substituting the Italian rye-grass for clover, for a single rotation, the farmer not only gets a crop of forage as valuable in all respects, but is enabled, if he choose, to prolong the interval betwixt the sowings of clover to twelve years, by sowing, as already recommended, pulse the first round, Italian rye-grass the second, and clover the third.

These two crops, then, are those on which the arable-land farmer mainly relies for green forage. To have them good, he must be prepared to make a liberal application of manure. Good farm-yard dung may be applied with advantage either in autumn or spring, taking care to cart it upon the land only when it is dry enough to admit of this being done without injury. The fertilizer is spread very evenly so soon as emptied from the carts. But it is usually more expedient to use either guano, nitrate of soda, or soot for this purpose, at the rates respectively of 2 cwt., 1 cwt. and 20 bushels. If two or more of these substances are used, the quantities of each will be altered in proportion. They are best also to be applied in two or three portions at intervals of fourteen to twenty days, beginning towards the end of December, and only when rain seems imminent or has just fallen.

When manure is broadcast over a young clover field, and presently after washed in by rain, the effect is identical with that of first dissolving it in water, and then distributing the dilution over the surface, with this difference, naniely, that the first plan costs only the price of the guano, &c., and is available at any time and to every one, whereas the latter implies the construction of tanks and costly machinery.

T. incarnatum, crimson or Italian clover, though not hardy enough to withstand the climate of Scotland in ordinary winters, is a most valuable forage crop in England. It is sown as quickly as possible after the removal of a grain crop at the rate of 18 lb to 20 lb per acre. It is found to succeed better when only the surface of the soil is stirred by the scarifier and harrow than when a ploughing i1 given. It grows rapidly in spring, and yields an abundant crop of green food, peculiarly palatable to live stock. It is also suitable for making ~into hay. Only one cutting, however, can be obtained, as it does not shoot again after being mown.

T. repens, white or Dutch clover, is a perennial abundant in meadows and good pastures. The flowers are white or pinkish, becoming brown and deflexed as the corolla fades. T. hybridum, Alsike or Swedish clover, is a perennial which was introduced early in the 19th century and has now become naturalized in Britain. The flowers are white or rosy, and resemble those of the last species. T. medium, meadow or zigzag clover, a perennial with straggling flexuous stems and rose-purple flowers, is of little agricultural value. Other British species are: T. arvense, hare's-foot trefoil; found in fields and dry pastures, a soft hairy plant with minute white or pale pink flowers and feathery sepals; T. fragiferum, strawberry clover, with denselyflowered, globose, rose-purple heads and swollen calyxes; T. procumbens, hop trefoil, on dry pastures and roadsides, the heads of pale yellow flowers suggesting miniature hops; and the somewhat similar T. minus, common in pastures and roadsides, with smaller heads and small yellow flowers turning dark brown. The last named is the true shamrock. Specimens of shamrock and other clovers are not infrequently found with four leaflets, and, like other rarities, are considered lucky. Calvary clover is a member of the closely allied genus Medicago, M. echinus, so called from the curled spiny pod; it has small heads of yellow clover-like flowers, and is a native of the south of France.

from a 1911 encyclopedia

Cloverleaf is a type of road junction, named after the leaf because of the corresponding shape.

Clover is a place in the State of South Carolina in the United States of America: see Clover, South Carolina.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Clover."

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Clover, South Carolina

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Clover is a town located in York County, South Carolina. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 4,014.

Geography

Clover is located at 35°6'44" North, 81°13'37" West (35.112194, -81.226848)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 7.3 km² (2.8 mi²). 7.3 km² (2.8 mi²) of it is land and 0.36% is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 4,014 people, 1,517 households, and 1,099 families residing in the town. The population density is 553.5/km² (1,433.5/mi²). There are 1,635 housing units at an average density of 225.5/km² (583.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 75.96% White, 21.03% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.45% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.30% from other races, and 0.92% from two or more races. 1.94% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,517 households out of which 35.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.2% are married couples living together, 19.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 27.5% are non-families. 24.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.64 and the average family size is 3.12. In the town the population is spread out with 28.9% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.1 males. The median income for a household in the town is $37,335, and the median income for a family is $43,276. Males have a median income of $33,945 versus $19,840 for females. The per capita income for the town is $16,774. 15.8% of the population and 13.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 19.5% are under the age of 18 and 13.4% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Clover, South Carolina."

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Clover, Wisconsin

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Clover is a town located in Bayfield County, Wisconsin. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 211.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 155.1 km² (59.9 mi²). 154.3 km² (59.6 mi²) of it is land and 0.8 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.50% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 211 people, 99 households, and 63 families residing in the town. The population density is 1.4/km² (3.5/mi²). There are 364 housing units at an average density of 2.4/km² (6.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 97.16% White, 0.00% African American, 0.95% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 1.90% from two or more races. 1.42% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 99 households out of which 20.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.5% are married couples living together, 4.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 35.4% are non-families. 28.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.13 and the average family size is 2.58. In the town the population is spread out with 19.0% under the age of 18, 1.4% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 32.7% from 45 to 64, and 22.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 48 years. For every 100 females there are 108.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 103.6 males. The median income for a household in the town is $27,875, and the median income for a family is $31,250. Males have a median income of $28,750 versus $15,000 for females. The per capita income for the town is $15,355. 13.6% of the population and 9.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 20.0% are under the age of 18 and 7.0% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Clover, Wisconsin."

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Synonyms within Context: Clover

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Modern Usage: Clover

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Commercial Usage: Clover

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Image Slideshow: Clover

Photos: Clover More pictures...

Illustrations: Clover More pictures...

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Photo Album: Clover

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Richardson Clover. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.		District Conservationist Kevin Religa inspecting clover as part of rotation and cover crop. Kansas. Credit: Jeff Vanuga.
	Clover cover crop in vinyard, VanBuren County, Michigan. Credit: Lynn Betts.		Red clover. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by R. R. Smith..
	A tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris, on clover. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Scott Bauer..		A dirt road runs through the Clover Creek area. Credit: Unknown.
	Thompson's clover (Trifolium thompson) a State-classified threatened wildflower after fire in Entiat Hills, Washington. Credit: Pam Camp.		Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) found along Upper Trail Creek. Part of a roadside seeding for stabilization. Credit: Terry Tuttle.
	Medium shot of bighead clover (Trifolium macrocephalum). Credit: John Craig.		Closeup shot of bighead clover (Trifolium macrocephalum). Credit: John Craig.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Clover
 

"Clover" by Gavin Whitmore Commentary: "..."	"Red clover" by Loretta Humble Commentary: "So it's not avery exciting picture. Who knows when somebody might need red clover. Here it is. :)."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Use in Literature: Clover

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Non-Fiction Usage: Clover

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Usage Frequency: Clover

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Name Usage Frequency: Clover

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Derived & Related Names: Clover

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Cities: Clover

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Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.