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Chile

Specialty Definition: Chile

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Republic of Chile, or República de Chile, is located on the southwestern coast of South America. It is the land between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean. It shares borders with Argentina, Bolivia and Peru.

See chilli pepper for the culinary vegetable also called "chile"

La República de Chile

(In Detail)
National motto: Por la razón o la fuerza (Spanish: By reason or strength)
Official language	Spanish
Capital	Santiago
President	Ricardo Lagos Escobar
Area  - Total  - % water	Ranked 37th 756,950 km² ¹ 1.07%
Population  - Total (2002)  - Density	Ranked 61st 15,116,435 20/km²
Independence  - Initiated  - Formaly declared	From Spain September 18, 1810 February 12, 1818
Currency	Peso
Time zone	UTC -4
National anthem	Himno Nacional
Internet TLD	.CL
Calling Code	56
(1) Chile claims 1,250,000 km² of Antarctica

History

Main article: History of Chile

In 1531 the Spanish conquered Peru from the Incas. One of the Conquistadors in that voyage was Diego de Almagro. He left in 1535 to the South of Peru after territorial disputes. He is credited with being the discoverer of Chile. However he did not leave any lasting marks on the territory. It wasn't until the voyage of Pedro de Valdivia 1540-1541 that a permanent Spanish presence was established. Valdivia founded a string of villages on his way south. Finally, on 12th of February 1541 he founded Santiago.

A Spanish colony until the 1810s, after gaining its independence, Chile has had a remarkably stable institutional life, with only a handful of interruptions, the longest and most recent being the government of Augusto Pinochet.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Chile

The country's current constitution was adopted in 1980 during the military government led by Augusto Pinochet and increased the power of the president and institutionalized the participation of the comanders in chief of the armed forced in the institutional life. After Pinochet's defeat on the 1988 referendum, several amendments have been made, decreasing the power of the president and toning down the vioce of the armed forces. As of 2003, discussions about further reforms continue, but have a low priority.

Executive Branch is headed by the president of the republic. As of 2003 the president is the socialist Ricardo Lagos. The president also appoints the cabinet members. The president is chosen for 6 year terms and cannot be immediately re-elected.

Judicial Branch has the Supreme court as its highest institution. For questions related to the constitution there is the Constitutional Tribunal, which also has the right to veto laws that it considers go against the constitution.

Legislative Branch is made up of 2 chambers.

• The Senate which has 38 members elected by popular vote, nine appointed from various institutions such as the National Security Council and the judicial system and the President of the Republic, and the former presidents of the republic. The elected Senators are chosen for eight year terms in a bi-nominal election system that favors the two largest political blocks.
• The Chamber of Deputies has 120 members, all of which are universally chosen. Deputies serve 4 year terms.

For any law to be passed, a law has to pass through both chambers and be aproved by the president of the republic (who has a limited veto right). The chambers and the president can all propose new laws, but there are matters where only the president can start a law.

Although there are some known cases of corruption in Chile, there is no rampant abuse of power by public officals.

Regions

Main article: Regions of Chile

Chile is divided into 13 regions, each of which is headed by an intendente. Every region is further divided into provinces with a Gobernador provincial. Finally each province is divided into various Comunas each with its own mayor. Intendentes and gobernadores are appointed by the president, mayors are elected by popular vote.

Each region is designated by a name and a Roman numeral. Numbers are assigned from north to south. In general the Roman numeral is used, rather than the name. The only exception is the region where Santiago is situated, which is designated RM, that stands for Region Metropolitana, Metropolitan Region.

• I: Región de Tarapacá
• II: Región de Antofagasta
• III: Región de Atacama
• IV: Región de Coquimbo
• V: Región de Valparaíso
• RM: Región Metropolitana (Santiago)
• VI: Región del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins
• VII: Región del Maule
• VIII: Región del Biobío
• IX: Región de la Araucanía
• X: Región de los Lagos
• XI: Region de Aisén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo
• XII: Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena

Geography

Main article: Geography of Chile

The climate varies widely from subtropical in the north, passing by the most arid desert in the world, the Atacama desert, through a fertile valley in the center, to a cold and damp south, originally covered by forest. The Mediterranean quality of the central valley made it ideal for the cultivation of table fruits, which are one of Chile's main exports, and the production of wine, also a growing export.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Chile

The economy is mostly export driven. Its main export product still continues to be copper, followed by agribusiness products. However this is not nearly as important (40% of total value exported) as it was 30 years ago (70% of exports). Recently Chile has also started exporting products such as fine wines, salmons and wood pulp. Though the country is not as industrialized as developed countries, it's one of the most industrialized nations of Latin America.

While the main industry of the northern part of Chile is mostly mining related, the southern half has quite an extensive agricultural and dairy industry. The Central-zone is dedicated mostly to services and industry, with the main harbor, Valparaiso, Chile, also situated in this part of the country.

Chile has a large service sector and has one of the worlds most liberalized and modern telecommunications infrastructures. Tourist industry is also still growing in Chile. People are attracted to the country's rugged beauty of the southern woodlands, the emptyness of the northern desert plains and the May to September skiing season in the Andes mountains.

In the boom years of the 1990s yearly economic growth was in the 7 to 12% range. After the Asiatic economic crisis in 1997, economic growth has slowed to a steady 3% per year.

According its export orientation, Chile has several free trade agreements with many countries and commercial blocks: Central American Nations, Canada, Mexico, USA, Singapur, the EFTA and the European Union, for instance. Negotiations are being handled with South Korea. Also Chile is member (in different degrees )of many international economical instances, like APEC, OMC, Mercosur, Pacto Andino , etc.

Such diversity of relations makes Chilean economy non-exclusively dependant of any major partner and provides stability.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Chile

The population is mostly mestizo, with some of the original ethnic groups remaining in the south, on Easter Island, and in the mountains in the north. Other minor ethnic groups are the result of some more recent European immigration, mostly from Germany.

The level of education is high, and Chileans are proud of having two winners of the Nobel Prize in literature: Gabriela Mistral and Pablo Neruda.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Chile

Holidays

Date	English Name	Local Name	Remarks
January 1	New Year's Day	Año nuevo
March or April	Holy Week (Easter)	Semana Santa
May 1	Labour Day	Día del Trabajo
May 21	Navy Day	Día de las fuezas navales
June	Corpus Christi	Corpus Christi
August 15	Assumption of the Virgin	Asuncion de La Virgen
September 18	Independence Day	Primera Junta Nacional de Gobierno	National holiday
September 19	Day of glories of the Army	Día de las glorias del ejército
October 12	Columbus Day	Día de la Raza
December 8	Immaculate Conception	Día de la Inmaculada Concepción
December 25	Christmas Day	Navidad (also called Pascua)

See also: Music of Chile

International rankings

• world-wide press freedom index Rank 24 out of 139 countries (2 way tie)

Miscellaneous topics

• Communications in Chile
• Transportation in Chile
• Military of Chile
• Foreign relations of Chile
• List of Chileans

The national flower is the copihue, that lives in the woods in the southern part of Chile:

The shield-of-arms depicts the two national animals: the condor (a very large bird that lives in the mountains) and the huemul (an endangered white tail deer). It also has the legend Por la razón o la fuerza (By reason or strength):

Reference

• Much of the material in these articles comes from the CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Department of State website.

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Countries of the world  |  South America

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Chile."

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Chilli pepper

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The chilli pepper (also spelled chili pepper, chile) is the fruit of the plant Capsicum of the nightshade (Solanaceae) family. Cultivated since prehistoric times in Peru and Mexico, it was discovered in the Caribbean by Columbus and named a "pepper" because of its similarity with the Old World peppers of the Piper genus. Diego Alvarez Chanca, a physician on Columbus' second voyage to the West Indies in 1493, brought the first chilli peppers to Spain, and first wrote about their medicinal effects in 1494.

The most common species of chilli peppers are: Capsicum annuum, which includes many common varieties such as bell peppers and jalapeños; Capsicum frutescens, which includes cayenne and tabasco peppers; Capsicum chinense, which includes the hottest peppers such as habaneros and Scotch bonnets; Capsicum pubescens, which includes the South American rocoto peppers; and Capsicum baccatum, which includes the chiltepin.

Though there are only a few commonly used species, there are far more cultivars and different ways preparing chilli peppers that have different common names for culinary use. Green and red bell peppers, for example, are the same cultivar of C. annuum, with the green ones being immature. In the same species are the jalapeño, the chipotle, which is a smoked jalapeño, the poblano, ancho (which is a dried poblano), New Mexico, Anaheim, Serrano, and others. Jamaicans, Scotch bonnets, and habaneros are common varieties of C. chinense. Species C. frutescens appears as chiles de arbol, aji, pequin, tabasco, cayenne, cherry peppers, and others.

The fruit is eaten cooked or raw for its fiery hot flavor. Indian, Szechuan and Thai cuisines are particularly associated with the chilli pepper, although the plant was unknown in Asia until Europeans introduced it there.

Well-known dishes with a strong chilli flavor are salsa, Mexican chile con carne and Indian vindaloo. Chili powder is a spice made of the dried ground chiles, usually of the Mexican "Ancho" variety, but with small amounts of cayenne added for heat. Bottled hot sauces such as Tabasco are made from chillis such as the cayenne (not, oddly, from tabasco peppers), which may also be fermented.

The substance that gives chillis their heat is called capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide). It causes pain and inflammation if consumed to excess, and can even burn the skin on contact in high concentrations (habanero peppers, for example, are routinely picked with gloves). It is also the primary ingredient in pepper spray, which is used as a defensive weapon. The "heat" of chilli peppers is measured in Scoville unitss. Bell peppers rank at zero Scoville units, jalapeños at 3000-6000 Scoville units, and habaneros at 300,000 Scoville units. The record for the highest number of Scoville units in a pepper would go to the Red Savina Habanero, measuring 577,000 units!

Since birds don't have the same sensitivity to capsaicin as mammals, chilli peppers are a favorite food of many birds living in the chilli peppers' natural range (along with many birds living in captivity). The flesh of the peppers provides the birds with nutritious meal rich in vitamin C. In return, the seeds of the peppers are distributed by the birds, as they drop the seeds while eating the pods or the seeds pass through the digestive tract unharmed. This relationship is theorized to have promoted the evolution of the protective capsaicin.

External Link

Illustrated Hot Peppers

Note on Spelling

• Chili seems to be the commonest spelling worldwide, although "chilli" is seen about half the time in the UK.
• Chile is the third favourite spelling worldwide and in the UK, but is universal in Spanish-speaking regions.
• This vegetable is not related to the country Chile, which is not a producer of chilli peppers.

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Chilli pepper."

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Constitution of Chile

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Chile's current constitution was approved by a referendum in the year 1980. In its permanent dispositions gave the president a large amount of power (examples to go here). It created some new intitutions (Constitutional Court, National Security Council). Made part of the Senate designated by different institution (President, Supreme Court, National Security Council).

In its temporary dispositions, ordered the transition from the military government ,with Augusto Pinochet as President of the Republic, and the Legislative Power by the Military Junta (formed by the heads of the Navy, Air Force, National Police, and a representative of the Army, the head of the Army beeing president of the republic), to a civil one, with a time frame of eight years, during which the Legislative Power would still be the Military Junta. It set the first eight year presidential term for Pinochet, with a plebiscite in the eight year, in which only one candidate, nominated by the Junta, would be accepted or not. The candidate, as expected, was Pinochet himself. While the steps to follow in the case of a triuph of the "yes" option were clearly delineated, the steps for the "no" triuph were less so, but still clear enough that no serious doubt emerged when the no option actually was victorious in the 1989 plebiscite.

After the plebiscite, several modifications to the constitution were agreed and subjected to referendum, among them a simplification on the mechanism of modification. New modifications were made on...

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Constitution of Chile."

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Culture of Chile

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Some Chilean people call the country País de Poetas (land of poets). Chile has two Nobel prizes in this area. The most relevant chilean poets are:

• Pablo Neruda
• Gabriela Mistral
• Vicente Huidobro
• Pablo de Rokha
• Gonzalo Rojas
• Nicanor Parra

See also: List of Chileans

Famous musical groups (see Music of Taiwan)

• La Ley
• Los Prisioneros
• Los Tres
• Los Jaivas

Apart from the historical elements, there are some particular characters in Chile:

• Papelucho
• Condorito

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Culture of Chile."

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History of Chile

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Bernardo O'Higgins

Early history

About 10,000 years ago, migrating Indians (Mapuches) settled in fertile valleys and along the coast of what is now Chile. The Incas briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, but the area's remoteness prevented extensive settlement. In 1541, the Spanish, under Pedro de Valdivia, encountered hundreds of thousands of Indians from various cultures in the area that modern Chile now occupies. These cultures supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting. Although the Spanish did not find the extensive gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chile's central valley, and Chile became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Independence

The drive for independence from Spain was precipitated by usurpation of the Spanish throne by Napoleon's brother Joseph Bonaparte. A national junta in the name of Ferdinand--heir to the deposed king--was formed on September 18, 1810. Spanish attempts to reimpose arbitrary rule during what was called the Reconquista led to a prolonged struggle under Bernardo O'Higgins, Chile's most renowned patriot. Chilean independence was formally proclaimed on February 12, 1818.

The political revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th century Chilean society preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, family politics, and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church. The system of presidential power eventually predominated, but wealthy landowners continued to control Chile.

Toward the end of the 19th century, government in Santiago consolidated its position in the south by persistently suppressing the Mapuche Indians. In 1881, it signed a treaty with Argentina confirming Chilean sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan, but meaning the lost by Chile of all the oriental Patagonia, and considerable fraction of the territory it had during colonial times. As a result of the War of the Pacific with Peru and Bolivia (1879-1883), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third and acquired valuable nitrate deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence.

In the 1870s, the church influence started to diminish slightly, with the passing of several laws that took some old roles of the church into the State's hands, like the registry of births and marriages.

In 1886, José Manuel Balmaceda was elected president. His economic policies visibly changed the existing liberal policies. He began to violate the constitution and slowly began to establish a dictatorship. Congress decided to depose Balmaceda, who refused to step down. Jorge Montt directed an armed conflict against Balmaceda, which soon extended into the Chilean Civil War of 1891. Defeated, Balmaceda fled to the Argentine embassy, where he committed suicide. Montt became the new president.

20th century

By the 1920s, the emerging middle and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist president, whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress. Continuing political and economic instability resulted in a coup and quasi-dictatorial rule of General Carlos Ibáñez (1924-32).

When constitutional rule was restored in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. It became the key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years. In the 1920s, Marxist groups with strong popular support developed. During the period of Radical Party dominance (1932-52), the state increased its role in the economy.

Another new force that emerged was the Nazi Party. The party was created on 1932, during the anarchy that succeeded the fall of Ibáñez's government. Months before the elections, Nazi leader González von Marées surpsingly criticized the policies of Hitler and the Third Reich. However, that same year, the Nazis led a revolt which ended on the supression of it and the arrest of various Nazi leaders.

The 1964 presidential election of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva by an absolute majority initiated a period of major reform. Under the slogan "Revolution in Liberty," the Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs, particularly in education, housing, and agrarian reform, including rural unionization of agricultural workers. By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and from conservatives, who found them excessive.

Salvador Allende

Augusto Pinochet

In 1970, Salvador Allende, a Marxist and member of Chile's Socialist Party, who headed the "Popular Unity" (UP) coalition of socialists, communists, radicals, and dissident Christian Democrats, was elected by a narrow margin. His program included the nationalization of most remaining private industries and banks, massive land expropriation, and collectivization. Allende's proposal also included the nationalization of U.S. interests in Chile's major copper mines. Elected with only 36% of the vote and by a plurality of only 36,000 votes, Allende never enjoyed majority support in the Chilean Congress or broad popular support. Domestic production declined; severe shortages of consumer goods, food, and manufactured products were widespread; and inflation reached 1,000% per annum. Mass demonstrations, recurring strikes, violence by both government supporters and opponents, and widespread rural unrest ensued in response to the general deterioration of the economy. The MIR evolved during this period, being a violent leftist organization which carried out armed bank robberies to "benefit the poor." Allende did little, if anything, to stop the movement. During this period artistic and social movments flourished.

By 1973, Chilean society had split into two hostile camps. A military coup overthrew Allende on September 11, 1973. As the armed forces bombarded the presidential palace, Allende died. Reports are divided as to whether he committed suicide with a machine gun given to him by his friend Fidel Castro or was assassinated.

The role of the CIA and the government of the United States in the destabilization of Chile and subsequent coup, long suspected since a 1974 leak from Congressman Michael J. Harrington (Democrat, Massachusetts), was confirmed in the year 2000 with the Clinton administration declasified hundreds of documents showing the influence of the Nixon administration in Chile.

Following the coup in 1973, Chile was ruled by a military regime which lasted until 1990. The army established a junta, made up of the army commander, General Augusto Pinochet; the navy commander, Admiral José Toribio Merino; the air commander, Gustavo Leigh; and the director of the carabineros; César Mendoza. The official death toll includes 3,197 assassinations and "disappearances." In its later years, the regime gradually permitted greater freedom of assembly, speech, and association, to include trade union activity.

In contrast to its authoritarian political rule, the military government pursued decidedly laissez faire economic policies. During its 16 years in power, Chile moved away from economic statism toward a largely free market economy that fostered an increase in domestic and foreign private investment. Government involvement was reduced, privatizing pension funds and healthcare, and liberalizing Superior Education, resulting in a current state participacion of only roughly 20% of the economy.

The military junta began to change during the late 1970s. Due to problems with Pinochet, Leigh was expelled from the junta in 1978 and replaced by General Fernando Matthei. Due to a scandal, Mendoza resigned in 1985 and was replaced by Rodolfo Stange.

Problems with Argentina coming from the 19th century reached a high in 1978, with disagreements over the Beagle Canal. The two countries agreed to papal meditation over the canal. The Chilean-Argentine relations remained bad, however, and Chile helped the United Kingdom during the Falklands War.

Chile's constitution was approved in a September 1980 national plebiscite. It entered into force in March 1981. It established than in 1988 there would be a plebiscite in which the voter would accept or reject an only candidate proposed by the Military Junta. Pinochet was, as expected, the candidate proposed, and he was denied a second 8 year term.

After Pinochet's defeat in the 1988 plebiscite, the constitution was amended to ease provisions for future amendments to the constitution, create new senators, and diminish the role of the National Security Council and equalized the number of civilian and military members--four members each. Many among Chile's political class consider these and other provisions as "authoritarian enclaves" of the constitution and have pressed for reform.

In December 1989, Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin, running as the candidate of a multiparty, Concertacion coalition, was elected president. In the 1993 election, Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle of the Christian Democratic Party was elected president for a 6-year term leading the Concertacion coalition, and took office in March 1994. Exceptionally close presidential elections in December 1999 required an unprecedented runoff election in January 2000. Ricardo Lagos Escobar of the Socialist Party and Party for Democracy led the Concertacion coalition to a narrow victory and took office in March 2000.

In 2003 Chile signed extensive free trade agreements with both the European Union and the United States. Expecting a boom in import and export of local produce and becoming a regional trade-hub.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "History of Chile."

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List of cities in Chile

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This is a list of cities in Chile:

• Arica
• Antofagasta
• Chillán
• Coihaique
• Concepción
• Copiapo
• Iquique
• La Serena
• Los Angeles
• Pucón
• Puerto Montt
• Puerto Varas
• Punta Arenas
• Santiago
• Talca
• Temuco
• Valdivia
• Valparaiso
• Viña del Mar

See also: List of cities

External link

Map

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of cities in Chile."

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List of Presidents of Chile

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Unlike many of the other countries in the region, Chile has a long history of democratic Presidents. The President of Chile is both the chief of state and the chief of goverment.

Here is the full list of them:

• Manuel Blanco Encalda 1826
• Agustín Eyzaguirre 1826 - 1827
• Ramón Freire y Serrano 1827
• Francisco Antonio Pinto Díaz 1827 - 1829
• José Tomás Ovalle 1830 - 1831
• José Joaquín Prieto Vial 1831 - 1841
• Manuel Bulnes Prieto 1841 - 1851
• Manuel Montt Torres 1851 - 1861
• José Joaquín Pérez Mascayano 1861 - 1871
• Federico Errázuriz Zañartu 1871 - 1876
• Anibal Pinto Garmendia 1876 - 1881
• Domingo Santa María 1881 - 1886
• José Manuel Balmaceda 1886 - 1891
• Jorge Montt Alvarez 1891 - 1896
• Federico Errázuriz Echaurren 1896 - 1901
• Germán Riesco Errázuriz 1901 - 1906
• Pedro Montt Montt 1906 - 1910
• Ramón Barros Luco 1910 - 1915
• Juan Luis Sanfuentes 1915 - 1920
• Arturo Alessandri Palma 1920 - 1925
• Luis Barros Borgoño 1925
• Emiliano Figueroa Larraín 1925 - 1927
• Carlos Ibáñez del Campo 1927 - 1931
• Juan Esteban Montero 1931 - 1932
• Arturo Alessandri Palma 1932-1938
• Pedro Aguirre Cerda 1938 - 1941
• Jerónimo Méndez 1941 - 1942 (interin)
• Juan Antonio Ríos 1942 - 1946
• Gabriel González Videla 1946 - 1952
• Carlos Ibañez del Campo 1952 - 1958
• Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez 1958 - 1964
• Eduardo Frei Montalva 1964 - 1970
• Salvador Allende Gossens 1970 - 1973
• Augusto Pinochet Ugarte 1973 - 1990 (came to power in a coup d'etat)
• Patricio Aylwin Azócar 1990 - 1994
• Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle 1994 - 2000
• Ricardo Lagos Escobar 2000 - 2006 (end of the period)

Before the presidential institution (at the beginning of the Republican and independent state), there was the figure of Director Supremo (Supreme Director). There were XX of them:

• Bernardo O´Higgins Riquelme 1820-1823
• Agustín Manuel de Eyzaguirre y Arechavala 1823-1823
• Plenipotentiary Congress: Juan Egaña Risco, Manuel Fernando Vásquez de Novoa y López de Artigas, Manuel Antonio González Valenzuela 1823
• Ramón Freire Serrano 1823
• Supreme Junta of diputados: Mariano Egaña Fabres, Santiago Fernández y González Barriga, Diego José Benavente y García de Bustamante 1823
• Ramón Freire Serrano 1826

People who temporary fulfilled the role of President

• Francisco R. Vicuña (1829)
• Francisco Ruiz Tagle (1830)
• F. Errázuriz (1831)
• E. Fernández Albano (1910)
• E. Figueroa (1910)
• Luis Altamirano (1924-1925)
• Emiliano Bello C (1925)
• Pedro Opazo (1931)
• Manuel Trucco (1931)
• Carlos Dávila (1932)
• Guillermo Blanche (1932)
• Abraham Oyanedel (1932)
• Alfredo Duhalde (1946)

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of Presidents of Chile."

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Transportation in Chile

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Railways:
total: 6,782 km
broad gauge: 3,743 km 1.676-m gauge (1,653 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 116 km 1.067-m gauge; 2,923 km 1.000-m gauge (40 km electrified) (1995)

City with metro system: Santiago (Metro de Santiago)

Highways:
total: 79,800 km
paved: 11,012 km
unpaved: 68,788 km (1996 est.)

Waterways: 725 km

Pipelines: crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320 km

Ports and harbors: Antofagasta, Arica, Chanaral, Coquimbo, Iquique, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas, San Antonio, San Vicente, Talcahuano, Valparaíso

Merchant marine:
total: 45 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 580,749 GRT/860,034 DWT
ships by type: bulk 11, cargo 9, chemical tanker 8, container 2, liquified gas 2, passenger 3, petroleum tanker 4, roll-on/roll-off 4, vehicle carrier 2 (1999 est.)

Airports: 370 (1999 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 62
over 3,047 m: 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 20
914 to 1,523 m: 20
under 914 m: 10 (1999 est.)

Arturo Merino Benitez International Airport, located in Santiago, is Chile's largest aviation facility.

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 308
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
914 to 1,523 m: 68
under 914 m: 223 (1999 est.)

See also : Chile

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Transportation in Chile."

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: Chile

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Modern Usage: Chile

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Commercial Usage: Chile

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Image Slideshow: Chile

Photos: Chile More pictures...

Illustrations: Chile More pictures...

Computer Images: Chile More pictures...

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Photo Album: Chile

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	On the border between Chile and the Catamarca province of Argentina lies a vast field of currently dormant volcanoes. Over time, these volcanoes have laid down a crust of magma roughly 2 miles (3.2 km) thick. It is tinged with a patina of various colors that can indicate both the age and mineral content of the original lava flows. Credit: NASA.		Mountain wave clouds over Tierra Del Fuego. Looking to the south from Punta Arenas, Chile. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth.
	Channel leading out from Punta Arenas, Chile, towards Cape Horn. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth.		Cerro Sombrero, Chile. Credit: Geodesy - Measuring the Earth.
	Easter Island, Chile. Credit: Geodesy - Measuring the Earth.		Figure 52 (continued). Instructions to finders of the floats used by the Oceano graphic Society of the Gulf of Gascogne. These instructions were used by the packet boat CHILE in 1905. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.
	University of Concepcion School of Medicine, Chile. Credit: National Library of Medicine.		The shattered hull of the Charnasilla on the beach at Arica, Chile, following the 13 August 1868 tidal wave that washed her and other vessels ashore. Ship partially visible at right is the Peruvian warship America. Credit: NAVY.
	Leaving Valparaiso, Chile, circa 3 November 1914, following the Battle of Coronel. The German ships are in the distance, with the armored cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau in the lead, followed by light cruiser Nürnberg. Chilean Navy warships in the middle distance include (from left to right): cruisers Esmeralda, O'Higgins and Blanco Encalda and old battleship Capitan Prat. Credit: NAVY.		Pogo. How unbarrassin'! A big-time space explorer like me gotta be strick with a li'l attached bitin' type of chile. Credit: Library of Congress.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Chile
 

"Chile ski" by Marcel Gussoni Commentary: "..."	"Chile 7" by A. Carlos Herrera Commentary: "The flavor of my country."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Chile

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Speeches: Chile

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Usage Frequency: Chile

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Derived & Related Names: Chile

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Usage in Company Names: Chile

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Expression: Chile

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Chile

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Modern Translation: Chile

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Derivations & Misspellings: Chile

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Rhyming with "Chile"

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Anagrams: Chile

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