Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Calendar |
CalendarNoun1. A system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year. 2. A list or register of events (appointments or social events or court cases etc); "I have you on my calendar for next Monday". 3. A tabular array of the days (usually for one year). Verb1. Enter into a calendar. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "calendar" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1120. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Aerospace | An orderly arrangement of days, weeks, months, etc. to suit a particular need such as civil life. See Julian Day. (references) |
Dream Interpretation | To dream of keeping a calendar, indicates that you will be very orderly and systematic in habits throughout the year. To see a calendar, denotes disappointment in your calculations. Source: Ten Thousand Dreams Interpreted .... |
Law | An agenda or list of business awaiting possible action by the House or Senate. The House has five calendars (the Union Calendar, the House Calendar, the Private Calendar, the Corrections Calendar, and the Calendar of Motions to Discharge Committees). (references) |
Literature | Calendar The Julian Calendar, introduced B.C. 46. It fixed the ordinary year to 365 days, with an extra day every fourth year (leap year). This is called "The Old Style." The Gregorian Year. A modification of the Julian Calendar, introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII., and adopted in Great Britain in 1752. This is called "the New Style." The Mohammedan Calendar, used in Mohammedan countries, dates from July 16th, 622, the day of the Hegira. It consists of 12 lunar months (29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes). A cycle is 30 years. The Revolutionary Calendar was the work of Fabre d'Eglantine and Mons. Romme. Calendar A Newgate Calendar or "Malefactors' Bloody Register," containing the biography, confessions, dying speeches, etc., of notorious criminals. Began in 1700. Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Space | A system of marking days of the year, usually devised in a way to give each date a fixed place in the cycle of seasons. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A calendar is a system for assigning dates to days. The dates may be based on the perceived motion of astronomical objects. A calendar can also be a physical device (often paper) that illustrates the system (for example, a desktop calendar). The term is also used to indicate a particular set of planned events (for example, court calendar).
Calendar Systems
Calendars in use on Earth are most frequently lunar, solar, lunisolar or arbitrary.A lunar calendar is synchronized to the motion of the Moon (moon phases); an example is the Islamic calendar.
A solar calendar is based on perceived seasonal changes synchronized to the motion of the Sun; an example is the Persian calendar.
A lunisolar calendar is synchronized to the motions of both the Moon and the Sun; an example is the Jewish calendar.
An arbitrary calendar is not synchronized to either the Moon or the Sun; an example is the Julian day used by astronomers.
There are some calendars that appear to be synchronized to the motion of Venus, such as some of the ancient Egyptian calendars; synchronization to Venus appears to occur primarily in civilizations near the Equator.
Solar Calendars
Days used by Solar Calendars
Solar Calendars assign a date to each solar day. A day may consist of the period between sunrise and sunset, with a following period of night, or it may be a period between successive events such as two sunsets. The length of the interval between two such successive events may be allowed to vary slightly during the year, or it may be averaged into a mean solar day. Other types of calendar may also use a solar day.
Julian and Gregorian Calendars
Under the Roman Republic, the solar Julian calendar was adopted. It numbers days within months that are longer than the lunar cycle, so it is not convenient for tracking phases of the moon, but it does a better job of tracking the seasons. Each calendar year has 365 days, except every 4th year which is a leap year of 366 days. So the mean calendar year is 365.25 days.Unfortunately, Earth's tropical year is a little less the 365.25 days (it is approximately 365.242 days), so this calendar too slowly drifted out of sync with the seasons. For such reasons, the Gregorian calendar was later adopted by most of the West, starting in 1582, and it has since become the world's dominant civic calendar.
Future Reform
There have been a number of proposals for reform of the calendar, such as the World calendar and Perpetual calendar. The United Nations considered adopting such a reformed calendar for a while in the 1950s, but these proposals have lost most of their popularity.
Lunar calendars
Not all calendars use the solar year as a unit. A lunar calendar is one in which days are numbered within each moon phase cycle. Because the length of the lunar month is not an even fraction of the length of the tropical year, a purely lunar calendar quickly drifts against the seasons. It does, however, stay constant with respect to other phenomena, notably tides. A lunisolar calendar is a lunar calendar that compensates by adding an extra month as needed to realign the months with the seasons.
Fiscal Calendars
A fiscal calendar (such as a 5/4/4 calendar) fixes each month at a specific number of weeks to facilitate comparisons from month to month and year to year. January always has exactly 5 weeks (Sunday through Saturday), February has 4 weeks, March has 4 weeks, etc. Note that this calendar will normally need to add a 53rd week to every 5th or 6th year, which might be added to December or might not be, depending on how the organization uses those dates. There exists an international standard way doing this (the ISO week). The ISO week runs Monday through Sunday and Week 1 is always the week that contains January 4 Gregorian.
Calendar Subdivisions
Nearly all calendar systems group consecutive days into "months" and also into "years". In a solar calendar a year approximates Earth's tropical year (that is, the time it takes for a complete cycle of seasons), traditionally used to facilitate the planning of agricultural activities. In a lunar calendar, the month approximates the cycle of the moon phase. Consecutive days may be grouped into other periods such as the week.Because the number of days in the tropical year is not a whole number, a solar calendar must have a different number of days in different years. This may be done with leap years. The same applies to months in a lunar calendar and also the number of months in a year in a lunisolar calendar. This is generally known as intercalation. Even if a calendar is solar, but not lunar, the year cannot be divided entirely into months that never vary in length.
Cultures may define other units of time, such as the week, for the purpose of scheduling regular activities that do not easily coincide with months or years.
Other Calendar Types
Complete and Incomplete Calendars
Calendars may be either complete or incomplete. Complete calendars provide a way of naming each consecutive day, while incomplete calendars do not. The early Roman calendar, that had no way of designating the days of the winter months other than to lump them together as "winter", is an example of an incomplete calendar, while the Gregorian calendar is an example of a complete calendar.
Pragmatic, theoretical and Mixed Calendars
Calendars may be pragmatic, theoretical, or mixed.A pragmatic calendar is one that is based on observation; an example is the religious Islamic calendar. Such a calendar is also referred to as an observation-based or astronomical calendar. The advantage of such a calendar is that it is perfectly and perpetually accurate. The disadvantage is working out when a particular date would occur.
A theoretical calendar is one that is based on a strict set of rules; an example is the Jewish calendar. Such a calendar is also referred to a rule-based or arithmetical calendar. The advantage of such a calendar is the ease of working out when a particular date occurs. The disadvantage is imperfect accuracy. Furthermore if the calendar is very accurate, its accuracy perishes slowly over time owing to changes in Earth's rotation. This limits the lifetime of an accurate theoretical calendar to a few thousand years. After then, the rules would need to be modified from observations made since the invention of the calendar, resulting in a mixed calendar.
A mixed calendar combines the features of both pragmatic and theoretical calendars. Mixed calendars usually begin as theoretical calendars, but are adjusted pragmatically when some type of asynchrony becomes apparent; the shift from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar is such an example.
The Gregorian calendar, as a final example, is complete, solar, and mixed.
Uses
The primary practical use of a calendar is to identify days: to be informed about and/or to agree on a future event and to record an event that has happened. Days may be significant for civil, religious or social reasons. For example, a calendar provides a way to determine which days are religious or civil holidays, which days mark the beginning and end of business accounting periods, and which days have legal significance, such as the day taxes are due or a contract expires. Also a calendar may, by identifying a day, provide other useful information about the day such as its season.Calendars are also used as part of a complete timekeeping system: date and time of day together specify a moment in time. In the modern world, written calendars are no longer an essential part of such systems, as the advent of accurate clocks has made it possible to record time independently of astronomical events.
Currently Used Calendars
Calendars in widespread use today include the Gregorian calendar, which is the de facto international standard, and is used almost everywhere in the world for civil purposes, including in China and India. The Hebrew calendar is the official calendar of Israel's government, but the Gregorian calendar is much more widely used in Israel's business and day-to-day affairs. The Persian calendar is used in Iran and Afghanistan. The Islamic calendar is used by Moslems the world over. The Chinese, Hebrew, and Hindu calendars are widely used for religious and/or social purposes.Even where there is a commonly used calendar such as the Gregorian calendar, alternate calendars may also be used, such as a fiscal calendar.
List of calendars
(including some dating systems which are not really calendars)In current use:
- Gregorian calendar
- Julian calendar
- Chinese calendar
- Japanese calendar
- Hebrew calendar
- Iranian calendar
- Islamic calendar
- Hindu calendars
- Revised Julian calendar
- Coptic calendar
- Thai solar calendar
- Zoroastrian calendar (including Parsi)
- Malayalam calendar
- Bahai calendar
- Fiscal year
- Julian date
- ISO Week-Date calendar
Obsolete:
- Roman calendar
- Maya calendar
- Aztec calendar
- Egyptian calendar
- French Revolutionary Calendar
- Soviet revolutionary calendar
- Thai lunar calendar
- Positivist calendar
Proposed:
- Darian calendar for use on Mars, the four Galilean moons of Jupiter, and Titan.
- calendar reforms:
- World calendar
- International Perpetual calendar (also called the International Fixed calendar)
See also:
- liturgical year
- calendar of saints
- Christian calendar
- Calendar Girls - 2003 movie starring Helen Mirren and Julie Walters
External references
- Calendrical Calculations; Nachum Dershowitz and Edward M. Reingold; Cambridge University Press, 1997; ISBN 0-521-56474-3
- A comparative Calendar of the Iranian, Muslim Lunar,and Christian Eras for Three Thousand Years; Ahmad Birashk; Mazda Publishers, 1993; ISBN 0-939214-95-4
- The Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar; Arthur Spier; Feldheim Publishers, 1986; ISBN 0-87306-398-8
- High Days and Holidays in Iceland; Árni Bjöaut;rnsson;;; Mál og menning, 1995; ISBN 9979-3-0802-8
- Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac; P. Kenneth Seidelmann, ed.; University Science Books, 1992; ISBN 0-935702-68-7
- Sun, Moon, and Sothis; Lynn E. Rose; Kronos Press, 1999; ISBN 0-917994-15-9
- Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Tibetischen Kalenderrechnung; Dieter Schuh; Franz Steiner Verlag GMBH, 1973
- Frequently Asked Questions about Calendars: http://www.tondering.dk/claus/calendar.html
- DMOZ Calendars and Timekeeping category: http://dmoz.org/Science/Astronomy/Calendars_and_Timekeeping/
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Calendar."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Chinese calendar is a lunisolar calendar formed by combining a purely lunar calendar with a solar calendar. Among Chinese, the calendar is not used for most day to day activities, but is used for the dating of holidays such as Chinese New Year (Spring Festival) and the Mid-Autumn Festival and for divination. The primary use in day to day activities is for determining the phase of the moon, which is important for farmers and is possible because each day in the calendar corresponds to a particular phase of the month.In China, the native calendar is the "farmer's calendar" (農曆 nónglì), as opposed to the "civil calendar" (公曆 gōnglì), or "Western calendar" (西曆 xīlì).
Calculations and Rules
The Chinese lunar calendar and the Julian Calendar often sync up every 19 years. Most Chinese people notice that their Chinese and Western birthdays often fall on the same day on their 19th, 38th birthday etc
The Chinese zodiac is completely different and is not used in the actual calculation of the calendar, but only in naming years. In fact, Chinese has a very different constellation system.
The Zodiac Sign in which the sun is in at the start of the month usually determines the number of a regular month:
- The months are lunar months, such that the first day of each month beginning midnight is the day of the astronomical new moon.
- Each year has 12 regular months, which are numbered in sequence (1 to 12). A year may also have an intercalary month (闰月 rùnyuè), which may come after any regular month. It has the same number as the preceding regular month, but is designated intercalary.
- The Chinese solar year is divided into 12 parts that are equivalent to the sun signs of the tropical zodiac.
- Intercalary months are arranged so that, the sun always enters Capricorn on the 11th regular month (month 11) of a year.
- If there are 12 months between two successive occurrences of month 11, one of these 12 months must be an intercalary month and it is the first of these 12 months during which the sun remains within the same zodiac sign throughout.
- The times of the astronomical new moons and the sun entering a zodiac sign are determined in the Chinese Time Zone by the Purple Mountain Observatory (紫金山天文台 Zǐjīnshān Tiānwéntái) in Nanjing.
Month Zodiac Sign at Start 11 Sagittarius (by rule 4) 12 Capricorn 1 Aquarius 2 Pisces 3 Aries 4 Taurus 5 Gemini 6 Cancer 7 Leo 8 Virgo 9 Libra 10 ScorpioSome astronomers believed this correspondence to be always true, but there are exceptions. An exception occurred in 1985, after the sun had entered Capricorn and then Aquarius in month 11, causing the Chinese New Year to occur on 20 February 1985 in Pisces rather than Aquarius.
The problem here is that there is a month in which the sun enters two signs of the zodiac. I'll refer to such a month as a dual-entry month. If a given month is a dual-entry month or has a dual-entry month before it and no earlier than the preceding month 11, the above correspondence may fail, otherwise it holds.
Nomenclature
The years are named by cycle of 10 Heavenly Stems (天干 tiāngān) and cycle of 12 Earthly Branches (地支 dìzhī). Each year is named by a pair of one stem and one branch called Stem and Branch (干支 gānzhī). Heavenly Stems are associated with Yin Yang (阴阳 yīnyáng) and 5 elements (五行 wǔxíng). Earthly Branches are associated with 12 animals (see Twelve Animals section).
The 60-year cycle formed by combining the two cycles is known as a jiǎzǐ (甲子). It is not 120 because half of the combinations are unused. Jiǎzǐ is named after the first year in the 60-year cycle which is also called Jiǎzǐ. Some figures of speech use "jiazi" to mean "a full lifespan;" one who has lived more than a jiǎzǐ is obviously blessed. (Cf. the Biblical "three-score years and ten.")
This 60-year cycle is insufficient for historical references. During feudal China, the Nian Hao (Era name of an emperor) is add in front of year name for distinction. Example, 康熙壬寅 (kāngxī rényín) (1662 AD) is the first 壬寅 (rényín) year during reign of 康熙 (kāngxī).
The months, day, and hours can also be denoted using Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches, though they are commonly addressed using numerals instead. Together, the four Stem and Branch pairs form the Eight Characters (八字 bāzì) used in Chinese astrology.
There is a distinction between solar year and lunar year in the Chinese calendar because the calendar is lunisolar. Lunar year (年 nián) is from one Chinese new year to the next. Solar year (岁 suì) is from one Start of Spring to the next (see Jiéqì section). Lunar year is used exclusively because dates are also in lunar.
Chinese Name Occurrence (Gregorian Date) Literary Meaning Remark
立春 (lìchūn) February 4 ~ February 18 start of spring
雨水 (yǔshuǐ) February 19 ~ March 4 rain water indicates more rain instead of snow
驚蟄 (jīngzhé) March 5 ~ March 20 awakening of the insects indicates animals and insects awakening from hibernation
春分 (chūnfēn) March 21 ~ April 4 vernal equinox
清明 (qīngmíng) April 5 ~ April 19 clear and bright the time for tending graves
穀雨 (gǔyǔ) April 20 ~ May 5 grain rain indicates rain will help grain growth
立夏 lìxià May 6 ~ May 20 start of summer
小滿 xiǎmǎn May 21 ~ June 5 small plumpness indicates plumpness of grains
芒種 mángzhòng June 6 ~ June 20 grain in ear indicates grains growing ears (botany usage)
夏至 xiàzhì June 21 ~ July 6 summer solstice
小暑 xiǎoshǔ July 7 ~ July 22 minor heat
大暑 dàshǔ July 23 ~ August 6 major heat
立秋 lìqiū August 7 ~ August 22 start of autumn
處暑 chùshǔ August 23 ~ September 7 stop of heat
白露 báilù September 8 ~ September 22 white dew indicates condensed moisture makes dew white
秋分 qiūfēn September 23 ~ October 7 autumnal equinox
寒露 hánlù October 8 ~ October 22 cold dew
霜降 shuāngjiàng October 23 ~ November 6 frost descent indicates appearing of frost and descent of temperature
立冬 lìdōng November 7 ~ November 21 start of winter
小雪 xiǎoxuě November 22 ~ December 7 minor snow
大雪 dàxuě December 7 ~ December 21 major snow
冬至 dōngzhì December 22 ~ January 5 winter solstice
小寒 xiǎohán January 6 ~ January 19 minor cold
大寒 dàhán January 20 ~ February 3 major cold
The dates above are approximate and may vary slightly year to year. Chinese New Year is usually the new moon day closest to Li Chun.
Song of Solar Terms is used to ease the memorization of Jie Chi.
Lyrics:
《节气歌》 "Jiéqìgē"
春雨惊春清谷天， chūnyǔ jīng chūn qīng gǔtiān,
夏满芒夏署相连， xiàmǎnmáng xiàshǔ xiānglián,
秋处露秋寒霜降， qiū chù lù qiū hánshuāng xiáng,
冬雪雪冬小大寒。 dōng xuě xuě dōng xiǎo dàhán.
Date English Name Chinese Name Remarks 2003 2004 2005
month 1 day 1 Spring Festival (Chinese New Year) 春节 chūnjié Feb 1 Jan 22 Feb 9
month 1 day 15 Lantern Festival 元宵节 yuánxiāojié observed with yuanxiao eating Feb 15 Feb 5 Feb 23
month 5 day 5 Dragon Boat Festival (Dragon Festival) 端午节 duānwǔjié observed with dragon boat racing and zongzi eating Jun 4 Jun 22 Jun 11
month 7 day 7 Qi Qiao Jie (Chinese Valentine's Day) 乞巧节 qǐqiǎojié girls practice homemaking skills and 'beg' for good marriage Aug 4 Aug 22 Aug 11
month 7 day 15 Spirit Festival (Ghost Festival) 中元节 zhōngyuánjié Aug 12 Aug 30 Aug 19
month 8 day 15 Mid-autumn Festival (Moon Festival) 中秋节 zhōngqiūjié observed with family gathering and moon cake eating Sep 11 Sep 28 Sep 18
month 9 day 9 Double Ninth Festival 重阳节 zhòngyángjié a day for mountain climbing and going to flower shows Oct 4 Oct 22 Oct 11
External links
- http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/calendar/chinese.shtml - rules for the Chinese Calendar
- http://www.hermetic.ch/chcal/chcal.htm#chinese_calendars
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Chinese calendar."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The name of month: (pronunciation, literally meaning)
Only 師走 is still used nowadays.
- January - 睦月 (mu tsuki)
- February - 如月 or 衣更着 (kisaragi)
- March - 弥生 (yayoi)
- April - 卯月 (uzuki)
- May - 皐月 or 早月 (satsuki)
- June - 水無月 (minatsuki or minazuki, no water month)
- July - 文月 (fumi zuki)
- August - 葉月 (ha zuki)
- September - 長月 (naga tsuki, long month)
- October - 神無月 (kan'na zuki, no god month)
- November - 霜月 (shimo tsuki)
- December - 師走 (shiwasu, teachers run)
Date English Name Local Name Remarks
January 1 New Year's Day 元日
Moveable Monday Coming-of-age Day 成人の日 2nd Monday of January
February 11 National Foundation Day 建国記念日
March 20 or 21 Vernal Equinox Day 春分の日
April 29 Greenery Day みどりの日 Golden Week
May 3 Constitution Memorial Day 憲法記念日
May 4 Bank Holiday
May 5 Children's Day 子供の日
Moveable Monday Maritime Day 海の日 3rd Monday of July
Moveable Monday Respect for the Aged Day 敬老の日 3rd Monday of September
September 23 or 24 Autumnal Equinox Day 秋分の日
Moveable Monday Health-Sports Day 体育の日 2nd Monday of October
November 3 Culture Day 文化の日
November 23 Labor Thanksgiving Day 勤労感謝の日
December 23 The Emperor's Birthday 天皇誕生日 The list and the table are to be merged.
The list of national holidays:
This table includes 雑節 (Zassetsu), 二十四節気 (24 Setsuki) and some others.
- January 1 - Ganjitsu New Year's Day (since 1948)
- The second monday in January - Seijin no hi Coming of Age Day. Until 1999, the day was on January 15 (since 1948)
- February 11 - Kenkoku kinen' no hi National Foundation Day)
- March 21 - Vernal Equinox Day (since 1966) The day may vary according to the law.
- April 29 - Midori no hi Greenery Day (since 1989)
- May 3 - Constitution Memorial Day (since 1948)
- May 4 - National holiday (since 1985)
- May 5 - Kodomo no hi Children's Day (since 1948)
- The third monday in July - Umi no hi Marine Day. Until 2002, the day was on July 20 (since 1995)
- The third monday in September - Keirou no hi Respect for the Aged Day. Until 2002, the day was on September 15 (since 1966)
- September 22 - national holiday (since 2003). This day appears occasionally according to the law. The day is predicted to appear in 2009 unless the law remains same.
- September 23 - Autumnal Equinox Day (since 1948)
- The second monday in October - Taiiku no hi Health and Sports Day. Until 1999, the day was on October 10 (since 1966)
- November 3 - National Culture Day (since 1948)
- November 23 - Labor Thanksgiving Day (since 1948
- December 23 - The Emperor's Birthday (since 1989)
(Except 中元 (chugen) and お盆 (obon), days vary according to the year.)
- January 5 - 寒の入り Kannoiri
- January 5 - 小寒 Shoukan'
- January 17 - 冬土用 Fuyu doyou
- January 20 - 大寒 Daikan'
- February 3 - 節分 Setsubun
- February 4 - 立春 Risshun' (literally meaning standing spring)
- February 19 - 雨水 Usui
- March 6 - 啓蟄 Keichitsu
- March 16 - 春社日 haru sha nichi
- March 18 - 春彼岸 haru higan'
- March 21 - 春分 Shun'bun'
- April 5 - 清明 Seimei
- April 17 - 春土用 haru doyou
- April 20 - 穀雨 Kokuu
- May 2 - 八十八夜 hachijyu hachi ya 88 nights
- May 6 - 立夏 Rikka (literally meaning standing summer)
- May 21 - 小満 Shouman'
- June 6 - 芒種 Boushu
- June 11 - 入梅 Nyu bai (literally meaning entering tsuyu)
- June 21 - 夏至 Gesshi
- July 2 - 半夏生 Hange shou
- July 7 - 小暑 Shousho
- July 15 - 中元 Chugen
- July 15 - お盆 Obon
- July 20 - 夏土用
- July 23 - 大暑 Taisho
- August 8 - 立秋 Risshuu
- August 23 - 処暑 Shosho
- September 1 - 二百十日 (Ni-hyaku to ka, 210 days)
- September 8 - 白露 Hakuro
- September 11 - 二百二十日 (Ni-hyaku hatsu ka, 220 days)
- September 20 - 秋彼岸 aki higan'
- September 22 - 秋社日 aki sha nichi
- September 23 - 秋分 Shuubun
- October 8 - 寒露 Kannro
- October 20 - 秋土用 aki doyou
- October 23 - 霜降 Soukou
- November 7 - 立冬 Rittou
- November 22 - 小雪 Shousetsu
- December 7 - 大雪 Taisetsu
- December 22 - 冬至 Touji
Some of these names are still used quite frequently in everyday life in Japan. It is common that daily weather reports use 冬至 (Touji).
五節句
- January 7 - 人日 (Jinjutsu), 七草の節句
- March 3 - 上巳 (Jyoushi/Jyoumi), 桃の節句
- May 5 - 端午 (Tango), 端午の節句
- July 7 - 七夕 (Sichiseki/Tanagata)
- September 9 - 重陽 (Chouyou), 菊の節句
External Links
See also: Calendar, Japanese era name, Chinese Calendar
- Koyomi no page in Japanese
- Koyomi no hanashi in Japanese
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Japanese calendar."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
January 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 (29) March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 A less condensed format:
January
February
March
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
(29)
29
30
31
April
May
June
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
29
30
31
29
30
July
August
September
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
29
30
31
29
30
October
November
December
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
29
30
29
30
31
See also
- Current events
- Recent deaths
- Style guide for individual anniversary pages
External links and resources
- Today in science history
- The History Channel: This Day in History
- On-This-Day.com
- IMDb: This Day in Movie History
- Associated Press Today In History
- Today in rotten history
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of historical anniversaries."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Malayalam calendar is a lunar calendar. It has twelve months: Chingam, Kanni, Thulam, Vrischikam, Dhanu, Makaram, Kumbham, Meenam, Medam, Edavam, Midhunam and Karkidakam.The Malayalam era called KollaVarsham (or Kollam era) was established in 825. A.D. Some historians attribute the founding of this era to King Udaya Marthanda Varma, King of Venad.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Malayalam calendar."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Roman calendar changed its form several times in the time between the foundation of Rome and the fall of the Roman Empire.
Months
To begin with it was a lunar calendar containing ten months, starting at the vernal equinox, traditionally invented by Romulus, the founder of Rome about 753 BC. However it seems to have been based on the Greek lunar calendar. The months at this time wereThus the calendar year lasted 304 days and there were about 61 days of winter that did not fall within the calendar.
- Martius (31 days)
- Aprilis (30 days)
- Maius (31 days)
- Junius (30 days)
- Quintilis (31 days)
- Sextilis (30 days)
- September (30 days)
- October (31 days)
- November (30 days) and
- December (30 days)
The first reform of the calendar was attributed to Numa Pompilius, the second of the seven traditional Kings of Rome. He is said to have reduced the 30-day months to 29 days and to have added January (29 days) and February (28 days) to the end of the calendar around 713 BC, and thus brought the length of the calendar year up to 355 days. This still left a gap of about ten days. In order to prevent the calendar year from getting out of line with the solar year, a leap month of 27 or 28 days, Mercedinus, was supposed to be added every second year at the end of February, which was shortened to 23 days.
The Romans had special names for 3 specific days in each month. The system was originally based on phases of the Luna (moon), and these days were probably declared when the lunar conditions were right. After the reforms of Numa Pompilius, they occurred on fixed days.
Months with Ides and Nones occurring on the 13th/5th day: January, February, April, June, August, September, November, December
- Kalends - first day of the month, from which the word "calendar" is derived
- Nones – depending on the month, could be the 5th or the 7th day; traditionally the day of the Half Moon
- Ides – depending on the month, could be the 13th and 15th day; traditionally the day of the Full Moon
Months with Ides and Nones occurring on the 15th/7th day: March, May, July, October -- a mnemonic: Matters were further different from the modern Western calendar. The Romans did NOT count the days of the month retrospectively, looking back to the first of the month (that is: 1st, 2nd day since the start of the month, 3rd day since the start of the month). They counted forward to their named days. Also, to the distress of moderns trying to work out dates in Roman calendar documents, counted inclusively, so that September 2 is considered 4 days before September 5, rather than 3 days before.
- In March, July, October, May
- The IDES fall on the 15th day
- The NONES the 7th.
- The rest besides take 2 days less
- For Nones and Ides.
The example of September
Notice that by counting inclusively and by having a special name for the day before a named day the Roman calendar loses the possibility of saying: 2 days before a named day.
- Kalends of September = September 1
- 4 days before the Nones of Sept. = September 2
- 3 days before the Nones of Sept. = September 3
- the day before the Nones of Sept. = September 4
- Nones of September = September 5
- 8 days before the Ides of Sept. = September 6
- 7 days before the Ides of Sept. = September 7
- 6 days before the Ides of Sept. = September 8
- 5 days before the Ides of Sept. = September 9
- 4 days before the Ides of Sept. = September 10
- 3 days before the Ides of Sept. = September 11
- the day before the Ides of Sept. = September 12
- Ides of September = September 13
- 18 days before the Kalends of Oct = September 14
- 17 days before the Kalends of Oct = September 15
- 16 days before the Kalends of Oct. = September 16
- 15 days before the Kalends of Oct. = September 17
- 14 days before the Kalends of Oct. = September 18
- 13 days before the Kalends of Oct. = September 19
- 12 days before the Kalends of Oct. = September 20
- 11 days before the Kalends of Oct. = September 21
- 10 days before the Kalends of Oct. = September 22
- 9 days before the Kalends of Oct. = September 23
- 8 days before the Kalends of Oct. = September 24
- 7 days before the Kalends of Oct. = September 25
- 6 days before the Kalends of Oct. = September 26
- 5 days before the Kalends of Oct. = September 27
- 4 days before the Kalends of Oct. = September 28
- 3 days before the Kalends of Oct. = September 29
- the day before the Kalends of Oct. = September 30
- Kalends of October = October 1
Before the Julian calendar, the months (March, May, July and October) that had Ides on the 15th had 31 days and the other months had 29 days, except February with 28 days. Occasionally an extra month of Mercedinus was added with 22 or 23 days. This was supposed to happen on alternate years, to keep the civil year in touch with the seasons. The adding of the additional was the responsibility of the pontifex maximus, whom not always was aware of the importance of his office, and in practice happened less often, causing the need for the Julian calendar reform instituted by Julius Caesar.
An example from Shakespeare
In Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, the dictator is warned of a plot against his life by the famous quote: Beware with the Ides of March…. History would prove the warning to be truthful because Julius Caesar was indeed killed in March 15 44 BC.Days of the week
The days of the week were dedicated to gods, the sun or the moon. They were (note the similarities of some of the days with English, French and Spanish languages):
- Sunday – Dies Solis (day of the sun)
- Monday – Dies Lunae (day of the moon)
- Tuesday – Dies Martis (day of Mars)
- Wednesday – Dies Mercuri (day of Mercury)
- Thursday – Dies Iovis (day of Jupiter)
- Friday – Dies Veneris (day of Venus)
- Saturday – Dies Saturni (day of Saturn)
Years
In the early days of the Roman Republic, the years were not counted. Instead they were named after the consulss who were in power at the time (see List of Republican Roman Consuls). For instance:However, in the later Republic, years were counted from the founding of the city of Rome which was traditionally supposed to have taken place in 753 BC. Therefore, in some inscriptions the number of the years is followed by A.V.C., which stands for "AB VRBE CONDITA (meaning after the founding of the city). The letter "V" was the common sign for both "V" and "U". During the later empire, this system was used alongside the A.D. system (ANNO DIOCLETIANI) which used the year of accession of the Emperor Diocletian as the base year for counting purposes. Note that this should not be confused with the "A.D." system which the Christians introduced in mediaeval times (where "AD" stands for Anno Domini).
- 205 BC was The year of the consulship of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus and Publius Licinius Crassus
see also: Calendar – Julian calendar – Ancient Rome
References
- Plutarch - Numa Pompilius
- Ovid - Fasti
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Roman calendar."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Ussher-Lightfoot Calendar was a chronology published in 1650 by Archbishop James Ussher of Armagh which attempted to deduce the date of creation from biblical references and proposed that it had occurred on October 23, 4004 BC at noon.Ussher's work, more properly known as the Annales veteris testamenti, a prima mundi origine deducti ("Annals of the Old Testament, deduced from the first origins of the world"), was his contribution to the long-running theological debate on the age of the Earth. This was a major concern of many Christian scholars over the centuries. His proposed date of 4004 BC was not greatly different from the estimates of the Venerable Bede (3952 BC) or Ussher's near-contemporary, Scaliger (3950 BC). It was widely believed that the Earth's potential duration was 6,000 years - 4,000 before the birth of Christ and 2,000 after - corresponding to the six days of creation , on the grounds that "one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day" (2 Peter 3:8).
Although Ussher's estimate of 4004 BC seems startling to modern eyes, it was thus very much in a range already accepted by contemporary scholars. Indeed, John Lightfoot of Cambridge University had already published a very similar set of calculations in 1644, producing a nearly identical result to that of Ussher. The names of the two men are thus commonly bracketed in recognition of their shared "discovery" of the date of creation.
Ussher's Methodology
The close range of dates estimated by scholars such as Ussher was principally due to a common methodology being used to calculate the date of creation. This, as might be expected, relied on the Bible as the primary source. However, because the Bible was compiled from different sources over several centuries with differing versions and lengthy chronological gaps, it was not possible to do a simple totalling of Biblical ages and dates. In his article on Ussher's calendar, John Barr (see references at the foot of this article) has identified three distinct periods that Ussher had to tackle:
Using this methodology, Ussher was able to establish an unadjusted creation date of about 4000 BC. He moved it back to 4004 BC to take account of an error perpetrated by Dionysius Exiguus, the founder of the Christian year numbering system. The death of Herod was determined to have occurred in 4 BC, so therefore Jesus could not have been born after that date. Jesus was thus born some time between 37 BC (when Herod came to power) and 4 BC. In the event, Ussher calculated that Christ's birth year must have been 4 BC.
- Early times (Creation to Solomon). Ostensibly the easiest period, as the Bible provides an unbroken male lineage from Adam through to Solomon complete with the ages of the individuals involved. However, not all of the versions of the Bible provide the same ages - the Septuagint gives much longer ages, adding more than 1,000 years to the date of Creation. Ussher resolved this problem by relying on the Hebrew Bible instead.
- Early Age of Kings (Solomon to the destruction of the Temple and the Babylonian captivity). The lineage breaks down at this point, with only the length of the kings' reigns being provided and a number of overlaps and ambiguities complicating the picture. Ussher had to cross-reference the Biblical records with known dates of other peoples and rulers to create an overall timeline.
- Late Age of Kings (Ezra and Nehemiah to the birth of Jesus). No information at all is provided in the Bible. Ussher and his counterparts therefore had to try to link a known event from this period with a dateable event in another culture, such as the Chaldeans, Persians or Romans. For instance, the death of the Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar II (who conquered Jerusalem in 586 BC) could be correlated with the 37th year of the exile of Jehoiachin (in 2 Kings 25:27).
The season in which creation occurred was the subject of considerable theological debate in Ussher's time. Many scholars proposed it had taken place in the spring, the start of the Babylonian, Chaldean and other cultures' chronologies. Others, including Ussher, thought it more likely that it had occurred in the autumn (fall), largely because that season marked the beginning of the Jewish year.
Ussher further narrowed down the date by using the Jewish calendar to establish creation as beginning on the first Sunday following the autumnal equinox. The day of the week was a backward calculation from the six days of creation with God resting on the seventh, which in the Jewish tradition is Saturday - hence Creation began on a Sunday. The modern date of the equinox is, however, much earlier than Ussher's date; this was simply due to the inaccuracies introduced by the Julian calendar, which Ussher calculated would add about thirty days to the date of the equinox.
The final element was the establishment of noon as the time of creation. Ussher wrote, "In ipse primi diei medio create est lux" ("In the middle of the first day, light was created"). It is not clear why he chose this particular time, as he gave no reason for doing so.
Ussher's Chronology Today
It is entirely an accident of history that Ussher's chronology remains so well known while those of Scaliger and Bede, amongst others, have slipped into obscurity. Starting about fifty years after his death, many annotated editions of the immensely influential King James translation of the Bible began to include his chronology with their annotations and cross-references. The first page of Genesis was annotated with Ussher's date of creation, 4004 BC, establishing it as the canonical Biblical estimate (although in reality, Ussher's Annales is estimated to have relied on the Bible for only one sixth of its volume). It was included in the widely distributed Scofield Reference Bible. More modern translations of the Bible omit the chronology, but there are still plenty of copies of the annotated King James still in circulation.
Ussher's work has thus become a famous - or notorious - symbol of biblical literalism. Geologists in particular have castigated his improbably short timescale, which is completely incompatible with the billions of years posited by modern geological theory. However, Young Earth Creationists (a faction of the wider creationist movement) still reference Ussher's Annales in relation to their belief that the world is approximately 6,000 years old.
See also: Estimates of the date of Creation, Young Earth Creationism.
External Links and References
- "Why the World Was Created in 4004 BC: Archbishop Ussher and Biblical Chronology" by John Barr, in Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library 67:575-608
- "Fall in the House of Ussher", in Eight Little Piggies by Stephen Jay Gould, Penguin Books, 1993
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Ussher-Lightfoot Calendar."
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Instantaneity | Calendar year, leap year, Julian calendar, Gregorian calendar, Chinese calendar, Jewish calendar, perpetual calendar, Farmer's almanac, fiscal year. |
Almanac, calendar, ephemeris; register, registry; chronicle, annals, journal, diary, chronogram. | |
List | Program, programme; syllabus; agenda, schedule, calendar, docket. |
Record | Verb: record; put on record, place on record; chronicle, calendar, hand down to posterity; keep up the memory; (remember); commemorate; (celebrate); report; (inform); write, commit to writing, reduce to writing; put in writing, set down in writing, writing in black and white; put down, jot down, take down, write down, note down, set down; note, minute, put on paper; take note, make a note, take minute, take memorandum; make a return. |
Gazette, gazetteer; newspaper, daily, magazine; almanac, almanack; calendar, ephemeris, diary, log, journal, daybook, ledger; cashbook, petty cashbook; professional journal, scientific literature, the literature, primary literature, secondary literature, article, review article. | |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | This is what I'm gonna do. I am going to take the Christmas dog show off my calendar and take you shopping and rectify this situation (Roswell; writing credit: Ronald D. Moore; Gretchen J. Berg) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Calendar (1968) Farm Calendar (1955) The Calendar (1948) Calendar Girl (1947) The Calendar (1931) | |
Song Titles | Calendar Girl (performing artist: Neil Sedaka) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books | |||
Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Consumer Goods | |||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | From an overhead angle, 2 pieces of red meat are shown with a knife on a cutting board, sitting on a white tile counter. Above the image, red lettering reads: "Choose lean meats, trim extra fats, avoid adding fat in cooking". Shot on 4x5 format. This was used in the 1989 calendar "Eat for Good Health" February 1989. See artwork: PV-19. Credit: Bill Branson (photographer). |  | From on overhead angle, a plate of potatoes and green beans, a bowl of tomatoes and yellow peppers with sour cream dip and a tossed salad are shown on a white tablecloth. Across the middle of the table, grey letters read: "Include 3-5 servings of vegetables daily". Shot on 4x5 format. This was used in the 1989 calendar "Eat for Good Health" April 1989. See artwork: PV-19. Credit: Bill Branson (photographer). |
 | Scott's Emulsion Calendar : Keep To The Right. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Sulphur Bitters : Calendar 1890 / J. Ottmann Lith., Puck Bldg., N.Y. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | Military and civilian personnel in a Navy Department office in the Main Navy or Munitions Buildings, in 1919. Most of the women present are Navy Yeomen (F). Desk in center bears a name tag for "Miss Carlisle" and has a wickerwork wastebasket beside it. Calendar on the wall (upper right) is for March 1919. Credit: NAVY. |  | Civilian and Navy personnel at work in an office in the Main Navy or Munitions Building, April 1919 (note calendar on pillar at right). Two desks (to the left) have name tags, for Miss Maxwell and Miss Foreman. Credit: NAVY. |
 | One of the people's saints for the calendar of liberty 1852. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Calendar for 1863. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Cover of American Druggist, Aug. 1929, showing waiter, carrying three ice cream floats, looking in fear at bee in his lapel; calendar for August 1929 in lower left corner. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Aztec calendar stone. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |
| "2002 Calendar" by Simon Cataudo Commentary: "Image of a calendar taken by my friend Steve." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | Allowances by the Governments of the Allied and Associated Powers to the families and dependents of mobilised persons or persons serving with the forces, the amount due to them for each calendar year in which hostilities occurred being calculated for each Government on the basis of the average scale for such payments in force in France during that year. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | The calendar of the term being very heavy, the judge had set down two short, simple cases for that day. |
King Richard III | Shakespeare, William | Give me a calendar. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | The deadline for submission of offers is 36 calendar days from the announcement. (references) | |
OICA’s official calendar includes every year the 15 most important motor shows worldwide. (references) | ||
These processes can take in theory up to 120 calendar days for a concession and 90 for a permit. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Vietnam | Religious organizations must obtain government permission to hold training seminars, conventions, and celebrations outside of the regular religious calendar, to build or remodel places of worship, to engage in charitable activities or operate religious schools, and to train, ordain, promote, or transfer clergy. (references) |
Economic History | Algeria | Fiscal year: Calendar year. (references) |
Honduras | The following data are on a calendar year basis. (references) | |
Human Rights | Nigeria | This, and similar practices, clogged the court calendar and prevented trials from starting. (references) |
Russia | Some cases were put on the Court's calendar for fuller consideration, but because of the extreme complexity of the procedure, and because the Government has failed to reply expeditiously or at all to the initial complaints accepted by the ECHR, no cases have yet been heard on their merits. (references) | |
Political Economy | Mexico | Mexico's state and local elections calendar is staggered, and two gubernatorial races remain in 2001. (references) |
Political Rights | Angola | The Lusaka Protocol established the mechanism for returning the country to an electoral calendar. (references) |
Trade | Bulgaria | The sizes of the quotas are determined by calendar year. (references) |
Moldova | EBRD's budget for Moldova in the calendar 2001 amounts to Euro 445.2 million. (references) | |
Travel | Egypt | Sham El Nessim changes with Coptic calendar. (references) |
Qatar | Officially, Qatar uses the Gregorian calendar. (references) | |
Qatar | The Hijra (Islamic) calendar is also widely used. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Martin van Buren | 1837-1841 | In imitating their example I tread in the footsteps of illustrious men, whose superiors it is our happiness to believe are not found on the executive calendar of any country. |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | I have reviewed their estimates and believe that the safety of the Nation will require the maintenance of an armed strength of this size for the calendar year that is before us. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Calendar" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.82% of the time. "Calendar" is used about 1,116 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.82% | 1,114 | 6,818 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.18% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Total | 100.00% | 1,116 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "calendar": appointment calendar ♦ Attic calendar ♦ barrels per calendar day ♦ bearish calendar spread ♦ bearish call calendar spread ♦ bearish put calendar spread ♦ block calendar ♦ bullish calendar spread ♦ bullish call calendar spread ♦ bullish put calendar spread ♦ calendar API ♦ calendar Application Programming Interface ♦ calendar block ♦ calendar christian ♦ Calendar clock ♦ calendar date ♦ calendar day ♦ calendar julian ♦ calendar method ♦ calendar method of birth control ♦ calendar month ♦ Calendar months ♦ calendar of events ♦ calendar week ♦ calendar year ♦ chinese calendar ♦ church calendar ♦ desk calendar ♦ ecclesiastical calendar ♦ eclesiastical calendar ♦ farmer's calendar ♦ follower of the old calendar ♦ French Republican calendar ♦ Greek calendar ♦ gregorian calendar ♦ gregorian calendar month ♦ hebrew calendar ♦ Hindoo calendar ♦ hindu calendar ♦ hindu calendar month ♦ islamic calendar month ♦ issue calendar ♦ issuing calendar ♦ jewish calendar ♦ jewish calendar month ♦ julian calendar ♦ lunar calendar ♦ lunisolar calendar ♦ Mohammedan calendar ♦ moslem calendar ♦ Muhammadan calendar ♦ muslim calendar ♦ perpetual calendar ♦ racing calendar ♦ Revolutionary calendar ♦ Revolutionary calendar month ♦ roman calendar ♦ solar calendar ♦ the julian calendar ♦ wall calendar. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "calendar": calendar-making, calendar-type. | |
Ending with "calendar": annual-calendar, wall-calendar. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
calendar | 35,195 | event calendar | 617 |
pregnancy calendar | 7,359 | lunar calendar | 610 |
2003 calendar | 4,254 | calendar maker | 584 |
2004 calendar | 4,199 | calendar template | 580 |
printable calendar | 3,128 | june calendar | 536 |
ovulation calendar | 3,012 | calendar wallpaper | 518 |
calendar free | 2,415 | marie calendar | 515 |
online calendar | 1,562 | calendar girl | 514 |
cat calendar | 1,463 | calendar print | 482 |
free printable calendar | 1,407 | aztec calendar | 482 |
chinese calendar | 1,353 | chinese lunar calendar | 461 |
monthly calendar | 935 | 2003 calendar june | 407 |
calendar software | 930 | create a calendar | 383 |
blank calendar | 902 | chinese birth calendar | 367 |
jewish calendar | 743 | 2005 calendar | 367 |
holiday calendar | 733 | 2004 calendar holiday | 363 |
desktop calendar | 697 | fertility calendar | 362 |
2002 calendar | 666 | 2001 calendar | 362 |
calendar creator | 651 | moon calendar | 356 |
perpetual calendar | 618 | make a calendar | 341 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "calendar"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | shënoj (aim, arrow, book, catalogue, chalk, charge, commit to paper, denote, earmark, indicate, itemize, jot down, kick, Mark, note, note down, pencil, post, punch, put down, record, remark, score, scribe, set off, sink, tally, tick off, write down), rendit (collocate, compose, dispose, enumerate, line, Marshal, rank, sort out), rendis (collocate, compose, dispose, enumerate, line, Marshal, rank, sort out), rend dite (agenda, agendas, docket, order paper), regjistroj (book, catalogue, chalk, check in, cut a disk, cut the record, dub, enrol, enroll, enter, file, list, notify, record, register), regjistër (catalogue, classbook, conduct sheet, register, regulator), listë (catalogue, chart, list, nomenclature, reckoner, repertory, roll, schedule, scroll), librezë studenti, kalendar (almanac), broshurë udhëzuese, almanak (almanac). (various references) | |
Arabic | مفكرة (aide-memoire, notebook, organizer, pocket book), قائمة (catalogue, docket, enumeration, index, list, listing, manifest, register, roll, roster, schedule, scroll, table), تقويم (almanac, calibration, correction, schedule), دليل التلفون. (various references) | |
Basque | egutegi. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | списък (beadledom, bill, catalogue, docket, enumeration, index, list, roll, roster, rota, schedule, scroll, table), регистър (compass, list, musette, range, register, roll), регистрирам (book, enter, file, inscribe, list, log, record, register), календарен, календар (almanac), вписвам в календар, алманах (almanac), пример (case, example, exemplar, illustration, instance, lead, model, paradigm, pattern, piece, sample, type), инвентаризирам (inventory, take stock). (various references) | |
Chinese | 歷 (all, each, every, to experience, to pass through, to undergo), 日历, 日曆 , 曆 . (various references) | |
Cornish | dedhyador. (various references) | |
Czech | kalendář (almanac, diary). (various references) | |
Danish | kalender (almanac). (various references) | |
Dutch | kalender. (various references) | |
Esperanto | kalendaro. (various references) | |
Faeroese | álmanakki. (various references) | |
Farsi | تقویم (Appraisal, Assessment, Estimate, Valuation), سالنما, سالنامه (Almanac, Annals, Yearbook). (various references) | |
Finnish | kalenteri. (various references) | |
French | calendrier. (various references) | |
Frisian | kalinder. (various references) | |
German | kalender (calendars, diary). (various references) | |
Greek | ημερολόγιο (almanac, diary, journal, log book). (various references) | |
Hebrew | לוח שנה (almanac), לוח הימים. (various references) | |
Hungarian | naptár (almanac, diary, runic staff), napirend (agenda, order of the day, routine, schedule), almanach (almanac). (various references) | |
Icelandic | almanak. (various references) | |
Indonesian | takwim (almanac), penanggalan, kalender, imlek (New Year), almanak (almanac). (various references) | |
Italian | calendario. (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 暦 (almanac), カレー饂飩 (calorie, can-can, carol, Carolina, carotene, college, college level, college paper, corolla, currency, current, current English, current price, current topics, kan ecology, kangaroo, Kansas, Udon cooked with curry topping), 七曜表 . (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | しちようひょう, こよみ (almanac), カレンダー , カレンダ . (various references) | |
Korean | 달력. (various references) | |
Manx | lioar imbee, feaillere (almanac), earroo cooishyn. (various references) | |
Norwegian | kalender. (various references) | |
Occitan | calendièr. (various references) | |
Papago | mashath kuintakud. (various references) | |
Papiamen | kalènder. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | alendarcay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | calendário (schedule, time-table). (various references) | |
Romanian | catalog (call over, catalogue, classbook, list, register, roll), calendaristic, calendar (almanac), tabel (chart, list, panel, rota, schedule, table), listã (bill, book, catalogue, list, panel, register, rental, repertory, roll, roster, rota, schedule, scroll, table), almanah (almanac, year-book). (various references) | |
Russian | святцы, список дел (docket), календарь календарный, календарь (almanac), календарный, времяисчисление, опись (inventory, register), заносить в список, альманах (almanac, miscellany), летоисчисление, повестка дня (agenda, agendas, order of business, order paper), инвентаризировать. (various references) | |
Scottish | caladair. (various references) | |
Sepedi | tahupamabaka. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | uneti u kalendar, pregled (audit, auscultate, checkup, digest, exam, inspection, once-over, overhaul, overview, perusal, review, revise, scheme, scrutiny, survey), kalendarski, kalendar (kalends). (various references) | |
Sicilian | alamanccu. (various references) | |
Spanish | calendario (almanac, diary, schedule, timetable). (various references) | |
Swedish | kalender (almanac, calender, diary, yearbook). (various references) | |
Turkish | yıllık (almanac, annual, etesian, sessional, yearbook, yearly), takvim (almanac, date block), takvím (almanac), sicil (enrollment, enrolment, record, register, registry), mahkeme günü, liste (beadroll, book, list, register, roll, roster, schedule, scroll, syllabus), kaydetmek (book, check in, Chronicle, enlist, enrol, enroll, enter, have smth. taped, inscribe, list, record, register, set down, tape, tape record, transcribe, write down), kütük (billet, block, chump, clog, enrollment, enrolment, ingot, log, logbook, record, register, registry, stock, stump, wood block), düzenlemek (arrange, collocate, compose, construct, coordinate, dispose, do, do out, draw, draw up, engineer, execute, fix up, forge, form, frame, get things square, get up, give, grade, lay out, line up, methodize, Mount, order, organize, promote, put up, regularize, regulate, scheme, set, set out, shape, stage, string, whack up, work up), almanak (almanac). (various references) | |
Turkmen | kalendar (r). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | реєстр (cartulary, catalogue, list, register, roster), перелік (capitulation, catalogue, citation, enumeration, nomenclature), періодичний покажчик, порядок денний (agenda, order paper), літочислення, літочислення нової ери, альманах (almanac, miscellany), опис (anagraph, depiction, description, exposition, indenture), довідник (catalogue, dictionary, digest, directory, enchiridion, handbook, reference book, repertory), табель-календар, складати індекс, реєструвати (catalogue, notify, record, register, tally), розклад (analysis, contamination, curriculum, decadency, decomposition, dissipation, schedule, syllabus, time sheet, timetable), список (bill, calends, catalogue, inventory, list, nomenclature, panel, roster, schedule), список законопроектів, індекс (index, notation, subject heading), інвентаризувати, складати порядок денний, календар (almanac, calends). (various references) | |
Welsh | calendr. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | calendarium, fastos. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "calendar": calendared, calendaring, calendars. (additional references) | |
| |
"Calendar" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Allender, calandar, calander, caldendar, calend, calendara, calendarium, calendart, Calende, calinder, callendar, Callynder, calndar, cavender, clendar, Cleyndert, clyndwr, cullender, Culleonard, Gajendra, Kalandra, Kalantari, kalendarum, kalender, Malandra, Nalanda, Silandra. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "calendar" (pronounced ka"lunder) |
| 5 | -l u n d er | auslander, cylinder, islander. |
| 4 | -u n d er | lavender. |
| 3 | -n d er | Ender, engender, Alexander, asunder, attainder, Bander, bartender, bender, binder, blander, blender, blinder, blonder, blunder, bookbinder, bounder, brander, bystander, calamander, candor, cinder, cofounder, commander, Condor, contender, coriander, defender, extender, Fender, finder, flounder, fonder, founder, gander, gender, gerrymander, grander, grinder, highlander, hinder, kinder, Lander, launder, lender, mainlander, meander, minder, offender, oleander, pander, pathfinder, Pinder, plunder, ponder, pounder, pretender, rejoinder, remainder, reminder, render, responder, rounder, salamander, sander, sender, Sidewinder, slander, slender, sounder, Spender, splendor, squander, Stander, sunder, surrender, suspender, tender, thunder, tinder, transponder, under, vendor, viewfinder, wander, weekender, winder, wonder, yonder, Zander. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-c-d-e-l-n-r" | |
-1 letter: adrenal, caldera, canaled, candela, candler, craaled, decanal. | |
-2 letters: alcade, anlace, arcade, arcane, canard, candle, carnal, cedarn, cradle, craned, credal, dancer, darnel, lanced, lancer, lander, nacred, reclad. | |
-3 letters: acned, acred, aland, alane, alder, anear, arced, areal, areca, arena, cadre, canal, caned, caner, cared, carle, cedar, clade, clean, clear, craal, crane, dance, decal, denar, eland. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-c-d-e-l-n-r" | |
+1 letter: barnacled, calendars, declarant. | |
+2 letters: aldermanic, calamander, calendared, candelabra, cladoceran, declarants, landscaper, rebalanced. | |
+3 letters: accelerando, blackhander, calamanders, calendaring, calendrical, candelabras, candelabrum, cardinalate, cladocerans, declaration, endocardial, landscapers, radicalness, recanalized, redactional, relandscape, tabernacled. | |
+4 letters: accelerandos, appendicular, blackhanders, candelabrums, cardinalates, clairaudient, declarations, endotracheal, ineradicable, ineradicably, intercalated, overbalanced, relandscaped, relandscapes, translocated, uncalibrated. | |
+5 letters: adrenalectomy, aerodynamical, cardinalities, clairaudience, congratulated, desacralizing, radicalnesses, relandscaping, scandalmonger, ultradistance, unarticulated, underclassman, valedictorian. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Images: Digital Art 8. Quotations: Historic | 9. Quotations: Fiction 10. Quotations: Non-fiction 11. Quotations: Speeches 12. Usage Frequency | 13. Expressions 14. Expressions: Internet 15. Translations: Modern 16. Translations: Ancient | 17. Derivations 18. Rhymes 19. Anagrams 20. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
