Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Date "CALC" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1835. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | Calc |
Mining | Prefix meaning containing calcium carbonate. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Calcium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. Calcium is a soft grey alkaline earth metal that is used as a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, zirconium and uranium. This element is also the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust and is an essential element for living organisms.
Potassium - Calcium - Scandium Mg
Ca
Sr
Full tableGeneral Name, Symbol, Number Calcium, Ca, 20 Series Alkaline earth metal Group, Period, Block 2 (IIA), 4, s Density, Hardness 1550 kg/m3, 1.75 Appearance silvery white Atomic Properties Atomic weight 40.078 amu Atomic radius (calc.) 180 (194) pm Covalent radius 174 pm van der Waals radius no information Electron configuration [Ar]4s4s2 e- 's per energy level 2, 8, 8, 2 Oxidation states (Oxide) 2 (strong base) Crystal structure Cubic face centered Physical Properties State of matter solid (paramagnetic) Melting point 1115 K (1548°F) Boiling point 1757 K (2703°F) Molar volume 26.20 ×10103 m3/mol Heat of vaporization 153.6 kJ/mol Heat of fusion 8.54 kJ/mol Vapor pressure 254 Pa at 1112 K Speed of sound 3810 m/s at 293.15 K Other Electronegativity 1.00 (Pauling scale) Specific heat capacity 0.632 J/(kg*K) Electrical conductivity 29.8 106/m ohm Thermal conductivity 201 W/(m*K) 1st ionization potential 589.8 kJ/mol 2nd ionization potential 1145.4 kJ/mol 3rd ionization potential 4912.4 kJ/mol Most Stable Isotopes
iso NA half-life DM DE MeV DP 40Ca 96.941% Ca is stable with 20 neutrons 41Ca {syn.} 103,000y epsilon 0.421 41K 42Ca 0.647% Ca is stable with 22 neutrons 43Ca 0.135% Ca is stable with 23 neutrons 44Ca 2.086% Ca is stable with 24 neutrons 46Ca 0.004% Ca is stable with 26 neutrons 48Ca 0.187% >6×1018y beta- 4.272 48Ti SI units & STP are used except where noted. Notable Characteristics
Calcium is a rather hard element that is purified by electrolysis from calcium fluoride that burns with a yellow-red flame and forms a white nitride coating when exposed to air. It reacts with water displacing hydrogen and forming calcium hydroxide.Applications
Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. Its minor deficit can affect bone and teeth formation. Its excess can lead to kidney stones. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products are an excellent source of calcium.For more information about Ca in living nature see Ca (biology)
Other uses include:
- Reducing agent in the extraction of other metals such as uranium, zirconium, and thorium.
- Deoxidizer, desulfurizer, or decarburizer for various ferrous and nonferrous alloys.
- Alloying agent used in the production of aluminum, beryllium, copper, lead, and magnesium alloys.
History
(Latin calx, lime) Lime was prepared and used by the Romans as early as the 1st century, but calcium was not discovered until 1808. After learning that Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, Sir Humphry Davy was able to isolate the impure metal.Occurrence
Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust (forming more than 3%) and is an essential part of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells. Due to its chemical reactivity with air and water, calcium is never found in nature unbound to other elements. This metallic element is found in quantity in limestone, gypsum, and fluorite. Apatite is the fluorophosphate or chlorophosphate of calcium. Electrolysis of molten calcium chloride (CaCl2) can be used to isolate pure calcium.
Isolation (* follow):
cathode: Ca2+* + 2e- --> Ca
anode: Cl-* --> ½Cl2 (gas) + e-Compounds
Quicklime (CaO) is used in many chemical refinery processes and is made by heating and carefully adding water to limestone. When CaO is mixed with sand it hardens into a mortar and is turned into plaster by carbon dioxide uptake. Mixed with other compounds, CaO forms an important part of Portland cement.When water percolates through limestone or other soluble carbonate rocks, it partially disolves part of the rock and causes cave formation and characteristic stalactites and stalagmites and also forms hard water. Other important calcium compounds are nitrate, sulfide, chloride, carbide, cyanamide, and hypochlorite.
Isotopes
Calcium has six stable isotopes, two of which occur in nature: stable Ca-40 and radioactive Ca-41 with a half-life = 103,000 years. 97% of the element is in the form of Ca-40. Ca-40 is one of the daughter products of K-40 decay, along with Ar-40. While K-Ar dating has been used extensively in the geological sciences, the prevalence of Ca-40 in nature has impeded its use in dating. Techniques using mass spectrometry and a double spike isotope dilution have been used for K-Ca age dating. Unlike cosmogenic isotopes that are produced in the atmosphere, Ca-41 is produced by neutron activation of Ca-40. Most of its production is in the upper meter or so of the soil column where the cosmogenic neutron flux is still sufficiently strong. Ca-41 has received much attention in stellar studies because Ca-41 decays to K-41, a critical indicator of solar-system anomalies.
External Links
- WebElements.com - Calcium
- EnvironmentalChemistry.com - Calcium
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Calcium."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
CALC | English | Customer Access Line Charge | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Crosswords: CALC |
| English words defined with "CALC": Osteocolla. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "CALC" is also a word in the following language with English translations in parentheses. Scottish (caulk; cram, drive). |
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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High Tech |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
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| "Calc 4" by Maslov Yury Commentary: "Casio fx-82SX Calc." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| "CALC" is generally used as an unclassified items -- approximately 33.33% of the time. "CALC" is used about 9 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Unclassified Items | 33.33% | 3 | 202,518 |
| Noun (proper) | 33.33% | 3 | 202,518 |
| Noun (singular) | 33.33% | 3 | 202,518 |
| Total | 100.00% | 9 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expression using "CALC": calc sinter. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "CALC": calc-alkaline, calc-silicates, Calc-sinter, Calc-spar, Calc-tufa. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
mortgage calc | 422 | calc salary | 8 |
48 calc gx hp | 388 | mortgage payment calc | 8 |
calc | 146 | calc cost living | 8 |
loan calc | 84 | car payment calc | 8 |
auto loan calc | 25 | calc pg | 7 |
amortization calc | 19 | pre calc | 7 |
calc thc.exe | 17 | interest calc | 7 |
calc subnet | 17 | calc waps | 6 |
karls mortgage calc | 16 | calc love | 6 |
car loan calc | 16 | calc qc | 6 |
payment calc | 16 | 3.0 calc hvac | 6 |
calc canterbury | 16 | concrete calc | 6 |
calc ti | 15 | bone broken calc homeopathyic phos remedy symphytum | 6 |
bmi calc | 13 | calc ip | 6 |
calc currency | 12 | 98 calc | 5 |
calc hvac | 11 | calc hp | 5 |
financial calc | 10 | broken calc homeopathyic phos remedy spine symphytum | 5 |
calc ti.com | 10 | calc thc | 5 |
bp calc code | 9 | calc ww | 5 |
calc dct4 | 8 | calc mort | 5 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "CALC"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Danish | abonnementspris (customer access line charge). (various references) | |
Dutch | kosten voor de toegangslijn van de klant (customer access line charge), bijkomende kosten voor abonnees (customer access line charge). (various references) | |
Finnish | linjan käyttömaksu (customer access line charge). (various references) | |
French | facturation des installations fixes à l'abonné. (various references) | |
German | Calcit (calc spar, calcareous spar, calcite), Kalzit (calc spar, calcareous spar, calcite, Iceland spar), Kalkspat (calc spar, calcareous spar, calcite), Kalksinter (calc sinter, calcareous sinter, calcareous tufa, calcsinter, sinter, travertine). (various references) | |
Greek | CACL (customer access line charge), χρέωση γραμμής πρόσβασης πελάτη (customer access line charge). (various references) | |
Italian | calcite (calcite), travertino (travertin, travertine). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | alccay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | custo da assinatura mensal (customer access line charge). (various references) | |
Spanish | tarificación de cargo de las líneas de acceso de clientes (customer access line charge). (various references) | |
Swedish | travertin (calc sinter, calcareous sinter, calcareous tufa, calcsinter, crusted strand, folia, lily pad, rimstone, rimstone shelf, shelfstone, travertine), kalksinter (calc sinter, calcareous sinter, calcareous tufa, calcsinter, crusted strand, folia, lily pad, rimstone, rimstone shelf, shelfstone, travertine). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | John Chapter 18, Verse 11 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Eipen oun o ihsouV tw petrw bale thn macairan sou eiV thn qhkhn to pothrion o dedwken moi o pathr ou mh piw auto |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Dixit ergo Iesus Petro mitte gladium in vaginam calicem quem dedit mihi Pater non bibam illum |
| Old English | 990 | West Saxon | þa cwæð se hælend to petre. Do þinsweord on scæðe. þanne calc þe min fæderme sealde ne drinke ich hine. |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | Therfor Jhesus seide to Petre, Putte thou thi swerd in to thi schethe; wolt thou not, that Y drynke the cuppe, that my fadir yaf to me? |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | Then sayde Iesus vnto Peter: put vp thy swearde into ye sheath: shall I not drinke of ye cup which my father hath geven me? |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | Then said Jesus unto Peter, Put up thy sword into the sheath: the cup which my Father hath given me, shall I not drink it? |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | Then said Jesus to Peter, Put up thy sword into the sheath: the cup which my Father hath given me, shall I not drink it? |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | Then Jesus said to Peter, Put back your sword: am I not to take the cup which my Father has given to me? |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | John Chapter 18, Verse 11 |
| Cebuano | Ug si Jesus miingon kang Pedro, "Iuli sa sakob kanang imong espada. Dili ko ba diay imnon ang sulod sa kopa nga gihatag kanako sa Amahan?" |
| Chinese | 耶 穌 就 對 彼 得 說 、 收 刀 入 鞘 罷 。 我 父 所 給 我 的 那 杯 、 我 豈 可 不 喝 呢 。 |
| Croatian | Nato Isus reèe Petru: "Djeni maè u korice! Èašu koju mi dade Otac zar da ne pijem?" |
| Danish | Da sagde Jesus til Peter: "Stik dit Sværd i Skeden! Skal jeg ikke drikke den Kalk, som min Fader har givet mig?" |
| Dutch | Jezus dan zeide tot Petrus: Steek uw zwaard in de schede. Den drinkbeker, dien Mij de Vader gegeven heeft, zal Ik dien niet drinken? |
| Finnish | Niin Jeesus sanoi Pietarille: "Pistä miekkasi tuppeen. Enkö minä joisi sitä maljaa, jonka Isä on minulle antanut?" |
| French | Jésus dit à Pierre: Remets ton épée dans le fourreau. Ne boirai-je pas la coupe que le Père m`a donnée à boire? |
| German | Da sprach Jesus zu Petrus: Stecke dein Schwert in die Scheide! Soll ich den Kelch nicht trinken, den mir mein Vater gegeben hat? |
| Haitian Creole | Men, Jezi di Pyè konsa: Mete nepe ou la nan djenn li. Eske se pa pou m' bwè gode soufrans Papa a ban m' bwè a? |
| Hungarian | Monda azért Jézus Péternek: Tedd hüvelyébe a te szablyádat; avagy nem kell-é kiinnom a pohárt, a melyet az Atya adott nékem? |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Maka Yesus berkata kepada Petrus, "Masukkan kembali pedangmu ke dalam tempatnya! Apakah engkau pikir Aku tak akan minum piala penderitaan yang diberikan Bapa kepada-Ku?" |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Lalu kata Yesus kepada Petrus, "Sarungkanlah pedangmu. Masakan tiada Aku minum cawan minuman yang diberi oleh Bapa kepada-Ku?" |
| Latvian | Tad Jçzus sacîja Pçterim: Bâz savu zobenu makstî! Vai man neizdzert to biíeri, ko devis man Tçvs? |
| Maori | Ka mea a Ihu ki a Pita, Kuhua tau hoari ki te takotoranga: ko te kapu i homai nei e toku Matua ki ahau auaka ranei e inumia e ahau? |
| Norwegian | Jesus sa da til Peter: Stikk sverdet i skjeden! Skal jeg ikke drikke den kalk min Fader har gitt mig? |
| Portuguese | Disse, pois, Jesus a Pedro: Mete a tua espada na bainha; não hei de beber o cálice que o Pai me deu? |
| Rumanian | Isus a zis lui Petru: ,,Bagq-yi sabia kn teacq. Nu voi bea paharul, pe care Mi l -a dat Tatql sq -l beau?`` |
| Shuar | Túramtai Jesus Pítrun Tímiayi "Machitrumka awainki ikiusta. Winia Apar Wáitsatniun surakuinkia ¿Wáitsashtinkaitiaj?" |
| Spanish | Entonces Jesús dijo a Pedro: --Mete tu espada en la vaina. ¿No he de beber la copa que el Padre me ha dado? |
| Swahili | Basi, Yesu akamwambia Petro, "Rudisha upanga wako alani. Je, nisinywe kikombe alichonipa Baba?" |
| Swedish | Då sade Jesus till Petrus: "Stick ditt svärd i skidan. Skulle jag icke dricka den kalk som min Fader har givit mig?" |
| Uma | Na'uli' Yesus hi Petrus: "Unco' nculii' piho' -nu! Ha nu'uli' -kona kupetiboi' kaparia to naponoa' ami' -maka Tuama-kue?" |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "CALC": calcanea, calcaneal, calcanei, calcaneum, calcaneus, calcar, calcareous, calcareously, calcaria, calcars, calceate, calces, calcic, calcicole, calcicoles, calcicolous, calciferol, calciferols, calciferous, calcific, calcification, calcifications, calcified, calcifies, calcifuge, calcifuges, calcifugous, calcify, calcifying, calcimine, calcimined, calcimines, calcimining, calcination, calcinations, calcine, calcined, calcines, calcining, calcinoses, calcinosis, calcite, calcites, calcitic, calcitonin, calcitonins, calcium, calciums, calcspar, calcspars, calctufa. (additional references) | |
Words containing "CALC": cholecalciferol, cholecalciferols, decalcification, decalcifications, decalcified, decalcifies, decalcify, decalcifying, decalcomania, decalcomanias, discalced, hypercalcemia, hypercalcemias, hypercalcemic, hypocalcemia, hypocalcemias, hypocalcemic, incalculabilities, incalculability, incalculable, incalculably, miscalculate, miscalculated, miscalculates, miscalculating, miscalculation, miscalculations, precalculi, precalculus, precalculuses, recalcitrance, recalcitrances, recalcitrancies, recalcitrancy, recalcitrant, recalcitrants, recalculate, recalculated, recalculates, recalculating, recalculation, recalculations, thyrocalcitonin, thyrocalcitonins, uncalcified, uncalcined, uncalculated, uncalculating. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-c-c-l" | |
-1 letter: lac. | |
-2 letters: al, la. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-c-c-l" | |
+1 letter: cecal, clach, clack. | |
+2 letters: alcaic, buccal, cackle, caecal, calcar, calces, calcic, calico, calpac, cancel, carcel, celiac, cicala, cicale, clachs, clacks, cloaca, coccal, lactic. | |
+3 letters: acclaim, accrual, accusal, acicula, aclinic, acrylic, acyclic, alcaics, cackled, cackler, cackles, cacodyl, calcars, calcify, calcine, calcite, calcium, calculi, caleche, calices, caliche, calicle, calicos, caloric, calpack, calpacs, calyces, calycle, cancels, caracal, caracol, caracul, carcels, catcall, catclaw, cecally, celiacs, cenacle, chalcid, chalice, chancel, cicalas, clachan, clacked, clacker, classic, clastic, claucht, cloacae, cloacal, cloacas, cochlea, coeliac, comical, conceal, conchal, conical, coracle, crackle, crackly, crucial, cubical, cyclase, cynical, felucca, flaccid, laconic, malacca, saccule, sacculi, scaldic, vocalic. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Commercial 4. Images: Digital Art | 5. Usage Frequency 6. Expressions 7. Expressions: Internet 8. Translations: Modern | 9. Bible Trace 10. Abbreviations 11. Acronyms 12. Derivations | 13. Anagrams 14. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
