Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Cytokine |
CytokineNoun1. Any of various proteins secreted by cells of the immune system that serve to regulate the immune system. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
| Domain | Definition |
Medicine | Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
There are a lot of known cytokines that have both stimulating and suppressing action on lymphocyte cells and immune response.
Cytokines act by binding to their cell-specific cytokine receptor. This receptor is located in the cell membrane and allows a signal cascade to start in the cell, that eventually will lead to biochemical and phenotypical changes in the target cell.
See also: Chemokines, Interleukines, Interferon
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Cytokine."
Crosswords: Cytokine |
| English words defined with "cytokine": lymphokine ♦ TNF, tumor necrosis factor, tumour necrosis factor. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "cytokine": aldesleukin ♦ filgrastim ♦ Interferon-beta, Interleukin-11, Interleukin-12, Interleukin-13, Interleukin-14, Interleukin-15, Interleukin-16, Interleukin-17, Interleukin-18, Interleukin-8 ♦ PEG-interferon alfa-2B ♦ Receptor, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor ♦ sargramostim, SCH 54031, Sirolimus. (references) |
| Domain | Title |
Books |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit |  | Shown is a computer graphic of tgf-beta molecule. Tgf-beta belongs to a superfamily of fetal inducers and regressors, which signal specific patterns of cellular differentiation. Tgf-beta, a cytokine with three different isoforms, regulates many cellular functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and migration. Four novel receptors were characterized that also act as serine/threonine kinases and one of these appears to be a tgf-beta receptor. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Chemokines are small cytokine molecules that attract cells of the immune system. (references) | |
However, alternative explanations for the cytokine findings should not be ignored. (references) | ||
After trauma, cytokine levels rise in the brain and spinal cord and at the site in the peripheral nervous system where the injury occurred. (references) | ||
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Cytokine" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 94.74% of the time. "Cytokine" is used about 38 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 94.74% | 36 | 57,479 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 2.63% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 2.63% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 38 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expression using "cytokine": Cytokine regulator. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "cytokine": cytokine-stimulation. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
cytokine | 45 |
array cytokine | 6 |
cocktail cytokine | 4 |
cytokine intracellular staining | 3 |
cytokine international society | 2 |
cytokine interferon journal research | 2 |
cytokine pharmasciences | 2 |
cytokine definition | 2 |
cytokine lipopolysaccharide mouse pcr rt | 2 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "cytokine"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Dutch | cytokine. (various references) | |
French | cytokine. (various references) | |
German | Cytokin. (various references) | |
Greek | κιτοκίνη, κυτοκίνη. (various references) | |
Italian | citochina. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ytokinecay.(various references) | |
Spanish | citoquina. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "cytokine": cytokines, cytokineses, cytokinesis, cytokinetic. (additional references) | |
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"Cytokine" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: cimtidine, cystocele, cytidine, cytokin, cytokinin, ketomine. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "c-e-i-k-n-o-t-y" | |
-1 letter: kenotic, ketonic. | |
-2 letters: nicety, noetic, notice. | |
-3 letters: cento, coney, conky, conte, cyton, eikon, enoki, koine, ontic, token, toney, tonic, yince, yonic. | |
-4 letters: cent, cine, cion, cite, city, coin, coke, cone, coni, conk, cony, cote, etic, icky, icon, ikon, inky, into, keno, kent, keto, kine, kino, kite, knit, knot, kyte, neck, nice, nick, nite, nock. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-e-i-k-n-o-t-y" | |
+1 letter: cytokines. | |
+3 letters: cytokineses, cytokinesis, cytokinetic. | |
+4 letters: hydrokinetic, karyokinetic, skyrocketing. | |
+5 letters: psychokinetic. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Commercial 4. Images: Photo Album | 5. Quotations: Non-fiction 6. Usage Frequency 7. Expressions 8. Expressions: Internet | 9. Translations: Modern 10. Derivations 11. Anagrams 12. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
