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CITIES

Specialty Definition: CITIES

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Specialty Definition: Cities of Japan

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The following are major cities:

• Fukuoka
• Hiroshima
• Kobe
• Kyoto
• Nagasaki
• Nagoya
• Osaka
• Sapporo
• Sendai
• Tokyo

See List of cities in Japan for the complete list.

Except Tokyo, all large cities are of cities designated by government ordinance.

See also: Core city

Metropolitan areas

City name	Population
Tokyo	34,900,000 incl. Kanagawa, Saitama and Chiba prefectures
Osaka	18,000,000 incl. Kobe, Kyoto

See also

• List of cities by country
• List of city listings by country
• List of metropolitan areas by population

External link

Map

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Cities of Japan."

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Cities of the Philippines

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A city (lungsod, sometimes syudad, in Filipino) is a local government unit in the Philippines. Cities are equivalent to municipalities but are given special treatment and an increased budget. Cities, like municipalities, are composed of barangays and is governed by a Mayor, Vice-Mayor, and councilors.

A number of cities in the country act independently of their provinces and are largely self-governing and have their own representatives in the Congress. Other cities depend on their provincial government for support and representation. The independent cities are classified as highly-urbanized cities and the dependent cities are component cities. Although some component cities are somewhat independent, like Ormoc City in Leyte.

Quezon City, in Metro Manila is the most populous city with over 2,000,000 residents. Davao City, is one of the largest cities in the world in terms of land area, occupying more than 2,500 square kilometers.

League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP)

The League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP) is a non-profit organization and is not a government agency. It has a membership of 84 cities and was founded in 1988. The organization was formed to help coordinate efforts to improve governance and local autonomy and to tackle issues such as preserving the environment and improving public works.

List of Cities

As of May 2003, there are 115 cities in the Philippines.

Note: The following lists list provincially-independent cities with the provinces in which they used to be part of, such as Baguio City in Benguet, Zamboanga City in Zamboanga del Sur, and Davao City in Davao del Sur.

Alphabetical Alaminos City, Pangasinan Angeles City, Pampanga Antipolo City, Rizal Bacolod City, Negros Occidental Bago City, Negros Occidental Baguio City, Benguet Bais City, Negros Oriental Balanga City, Bataan Batangas City, Batangas Bayawan City, Negros Oriental Bislig City, Surigao del Sur Butuan City, Agusan del Norte Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija Cadiz City, Negros Occidental Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental Calamba City, Laguna Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro Calbayog City, Samar Candon City, Ilocos Sur Canlaon City, Negros Oriental Cauayan City, Isabela Cavite City, Cavite Cebu City, Cebu Cotabato City, Maguindanao Dagupan City, Pangasinan Danao City, Cebu Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte Davao City, Davao del Sur Digos City, Davao del Sur Dipolog City, Zamboanga del Norte Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental Escalante City, Negros Occidental Gapan City, Nueva Ecija General Santos City, South Cotabato Gingoog City, Misamis Oriental Himamaylan City, Negros Occidental Iligan City, Lanao del Norte Iloilo City, Iloilo Iriga City, Camarines Sur Isabela City, Basilan Island Garden City of Samal, Davao Kabankalan City, Negros Occidental Kalookan City, Metro Manila Kidapawan City, Cotabato Koronadal City, South Cotabato La Carlota City, Negros Occidental Laoag City, Ilocos Norte Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu Las Piñas City, Metro Manila Legazpi City, Albay Ligao City, Albay Lipa City, Batangas Lucena City, Quezon Maasin City, Southern Leyte Makati City, Metro Manila Malabon City, Metro Manila Malaybalay City, Bukidnon Malolos City, Bulacan Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila Mandaue City, Cebu Manila, Metro Manila Marawi City, Lanao del Sur Marikina City, Metro Manila Masbate City, Masbate Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila Naga City, Camarines Sur Olongapo City, Zambales Ormoc City, Leyte Oroquieta City, Misamis Occidental Ozamis City, Misamis Occidental Pagadian City, Zamboanga del Sur Palayan City, Nueva Ecija Panabo City, Davao Parañaque City, Metro Manila Pasay City, Metro Manila Pasig City, Metro Manila Passi City, Iloilo Puerto Princesa City, Palawan Quezon City, Metro Manila Roxas City, Capiz Sagay City, Negros Occidental San Carlos City, Negros Occidental San Carlos City, Pangasinan San Fernando, La Union San Fernando, Pampanga San Jose City, Nueva Ecija San Jose del Monte City, Bulacan San Pablo City, Laguna Santiago City, Isabela Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija Silay City, Negros Occidental Sipalay City, Negros Occidental Sorsogon City, Sorsogon Surigao City, Surigao del Norte Tabaco City, Albay Tacloban City, Leyte Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat Tagaytay City, Cavite Tagbilaran City, Bohol Tagum City, Davao Talisay City, Cebu Talisay City, Negros Occidental Tanauan City, Batangas Tangub City, Misamis Occidental Tanjay City, Negros Oriental Tarlac City, Tarlac Toledo City, Cebu Trece Martires City, Cavite Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Urdaneta City, Pangasinan Valencia City, Bukidnon Valenzuela City, Metro Manila Victorias City, Negros Occidental Vigan City, Ilocos Sur Zamboanga City, Zamboanga del Sur

By province Metro Manila Las Piñas City Makati City Malabon City Mandaluyong City Manila Marikina City Muntinlupa City Parañaque City Pasig City Valenzuela City Kalookan City Pasay City Quezon City Agusan del Norte Butuan City Albay Ligao City Tabaco City Legazpi City Basilan Isabela City Bataan Balanga City Batangas Batangas City Tanauan City Lipa City Benguet Baguio City Bohol Tagbilaran City Bukidnon Malaybalay City Valencia City Bulacan Malolos City San Jose del Monte City Cagayan Tuguegarao City Camarines Sur Iriga City Naga City Capiz Roxas City Cavite Cavite City Tagaytay City Trece Martires City Cebu Cebu City Danao City Lapu-Lapu City Mandaue City Talisay City Toledo City Cotabato Kidapawan City Davao Island Garden City of Samal Panabo City Tagum City Davao del Sur Davao City Digos City Ilocos Norte Laoag City Ilocos Sur Candon City Vigan City Iloilo Iloilo City Passi City Isabela Cauayan City Santiago City La Union San Fernando Laguna Calamba City San Pablo City Lanao del Norte Iligan City Lanao del Sur Marawi City Leyte Ormoc City Tacloban City Maguindanao Cotabato City Masbate Masbate City Misamis Occidental Oroquieta City Ozamis City Tangub City Misamis Oriental Cagayan de Oro City Gingoog City Negros Occidental Bacolod City Bago City Cadiz City Escalante City Himamaylan City Kabankalan City La Carlota City Sagay City San Carlos City Silay City Sipalay City Talisay City Victorias City Negros Oriental Bais City Bayawan City Canlaon City Dumaguete City Tanjay City Nueva Ecija Cabanatuan City Gapan City Palayan City San Jose City Science City of Muñoz Oriental Mindoro Calapan City Palawan Puerto Princesa City Pampanga Angeles City San Fernando City Pangasinan Alaminos City Dagupan City San Carlos City Urdaneta City Quezon Lucena City Rizal Antipolo City Samar Calbayog City Sorsogon Sorsogon City South Cotabato General Santos City Koronadal City Southern Leyte Maasin City Sultan Kudarat Tacurong City Surigao del Norte Surigao City Surigao del Sur Bislig City Tarlac Tarlac City Zambales Olongapo City Zamboanga del Norte Dapitan City Dipolog City Zamboanga del Sur Pagadian City Zamboanga City

External links

• League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP)
• Philippine Clean Cities Project
• Location map of the largest cities (World Gazeteer) (somewhat inaccurate)

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Cities of the Philippines."

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City

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A city is an urban area, differentiated from a town by size, population density, importance, or legal status. City can also be a synonym of downtown, the central business district.

A city usually consists of residential, industrial and business areas together with administrative functions which may relate to a wider geographical area. A large share of a city's area is generally taken up by houses, roads, and streets. Lakes and rivers may be the only undeveloped areas within the city.

The difference between towns and cities is differently understood in different parts of the English speaking world. There is no one standard international definition of a city: the term may be used either for a town possessing city status; for an urban locality exceeding an arbitrary population size; for a town dominating other towns with particular regional economic or administrative significance. Although city can refer to an agglomeration including suburban and satellite areas, the term is not appropriate for a conurbation (cluster) of distinct urban places, nor for a wider metropolitan area including more than one city, each acting as a focus for parts of the area.

In the United Kingdom, a city is a town which has been known as a city since time immemorial, or which has received city status by royal charter - which is normally granted on the basis of size, importance or royal connection (traditional pointers have been whether the town has a cathedral or a university). Some cathedral cities, for example St. David's in Wales, are quite small, and may not be known as cities in common parlance. (See the list of cities in the United Kingdom.)

Geography

The geographies of cities are diverse. Often cities will either be coastal and have a harbor or be situated near a river giving economic advantage. Water transports on rivers and oceans were (and in most cases still are) cheaper and more efficient than road transport over long distances.

The kernels of older European cities, which have not been extensively rebuilt, tend to have city centers where the streets are jumbled together, often seemingly without a structural plan. This is a legacy of earlier unplanned or organic development. Today this is usually perceived by tourists to be quaint and picturesque.

Modern city planning has seen many different schemes for how a city should look. The most commonly seen pattern is the grid, almost a rule in the United States, and used for hundreds of years in China. Other forms may include a radial structure in which main roads converge on a central point, often the effect of of successive growth over long time with concentric traces of town walls and citadels - recently supplemented by ring-roads that take traffic around the edge of a town.

History

History of cities in general

Towns and cities have a long history, although opinions vary on whether any particular ancient settlement can be considered to be a city. The first true towns are sometimes considered to be large settlements where the inhabitants were no longer simply farmers of the surrounding area, but began to take on specialised occupations, and whereto trade, food storage and power was centralized.

By this definition, the first towns we know of were located in Mesopotamia, such as Ur, and along the Nile, the Indus Valley Civilisation and China. Before this time it was rare for settlements to reach significant size, although there were exceptions such as Jericho, Çatalhöyük and Mehrgarh.

The growth of ancient and medieval empires led to ever greater capital cities and seats of provincial administration, with Rome, its eastern successor Constantinople and successive Chinese and later Indian capitals approaching or exceeding the half-million population level. Similar large administrative and ceremonial centres emerged in other areas, though on a smaller scale.

During the European Middle Ages, a town was as much a political entity as a collection of houses. City residence brought freedom from customary rural obligations to lord and community: "Stadtluft macht frei" ("City air makes you free") was a saying in Germany. In Continental Europe cities with a legislature of their own wasn't unheard of, the laws for towns as a rule other than for the countryside, the lord of a town often being another than for surrounding land. In the Holy Roman Empire (i.e. medieval Germany and Italy) some cities had no other lord than the emperor.

In exceptional cases like Venice, Genoa or Lübeck, cities themselves became powerful states, sometimes taking surrounding areas under their control or establishing extensive maritime empires, though this could sometimes impede the later development of a wider national state and economy. Similar phenomena existed elsewhere, as in the case of Sakai, which enjoyed a considerable autonomy in late medieval Japan.

Most towns remained far smaller places, so that in 1500 only some two dozen places in the world contained more than 100,000 inhabitants: as late as 1700 there were fewer than fifty, a figure which would rise thereafter to 300 in 1900. A small city of the early modern period might contain as few as 10,000 inhabitants, a town far fewer still.

While the city-states of the Mediterranean and Baltic Sea languished from the 16th century, Europe's larger capitals benefited from the growth of commerce following the emergence of an Atlantic economy fuelled by the silver of Peru. By the 18th century, London and Paris rivalled the more traditional imperial capitals of Beijing, Istanbul and Tokyo.

The growth of modern industry from the late 18th century onward led to massive urbanization and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. Today the world's population is about half urban, with millions still streaming annually into the growing cities of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Modern conceptions

Traditional approach

A universal linear approach to cities has been in place and accepted for a long time. As this approach falls short of explaining a number of aspects of city life, such as the diversity between cites, new ways have been sought. Influenced by post-structuralist thinking a new approach was born: using spatial thinking it is possible to not only fill the gaps, but indeed replace the old completely.

Three characteristics have been identified as defining a city: the number of people to area (density), the networks of the city, as well as a particular way of life. None of these characteristics alone is enough to make a place a city.

Until recently cities were almost exclusively viewed as part of a single, linear line of development. Starting with the Greek city-state, this linear approach placed each city somewhere, and it was believed that it was only a matter of time until the next stage along the prescript path of advancement was reached. For each stage an exemplar was identified. Step by step from Athens onwards to Venice and London, Los Angeles seemed to be the ultimate stage of a postmodern city. Such an approach regarded a city as a single static entity, which could be studied disconnected in time and space. This leads to a theoretical framework with little connection to real cities, but these were simply seen as less clear examples. In spite of apparent shortcomings, this approach is still very commonplace in respected and popular publications.

Shortcomings

Despite its wide acceptance this traditional approach to cities had serious shortcomings. Firstly, leaving the latest stage aside, it was completely eurocentric. It was believed that every city in the world could be compared with a past stage in the history of one European city. Secondly, there was no real explanation when and how changes occurred, how another stage in the line of development was achieved. There seemed no need to follow the changes of one city, but instead attention was turned to another exemplar. Thirdly, the disconnected view of cities is problematic. It implies that history, culture and connections of a place do not influence a place, which is questionable. Some thinkers argue that a history ignoring connections is necessary incomplete. Fourthly, the traditional approach missed to define what makes a city. It is unclear why one place is regarded as a city while another one is not. Mumford argued in 1937 for a social dimension, describing cities as geographical plexuses. Finally, viewing cities as a single body misses modern conceptions that there is more than one story to a place. The city of an aristocrat will surely differ from that of a slave. This also reflects a shift away from one single history of the powerful élites (often referred to as city élites) to a multidimensional perception of history. The notion of city rhythms has been introduced to highlight the different aspects of city life.

Modern approach

As a modern approach to cities, modern urban thinking, promises to cater for these issues. It is especially the focus on connections and internal divisions which allows a new perception of cities. Using such spatial thinking it is possible to understand many aspects the traditional approach fell short of providing a satisfactory explanation.

One important aspect of spatial thinking is looking at the connections of a city. Such connections allow to explain the unique character of a place. Rather than treating all cities the same, places are seen as interconnected through networks of culture, economics, trade or history. So while London and Tokyo are economically linked through stock markets, Graz and Stockholm are so by the cultural links of Cultural Capital of Europe.

These networks overlap and are concentrated in cities. Arguably this concentration of networks creates a unique feeling of a place. Such networks, however, do not only link cities with cities, but also a city to its surroundings. The notion of a city footprint reflect the idea that a city on its own is not sustainable: it depends on produce from its surroundings, it needs trade links and other connections for economic viability. Looking at networks, it becomes possible to explain the rise and fall of cities. This has to do with the changing importance of connections and is maybe best illustrated with the arrival of Spanish colonizers in America. Within a short time, connections to Madrid became more important than connections to the former centre Tenochtitlán.

The concentration of networks in cities can be used as an explanation of urbanization. It is the access to certain networks that attracts people. As various networks spatially run together in a confined area, people gather in cities. At the same time, this concentration of people means the introduction of new networks, such as social links, increasing the creation of new possibilities within cities. Urban social movements are a direct result of this possibility of mmaking new connections. It is this openness to new connections that makes cities both attractive and to a certain degree unpredictable.

Another important aspect of modern urban thinking is looking at the divisions within a city. This internal differentiation is linked to the external connections of a city. As places of meeting histories, cities are hybrid and heterogeneous. Hybrid they are as the connections which link places are bilateral, involving giving and taking in both directions. Heterogeneous they are because of the dynamism of cities. New encounters are ongoing processes where social relations and differences are constantly negotiated and shaped, reflecting the unequal power involved.

Neither the internal differentiations nor the connections and networks of a place on their own define a city. Internal divisions are caused by external links, while at the same time connections to the outside open up the possibility of new social divisions. Divisions and connections in every city are intertwined, and only by considering both aspects of spatial thinking the complexity of cities is approachable. Immigration illustrates this interconnection of external networks and internal divisions well. The networks concentrated in the core of the city attract immigrants. As they immigrate, the newcomers bring along their histories, bringing new networks or enforcing existing ones. At the same time, their history offers opportunities to identify with or likewise exclude. Division and connection come hand in hand. Rather than attempting to eradicate such tensions and contradictions in the theoretical framework, modern urban thinking – influenced by poststructuralist thought – accounts for both sides. Static universal bodies are replaced by multidimensional networks, allowing for fluidity and dynamism.

Global cities

Global cities are centres of trade and banking, financial services, places of innovations and markets. The term global city is opposed to megacity. Whereas megacity refers to any city of enormous size, a global city is the powerful one. New York, Tokyo and London are commonly referred to as global cities, but the term is also applied to other cities.

The notion of global cities regards the power of cities as contained within cities. The city is seen as a container where skills and resources are concentrated. The more successful city is able to concentrate more of these skills and resources. This makes the city itself more powerful in terms that it can influence what is happening around the world. Following this view of cities, it is possible to rank the world's cities hierarchically, as Friedmann and Wolff did in 1982.

Critics of the notion point out to the different realms of power. The term global city narrowly focuses on economics. Cities like Rome are powerful in religious terms. Additionally, it has been questioned whether the city itself can be regarded as an actor.

In 1995 Kanter argued that successful cities can be identified by three elements. To be successful, a city needs to be good thinkers (concepts), good makers (competence) or goode traders (connections). The interplay of these three elements, Kanter argued, means that good cities are not planned but managed.

Environmental effects

Modern cities are known for creating their own microclimates. This is due to the large clustering of hard surfaces that heat up in sunlight and that channel rainwater into underground ducts. As a result, city weather is often windier and cloudier than the weather in the surrounding countryside. Conversely, because these effects make cities warmer (urban heat shield or urban heat islands) than the surrounding area, tornadoes tend to go around cities. Additionally towns can cause significant downstream weather effects.

Garbage and sewage are two major problems for cities, as is air pollution coming from internal combustion engines (see public transport). The impact of cities on places elsewhere, be it hinterlands or places far away, is considered in the notion of city footprinting (ecological footprint).

Inner city

The term "inner city" is sometimes used with the connotation of being an area where people are less educated and wealthy and where there is more crime.

See also

• Municipal government
• List of cities by country
• List of metropolitan areas by population
• Megacity
• Self-proclaimed Capitals of the World
• Cities of Japan

External links

• Place Names of Europe
• Most populous city of each country
• For each country, part of its population that lives in its most populous city (with some odd figures due to the comparison of data of different years)

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "City."

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List of cities in Albania

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This is a list of cities in Albania:

• Bajram Curri
• Ballsh
• Berat
• Bilisht
• Bulqizë
• Burrel
• Butrint
• Cërrik
• Çorovodë
• Delvinë
• Durrës
• Elbasan
• Ersekë
• Fier
• Fushë-Krujë
• Gjirokastër
• Gramsh
• Has
• Himarë
• Kamzë
• Kavajë
• Këlcyrë
• Klos
• Koplik
• Korçë
• Krujë
• Krumë
• Kuçovë
• Kukës
• Laç
• Lezhë
• Librazhd
• Lushnjë
• Maliq
• Mamurras
• Mavrovë
• Memaliaj
• Patos
• Peqin
• Peshkopi
• Përmet
• Pogradec
• Poliçan
• Pukë
• Rrëshen
• Rrogozhinë
• Roskovec
• Sarandë
• Selenicë
• Shëngjin
• Shijak
• Shkodër
• Skrapar
• Tepelenë
• Tiranë
• Tropojë
• Valbonë
• Vlorë

See Also

• Districts of Albania
• Prefectures of Albania
• Geography of Albania
• List of cities

External link

• Map of selected cities

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of cities in Albania."

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List of cities in New Zealand

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

New Zealand cities - approximately from north to south - with approximate populations in 2002.

Many cities were reorganised into districts by the Local Government Commission in 1989 under the Local Government Act 1974, for example, Tauranga. The 'newest' city is Invercargill, having been re-reorganised as a city in 1991. Another former city is Rotorua. Many towns, such as Timaru and Hastings, are often referred to incorrectly as cities, but are actually districts, not cities.

Under Section 27 of the Local Government Act 2002, a district may become a city by either a reorganisation scheme with the Local Government Commission, or it may, under Section 27(1), simply apply for a change in status under Schedule 3, Clause 7. Either way, the new city must have 'a population of not less than 50,000 persons', be 'predominantly urban' and 'a distinct entity and a major centre of activity within the region' (or regions) which it is encompassed by. Existing cities are grandfathered under Schedule 2, Part 2 of the Act.

Previously, under Section 37L of the Local Government Act 1974, new cities could only be formed from a reorganisation scheme. The same criteria were used.

See also:

• Territorial Authorities of New Zealand
• List of towns in New Zealand

Cities since 1989

North Island

Update: On 24 July, 2003, the Local Government Commission issued a decision recommending the Minister of Local Government give city status to the Tauranga District Council, 'lost' in the 1989 reorganisation with Mt Maunganui Borough Council. The new council name is already in use.

• Greater Auckland urban area 1,090,000
  • Auckland (proclaimed 1871)
  • North Shore (1991?)
  • Manukau (1965)
  • Waitakere
• Hamilton (1936) 145,000
• Napier (1950) 55,000
• Palmerston North (1930) 72,000
• Greater Wellington urban area 341,000
  • Upper Hutt (1966) 36,660
  • Porirua (1965)
  • Lower Hutt (1941) (the council is Hutt City Council, and thus the city is popularly referred to as Hutt City) 95,500
  • Wellington (1870) 163,824

South Island

• Nelson (1874) 42,000
• Christchurch (1868) 336,000
• Dunedin (1865) 106,000
• Invercargill (1991) 45,000

Cities during provincialism, 1852 to 1876

During provincialism in New Zealand ? from 1852 until abolition in 1876 ? there was no uniform system of local authorities in New Zealand. There is thus some argument over which of the following cities were the first.

• Christchurch (November 1862, revoked June 1868, both by provincial ordinance and restored October 1868, by Act of Parliament)
• Nelson (1858, by Letters Patent)
• Otago (later Dunedin) (July 1865)

The Municipal Corporations Act 1876 had the first schedule of cities, with the dates they were constituted. Dunedin was the first city in New Zealand to be described in an Act of Parliament as 'City of...', something now automatic under the Local Government Act 2002.

• Christchurch (28 May, 1868)
• Wellington (16 September, 1870)
• Auckland (24 April, 1871)
• Nelson (30 March, 1874)
• Dunedin (4 July, 1865)

Cities, 1877 to 1989

Up to October 1989, the Local Government Commission undertook a major reorganisation of local government. As a result, some cities were reorganised into other cities or changed to districts, and to this day some of these areas are still considered cities by many New Zealanders. This is a list as at circa 1986.

• North Island
  • Auckland
    • Auckland (1871)
    • East Coast Bays
    • Takapuna
    • Birkenhead
    • Waitemata (1974)
    • Mt Albert
    • Papatoetoe
    • Manukau (1965)
    • Papakura
    • Tamaki
  • Whangarei (1964)
  • Hamilton (1936)
  • New Plymouth (1949)
  • Wanganui (1924)
  • Gisborne (1955)
  • Tauranga (1963)
  • Rotorua (1962, merged into Rotorua District, 1979)
  • Napier (1950)
  • Palmerston North (1930)
  • Hastings (1956)
  • Wellington
    • Wellington (1870)
    • Upper Hutt (1966)
    • Lower Hutt (1941)
    • Porirua (1965)
• South Island
  • Nelson (1874)
  • Christchurch (1868)
  • Timaru (1948)
  • Dunedin (1865)
  • Invercargill (1930)

External Links and Sources

• Tauranga status change, 2003 - specific details
  • Local Government Commission press release (PDF)
  • Local Government Commission decision full text (PDF)
  • Tauranga's city status returns (New Zealand Herald, August 12, 2003).
• Gordon McLauchlan (Editor), Illustrated Encyclopedia of New Zealand, The, Auckland: David Bateman, 1989 (second edition) (ISBN 1869530071) - confirmation, pre-1989 dates
• Local Government Online Limited site - confirmation, post-1989 council names
• Map

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of cities in New Zealand."

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List of cities in Sweden

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This is a list of cities and market towns in Sweden, that held their privileges (Stadsprivilegium) by Royal charter or by being established since ancient times. The cities lost their function as administrative entities in 1971, when they were replaced by the unitary authorities, which became the Municipalities of Sweden. The cities retains some symbolic tokens of their former liberties such as using a mural crown in their coats of arms. Apart from the chartered cities and market towns there are also Swedish towns that never held any special distinction.

Cities (with the year of charter)

• Alingsås (1619)
• Arboga (12th century)
• Arvika (1911)
• Askersund (1643)
• Avesta (1641-1686, and from 1919)
• Boden (1919)
• Bollnäs (1942)
• Borgholm (1816)
• Borlänge (1944)
• Borås (1622)
• Eksjö (1400)
• Enköping (1300)
• Eskilstuna (1659)
• Eslöv (1911)
• Fagersta (1944)
• Falkenberg (1558)
• Falköping (1200)
• Falsterbo (1200)
• Falun (1641)
• Filipstad (1611)
• Flen (1949)
• Gränna (1652)
• Gävle (1300)
• Göteborg (1619)
• Hagfors (1950)
• Halmstad (1200)
• Haparanda (1848)
• Hedemora (1400)
• Helsingborg (1085)
• Hjo (1400)
• Huskvarna (1911)
• Hudiksvall (1582)
• Härnösand (1585)
• Hässleholm (1914)
• Höganäs (1936)
• Jönköping (1284)
• Kalmar (1100)
• Karlshamn (1664)
• Karlskoga (1940)
• Karlskrona (1680)
• Karlstad (1584)
• Katrineholm (1917)
• Kiruna (1944)
• Kramfors (1947)
• Kristinehamn (1642)
• Kristianstad (1622)
• Kumla (1942)
• Kungsbacka (1400)
• Kungälv (1100)
• Köping (1474)
• Laholm (1200)
• Landskrona (1413)
• Lidingö (1926)
• Lidköping (1446)
• Lindesberg (1643)
• Linköping (1287)
• Ljungby (1936)
• Ludvika (1919)
• Luleå (1621)
• Lund (990)
• Lycksele (1946)
• Lysekil (1903)
• Malmö (1250)
• Mariefred (1605)
• Mariestad (1583)
• Marstrand (1200)
• Mjölby (1922)
• Motala (1881)
• Mölndal (1922)
• Nacka (1949)
• Nora (1643)
• Norrköping (1384)
• Norrtälje (1622)
• Nybro (1932)
• Nyköping (1187)
• Nynäshamn (1946)
• Nässjö (1914)
• Oskarshamn (1856)
• Oxelösund (1950)
• Piteå (1621)
• Ronneby (1387)
• Sandviken (1943)
• Sala (1624)
• Sigtuna (990)
• Simrishamn (1300)
• Skanör (1200)
• Skara (988)
• Skellefteå (1845)
• Skänninge (1200)
• Skövde (1400)
• Sollefteå (1917)
• Solna (1943)
• Stockholm (1250)
• Strängnäs (1336)
• Strömstad (1672)
• Sundbyberg (1927)
• Sundsvall (1624)
• Säffle (1951)
• Säter (1642)
• Sävsjö (1947)
• Söderhamn (1620)
• Söderköping (1200)
• Södertälje (1000)
• Sölvesborg (1445)
• Tidaholm (1910)
• Torshälla (1317)
• Tranås (1919)
• Trelleborg (1200)
• Trollhättan (1916)
• Trosa (1300)
• Uddevalla (1498)
• Ulricehamn (1400)
• Umeå (1622)
• Uppsala (1286)
• Vadstena (1400)
• Varberg (1100)
• Vaxholm (1652)
• Vetlanda (1920)
• Vimmerby (1400)
• Visby (1000)
• Vänersborg (1644)
• Värnamo (1920)
• Västervik (1200)
• Västerås (990)
• Växjö (1342)
• Ystad (1200)
• Åmål (1643)
• Ängelholm (1516)
• Örebro (1200)
• Öregrund (1491)
• Örnsköldsvik (1893)
• Östersund (1786)
• Östhammar (1300)

See also

• List of Swedish municipalities
• List of Swedish counties

• List of towns in Sweden
• List of cities in Finland
• List of cities

External link

Map

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of cities in Sweden."

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List of city listings by country

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This is the list of city listings by country:

Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chechnya Chile China Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France

Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue North Korea Norway

Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Republic of the Congo Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia and Montenegro Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe

See also

• List of metropolitan areas by population
• List of national capitals
• List of capitals of subnational entities
• List of towns

Web Links

• Place Names of Europe

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of city listings by country."

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Urban secession

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Urban secession is a city's secession from its surrounding region, to form a new political unit (usually a state or district or province of the same country as its surroundings, but not always). It is the extreme form of urban autonomy, which can be expressed in less formal terms or with ordinary legislation such as a City Charter.

Urban autonomy has a long history back to the prehistoric urbanization and the original Mediterranean city-states of classical times, e.g. Ancient Athens, Ancient Rome. In medieval times such measures as the Magdeburg rights established special status for cities and their residents in commercial relations. In general it receded as European cities were incorporated in nation-states especially in the 17th century to 20th century, eventually losing many special rights.

Examples of formally or effectively seceded urban regions include Singapore, Hong Kong before 1997, Washington DC (set up initially as separate from any state), and to a degree the power wielded by the Greater London Council in the UK before its abolition by Margaret Thatcher. In Germany there are three city-states, and in France Paris is its own département. North America is an exception in that only national capitals have this status, and that typically due to acts of fiat by their federal governments. Some cities, e.g. New York City, have some powers normally associated with states, e.g. to levy income tax. The "region" or "greater metropolitan area" of some cities has legal standing in some states or countries. In the United States, so do cities proper. Most cities in the US are part of a county; there are exceptions, cities that are not part of any country, including Denver, Baltimore and all cities in Virginia. In Canada, cities are entirely ruled by provinces.

Not surprisingly the theory of urban secession is especially well developed in Canada, due to both cities' very limited powers, and the example of some Northeast U.S. cities rendered powerless by state or suburban initiatives, e.g. Detroit, Philadelphia, New York City, in the 1960s, and the resulting poverty and distress of the downtown cores. Toronto and Montreal avoided this fate at that time, but in the 1990s began to experience many of the same problems, at about the same population as Detroit or Philadelphia at the time of their decline. Secession is of course only one of many possible solutions, but one that is considered politically useful in Canada due to the constant threat of Quebec secession from Canada.

However, urban secession movements, e.g. the Province of Toronto are more than bargaining tactics. There is a robust theory of why a city should be at least partially independent of surrounding regions, going back to Classical Rome, 17th-century London, 18th-century Amsterdam and other centers of commercial activity. Comparisons focused on the modern nation-state and its relationships to the more traditional feudal city-state government.

Modern theorists of local civic economies, including Robert J. Oakerson and Jane Jacobs, argue that cities reflect a clash of values, especially of tolerances versus preferences, with views of the city varying from a pure community to that of a pure marketplace. Suburbanites have a strong tendency to view the city as a marketplace since they do not participate in its street life voluntarily, nor do they consider the city to be a safe and comfortable place to live in. By contrast, those who choose downtown living tend to see it as more of a community, but must pay careful attention to their tolerances (for smog, noise pollution, crime, taxation and etc.). Ethics and thus politics of these interest groups vastly differ.

Secession (the setup of entirely new legislative and executive entities) is advocated by certain urban theorists, notably Jane Jacobs, as the only way to deal politically with these vast differences in culture between modern cities and even their nearest suburbs and essential watersheds. As she says: "Cities that wish to thrive in the next century must separate politically from their surrounding regions." She rejects the lesser "Charter" and less formal solutions, arguing the full structure of real regional government is necessary, and applied to the urban area alone. In particular she rejects the idea that suburban regions should have any say over the rules in the city: they have left it, and aren't part of it. Jacobs herself lives in an urban neighborhood (The Annex, Toronto) which would have been obliterated in the 1970s by a highway project to serve the suburbs, the Spadina Expressway, had she and her allies not stopped it. Jacobs likewise stopped the development of the Cross-Manhattan Expressway in the 1960s, opposing Robert Moses. These freeways are examples of the clash of urban community versus suburban market interests. In these two cases, 'community' won, but the deciding factor in both was most likely Jacobs herself.

Advocates of highway development and suburban participation in urban government theorize that cities which protect themselves from the suburbs, forcing them to become self-sufficient small towns, cutting off the freeways, forcing commuterss into subways, etc., are committing suicide by forcing business out into the suburbs. Advocates respond that cities depend more on their quality of life to attract migrants and professionals, and that telecommuting makes it possible for workers in the city to live anywhere, coming into town less frequently, without the rush.

See also: secession, urban autonomy, urban issues, city-state

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Urban secession."

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Urbanization

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Urbanization is the degree of or increase in urban character or nature. It may refer to a geographical area combining urban and rural parts, or to the transformation of an individual locality from less to more urban.

The term can describe a condition at a specific time, namely the proportion of total population or area in urban localities or areas (cities and towns), or the increase of this proportion over time. It can thus represent a level of urban relative to total population or area, or the rate at which the urban proportion is increasing. Both can be expressed in percentage terms, the rate of change as a percentage per year, decade or period between censuses or estimates.

For instance, the United States or United Kingdom have a far higher urbanization level than China, India or Nigeria, but a far slower annual urbanization rate, since far fewer of the population are rural dwellers in the process of moving to town.

The rate of urbanization over time is distinct from the rate of urban growth, which is the rate at which the urban population or area increases in a given period relative to its own size at the start of that period. The urbanization rate represents the increase in the proportion urban over the period.

In terms of a geographical place, urbanization means increased spatial scale and/or density of settlement and/or business and other activities in the area over time. The process could occur either as natural expansion of the existing population (usually not a major factor since urban reproduction tends to be lower than rural), the transformation of peripheral population from rural to urban, incoming migration, or a combination of these.

In either case, urbanization has profound effects on the ecology of a region and on its economy. Urban sociology also observes that people's psychology and lifestyles change in an urban environment.

The increase in spatial scale is often called "urban sprawl". It is frequently used as a derogatory term by opponents of large-scale urban peripheral expansion especially for low-density urban development on or beyond the city fringe. Sprawl is considered unsightly and undesirable by those critics, who point also to diseconomies in travel time and service provision and the danger of social polarisation through suburbanites' remoteness from inner-city problems.

Economic effects

The most striking immediate change accompanying urbanisation is the rapid change in the prevailing character of local livelihoods as agriculture or more traditional local services and small-scale industry give way to modern industry and urban and related commerce, with the city drawing on the resources of an ever-widening area for its own sustenance and goods to be traded or processed into manufactures.

Research in urban ecology finds that larger cities provide more specialized goods and services to the local market and surrounding areas, function as a transportation and wholesale hub for smaller places, and accumulate more capital, financial service provision, and an educated labor force, as well as often concentrating administrative functions for the area in which they lie. This relation among places of different sizes is called the urban hierarchy.

As cities develop, effects can include a dramatic increase in rents, often pricing the local working class out of the market, including such functionaries as employees of the local municipalities. Supermarkets and schools sometimes relocate or close down owing to the same financial pressure. Dramatic increases in land values also encourage further development, and may bring an increased tax revenue for local government.

In order to mitigate the problems of city growth, certain policies such as zoning or growth control or creation of an urban growth boundary are put in place, although the eventual effect of those policies sometimes turn out to be inflated land and housing prices due to a restricted supply.

In Canada, the cost of construction of new highways (and often other forms of infrastructure such as water mains and sewage treatment plants), which facilitates urban sprawl, is covered by the provincial governments. The benefits of new land being opened up for development are paid for by all taxpayers in the province rather than the owners of the new homes. This hidden subsidy makes the cost of urban sprawl seem lower than it actually is.

Ecological effects

A major issue facing large cities is the disposal of the ever-growing volume of waste which accompanies increased affluence and reliance on purchased goods. Apart from the unsightliness of disposal sites, harmful synthetic materials in packaging, household appliances or machinery may threaten neighboring rural areas or water sources. Though municipal authorities are trying to address the problem, its rapid growth threatens to outstrip the resources of developing countries.

Urbanization can increase the potential for wildland fires as planting and irrigation of landscaping trees and plants occur over the years. The devastating East Bay Hills firestorm in Oakland, California and Berkeley, California in 1991 was one instance where lush vegetation in a suburban neighborhood in the wildland/urban intermix resulted in a serious fire.

Urbanization, especially in the western United States, often brings people into contact with wildlife such as deer (often hunting is not permitted in settled areas, and deer become quite tame), and mountain lions, a natural predator of deer (and pets such as dogs and cats). As the lions become at home in the urban setting they sometimes turn to people too as a source of food. (See, for example, "Deer Draw Cougars Ever Eastward" by Blaine Harden, New York Times, Nov. 12, 2002 [1]). This type of event is as yet rare, but as the estimated 30,000 puma in the western United States gradually expand their range to the eastern United States, it is a source of concern.

Increases in the size of urban areas can have significant impacts on local airsheds and watersheds.

With urban areas sprawling outward from the city core, where the majority of economic activity often occurs, people need to travel greater distances to offices and markets in the core: conversely, people in inner-city areas need to travel further to escape the city. In North America the travel mode most often used is the car, which can pollute the air with emissions and can pollute waterways with auto fluids, grime, rubber and metal, and road salts.

Often new urban areas are built in areas where the natural water cycle once occurred, such as forests, meadows or wetlands. This can harm the recharging of the groundwater table, and can affect local bodies of water. The natural water cycle is disrupted, and often, new pollutants such as pesticides can create problems for the ecology of an area.

Conversely, while urban air is often more polluted than suburban or rural air, concentrating a population in a relatively small area can reduce the average amount of travel, and thus reduce transport-related pollution. Similarly, city-dwellers occupy less space per household than suburbanites, and use less fresh water, fertilizer, and herbicides (because they have smaller lawns and gardens, if any).

Psychological effects and urban lifestyle

In the field of urban sociology, the effects of urbanization on mentality and life style has been a subject of research and debate. The agreement hardly exists, though the differing views are closely related to one another. Following are the three major views.

Georg Simmel (1971), one of the pioneers in German sociology and urban sociology , suggests that the increased concentration and diversity of people and ongoing activities in city put urbanites under stress (a cognitive overload). This is considered the major cause of urban mentality - detachment from others, self-centeredness, and rational calculating mind.

This understanding of urban life and urbanites is closely related to the understanding of modern society by Ferdinand Tonnies (1988) and Max Weber, two of Simmel's close contemporaries. Louis Wirth, a member of Chicago school, followed Simmel and wrote probably the most frequently-cited paper on urbanism "Urbanism as a way of life," in 1938. His writing on the effects of urbanism on mentality and lifestyle remains illustrative, compared to the definition of urbanism, but among those suggested are relaxed moral restrains, increased participation in formal organization pursuing limited goals (as opposed to belonging to a community), increased role of mediated communication. Both are more or less in line with social atomism, the view that modern society disintegrates communities into a soup of individuals.

The major counter-argument is found in Herbert Gans's work Urban Villagers, an ethnographical study on how urbanites' lives are enclaved by local ethnic community, taking the case of Italian-American community in Boston.

Another well-known view is the subcultural theory of urbanism of Claude Fischer (1975, 1976). He asserts that many different subcultural groups are formed in urban areas, and residents tend to choose a limited number of them to participate, as opposed to freely floating one from another. Some of those groups are quite informal and residents may be strongly engaged, having a similar experience to the close relationship found in community.

Changing form of urbanization

There are different form of urbanization, or concentration of human activities, settlements, and social infrastructures observed. Some suggests the dominant form of urbanization have been changing over time.

Traditional urbanization exhibits a mono-centric concentration of human activities and settlements around the downtown area. When the residential area shifts outward, this is called suburbanization. A number of researchers and writers suggest that suburbanization has gone so far to form new points of concentration outside the downtown. This networked, poly-centric form of concentration is considered by some an emerging pattern of urbanization. It is called variously as exurbia, edge city (Garreau, 1991), network city (Batten, 1995), or postmodern city (Dear, 2000). Los Angeles is the best-known example of this type of urbanization.

Examples

Urbanization has in the United States affected the Rocky Mountains in locations such as Jackson Hole, Wyoming, Telluride, Colorado, Taos, New Mexico, Douglas County, Colorado and Aspen, Colorado. The lake district of northern Minnesota has also been affected as has Vermont, the coast of Florida, and the barrier islands of North Carolina.

In the United Kingdom, two major examples of new urbanization can be seen in Swindon, Wiltshire and Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. These two towns show some of the fastest growth rates in Europe.

External links

• FEMA report on the East Bay Hills Fire

• Sierra Club Report "Sprawl Hurts Us All"

References

Batten, D. F. (1995). Network cities: creative urban agglomerations for the 21st century. Urban Studies, 32, 361-378.

Dear, Michael J. (2000). Postmodern urban condition. Oxford: Blackwell.

Fischer, C. S. (1975). Toward a subcultural theory of urbanism. American Journal of Sociology 80, 1319-1341.

Fischer, Claude (1976). The urban experience. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Gans, Harbert J. (1962). The Urban Villagers: Group and class in the life of Italian-Americans. New York: MacMillan.

Garreau, J. (1991). Edge city: Life on the new frontier. New York: Anchor Books.

Simmel, Georg. (1903 trans. 1971). Metropolis and mental life. in On Individuality and social forms ed. by Donald Levine. trans. by Edward Shills. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Tonnies, Ferdinand (1887 trans. 1988). Community & society, with an introduction by John Samples. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books.

Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a way of life. American Journal of Sociology, 44, 3-24.

Related terms

gentrification, growth management, zoning, land use, urban sprawl, modernity, urban hierarchy

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Urbanization."

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Synonyms within Context: CITIES

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Image Slideshow: CITIES

Photos: CITIES More pictures...

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Photo Album: CITIES

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Air pollution is a problem in many of the world's large cities. Credit: CDC.		View of Istanbul, Turkey From Bosphorus. Air pollution is a problem in many large cities. Credit: CDC.
	Lieutenant Cynthia McFee checking the distances to major cities Mileage indicator at the South Pole Lieutenant McFee was the third woman to winter over at the South Pole. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.		On the heights of the crater of Sete Cidades (Portuguese for "Seven Cities" referring to curious rock formations on the peak) . Left to right: L. Tinayre; A. Ranc; Rafael de Buen; Dr. Louet; Cogumbreiro; J. Richard. H. Bouree is in the background photographing the wonders of the crater. Plate IV, print 24. In: "Results of the Scientific Campaigns of the Prince of Monaco." Vol. 89. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.
	Ornamental Plaster and cast-iron details. Measured drawing delineated by Harry Weir and A.H. Town, February 1934. (Reproduction Number: HABS, MS-17-6, sheet 7 of 7) Completed in 1840, D'Evereux is an excellent example of the Greek Revival style, an architectural style popular throughout the United States, and especially in the South, before the Civil War. The style is loosely based on the architecture of ancient Greece. The builders of D'Evereux applied Greek and Roman architectural motifs to everything from the ironwork of the servants' quarters to the woodwork and the ceilings of the main house. Many of the architectural ornaments, such as the ones shown here, were inspired by ancient urns, buildings, and other artifacts found at the ancient Roman cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii. Credit: Library of Congress.		In the cities we call this "refuse," in the countryside we call it "litter," and, in general, we call it "solid pollution." / WHO p. Credit: National Library of Medicine; photo by J. Mohr..
	Spanish Civil War: 1,000,000 dead, $20,000,000,000 lost, 32 months of terror, ruined cities, wrecked homes, bombed factories, lost treasures, farms injured / Willard Combes. Credit: Library of Congress.		A tale of two cities. Credit: Library of Congress.
	Curious column and Ching-men (Great Bright) Gate between gates of Imperial and Forbidden cities, Peking, China. Credit: Library of Congress.		Composite of six photos of people making food purchases at shops in six Russian cities, including Moscow and Kiev. Credit: Library of Congress.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: CITIES
 

"Urban" by Premtim Hajdari Commentary: "Compositespace of past cities by premtim size: 640*480."	"Believe" by Christie Ortiz Commentary: "A bumper sticker that reads "Believe" which is the cities new slogan concerning the mayor & the police's efforts to clean up drugs in the inner city."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Usage Frequency: CITIES

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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