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Definition: Bosnia |
BosniaNoun1. A mountainous republic of south-central Europe; formerly part of the Ottoman Empire and Yugoslavia; voted for independence in 1992 but the mostly Serbian army of Yugoslavia refused to accept the vote and began `ethnic cleansing' to rid Bosnia of Croats and Muslims. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
"Bosnia" is a common misspelling or typo for: bonsai. |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country in the Balkan peninsula, formerly part of Yugoslavia.
Bosna i Hercegovina
Official languages Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian Capital Sarajevo President Dragan Čović Area
- Total
- % waterRanked 124th
51,129 km²
NegligiblePopulation
- Total (2002)
- DensityRanked 119th
3,922,205
78/km²Independence April 5, 1992 Airline1 Air Srpska Currency Convertible Mark Time zone UTC +1 National anthem Intermeco Internet TLD .BA Calling Code 387
History
Main article: History of Bosnia and HerzegovinaFor the first centuries of the Christian era, Bosnia was part of the Roman Empire. After the fall of Rome, Bosnia was contested by Byzantium and Rome's successors in the West. Slavs settled the region in the 7th century, and the kingdoms of Serbia and Croatia split control of Bosnia in the 9th century. The 11th and 12th centuries saw the rule of the region by the kingdom of Hungary. The medieval kingdom of Bosnia gained its independence around 1200 A.D. Bosnia remained independent up until 1463, when Ottoman Turks conquered the region.
During Ottoman rule, many Bosnians dropped their ties to Christianity in favor of Islam. Bosnia was under Ottoman rule until 1878, when it was given to Austria-Hungary as a colony. While those living in Bosnia enjoyed the benefits of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, South Slavs in Serbia and elsewhere were calling for a South Slav state; World War I began when Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinated the Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo. Following the Great War, Bosnia became part of the South Slav state of Yugoslavia, only to be given to Nazi-puppet Croatia in World War II. The Cold War saw the establishment of the Communist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia under Tito, and the reestablishment of Bosnia as a republic within its medieval borders.
The Bosnian declaration of sovereignty in October of 1991, was followed by a referendum for independence from Yugoslavia in February of 1992. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas." In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On November 21, 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties signed a peace agreement that brought to a halt the three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on December 14, 1995). The Dayton Agreement divides Bosnia and Herzegovina roughly equally between the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb Republika Srpska.
Politics
Main article: Politics of Bosnia and HerzegovinaThe Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina rotates among three members (Bosniak, Serb, Croat), each elected for a 4-year term. The three members of the Presidency are elected directly by the people (Federation votes for the Bosniak/Croat, Republika Srpska for the Serb). The Chair of the Council of Ministers is nominated by the Presidency and approved by the House of Representatives. He is then responsible for appointing a Foreign Minister, Minister of Foreign Trade, and others as appropriate.
The Parliamentary Assembly is the lawmaking body in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It consists of two houses: the House of Peoples and the House of Representatives. The House of Peoples includes 15 delegates, two-thirds of which come from the Federation (5 Croat and 5 Bosniaks) and one-third from the Republika Srpska (5 Serbs). The House of Representatives is comprised of 42 Members, two-thirds elected from the Federation and one-third elected from the Republika Srpska.
The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the supreme, final arbiter of legal matters. It is composed of nine members: four members are selected by the House of Representatives of the Federation, two by the Assembly of the Republika Srpska, and three by the President of the European Court of Human Rights after consultation with the Presidency.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Political divisions
Main article: Political divisions of Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina is divided into the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska. The district of Brčko is not part of either entity. The Federation is further divided into 10 cantons:
- Una-Sana
- Posavina
- Tuzla
- Zenica-Doboj
- Bosnian Podrinje
- Central Bosnia
- Herzegovina-Neretva
- West Herzegovina
- Sarajevo
- West Bosnia
Geography
Main article: Geography of Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia is located in the Western Balkans, bordering Serbia and Montenegro to the east and Croatia to the north and south-west. The port city of Neum in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton is the only link to the sea.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Bosnia and HerzegovinaNext to Republic of Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina was the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav Federation. For the most part, agriculture has been in private hands, but farms have been small and inefficient, and food has traditionally been a net import for the republic. The centrally planned economy has resulted in some legacies in the economy. Industry is greatly overstaffed, reflecting the rigidity of the planned economy. Under Josip Broz Tito, military industries were pushed in the republic; Bosnia hosted a large share of Yugoslavia's defense plants. Three years of interethnic strife destroyed the economy and infrastructure in Bosnia, causing unemployment to soar and production to plummet by 80%, as well as causing the death of anywhere between 60 and 200 thousand people and displacing half of the population. With an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996-98 at high percentage rates on a low base; but output growth slowed appreciably in 1999, and GDP remains far below the 1990 level.
Holidays Date English Name Local Name Remarks November 25 National Day
Miscellaneous topics
- Communications of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Transportation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Military of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina
External links
Former 6 republics and 2 autonomous provinces of Yugoslavia:
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosna i Hercegovina | Croatia Hrvatska | Montenegro Crna gora | Macedonia Makedonija | Serbia Srbija (Kosovo, Vojvodina) | Slovenia Slovenija
Countries of the world | Europe | Council of Europe Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Bosnia and Herzegovina."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
This is the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. See also the history of Yugoslavia, history of Europe, and history of present-day nations and states.In ancient times Bosnia was part of the Roman Province of Illyria. In year 10, Illyria was divided and northern parts of today's Bosnia became part of the new province Pannonia, while the southern parts of today's Bosnia and the whole of Herzegovina became part of Dalmatia. Both of the provinces were later included in the Western Roman Empire (following events from the years 337 and 395 when the Empire split).
The Romans lost control of Dalmatia in 455 to the Ostrogoths, and the area became inhabited by Slavs in the 7th century.
Excerpt of charter of Ban Stefan II to Dubrovnik from 1333.
(From slike/1333.GIF at [1]; Franz Miklosich, Monumenta Serbica, Vienna 1858, p. 105-109)English translation:
да имамо и дрьжимо до конца свиета непомачно. и за то
ставлю я (господинь) бань Стефань свою златѹ печать, да
ѥ веровано, сваки да знаѥеть и види истинѹ. а томѹи сѹ .д̄.
повелле..а.. двие латинсци а дви срьпсцие, а све сѹ печа-
тене златиеми печати: двие ста повелле ѹ господина бана
Стефана а двие повелле ѹ Дѹбровници. а то ѥ писано подьOf 60 words in the excerpt:
to have and hold to the end of the world moveless. And for that
have put I (lord) ban Stefan my golden seal, to
be believed, everyone to know and see the truth. And to that are IV
charters..a.. two Latin and two Serbian, and all are sea-
led with golden seals: two are charters in lord ban
Stefan and two charters in Dubrovnik. And that is written under
There is not a single word in this excerpt that is not understandable by any Serbian language speaker of today. Notice that the same pretty much goes for speakers of any of the other two official languages, Bosnian and Croatian.
- 29 (48.3%) are completely the same in contemporary Serbian
- 15 (25%) differ only in slightly changed sound of a letter (usually through iotation, or loss or it, or by transfer of "ou" to "u")
- 8 (13.3%) differ in one phonem
- 8 (13.3%) differ more but are fully recognisable.
By the mid-14th century, Bosnia reached a peak under ban Tvrtko Kotromanić who came into power in 1353. Tvrtko made Bosnia an independent state and is thought (by some historians) to have been initially crowned in Mili near today's Sarajevo. He went on to claim not only Bosnia, but the surrounding lands as well:
Stephanus Tvrtko I's full title listed subject peoples and geographical dependencies, following the Byzantine norm. At the peak of his power, he was King of Serbs and Croats, Bosnia, Hum, Usora, Soli, Dalmatia, Donji Kraji etc.
- in 1377 he was crowned King of the Serbs and Bosnia in Mileševo Orthodox monastery (in Raška), and used the middle name Stephanus/Stefan to express his royal descendance from the Nemanjić dynasty.
- by 1390, Tvrtko I expanded his empire to onto Croatia and Dalmatia, and added the title of King of Croats.
After the death of Tvrtko I, the power of the Bosnian state slowly faded away. Finally, under the king Stjepan Tomašević Bosnia "fell with a whisper" (šaptom pala) in 1463 and became the westernmost province of the Ottoman Empire.
During most of the Middle Ages, Herzegovina was known as Hum (Zahumlje), which passed from Bosnian, to Zetan rule before coming under the Nemanjić Rascian rule. In 1435/1448, it asserted its independence under a Duke (Herceg) Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, and adopted the name "Hercegovina". The state fell to the Turks in 1482.
Ottoman era
The arrival of the Ottoman Turks marked a new era in Bosnian history. The Turks created the pašaluk of Bosnia and the sandŽak of Herzegovina. The Turks introduced a "spahi" system which revamped and probably set back the development of agriculture.
All of the Krstjani believers eventually converted to either Orthodoxy, Catholicism or Islam. There are conflicting claims on the exact ratios or whether or how much of it was voluntary or not.
During the Ottoman period, many Christian children were forcibly separated from their families and raised to be members of the Yeni Çeri (new troops) and became Muslims. This practice was known as the devşirme or blood tax.
The Turkish incursion also caused a large migration of Orthodox Serbs from Herzegovina into parts of Bosnia. The influx of immigrants from the Belgrade pašaluk (and from Wallachia) also increased.
The Turks often waged wars against the Habsburgs which made the country even poorer and caused mass depopulation and migrations. In 1875, a rebellion broke out in Herzegovina and spread to Bosnia and Bulgaria, which started a series of events that would mark the beginning of the end of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans.
With the Treaty of Berlin of 1878, Austria-Hungary took control of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878. The Orthodox Serbs and Muslims united to try and prevent the entry of Austrian troops. The last traces of rebellion were squashed by 1882. The Austrian troops, on the other hand, were welcomed by the Catholics who would thrive under the Austrian occupation.
19th and 20th century
Nationalistic movements in this region started in the 19th century. The Orthodox Serbs were the most nationally organized. The Catholics sided mostly with the Croats from neighbouring Austro-Hungarian province of Croatia-Slavonia. The Bosnian Muslims were ethnically claimed by both Croats and Serbs and although some did opt for Serbdom (Osman Đikić, Šukrija Kurtović) or Croatdom, most were undecided and still clung to the memory of the Ottoman golden age, preferring the designation of Turks.
World War I began after the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo. The Serb nationalist organization Mlada Bosna organized the attack, and of all the conspirators, Gavrilo Princip had the most success.
Following the Great War, Bosnia became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. It was given to Nazi-puppet Croatia in World War II. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a republic of Yugoslavia in 1945, when the country was re-organized as a communist federal state under Josip Broz Tito.
Yugoslavia's unraveling was hastened by the rise of nationalism: Bosniaks led by Alija Izetbegović, Serbs led by Slobodan Milošević and Croats led by Franjo Tuđman. Bosnia and Herzegovina was the only Yugoslav Republic where there was no majority of a single ethnicity, and its capital Sarajevo was the prime example of inter-ethnic mixing and tolerance. But in the 1990s fate had twisted and Bosnia became a particularly problematic area.
In 1990, Slovenia declared independence which caused a short conflict with the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) which tried to prevent secession. Later that year, Croatia did the same and JNA responded the same way, but with the Serb majority in Krajina separating from Croatia. Bosnia was ethnically heterogenous and there could not be a remotely clear delimitation between the areas that wanted to secede and those that did not. The Constitution of Bosnia-Herzegovina provided for three constitutional nations: the Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks, so no major constitutional changes were to be granted short of a unanimous agreement from all three sides. This was pretty much a guarantee that the warfare would be very bloody.
On February 29th and March 1st 1992, the Bosnian government held a referendum on independence. The Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks mostly voted on the referendum while the Bosnian Serbs mostly boycotted it, because of its unconstitutionality as the Serb delegates in parliament did not approve it.
Being in the middle of a wider conflict, the situation in Bosnia quickly escalated. The first casualty in Bosnia was Nikola Gardović, a groom's father who was killed at a Serb wedding procession on the first day of the referendum, on February 29, 1992 in Sarajevo's old town Baščaršija. A Serb Orthodox priest was also wounded in the attack.
With 99% voting for the independence out of 66% of the eligible voters, the Bosniak and Croat representatives in Bosnia's parliament declared the republic's independence on April 5, 1992. The Serb delegates, having previously left over the violation of the Constitution, declared their own state Republika Srpska on midnight between April 6th and April 7th.
Most European countries and the U.S. recognized the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina by April 7th, and the country was admitted to the United Nations on May 22nd.
The war between the three constitutive nations turned out to be probably the most chaotic and bloody war in Europe since World War II. Numerous cease-fire agreements were signed, only to be broken again when one of the sides felt it was to their advantage. Initially it was Bosniaks and Croats together against the Serbs on the other side. The Serbs had the upper hand due to heavier weaponry (despite less manpower) and established control over most of the Serb-populated rural and urban regions excluding the larger towns of Sarajevo and Mostar. Most of the capital Sarajevo was held by the Bosniaks and in order to prevent the Bosniak army from being deployed out of the town, the Bosnian Serb Army surrounded it, deploying troops and artillery in the surrounding hills, and often bombarded the Bosniak army in the city. The Serbs held on to a few Sarajevo suburbs (Grbavica and parts of Dobrinja) who were also shelled by the Bosniak forces as well. The civilian death count in Sarajevo would pass 11,000 by the end of the war.
To make matters even worse, in 1993 the Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks began fighting over the 30 percent of Bosnia they held. This caused the creation of even more ethnic enclaves and even further bloodshed.
The third incarnation of the war in the former Yugoslavia prompted the United Nations to establish the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The Hague on May 25, 1993. The warring parties committed war crimes, committed ethnic cleansing, formed internment camps often compared to concentration camps etc, so the UN repeatedly attempted to stop the war, but wasn't particularly successful.
Eventually even NATO got involved when its jets shot down four Serb aircraft over central Bosnia on February 8th 1994; this was the alliance's first use of force since it was founded in 1949. The so-called Vance-Owen peace plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina was announced on Febrary 9, 1994 and in March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats in Bosnia signed the peace agreement, creating the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This narrowed the field of warring parties down to two.
A particularly incident happened in July 1995, when, reportedly in retaliation to previous incursions by Naser Orić's troops, Serb troops under general Ratko Mladić occupied the UN "safe area" of Srebrenica in eastern Bosnia, after which around 7,000 Bosniak males went missing.
The war continued through most of 1995, and with Croatia taking over the Serb Krajina in early August, the Bosniak-Croat alliance gained the initiative in the war, taking much of western Bosnia from the Serbs. At that point, the international community pressured Milošević, Tuđman and Izetbegović to the negotiation table and finally the war ended with the Dayton Peace Agreement signed on November 21, 1995 (the final version was signed December 14, 1995 in Paris).
In the end, the war caused an estimated 278,000 dead and missing persons and another 1,325,000 refugees and exiles from Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
after Dayton AgreementThe Dayton Agreement divides Bosnia and Herzegovina roughly equally between the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb Republika Srpska, based mostly on their wartime borders.
In 1995-1996, a NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops served in Bosnia to implement and monitor the military aspects of the agreement. IFOR was succeeded by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) whose mission was to deter renewed hostilities.
The United Nations' International Police Task Force in Bosnia was replaced at the end of 2002 by the European Union Police Mission, the first such police training and monitoring taskforce from the European Union.
Throughout this conflict the international community, especially the United Nations, have made fatal errors in evaluating the whole situation. This is a point of contention -- opinions range from those that say they should have intervened earlier and stopped the bloodshed, to whether they should have intervened at all.
External links
General history:
War and post-war history:
- Rulers of Bosnia
- Religion and culture inside Bosnia
- Newer Archeological findings
- Medieval Bosnia: a reassessment
- Ethnic Structure of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 20th century
- XVI-XIX Century Serb Orthodox Icons of Bosnia
- Land "reform" in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1918.
- Open Book: Preserving Cultural Heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Brief history of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- General sources for the study of Bosnian Civilization
- A Brief History of Bosnia-Herzegovina by Andras Riedlmayer, Harvard University
- Evil of the great spleen: ethnopsychology in service of ideology
- History of B&H: A Chronology
- Religion and the Civil War in Bosnia 1992-5
- Sobaka Bosnia articles
- Analysis of Media Coverage of the Bosnian Conflict
- Srebrenica. A 'safe' area
- Origins and Causes of the Bosnian Civil War 1992-5
- Myths about Croatian role in Bosnian war
- Markale Massacres
- TIME Daily short timeline of Bosnian conflict
- OHR ethnic maps of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Washington Post: An overview of war
- Bosnia HomePage at Caltech
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "History of Bosnia and Herzegovina."
Synonyms: BosniaSynonyms: Bosna i Hercegovina (n), Bosnia and Herzegovina (n), Bosnia-Herzegovina (n), Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (n). (additional references) |
Crosswords: Bosnia |
| English words defined with "Bosnia": Bosna i Hercegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bosnian ♦ lie ♦ Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, rest ♦ Sarajevo. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "Bosnia": Bosnian convertible mark ♦ Office of the High Representative. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Now it's turning into a bad day in Bosnia. (Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels; writing credit: Guy Ritchie) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Through the Eyes of Children: War in Bosnia (1997) While America Watched: The Bosnia Tragedy (1994) A View of Bosnia (1993) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
| ||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | KC-135s provide fuel over northern Bosnia. |  | C-130 Hercules continues vital role in Bosnia. |
 | Natives in market place, Sarajevo, Bosnia, Austria-Hungary. Credit: Library of Congress. | ||
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Apache" by Jelle W Commentary: "This is an American Army AH-64 Apache landing in Bosnia on a dutch militairy base. The original size is 1280 X 960. As goes for all pics bad Internet connection don't have to much patience, sorry. Mail me if you use it." | "Sunbathing" by Igor Beres Commentary: "This girl was enjoying first April sun on the remains of the bridge between Croatia and Bosnia …." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | At year's end, an estimated 100,000 refugees had returned to Bosnia voluntarily, and approximately 900 more had been deported by state authorities. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Yugoslavia | The conflicts that have occurred in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo led to widespread displacement of persons. (references) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | During the year, approximately 1,000 refugees from the Kosovo conflict continued to reside in refugee camps in Bosnia. (references) | |
Yugoslavia | The Government also signed a bilateral agreement with Bosnia and Herzegovina that permits Bosnian citizens to have dual nationality. (references) | |
Economic History | Croatia | Ploce was originally constructed to service Bosnia & Herzegovina. (references) |
Portugal | Portugal later contributed 320 troops to SFOR, the follow-up Bosnia operation. (references) | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | For the first centuries of the Christian era, Bosnia was part of the Roman Empire. (references) | |
Human Rights | Yugoslavia | Montenegrin authorities had refused to extradite Vlahovic to Bosnia, but had agreed to try him in Montenegro. (references) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Yugoslav authorities also arrested and transferred several other indictees for war crimes committed in Bosnia. (references) | |
Croatia | In March the Supreme Court ordered two Bosnian Croat suspects freed in the investigation of the 1993 Ahmici massacre in central Bosnia. (references) | |
Minorities | Bosnia and Herzegovina | On January 16, in Srebrenica in eastern Bosnia, an explosion destroyed the car of a Bosniak returnee, damaging a nearby vehicle and shattering several windows. (references) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Hard-line Bosnian Croats continued to discourage some Croat returns to central Bosnia and actively have recruited displaced Croats to resettle in Herzegovina; however this intimidation has decreased. (references) | |
Slovenia | Many of these 5,000 to 10,000 non-Slovene citizens of the former Yugoslavia (mainly Bosnia, Serbia, and Kosovo) migrated internally to Slovenia during the decades leading to independence because of economic opportunities; many of them are Roma. (references) | |
Political Economy | Croatia | Croatia has duly supported the policies and activities of the international community in Bosnia and Hercegovina. (references) |
Finland | Finland's participation in NATO-led peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Kosovo demonstrated Finnish commitment to PfP. (references) | |
Pakistan | Pakistan has worked effectively to promote and support peacekeeping operations in Somalia, Bosnia, Haiti, East Timor, Sierra Leone and Congo. (references) | |
Trade | Turkey | SECI member states include Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Romania, Slovenia and Turkey. (references) |
Croatia | SEEF makes direct equity and equity-related investments in attractive privately owned or privately managed companies operating in nine countries and territories in the region (Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Slovenia and Turkey). (references) | |
Worker Rights | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Trafficked women often were sold several times between different bar owners after arriving in Bosnia. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | With American leadership, the killing has stopped in Bosnia. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Bosnia" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 99.49% of the time. "Bosnia" is used about 788 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (proper) | 99.49% | 784 | 8,824 |
| Noun (singular) | 0.51% | 4 | 175,879 |
| Total | 100.00% | 788 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "Bosnia": Bosnia And Herzegovina ♦ Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ♦ the southern part of the gulf of bosnia. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "Bosnia": Bosnia-hercegovina, Bosnia-hercegovinia, Bosnia-hercevgovina, Bosnia-hercogovina, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bosnia-herzegovinia, Bosnia-herzogovina, Bosnia-hzercegovina. | |
Ending with "Bosnia": Croatia-bosnia. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
bosnia | 1,117 | bosnia radio | 16 |
bosnia herzegovina sarajevo | 969 | bosnia embassy | 15 |
bosnia and herzegovina | 390 | bosnia history | 15 |
bosnia and herzegovina hotel | 323 | sarajevo bosnia | 15 |
banja bosnia herzegovina luka | 177 | bosnia news | 14 |
bosnia slobodna | 140 | bosnia com super | 14 |
map of bosnia | 103 | bosnia herzegovina map | 13 |
bosnia chat | 84 | bosnia com | 12 |
air bosnia | 54 | islam and bosnia | 11 |
bosnia herzegovina most sanski | 43 | bosnia flag | 11 |
bosnia war | 34 | bosnia music | 10 |
bosnia picture | 31 | bosnia online.com | 9 |
bosnia online | 30 | bosnia embassy herzegovina | 9 |
bosnia super | 29 | bosnia sex | 8 |
bosnia herzegovina kotor varos | 27 | ba bosnia com | 8 |
the war in bosnia | 23 | bosnia hotel | 8 |
bosnia i hercegovina | 22 | gay bosnia | 8 |
travel bosnia | 22 | bosnia miss | 8 |
ba bosnia | 21 | genocide in bosnia | 8 |
bosnia genocide | 18 | bosnia bosnia hercegovina i | 7 |
bosnia conflict | 7 | ||
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "Bosnia"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Chinese | 波斯尼亞 , 波斯尼亚. (various references) | |
Danish | Bosnien-Hercegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina), BA (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Program for genopbygning af Bosnien, Kroatien, Serbien, Montenegro og FYROM (Croatia, Montenegro and FYROM, OBNOVA, Programme for reconstruction in Bosnia, Serbia). (various references) | |
Dutch | Bosnië. (various references) | |
Esperanto | Bosnujo, Bosnio. (various references) | |
Finnish | Bosnian, Kroatian, Serbian, Montenegron ja entisen Jugoslavian tasavallan Makedonian jälleenrakennusohjelma (Croatia, Montenegro and FYROM, OBNOVA, Programme for reconstruction in Bosnia, Serbia), Bosnia ja Hertsegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina), BA (Bosnia and Herzegovina). (various references) | |
French | Bosnie. (various references) | |
German | Bosnien. (various references) | |
Greek | Βοσνία. (various references) | |
Italian | Bosnia-Erzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Bosnia e Erzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina), BIH (Bosnia and Herzegovina), BA (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Operations), Programma di ricostruzione in Bosnia, Croazia, Serbia, Montenegro e ARYM (Croatia, Montenegro and FYROM, OBNOVA, Programme for reconstruction in Bosnia, Serbia). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | ボクシングの試合 (Bosnia-Herzegovina, boss, bossa nova, Boston, botulinus, box, box calf, box seat, box store, boxing bout, button, button down, button lock, buttonhole, socket spanner, socket wrench, vocoder). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ボスニア . (various references) | |
Korean | 보스니아 (Bosnian). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | osniabay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | Bósnia. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | bosna. (various references) | |
Spanish | Bosnia y Hercegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina), BA (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Programa de reconstrucción en Bosnia, Croacia, Serbia, Montenegro y Antigua República Yugoslava de Macedonia (Croatia, Montenegro and FYROM, OBNOVA, Programme for reconstruction in Bosnia, Serbia). (various references) | |
Swedish | Bosnien. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Misspellings | |
"Bosnia" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Bashnya, Basina, Basnyat, Besnik, Bointia, Bolsena, Bonica, Bonswa, Bosanka, bosian, Bosinney, Bosnias, Bosvil, Bousnina, Brosna, Bushika, Loznica. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: basion, bonsai. | |
| Words within the letters "a-b-i-n-o-s" | |
-1 letter: basin, bison, nabis, obias, sabin. | |
-2 letters: abos, ains, anis, bani, bans, bias, bins, bios, boas, ions, isba, nabs, naoi, naos, nibs, nobs, obia, obis, sain, snib, snob. | |
-3 letters: abo, abs, ain, ais, ani, ban, bas, bin, bio, bis, boa, bos, ins, ion, nab, nib, nob, nos, obi, ons, sab, sib, sin, sob, son. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-b-i-n-o-s" | |
+1 letter: albinos, bagnios, basions, bastion, bonacis, bonitas, bonsais, gabions, obtains. | |
+2 letters: abrasion, amboinas, antiboss, antisnob, bambinos, banjoist, baronies, bastions, bedsonia, begonias, bimanous, boasting, boatings, botanies, botanise, botanist, coalbins, corbinas, hobnails, inboards, jacobins, nabobish, nabobism, niobates, nonbasic, obeisant, obsidian, ouabains, rabbonis, rainbows, searobin, taborins. | |
+3 letters: ablations, ablutions, abortions, abrasions, absolving, absorbing, abutilons, adsorbing, ambitions, anabolism, anybodies, arabinose, balconies, banjoists, baritones, bastinado, bastioned, bedsoniae, bedsonias, biathlons, bigaroons, bignonias, binomials, boardings, boatswain, bohemians, boltonias, bondmaids, bonifaces, botanicas, botanised, botanises, botanists, botanizes, braconids, carbinols, ibogaines, ironbarks, isobutane, libations, lobations, monobasic, nabobisms, obeisance, oblations, obsidians, obstinacy, obstinate, obtainers, olibanums, panbroils, reobtains, sanbenito, searobins, signboard, sublation, taborines, tailbones, zabaiones. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Non-fiction 10. Quotations: Speeches 11. Usage Frequency 12. Expressions | 13. Expressions: Internet 14. Translations: Modern 15. Derivations 16. Anagrams | 17. Bibliography |
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