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Definition: Bernard |
BernardNoun1. French physiologist noted for research on secretions of the alimentary canal and the glycogenic function of the liver (1813-1878). Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
"Bernard" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "to bear", "to be brave", "hardy". |
Date "Bernard" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1321. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Literature | Bernard (St. ). Abbot of the monastery of Clairvaux in the twelfth century. His fame for wisdom was very great, and few church matters were undertaken without his being consulted. Petit Bernard. Solomon Bernard, engraver of Lyons. (Sixteenth century.) Poor Bernard. Claude Bernard, of Dijon, philanthropist (1588-1641). Lucullus. Samuel Bernard, capitalist (1651-1739). Le gentil Bernard. Pierre Joseph Bernard, the French poet (1710-1775). Bernard Bonus Bernardus non videt omnia (see above). We are all apt to forget sometimes; events do not always turn out as they are planned before-hand. "Poor Peter was to win honours at Shrewsbury school, and carry them thick to Cambridge; and after that a living awaited him, the gift of his godfather, Sir Peter Arley; but Bonus Bernardus non videt omnia, and Poor Peter's lot in life was very different to what his friends had planned."-Mrs. Gaskell: Cranford, chap. vi. Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
- Saint Bernard of Clairvaux - 12th century monk and leader of Cistercians
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Bernard."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The sound sculptor Bernard Baschet (of the Baschet Brothers was born in Paris in 1917. He studied engineering and works with his brother Francois Baschet.Links:
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Bernard Baschet."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Bernard of Chartres (Bernardus Carnotensis), 12th century scholar and administrator. His date of birth is unknown, although it is believed he is of Breton origin. He died in approximately 1130 and is thought to be the elder brother of Thierry of Chartres.Bernard is recorded at the cathedral school of Chartres before 1117 and was chancellor until 1124.
Most of what we know about his work is through the writings of John of Salisbury and William of Conches, though a commentary on Plato has been attributed to him.
Works
- Glosae super Platonem Attributed to him only quite recently. (See P E Dutton , Medieval Studies XLVI (1984) )
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Bernard of Chartres."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, abbot and theologian (born 1090, at Fontaines, near Dijon, France; died at Clairvaux, August 21, 1153), is considered a Saint by the Anglican and Roman Catholic Churches. He was the primary builder of the Cistercian order of monks.
Bernard and the Crusades
Bernard preached in favor of a second crusade at Easter 1146 at Vezelay in front of King Louis VII. Louis took the cross and spent 1147-1149 conducting the Second Crusade.
Life
He was born at Fontaines, near Dijon, in France. His father, a knight named Tecelin, perished on crusade; and his mother Aleth, a daughter of the noble house of Mon-Bar, and a woman distinguished for her piety, died while Bernard was yet a boy.
The lad was constitutionally unfitted for the career of arms, and his own disposition, as well as his mother's early influence, directed him to the church. His desire to enter a monastery was opposed by his relations, who sent him to study at Châlons in order to qualify for high ecclesiastical preferment. Bernard's resolution to become a monk was not, however, shaken, and when he at last definitely decided
to join the community which Robert of Molesmes had founded at Citeaux in 1108, he carried with him his brothers and many of his relations and friends.
The little community of reformed Benedictines, which was to produce so profound an influence on Western monasticism and had seemed on the point of extinction for lack of novices, gained a sudden new life through this accession of some thirty young men of the best families of the neighborhood.
Others followed their example; and the community grew so rapidly that it was soon able to send off offshoots. One of these daughter monasteries, Clairvaux, was founded in 1115, in a wild valley branching from that of the Aube, on land given by Count Hugh of Troyes, and of this Bernard was appointed abbot.
By the new constitution of the Cistercians Clairvaux became the chief monastery of the five branches into which the ord,er was divided under the supreme direction of the abbot of Citeaux. Though nominally subject to Citeaux, however, Clairvaux soon became the most important Cistercian house, owing to the fame and influence of Bernard.
His saintly character, his self mortification-- of so severe a character that his friend, William of Champeaux, bishop of Châlons, thought it right to remonstrate with him-- and above all, his marvelous power as a preacher, soon made him famous, and drew crowds of pilgrims to Clairvaux. His miracles were noised abroad, and sick folk were brought from near and far to be healed by his touch.
Before long the abbot, who had intended to devote his life to the work of his monastery, was drawn into the affairs of the great world. When in 1124 Pope Honorius II mounted the chair of St Peter, Bernard was already reckoned among the greatest of French churchmen; he now shared in the most important ecclesiastical discussions, and papal legates sought his counsel.
Thus in 1128 he was invited by Cardinal Matthew of Albano to the synod of Troyes, where he was instrumental in obtaining the recognition of the new order of Knights Templars, the rules of which he is said to have drawn up; and in the following year, at the synod of Châlonssur-Marne, he ended the crisis arising out of certain charges brought against Henry, bishop of Verdun, by persuading the bishop to resign.
The European importance of Bernard, however, began with the death of Pope Honorius II (1130) and the disputed election that followed. In the synod convoked by Louis the Fat at Etampes in April 1130 Bernard successfully asserted the claims of Pope Innocent II against those of Anacletus II, and from this moment became the most influential supporter of his cause. See also antipope. He threw himself into the contest with characteristic ardour. While Rome itself was held by Anacletus, France, England, Spain and Germany declared for Innocent, who, though banished from Rome, was--in Bernard's phrase-- "accepted by the world!"
The pope traveled from place to place, with the powerful abbot of Clairvaux at his side; he stayed at Clairvaux itself, humble still, so far as its buildings were concerned; and he went with Bernard to parley with the emperor Lothair II at Liege.
In 1133, the year of the emperor's first expedition to Rome, Bernard was in Italy persuading the Genoese to make peace with the men of Pisa, since the pope had need of both. He accompanied Innocent to Rome, successfully resisting the proposal to reopen negotiations with Anacletus, who held the castle of Sant' Angelo and, with the support of Roger II of Sicily, was too strong to be subdued by force. Lothair, though crowned by Innocent in St Peter's, could do nothing to establish him in the Holy See so long as his own power was sapped by his quarrel with the house of Hohenstaufen. Again Bernard came to the rescue; in the spring of 1135 he was at Bamberg successfully persuading Frederick of Hohenstaufen to submit to the emperor.
In June he was back in Italy, taking a leading part in the council of Pisa, by which Anacletus was excommunicated. In northern Italy the effect of his personality and of his preaching was immense; Milan itself, of all the Lombard cities most jealous of the imperial claims, surrendered to his eloquence, submitted to Lothair and to Innocent, and tried to force Bernard against his will into the vacant see of St Ambrose.
In 1137, the year of Lothair's last journey to Rome, Bernard was back in Italy again; at Monte Cassino, setting the affairs of the monastery in order, at Salerno, trying in vain to induce Roger of Sicily to declare against Anacletus, in Rome itself, agitating with success against the antipope. Anacletus died on January 25 1138; on March 13 the cardinal Gregory was elected his successor, assuming the name of Victor. Bernard's crowning triumph in the long contest was the abdication of the new antipope, the result of his personal influence. The schism of the church was healed, and the abbot of Clairvaux was free to return to the peace of his monastery.
Clairvaux itself had meanwhile (1135--1136) been transformed outwardly-- in spite of the reluctance of Bernard, who preferred the rough simplicity of the original buildings-- into a more suitable seat for an influence that overshadowed that of Rome itself. How great this influence was is shown by the outcome of Bernard's contest with Peter Abelard. In intellectual and dialectical power the abbot was no match for the great schoolman; yet at Sens in 1141 Abelard feared to face him, and when he appealed to Rome Bernard's word was enough to secure his condemnation.
One result of Bernard's fame was the marvelous growth of the Cistercian order. Between 1130 and 1145 no less than ninety three monasteries in connexion with Clairvaux were either founded or affiliated from other rules, three being established in England and one in Ireland. In 1145 a Cistercian monk, once a member of the community of Clairvaux-- another Bernard, abbot of Aquae Silviae near Rome, was elected pope as Pope Eugenius III. This was a triumph for the order; to the world it was a triumph for Bernard, who complained that all who had suits to press at Rome applied to him, as though he himself had mounted the chair of St Peter (Eli. 239).
Having healed the schism within the church, Bernard was next called upon to attack the enemy without. Languedoc especially had become a hotbed of heresy, and at this time the preaching of Henry of Lausanne was drawing thousands from the orthodox faith. In June 1145, at the invitation of Cardinal Alberic of Ostia, Bernard traveled in the south, and by his preaching did something to stem the flood of heresy for a while.
Far more important, however, was his activity in the following year, when, in obedience to the pope's command, he preached to promote the Second Crusade. The effect of his eloquence was extraordinary. At the great meeting at Vezelay, on March 21, as the result of his sermon, King Louis VII of France and his queen, Eleanor of traveledtook the cross, together with a host of all classes, so numerous that the stock of crosses was soon exhausted.
Bernard next travelled through northern France, Flanders and the Rhine provinces, everywhere rousing the wildest enthusiasm; and at Spires on Christmas day he succeeded in persuading Conrad, king of the Romans, to join the crusade.
The lamentable outcome of the movement (see Crusades) was a hard blow to Bernard, who found it difficult to understand this manifestation of the hidden counsels of God, but ascribed it to the sins of the crusaders (Ep. 288; de Consid. ii. I). The news of the disasters to the crusading host first reached Bernard at Clairvaux, where Pope Eugenius, driven from Rome by the revolution associated with the name of Arnold of Brescia, was his guest.
Bernard had in March and April 1148 accompanied the pope to the council of Reims, where he led the attack on certain propositions of the scholastic theologian Gilbert de la Porrée. From whatever cause--whether the growing jealousy of the cardinals, or the loss of prestige owing to the rumored failure of the crusade, the success of which he had so confidently predicted--Bernard's influence, hitherto so ruinous to those suspected of heterodoxy, on this occasion failed of its full effect.
On the news of the full extent of the disaster that had overtaken the crusaders, an effort was made to retrieve it by organizing another expedition. At the invitation of Suger, abbot of St Denis, now the virtual ruler of France, Bernard attended the meeting of Chartres convened for this purpose, where he himself was elected to conduct the new crusade, the choice being confirmed by the pope. He was saved from this task, for which he was physically and constitutionally unfit, by the intervention of the Cistercian abbots, who forbade him to undertake it.
Bernard was now aging, broken by his austerities and by ceaseless work, and saddened by the loss of several of his early friends. But his intellectual energy remained undimmed. He continued to take an active interest in ecclesiastical affairs, and his last work, the De Consideratione, shows no sign of failing power. He died on August 20 1153.
Character
The greatness of St Bernard lay not in the qualities of his intellect, but of his character. The age recognized in him the embodiment of its ideal: that of medieval monasticism at its highest development. The world had no meaning for him save as a place of banishment and trial, in which men are but "strangers and pilgrims" (Serm. i., Epiph. n. I; Serm. vii., Lent. n. I); the way of grace, back to the lost inheritance, had been marked out once for all, and the function of theology was but to maintain the landmarks inherited from the past. With the subtleties of the schools he had no sympathy, and the dialectics of the schoolmen quavered into silence before his terrible invective.
Yet, within the limits of his mental horizon, Bernard's vision was clear enough. His very life proves with what merciless logic he followed out the principles of the Christian faith as he conceived it; and it is impossible to say that he conceived it amiss. For all his overmastering zeal he was by nature neither a bigot nor a persecutor. Even when he was preaching the crusade he interfered at Mainz to stop the persecution of the Jews, stirred up by the monk Radulf. As for heretics, "the little foxes that spoil the vines," these "should be taken, not by force of arms, but by force of argument," though, if any heretic refused to be thus taken, he considered "that he should be driven away, or even a restraint put upon his liberty, rather than that he should be allowed to spoil the vines" (Serm. lxiv). He was evidently troubled by the mob violence which made the heretics "martyrs to their unbelief." He approved the zeal of the people, but could not advise the imitation of their action, "because faith is to be produced by persuasion, not imposed by force"; adding, however, in the true spirit of his age and of his church, "it would without doubt be better that they should be coerced by the sword than that they should be allowed to draw away many other persons into their error." Finally, oblivious of the precedent of the Pharisees, he ascribes the steadfastness of these "dogs" in facing death to the power of the devil (Serm. lxvi. on Canticles ii. 15).
This is Bernard at his worst. At his best-- and, fortunately, this is what is mainly characteristic of the man and his writings-- he displays a nobility of nature, a wise charity and tenderness in his dealings with others, and a genuine humility, with no touch of servility, that make him one of the most complete exponents of the Christian life. His broadly Christian character is, indeed, witnessed to by the enduring quality of his influence. The author of the Imitatio drew inspiration from his writings; the reformers saw in him a medieval champion of their favourite doctrine of the supremacy of the divine grace.
His works, down to the present day, have been reprinted in countless editions. This is perhaps due to the fact that the chief fountain of his own inspiration was the Bible. He was saturated in its language and in its spirit; and though he read it, as might be expected, uncritically, and interpreted its plain meanings allegorically-- as the fashion of the day was--it saved him from the grosser aberrations of medieval Catholicism. He accepted the teaching of the church as to the reverence due to our Lady and the saints, and on feast-days and festivals these receive their due meed in his sermons; but in his letters and sermons their names are at other times seldom invoked. They were overshadowed completely in his mind by his idea of the grace of God and the moral splendor of Christ; "from Him do the Saints derive the odour of sanctity; from Him also do they shine as lights " (Ep. 464).
The cause of Bernard's extraordinary popular success as a preacher can only imperfectly be judged by the sermons that survive. These were all delivered in Latin, evidently to congregations more or less on his own intellectual level. Like his letters, they are full of quotations from and reference to the Bible, and they have all the qualities likely to appeal to men of culture at all times.
"Bernard," wrote Erasmus of Rotterdam in his Art of Preaching, "is an eloquent preacher, much more by nature than by art; he is full of charm and vivacity and knows how to reach and move the affections." The same is true of the letters and to an even more striking degree. They are written on a large variety of subjects, great and small, to people of the most diverse stations and types; and they help us to understand the adaptable nature of the man, which enabled him to appeal as successfully to the unlearned as to the learned.
Works
Bernard's works fall into three categories:
(1) Letters, of which over five hundred have been preserved, of great interest and value for the history of the period.
(2) Treatises:
(a) dogmatic and polemical, De gratia et libero arbitrio, written about 1127, and following closely the lines laid down by St Augustine of Hippo; De baptismo aliisque quaestioni bus ad mag. Ilugonem de S. Victore; Contra quaedarn capitala errorum Abaelardi ad Innocentem II (in justification of the action of the synod of Sens);
(b) ascetic and mystical, De gradibus humilitatis ci superbiae, his first work, written perhaps about 1121; De diligendo Deo (about 1126); De conversione ad clericos, an address to candidates for the priesthood; De Consideratione, Bernard's last work, written about 1148 at the pope's request for the edification and guidance of Eugenius III;
(c) about monasticism, Apologia ad Guilelmum, written about 1127 to William, abbot of St Thierry; De laude novae militiae ad milites templi (c. 1132--1136); De precepto et dispensatione, an answer to various questions on monastic conduct and discipline addressed to him by the monks of St Peter at Chartres (some time before 1143);
(d) on ecclesiastical government, De moribus et officio episcoporum, written about 1126 for Henry, bishop of Sens; the De Consideratione mentioned above;
(e) a biography, De vita et rebus gestis S. Maiachiae, Hiberniae episcopi, written at the request of the Irish abbot Congan and with the aid of materials supplied by him; it is of importance for the ecclesiastical history of Ireland in the 12th century;
(f) sermons--divided into Sermones de tempore; de sanctis; de diversis; and eighty-six sermons, in Cantica Canticorum, an allegorical and mystical exposition of the Song of Solomon;
(g) hymns. Many hymns ascribed to Bernard survive, e.g. Jesu dulcis memoria, Jesus rex admirabilis, Jesu decus angelicum, Salve Ca put cruentatum. Of these the three first are included in the Roman breviary. Many have been translated and are used in Protestant churches.
St Bernard's works were first published in anything like a complete edition at Paris in 1508, under the title Seraphica melliflui devotique doctoris S. Bernardi scripia, edited by André Bocard; the first really critical and complete edition is that of Dom J. Mabillon Sancti Bernardi opp. &~c. (Paris, 1667, improved and enlarged in 1690, and again, by Massuet and Texier, in 1719), reprinted by JP Migne, Patrolog. lat. (Paris, 1859). There is an English translation of Mabillon's edition, including, however, only the letters and the sermons on the Song of Songs, with the biographical and other prefaces, by Samuel J. Eales (4 vols., London, 1889--1895).
initial text from 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Bernard of Clairvaux."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Bernard is a city located in Dubuque County, Iowa. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 97.Geography
Bernard is located at 42°18'49" North, 90°49'52" West (42.313622, -90.831073)1. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²). 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there are 97 people, 46 households, and 25 families residing in the city. The population density is 416.1/km² (1,053.5/mi²). There are 48 housing units at an average density of 205.9/km² (521.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 100.00% White, 0.00% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 46 households out of which 23.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.8% are married couples living together, 6.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 43.5% are non-families. 37.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 19.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.11 and the average family size is 2.85. In the city the population is spread out with 19.6% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 115.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 116.7 males. The median income for a household in the city is $30,000, and the median income for a family is $41,875. Males have a median income of $23,125 versus $19,167 for females. The per capita income for the city is $32,671. 6.1% of the population and 7.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 0.0% are under the age of 18 and 9.5% are 65 or older.Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Bernard, Iowa."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Sir Francis Bernard (1712-1779) was a British colonial administrator who served as Governor in New Jersey and Massachusetts.Francis was born in Brightwell, Oxfordshire, England to the Rev. Francis and Margery Bernard and was christened on July 12, 1712. He was first educated at St. Peter's College and then spent seven years at Oxford, where Christ Church College granted him a master of arts in 1736. A man on considerable intelligence, it was reported that he could recite entire plays of Shakespeare from memory. He read law and was admitted to the bar in 1737.
Francis married Amelia Offley in 1741 and the couple raised a large family. They had at least 9 surviving children, and more who died as infants. Indeed John Adams later described governor Bernard as "... avaricious to a most infamous degree; needy at the same time, having a numerous family to provide for."
He was appointed governor of New Jersey in 1758, and arrived at Perth Amboy on June 14. He won a good reputation and some popularity here by promoting mutual defense activities with other colonies. He also negotiated treaties to bring an end to Indian raids on the colony's frontiers on the upper Delaware River valley. His efforts did much to gain New Jersey's active support during the latter part of the French and Indian War. His work was rewarded by appointment to the more important post of Governor of Massachusetts.
Bernard was appointed governor in late 1759, but delays in communications and travel were such that he didn't arrive in Boston until August 2, 1760. Although initially well received, his tenure in Massachusetts was less satisfactory, where he was responsible for enforcing unpopular laws and taxes. His difficulties started when he issued Writs of Assistance in 1760 to custom's tax collectors. They continued through other tax measures, including the Stamp Act. By November of 1768 he was burned in effigy by a mob in New York City. Finally, the turbulence increased to the point where the colonial assembly petitioned the crown that "he might be forever removed from the Government of the Province." In 1769 he was replaced by Thomas Hutchinson and recalled to England. When he left Boston on August 1, the town held an impromptu celebration, decorated the Liberty Tree and ringing church bells.
Among his accomplishments in Massachusetts was the design of Harvard Hall at Harvard University, and the completion of a governor's mansion named Jamaica Plains on May Street in Boston. The plat for Bernardstown, Massachusetts was laid out during his administration and is named for him.
On his return to England, he was made a baronet for his services and later served the British government as a commissioner on the Board of Revenue for Ireland. He died on June 16, 1779 at Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire, England
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Francis Bernard."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
St. Bernard may be:
See also:
- Saints:
- Bernard of Clairvaux
- Bernard of Menthon
- Bernard of Vienne
- Bernard Tolomeo
- St. Bernard (dog), the dog breed
- Cities and counties
- in the United States:
- St. Bernard, Ohio
- St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
- in France:
- St Bernard, Côte-d'Or
- St Bernard, Haut-Rhin
- Bernard (disamb. page)
- San Bernardino
- Mountain passes:
- St Bernard Passes (disamb. page):
- Great St Bernard Pass (between Martigny and Aosta)
- Little St Bernard Pass (between Aosta and Bourg-Saint-Maurice)
- San Bernardino Pass (between Thusis and Bellinzona)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "St. Bernard."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Tristan Bernard (September 7, 1866 - December 7, 1947) was a French playwright, novelist, journalist and lawyer.
Born Paul Bernard in Besançon, Doubs, Franche-Comté, France.
He died in 1947 and was buried in Cimetière de Passy, Paris, France
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Tristan Bernard."
Synonym: BernardSynonym: Claude Bernard (n). (additional references) |
Crosswords: Bernard |
| English words defined with "Bernard": Bernardine ♦ Leonberg ♦ Palissy, Palissy ware ♦ Saint Bernard, Shavian ♦ Wolf dog. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "Bernard": Beguins, Bernard Soup, Bernard's Inn ♦ Chip Scale Packaging, Crusades ♦ Fathers of the Latin Church ♦ GSPL ♦ Knipperdollings ♦ Language for Communicating Systems, Last of the Fathers, Love me, Love my Dog ♦ Mellifluous Doctor, Michigan Algorithm Decoder ♦ Oracle of the Church ♦ Poets, Poets Laureate ♦ River of Paradise ♦ SHAW ♦ Windows sockets ♦ Zineura. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "Bernard": Mahonia. (references) |
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Screenplays | Bernard Barker, anti-communist (All the President's Men; writing credit: Carl Bernstein; Bob Woodward) Nothing, Bernard. I'm just saying good-bye (The Santa Clause; writing credit: Leonardo Benvenuti; Steve Rudnick) Well stop him, Bernard. (Yes, Prime Minister; writing credit: Tom Musca) I want you to fire Bernard Rubble (The Flintstones; writing credit: Tom S. Parker; Jim Jennewein) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Psychiatrist Paul Bernard (1971) The Mystery of Mr. Bernard Brown (1921) Bernard le bucheron (1907) Chicago St. Bernard Commandery (1898) Bernard and the Genie (1991) | |
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 | Shows photo of formal portrait, realistic artist rendering of French Physiologist, Claude Bernard. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | Figure 72. Brouardel surface sampler. This instrument was designed to obtain a sample of the top layers of sediment with the overlying water. A forerunner of this instrument was the surface mud sampler built for limnological studies by Bernard M. Jenkins of the Freshwater Biological Association. This instrument was built by Jean Comelli and tested in 1954 on the EIDER. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |
 | Figure 35. Brouardel surface sampler, improvement of previous instrument, was designed by Jean Brouardel and Jean Vernet and constructed by Jean Comelli. This instrument was inspired by Bernard M. Jenkins' Surface Mud Sampler, created for the limnological studies of Clifford H. Mortimer. It was used to sample bottom water and sediment simultaneously. It was first tested off the EIDER in 1954. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |  | St. Bernard in 4H dog show. Credit: USDA. |
 | Low concentrations of N-glycans, being placed here by Bernard Priem and Monia Yunovitz, cause tomatoes to ripen, while higher concentrations inhibit ripening. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Scott Bauer.. |  | ARS geneticist Tom Rinderer (right foreground) and beekeeping cooperator Steve Bernard, along with ARS associates Tony Stelzer and Warren Kelley (background, L-R) of the Baton Rouge laboratory, inspect colonies of Russian and other honey bees. P. Credit: USDA ARS News; photo by Scott Bauer.. |
 | Pauvre cheri. / Henry Monnier Lith. de Bernard. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Vue de l'Hopital Royal de la Salpetriere : dit Hopital general, hors de Paris, a une petite promenade de la porte Saint Bernard. / Dessine et Grave Sur les lieux par J. Rigaud. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | Halftone reproduction of a photograph of the members of the ship's band during her 1904-1905 cruise. Those present include (in order by rank, not as seen in the photo): Bandmaster Fred Hupe, Conductor; Bandmaster Bernard L. Reilly; First Musician Roy D. Crider; Musicians First Class Harry C. Arnold, Alonzo E. Buteau, Arnie B. Chandler, Joseph J. Quinn, William L. Waite, and William J. Young; Musicians Second Class Nathaniel Fichtelberg, Calvin W. Hake, Avery J. Hilton, James G. Robinson, Harry J. Smith, James G. Willson and John D. Winters. Credit: NAVY. |  | Oil on canvas by Bernard F. Gribble, circa 1918, depicting the arrival off Queenstown, Ireland, of the first U.S. Navy destroyers to reach the European war zone for World War I service. The ships were under the command of Commander Joseph K. Taussig, USN. USS Wadsworth (DD-60) leads the line of destroyers, followed by USS Porter (DD-59), USS Davis (DD-65) and three others. A local fishing vessel is under sail in the left foreground. Credit: NAVY. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
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| "St. Bernard" by Shannon Barnes Commentary: "A loveable, hugable St. Bernard. ." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
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 | Saint Bernard dog bark. |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Bernard Joseph Saurin | Nothing is sacred to a gamester. |
| Valor is common but great souls are rare. | |
| The law often permits what honor prohibits. | |
Bernard Meltzer | Top cats often begin as underdogs. |
Claude Bernard | Mediocre men often have the most acquired knowledge. |
George Bernard Shaw | He who can, does. He who cannot, teaches. |
St. Bernard | I have liberated my soul. |
| Everyone is his own enemy. | |
| Hell is full of good intentions or desires. | |
| The tears of those repenting are the wine of angels. | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
The Emancipation Proclamation | 1862 | Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-In-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for supressing said rebellion, do, on this 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days from the first day above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States the following, to wit: Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard, Palquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terrebone, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkeley, Accomac, Northhampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Anne, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are for the present left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued. (Abraham Lincoln) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | In other words, they were subjects, not of Saint Bernard, but of Saint Benedict |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Civil Liberties | Zimbabwe | In 2000 Bernard Masara confessed to the editorial staff of The Daily News that he had been hired by the CIO to kill the editor. (references) |
Switzerland | The Government agreed to slow the flow of repatriations during the winter of 2000-01 after former U.N. Special Representative to Kosovo Bernard Kouchner claimed that some areas of Kosovo were then unsafe. (references) | |
Economic History | Canada | Bernard Landry, who succeeded Lucien Bouchard as Premier of Quebec in March 2001, pledged to promote independence for Quebec. (references) |
Human Rights | Congo | In 2000 former Prime Minister Bernard Kolelas was tried, convicted, and sentenced to death in absentia on charges of having maintained private prisons in which opponents were tortured during the 1997 war. (references) |
Zimbabwe | On January 9, six MDC supporters were charged with killing Bernard Gara, a ZANU-PF supporter, during clashes between ruling party and opposition supporters at Baradzanwa Business Centre in Bikita West in early January. (references) | |
Rwanda | Bernard Ntuyahaga, a former army major, who feared he would be deported to Rwanda to face trial, turned himself in to the ICTR seeking to be a protected witness; however, he was released from ICTR custody and subsequently was arrested by Tanzanian authorities on immigration violations. (references) | |
Political Economy | Congo | Some members of antigovernment groups supporting Lissouba or his Prime Minister, Bernard Kolelas, have been permitted to rejoin their previous employers, for example, in the Ministry of Interior. (references) |
Rwanda | While all political parties are represented within the Transitional National Assembly, it is influenced greatly by President Kagame and the RPF. Prime Minister Bernard Makuza runs the Government on a daily basis and is responsible for relations with the National Assembly. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | A very wise man, Bernard Baruch, once said that America has never forgotten the nobler things that brought her into being and that light her path. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Bernard" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 99.60% of the time. "Bernard" is used about 1,745 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (proper) | 99.6% | 1,738 | 4,838 |
| Noun (singular) | 0.4% | 7 | 133,076 |
| Total | 100.00% | 1,745 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "Bernard" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Bernard | First name Male | 127,000 | 142 |
| Bernard | Last name | 15,000 | 830 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
| "Bernard" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "to bear", "to be brave", "hardy". | |||
| The following table summarizes names related to "Bernard." | |||
| Name | Gender | Language | Related Name |
| Bernat | Male | Catalan | Bernard |
| Bernadine | Female | English | Bernard |
| Bernard | Male | English | N/A |
| Bernardine | Female | English | Bernard |
| Bernadette | Female | French | Bernard |
| Bernard | Male | French | N/A |
| Bernardine | Female | French | Bernard |
| Bernhard | Male | German | Bernard |
| Bernát | Male | Hungarian | Bernard |
| Bernardetta | Female | Italian | Bernard |
| Bernardo | Male | Italian | Bernard |
| Bernardo | Male | Portuguese | Bernard |
| Bernt | Male | Scandinavian | Bernard |
| Bernardo | Male | Spanish | Bernard |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| France | Bernard Loiseau SA | United Kingdom | Bernard Matthews Plc |
| USA | Bernard Chaus, Inc. | ||
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
1. Bernard, IA (city, FIPS 6085) 2. Bernard, ME |
Expressions using "Bernard": Bernard Hinault ♦ Bernard Hodes Advertising ♦ Bernard Law Montgomery ♦ Bernard Malamud ♦ Burrill Bernard Crohn ♦ Claude Bernard ♦ East Bernard ♦ George Bernard Shaw ♦ Henriette Rosine Bernard ♦ Jean Bernard Leon Foucault ♦ saint bernard ♦ Sir Alfred Charles Bernard Lovell ♦ Sir Bernard Law Montgomery ♦ Sir Bernard Lovell ♦ st bernard ♦ St. Bernard ♦ St. Bernard Parish. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "Bernard": bernard-ezi, bernard-henri, Bernard-Horner, Bernard-levy, Bernard-shaw, Bernard-Soulier, Bernard-Soulier Syndrome. | |
Ending with "Bernard": Roger-bernard. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
st bernard | 2,811 | east bernard tx | 57 |
saint bernard | 376 | saint bernard rescue | 55 |
crystal bernard | 300 | bernard palanca peralejo rica | 54 |
bernard haldane | 282 | st bernard rescue | 53 |
george bernard shaw | 192 | christian bernard | 49 |
st bernard puppy | 154 | saint bernard breeders | 41 |
bernard haldane associate | 145 | bernard buffet | 41 |
bernard | 138 | bernard fee haldane | 40 |
st bernard dog | 133 | bernard complaint haldane | 40 |
saint bernard puppy | 88 | crystal bernard nude | 38 |
bernard cornwell | 85 | bernard williams | 36 |
paul bernard | 82 | bernard allison | 36 |
shane bernard | 81 | bernard kerik | 32 |
bernard hopkins | 79 | bernard hill | 31 |
saint bernard dog | 73 | st bernard breeders | 31 |
bernard lewis | 73 | saint bernard puppy for sale | 31 |
bernard watch | 68 | harve bernard | 31 |
bernard maurice | 62 | bernard jensen | 29 |
bernard shaw | 59 | bernard ebbers | 28 |
bernard malamud | 57 | bernard tschumi | 28 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "Bernard"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Czech | bernardýn (saint bernard). (various references) | |
Danish | Bernard-Soulier's syndrom (Bernard-Soulier syndrome), Bernard-Sergent's syndrom (Bernard-Sergent syndrome), Bernard's thoracoplastik (Bernard thoracoplasty, Bernard-Bernou thoracoplasty), Bernard's tegn (Bernard sign), Bernard's sukkerstik (Bernard puncture), Bernard's cellelag (Bernard granular layer), Bernard-Nenna's purpura (Bernard-Nenna purpura), Horner's syndrom (Bernard-Horner syndrome, Hutchinson syndrome), akut familiær hæmolyse (Bernard hemolysis). (various references) | |
Dutch | thoracoplastiek van Bernard (Bernard thoracoplasty, Bernard-Bernou thoracoplasty), teken van Bernard (Bernard sign), syndroom van Horner-Bernard (Bernard-Horner syndrome, Horner-Bernard syndrome), syndroom van Horner (Bernard-Horner syndrome, Horner-Bernard syndrome), syndroom van Bernard (Bernard hemolysis, Bernard-Horner syndrome), Stichting het Bestuur der St. Bernardusscholen (The St. Bernard Schools Board Foundation), steek van Bernard (Bernard puncture), laag van Bernard (Bernard granular layer), acute familiale hemolyse (Bernard hemolysis), acute familiaire haemolyse (Bernard hemolysis). (various references) | |
Finnish | bernhardilaiskoira (St. Bernard). (various references) | |
French | thoracoplastie partielle de Bernard-Bernou (Bernard thoracoplasty, Bernard-Bernou thoracoplasty), thoracoplastie partielle de Bernard (Bernard thoracoplasty, Bernard-Bernou thoracoplasty), syndrome oculo-sympathique (Bernard-Horner syndrome), syndrome de Bernard-Soulier (Bernard-Soulier syndrome), syndrome de Bernard-Sergent (Bernard-Sergent syndrome), syndrome de Bernard (Bernard-Horner syndrome), signe de Bernard (Bernard sign), purpura de Jean Bernard-Nenna (Bernard-Nenna purpura), ponction de Bernard (Bernard puncture), piqûre diabetes (Bernard puncture), hémolyse de Bernard (Bernard hemolysis), dystrophie thrombocytaire hémorragipare (Bernard-Soulier syndrome), couche cellulaire de Bernard (Bernard granular layer). (various references) | |
German | Bernhard. (various references) | |
Greek | Βερνάρδοσ. (various references) | |
Italian | san bernardo (saint bernard). (various references) | |
Manx | Bearnard. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ernardbay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | síndrome de Bernard-Soulier (Bernard-Soulier syndrome), síndrome de Bernard-Sergent (Bernard-Sergent syndrome), púrpura de Jean Bernard-Nenna (Bernard-Nenna purpura). (various references) | |
Russian | бернард. (various references) | |
Spanish | Bernardo (Bernardine). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Misspellings | |
"Bernard" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Barnarde, Barnards, Barrard, Bednarz, Bemnor, Beornred, Berardi, Berardo, Berenado, Berengar, Bermaldo, Berna, Bernadac, Bernado, Bernaert, Bernarr, Bernerd, Bernod, Bernward, Bignardi, Bjernede, Bremnar, Brennands, Brennard, Brenod, Breward, Burrard, Burunlar. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: brander. | |
| Words within the letters "a-b-d-e-n-r-r" | |
-1 letter: bander, barred, barren, darner, errand. | |
-2 letters: ardeb, baned, barde, bared, barer, barre, beard, brand, bread, darer, debar, denar, drear, rared, rebar, redan, reran. | |
-3 letters: abed, bade, band, bane, bard, bare, barn, bead, bean, bear, bend, brad, brae, bran, bred, bren, darb, dare, darn, dean, dear, drab, earn, nabe, nard, near, nerd, rand, rare. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-b-d-e-n-r-r" | |
+1 letter: branders, unbarred. | |
+2 letters: bartender, cornbread, debarring, firebrand. | |
+3 letters: bartenders, borderland, cornbreads, firebrands, linerboard, prebendary, reboarding, rebranched, renderable, ringbarked, unbarbered. | |
+4 letters: barnstormed, birdbrained, borderlands, breadwinner, candleberry, centerboard, fingerboard, gingerbread, harbingered, harebrained, linerboards, snowboarder, transcribed, windbreaker. | |
+5 letters: backgrounder, banderillero, barramundies, brainstormed, breadwinners, centerboards, crackbrained, decarbonizer, dermabrasion, fingerboards, gingerbreads, gingerbready, prebendaries, rhabdomancer, snowboarders, standardbred, unbarricaded, windbreakers. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Sounds 10. Quotations: Familiar 11. Quotations: Historic 12. Quotations: Fiction | 13. Quotations: Non-fiction 14. Quotations: Speeches 15. Usage Frequency 16. Names: Frequency | 17. Names: Derived from 18. Names: Company Usage 19. Cities 20. Expressions | 21. Expressions: Internet 22. Translations: Modern 23. Derivations 24. Anagrams | 25. Bibliography |
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