Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: BATTERIES |
BATTERIESPlural1. Of Battery |
Date "BATTERIES" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1588. (references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In military science, a battery is a group of artillery or cannon, so grouped in order to facilitate battlefield communication and the organization of barrages. In modern military organization, the military unit typically has 6 or 8 howitzers and 100 - 200 personnel. They are subdivided into:Historically, many countries also maintained coastal defence batteries, typically equipped with very heavy guns in fixed, fortified emplacements along approaches to seaports, and intended to provide defense against warships. These are now obsolete. A few countries maintain coastal defence artillery units, but these units are organised and equipped quite differently to traditional artillery.
- Field batteries, equipped with 105 mm calibre howitzers or equivalent;
- Medium batteries, equipped with 155 mm calibre howitzers or equivalent;
- Heavy batteries, which are equipped with guns of 203 mm or more calibre, but are now very rare; and
- Various more specialised types, such as anti-aircraft, missile, or Multiple Launch Rocket System batteries.
Groupings of mortarss are referred to as platoons rather than batteries.
See also: Battery Park (New York)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Artillery battery."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The various senses of battery arise eitherThe origin of the word "battery" lies in words that mean "to beat"; another cluster of senses (following from the assembly of multiple artillery pieces into "batteries" that jointly beat a target), thus applies to various other entities working in concert. For the senses of:
- fairly directly from words that mean "to beat", or
- (following from the assembly of multiple artillery pieces into "batteries" that jointly beat a target) from the concept of entities working in concert.
- assaultive behavior, see Battery (law).
- the military tactic, see Battery (artillery deployment).
- the device for storing electrical energy, see Battery (electricity).
- the former fortification on Manhattan Island, see The Battery.
- the area around Battery Park in Manhattan, see Battery Park City.
- military units, usually centering on artillery troops qualifed to operate a battery together, see Battery (military unit).
- the interaction in baseball between pitcher and catcher, see Battery (baseball).
- the beverage trademarked "Battery", see Energy drink.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Battery."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In science and technology, a battery is a device that stores energy and makes it available in an electrical form. Although such storage in an electrostatic form is practical in some specialized uses, batteries are usually electrochemical devices.In a technical sense, the distinction may be made between
That distinction, however, is pedantic in most contexts (other than the expression "dry cell"), and it is more normal to call a single cell "a battery" than "a cell".
- an electrical battery, an electrical energy storage device composed of similar (usually identical) parts that are "wired together" (i.e., interconnected with electrical conductors), and
- an electrical cell, a single such unit, possibly one of cell in a (strict-terminology) battery of multiple cells.
History
In 1938, the German archaeologist Wilhelm Konig discovered a five inch long (or 13 cm) clay jar containing a copper cylinder. The cylinder covered and protected an iron rod. He had found the Baghdad Battery. The Battery had been exposed to the weather and had suffered corrosion. It was located in Khujut Rabu, near Baghdad, Iraq. Subsequent tests indicated acidic substances in the item. These substances that may have exerted some effect were analysed as having been vinegar, wine, or another electrolytic solution. Upon publication, his discovery was discounted by the scientific community and soon disregarded. More recently, the batteries of Baghdad have attracted new interest. They date to around 200 BC. Batteries similar to the Baghdad Battery may have been used in precious metal gilding. It also appears that similar batteries can be located around ancient Egypt, where objects with traces of precious metal electroplating have been discovered at different locations.
In 1748, Benjamin Franklin coined the term battery to describe an array of charged glass plates. He adapted the word from its earlier sense meaning a beating, which is what an electric shock from the apparatus felt like. In those days, the entertaining effect of an electric shock was one of the few uses of the technology. Other experimenters made batteries from a number of Leyden jars connected in parallel. The definition was later widened to include an array of electrochemical cells or capacitors. The chemical battery was the Voltaic pile rediscovered by Alessandra Cont di Volta in 1800. Alessandro Volta researched the effects which different metals produced when exposed to salt water. In 1801, Volta demonstrated the Voltaic cell to Napoleon Bonaparte. Luigi Galvani researched the same effect with two pieces of the same metal exposed to salt water.
The scientific community at this time called these batteries piles. The battery was called an accumulator, because it held charge, or an artificial electrical organ. Some researchers called the battery a gravity cell because gravity kept the two sulfates separated. The name crowfoot cell was also commonly used because of the shape of the zinc electrode used in the batteries.
In 1800, William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle used a battery to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen. Sir Humphry Davy researched this chemical effect at the same time. Davy researched the decomposition of substances (called electrolysis). In 1813, he constructed a 2,000-plate paired battery in the basement of Britain's Royal Society, covering 889 square feet. Through this experiment, Davy deduced that electrolysis was the action in the voltaic pile that produced electricity. In 1820, the British resercher John Frederic Daniell improved the voltaic cell. The Daniell cell consisted of copper and zinc plates and copper and zinc sulphates. It was used to operate telegraphs and doorbells. Between 1832 and 1834, Michael Faraday conducted experiments with a ferrite ring, a galvanometer, and a connected battery. When the battery was connected or disconnected, the galvanometer deflected. Faraday also developed the priciple of ionic mobility in chemical reactions of batteries. In 1839, William Robert Grove developed the first fuel cell, which produced electrical energy by combining hydrogen and oxygen. Grove developed another form the electric cell using zinc and platinum electrodes. These electrodes were exposed to two acids separated by a diaphragm. In the 1860s, Georges Leclanché of France developed a carbon-zinc battery. It was a wet cell, with electrodes plunged into a body of electrolyte fluid. It was rugged, manufactured easily, and had a decent shelf life. An improved version called a dry cell was later made by sealing the cell and changing the fluid electrolyte to a wet paste. The Leclanché cell is a type of primary (non-rechargeable) battery. In the 1860s, Raymond Gaston Plant invented the lead-acid battery. He immersed two thin solid lead plates separated by rubber sheets in a dilute sulfuric acid solution to make a secondary (rechargeable) battery. The original invention had a short shelf life, though. Around 1881, Emile Alphonse Faure, with his colleagues, developed batteries using a mixture of lead oxides for the positive plate electrolyte. These had faster reactions and higher efficiency. In 1878, the air cell battery was developed. In 1897, Nikola Tesla researched a lightweight carbide cell and a oxygen-hydrogen storage cell.
In 1900, Thomas Edison developed the nickel storage battery. In 1905, Edison developed the nickel-iron battery. Like all electrochemical cells, Edison's produced a current of electrons that flowed only in one direction, known as direct current. In World War II, Samuel Ruben and Philip Rogers Mallory developed the mercury cell. In 1949, Lew Urry developed the small alkaline battery at the Eveready Battery Company laboratory in Parma, Ohio. In the 1950s, Russell S. Ohl developes a wafer of silicon that produced free electrons. In the 1950s, Ruben improved the alkaline manganese battery. In 1954, Gerald L. Pearson, Daryl M. Chapin, and Calvin S. Fuller produced an array of several such wafers, making the first solar battery or solar cell. In 1956, Francis Thomas Bacon developed the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell. In the 1960s, German researchers invented a gel-type electrolyte lead-acid battery. Duracell was formed in 1964.
The Future
Initial research indicates that nanotechnology batteries employing carbon nanotubes will have twice the life of traditional modern batteries.
US IEC Other Shape Voltage N LR1 cylinder L 30.2 mm, D 12 mm 1.5 V AAAA cylinder L 42 mm, D 8 mm 1.5 V AAA R03 LR03,MN2400,AM4,UM4,HP16,micro cylinder L 44.5 mm, D 10.5 mm 1.5 V AA R6 LR6,MN1500,AM3,UM3,HP7,mignon cylinder L 50 mm, D 14.2 mm 1.5 V C R14 LR14,UM2,MN1400,HP11,baby cylinder L 43 mm, D 23 mm 1.5 V D R20 LR20,MN1300,UM1,HP2,mono cylinder L 58 mm, D 33 mm 1.5 V PP3 6F22 6R61,MN1604 rectangular prism 48 mm x 25 mm x 15mm 9 V The relevant European standard is IEC 60086-1 Primary batteries - Part 1: General (BS397 in the UK).
The relevant US standard is ANSI C18.1 American National Standard for Dry Cells and Batteries-Specifications.
An extensive series of articles on many aspects of batteries and their use in portable equipment is available at http://www.buchmann.ca/
External Links
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Battery (electricity)."
Synonym: BATTERIESSynonym: Electric batteries. (additional references) |
Crosswords: BATTERIES |
| English words defined with "BATTERIES": battery acid, battery charger, battery-powered ♦ charger, concentrated fire ♦ electrolyte acid ♦ Fascine ♦ grid metal ♦ keep ♦ massed fire ♦ Sponge lead, Spongy lead. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "BATTERIES": vibrating batteries. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "BATTERIES": Battery. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | I swear on my mother's rechargable batteries. (The Jetsons; writing credit: Aarne Tarkas) Confound it Robin, the batteries are dead (Batman; writing credit: Bob Kane; Lorenzo Semple Jr.) I can understand wanting to take a break from guys but, come onshe's gonna run out the batteries. (Charmed; writing credit: Colman deKay) Recently? Or do you guys have like the best car batteries of all time (Farscape; writing credit: Olivier Cauvin) The batteries are dead (Jeepers Creepers; writing credit: Victor Salva) | |
Clever | No moving parts, no batteries. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Batteries Dogon - éléments pour une étude des rythmes (1966) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Shows photo of Douglas Howard working on batteries for the machines physicists use in the Pathology Division at the National Cancer Institute in November 1939. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | Observing stand with signal light and batteries. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Signal lamp and batteries. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | Taken from the top of a navigational aid near Sabine Pass, Texas. Changing Mini-ranger die hard batteries. Credit: America's Coastlines. |
 | Caption: "Indian Scout" motorcycles equipped with Edison storage batteries; Unknown Date; {06.111/26} (jpg). |  | Caption: Trolley Car Equipped with Edison Storage Batteries; Unknown Date; {06.114/26} (jpg). |
 | Photograph looking forward along the ship's port side, shortly after her 15 May 1862 action with Confederate batteries at Drewry's Bluff, on the James River, Virginia. Among the items visible are the muzzles of two of Galena's IX-inch Dahlgren smoothbore guns; her unique horizontally-laid interlocking iron side armor; armored gunport shutters; boat davits; members of her crew; and at least one plugged hole from enemy shot (near the waterline in bottom left center). Credit: NAVY. |  | USS Cony (DD-508) lays a smoke screen near USS West Virginia (BB-48), to protect shipping off Leyte from Japanese air attack, during the landings there on 20 October 1944. Note manned anti-aircraft batteries on board the battleship, including a Mark 51 director in the foreground, 20mm gun at left, 40mm quad gun mount in center and 5"/38 twin gun mounts beyond. Credit: NAVY. |
 | The Rebel forces under General Jackson advancing upon the Rappahannock Station at the river - National batteries replying to the Rebel artillery, August 23, being the commencement of the battles between Gens. Pope and Lee and Jackson, ending at Bull Run,. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Remarkable battle scene before Verdun, photographed from a French aeroplane. Shells from French batteries, making preparation for an infantry attack of Fort Douaumont, can be seen bursting in the background, where the German lines are located, while in th. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
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| "Empty batteries" by Marcel Hol Commentary: "Empty batteries." | "Batteries" by Borbás Krisztián Commentary: "Batteries." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | On the outside, the wall against which the two batteries of Kellermann were directed, is gnawed by grape |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | So may anyone who has contact with lead batteries or lead-glazed pottery. (references) | |
Business | The UAE has taken delivery of two of five Triad I-Hawk batteries. (references) | |
Solarex, the major U.S. PV manufacturer, supplies PV to Beco Batteries. (references) | ||
Inverters use from two to twelve batteries depending on their capacity. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Burma | News periodicals rarely circulated outside urban areas, and most villages lacked access to electrical power, except from generators or batteries. (references) |
Economic History | Russia | It also produces a third of Russia's automobile batteries. (references) |
Haiti | Limited availability and unreliability of centrally supplied electrical power continue to fuel demand for power generation equipment, including generators, inverters, batteries, etc. (references) | |
Human Rights | Sri Lanka | Government restrictions on the transport of items such as cement, batteries, and currency into the LTTE-controlled areas also had a negative impact on the relief work of NGO's in those areas. (references) |
Trade | New Zealand | The country of origin must, however, be shown on footwear, clothing items, and dry-cell batteries. (references) |
Luxembourg | One deals with batteries, accumulators, and end of life vehicles; the other concerns waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Thomas Jefferson | 1801-1809 | Measures have been already taken for furnishing them with heavy cannon for the service of such land batteries as may make a part of their defense against armed vessels approaching them. |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | I can not close this communication without bringing to your view the just claim of the representatives of Commodore Decatur, his officers and crew, arising from the recapture of the frigate Philadelphia under the heavy batteries of Tripoli. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "BATTERIES" is generally used as a noun (plural) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "BATTERIES" is used about 748 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (plural) | 100% | 748 | 9,115 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| India | High Energy Batteries Ltd. | Singapore | GP Batteries International Limited |
| Sweden | Gylling Optima Batteries AB | USA | Ultralife Batteries, Inc. |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "BATTERIES": mask one's batteries ♦ vibrating batteries. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "BATTERIES": batteries-not-included. | |
Ending with "BATTERIES": wet-batteries. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "BATTERIES"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Chinese | 电池 (Battery). (various references) | |
Danish | batterier og akkumulatorer (batteries and accumulators), vibreringsbatterier (vibrating batteries), vibrationsbatterier (vibrating batteries), styre forbrug af batterier (managing consumption of batteries), saet batterier (set of batteries), opladning af batterier eller akkumulatorer (charging of batteries), kapacitet af lagertanke (rating of storage batteries), hurtig opdraetning af slagtekyllinger i kyllingebure (quick rearing of broilers in broiler batteries), gennem stationaere roerldninger transporteres maelken direkte til en maelketank eller en raekke af transportspande med overloeb i maelkerummet (the milk travels through fixed pipilines straight into collection tanks or churn batteries with overflow pipes in the milk room), fremstilling af elektrisk apparatur og tilbehør til erhvervsmæssig brug samt af batterier og akkumulatorer (manufacture of electrical apparatus and appliances for industrial use;manufacture of batteries and accumulators), for at faa den rigtige valsetemperatur,opvarmes blokkene i batterier af dybovne (the ingots are heated in batteries of soaking pits, to achieve the right temperature for working), et koksovnbatteri bestaar af en raekke koksovne,et koksvaerk af flere koksovnsbatterier (several batteries constitute a coking plant), alkaline-mangan batteri (alkaline, alkaline-manganese batteries), alkaline (alkaline, alkaline-manganese batteries). (various references) | |
Dutch | batterijen. (various references) | |
Finnish | tärinäakku (vibrating batteries), sähkökoneiden ja-laitteiden valmistus (manufacture of electrical apparatus and appliances for industrial use;manufacture of batteries and accumulators), poikasten kerroshäkkikasvatus (chick rearing in batteries), paristojen ja akkujen valmistus (manufacture of electrical apparatus and appliances for industrial use;manufacture of batteries and accumulators), nimelliskapasiteetti (rating of storage batteries), alkaliparisto (alkaline, alkaline-manganese batteries), akun nimelliskapasiteetti (rating of storage batteries). (various references) | |
French | piles. (various references) | |
German | Batterien, Schlägereien (brawling, frays, rough stuff). (various references) | |
Greek | παραγωγή ηλεκτρικών συσκευών και εξοπλισμού βιομηχανικής χρήσης-παραγωγή συστοιχιών και συσσωρευτών (manufacture of electrical apparatus and appliances for industrial use;manufacture of batteries and accumulators), ονομαστική απόδοση συσσωρευτών (rating of storage batteries), οι συστοιχίες εκτροφής νεοσσών αποτελούνται από τέσσερα συρτάρια,με πυθμένα από σταθερό μεταλλικό πλέγμα,συγκρατούμενα από ένα μεταλλικό (batteries for rearing chicks consist of four drawers with a metal mesh floor), αλκαλικές μπαταρίες (alkaline, alkaline-manganese batteries), αλκαλικές μπαταρίες μαγγανίου (alkaline, alkaline-manganese batteries), εντατική εκτροφή νεοσσών πάχυνσης σε συστοιχία κλωβών πάχυνσης (quick rearing of broilers in broiler batteries), ονομαστική απόδοση μπαταριών (rating of storage batteries), η συστοιχία ωοτοκίας,ή τροφοδοσία καθώς και η απαγωγή των ακαθαρσιών είναι αυτοματοποιημένες εργασίες (laying batteries with automatic feeders and droppings removal), κλώσσισμα σε κλωβοστοιχία (chick rearing in batteries), μπαταρίες δόνησης (vibrating batteries), μπαταρίες και συσσωρευτές (batteries and accumulators), μια σειρά κλιβάνων οπτανθρακοποίησης αποτελεί μια συστοιχία,πολλές συστοιχίες συγκροτούν ένα οπτανθρακοποιείο (a series of coke ovens constitutes a battery, several batteries constitute a coking plant), για να επιτευχθεί θερμοκρασία κατάλληλη για την επεξεργασία,τα πλινθώματα θερμαίνονται σε συστοιχίες φρεατοκαμίνων (the ingots are heated in batteries of soaking pits), έλεγχος της αποφόρτισης των ηλεκτρικών στηλών (managing consumption of batteries), κλώσσισμα σε συστοιχία (chick rearing in batteries), η άλμεξη με αναρρόφηση φέρει το γάλα κατευθείαν μέσα σε μιά δεξαμενή η σε συστοιχία καρδάρων που γεμίζονται διαδοχικά με την βοήθεια διάτα (the milk travels through fixed pipilines straight into collection tanks or churn batteries with overflow pipes in the milk room). (various references) | |
Hungarian | ketrecek, ólak. (various references) | |
Irish | batairí (of batteries). (various references) | |
Italian | pile. (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 充電期間 (period of time in which to recharge one's batteries). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | じゅうでんきかん (period of time in which to recharge one's batteries). (various references) | |
Korean | 건전지 (Battery). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | atteriesbay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | pilhas (piles). (various references) | |
Portuguese Brazilian | pilhas. (various references) | |
Romanian | a-şi ascunde intenţiile duşmãnoase (mask one's batteries). (various references) | |
Spanish | pilas. (various references) | |
Swedish | batterier. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Misspellings | |
"BATTERIES" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: bacteries, batardes, battaries, batteri, batteria, batterial, batterie, batterys, patteroes. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "BATTERIES" (pronounced ba"terēz) |
| 4 | -t er ē z | arteries, directories, documentaries, eateries, factories, histories, lotteries, mysteries, refractories, victories. |
| 3 | -er ē z | accessories, advisories, anniversaries, armories, bakeries, boundaries, breweries, burglaries, calories, calvaries, canneries, centuries, deliveries, diaries, discoveries, distilleries, draperies, embroideries, fisheries, forgeries, galleries, groceries, hatcheries, hickories, injuries, inquiries, luxuries, machineries, memories, microbreweries, miseries, nurseries, ovaries, penitentiaries, quandaries, recoveries, refineries, reveries, robberies, rosaries, salaries, sceneries, summaries, surgeries, treasuries, vagaries, wineries. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-b-e-e-i-r-s-t-t" | |
-1 letter: abetters, ariettes, batterie, berettas, birettas, iterates, teariest, treaties, treatise. | |
-2 letters: abetter, aeriest, ariette, artiest, artiste, attires, baiters, barites, batiste, batters, battier, beastie, beaters, berates, beretta, betters, biretta, bistate, bitters, estreat, iratest, iterate, ratites, rebaits, rebates, restate, retaste, seriate, striate, tastier, terbias, testier. | |
-3 letters: aeries, airest, aretes, artist, attire, baiter, barest, barite, baster, batter. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-b-e-e-i-r-s-t-t" | |
+1 letter: breathiest. | |
+2 letters: obliterates, subliterate. | |
+3 letters: baptisteries, bathymetries, bespattering, blatherskite, brattinesses, reattributes. | |
+4 letters: blatherskites, invertebrates, rehabilitates, rentabilities, resectability, subliterature. | |
+5 letters: alterabilities, bacteriostases, heritabilities, presentability, reputabilities, respectability, scatterbrained, subliteratures, submetacentric, subtherapeutic, tolerabilities, traceabilities, treatabilities. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Fiction 10. Quotations: Non-fiction 11. Quotations: Speeches 12. Usage Frequency | 13. Names: Company Usage 14. Expressions 15. Translations: Modern 16. Derivations | 17. Rhymes 18. Anagrams 19. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
