Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Atropine |
AtropineNoun1. A poisonous crystalline alkaloid extracted from the nightshade family; used as an antispasmodic and to dilate the eye pupil. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Etymology: Atropine \At"ro*pine\, noun. [Greek expression inflexible; hence one of the three Parc[ae]; 'a priv. to turn.]. (Websters 1913) |
| Domain | Definition |
Health | A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
It is a drug with a wide variety of effects. All of these derive from its blocking of the [[acetylcholine receptor| muscarinic acetylcholine receptors]]; acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter which transmits information from nerve cells to muscles and glands. The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor is used by the parasympathetic nervous system; atropine therefore lowers the activity of all muscles and glands that receive their stimulation via the parasympathetic system.
In overdoses, atropine is poisonous.
The main use of atropine is in dilating the pupil before undergoing eye exams. Atropine containing drops are directly applied to the eye; they perform their action because the muscles responsible for constricting the pupil use muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Injections of atropine are used in the treatment of bradycardia (an extremely low heart rate) and pulseless electrical activity (PEA) in cardiac arrest. This works because the main action of the vagus nerve of the parasympathetic system on the heart is to slow it down. Atropine blocks that action and therefore speeds up the heart rate.
Atropine reduces bronchial and salivary secretion (which are also directed by the parasympathetic system); a dry mouth and increased heart rate are usually among the first effects of the drug.
By blocking the action of acetycholine, atropine also serves as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning, particularly for chemical weapons such as nerve gases. Troops who are likely to be attacked with chemical weapons often carry autoinjectors with atropine which can be quickly injected into the thigh.
Atropine is sometimes added to other potentially addictive drugs; abuse of those drugs is then prevented by the unpleasant effects of atropine overdose.
Adverse reactions to atropine include ventricular fibrillation, supraventricular or ventricular tachycardia, giddiness, nausea, blurred vision, loss of balance, dilated pupils, photophobia, and possibly, notably in the elderly, confusion, hallucinations and excitation. These latter effects are due to the fact that atropine is able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Because of the hallucinogenic properties, some have used the drug recreationally, though this is very dangerous.
In medicine the most common atropine compound used is atropine sulfate (C17H23NO3)2.H2SO4.H2O, the full chemical name is 1α H, 5α H-Tropan-3-α ol (±)-tropate(ester), sulfate monohydrate.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Atropine."
Crosswords: Atropine |
| English words defined with "atropine": Atropa belladonna, Atropia ♦ belladonna ♦ Daturine, deadly nightshade ♦ Homatropine, hyoscyamine ♦ Isatropic ♦ Jaborine ♦ Oxalethyline ♦ Tropine. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "atropine": Antispasmodics, Atropine Derivatives ♦ belladona ♦ Diphenoxylate ♦ Ipratropium ♦ Muscarine ♦ Oxyphenonium ♦ pupillary dilation ♦ Tropicamide. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "atropine": Homatropine ♦ Isatropic ♦ Tropine. (references) |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Atropine or another anticholinergic agent is given prior to the treatment. (references) | |
Antidiarrheal agents such as loperamide (Imodium*) or diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil*) are likely to make the illness worse and should be avoided. (references) | ||
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Atropine" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 90.24% of the time. "Atropine" is used about 41 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 90.24% | 37 | 56,631 |
| Noun (proper) | 7.32% | 3 | 202,518 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 2.44% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 41 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expression using "atropine": Atropine Derivatives. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
atropine | 141 |
atropine sulfate | 19 |
diphenoxylate and atropine | 7 |
atropine saytek | 4 |
atropine drop eye | 3 |
atropine diphenoxylate hcl so4 | 2 |
atropine sulphate | 2 |
atropine ophthalmic sulfate | 2 |
atropine use | 2 |
atropine side effects | 2 |
atropine say tek | 2 |
isopto atropine | 2 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "atropine"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 阿托" . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | atropin, en parasympatholytisk virkende forbindelse, modvirker virkningen af de parasympathomimetiske gifte (annuls the action of the parasympathomimetic poison), atropin. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | atropine, een parasympathicolyticum, heft de werking van een parasympathicomimetisch werkend vergift op (annuls the action of the parasympathomimetic poison), atropine. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | atropiinioksidi (atropine oxide), atropiinimetonitraatti (atropine methonitrate). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | atropine, l'atropine - tropyltropéinol, parasympathicolytique parasympatholytique, annulle l'action du toxique parasympathicomimétique - parasympathomimétique. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | Atropin. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | η ατροπίνη,ένας παράγοντας παράλυσης του παρασυμπαθητικού,καταργεί τη δράση του παρασυμπαθομιμητικού δηλητηρίου, ατροπίνη. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | atropin. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | atropina, l'atropina, parasimpaticolitico, annulla l'azione del tossico parasimpaticomimetico (a parasympatholytic ( parasympathoparalytic ) agent, annuls the action of the parasympathomimetic poison). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | atropineay atropina. (various references) атропин. (various references) atropina. (various references) atropinoxid (atropine oxide), atropinmetonitrat (atropine methonitrate). (various references) atropin. (various references) атропін. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "atropine": atropines. (additional references) | |
| |
"Atropine" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Agripino, Altromin, antropine, Arrospide, Atropa, atrophine, ectropion. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| Words rhyming with "atropine" (pronounced 'At"ro*pine'): Alpine, Antilopine, Arpine, Chopine, Cisalpine, Cryptopine, Forpine, Gnoscopine, Homatropine, Muscicapine, Opine, orpine, Pilocarpine, Porcupine, Protopine, resupine, Sinapine, spine, subalpine, Vulpine. (additional references) |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-e-i-n-o-p-r-t" | |
-1 letter: atropin, operant, painter, pertain, pointer, pronate, protean, protein, repaint, tropine. | |
-2 letters: aroint, arpent, atoner, enrapt, entrap, norite, opiate, orient, ornate, orpine, panier, pantie, parent, parton, patine, patron, pineta, pirate, pointe, protea, protei, pterin, rapine, ratine, ration, retain, retina, tarpon, teopan, tonier, trepan, tropin. | |
-3 letters: antre, aport, apron, apter, arpen, atone, atrip, entia, inapt. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-e-i-n-o-p-r-t" | |
+1 letter: atropines, operating, operation, patronise, patronize, peritonea, predation, pretorian, protamine, reappoint. | |
+2 letters: euphoriant, expiration, fortepiano, hierophant, hypertonia, importance, operations, patronised, patronises, patronized, patronizes, peritoneal, permeation, perorating, peroration, pianoforte, portamenti, praetorian, pratincole, precaution, predations, pretorians, propionate, protamines, proteinase, readopting, reappoints, reparation, reputation, separation, trampoline, waitperson. | |
+3 letters: aminopterin, antileprosy, antipoverty, antistrophe, aponeurotic, apportioned, ceratopsian, chiropteran, cooperating, cooperation, crepitation, deportation, depravation, deprecation, depredation, deprivation, desperation, emancipator, euphoriants, evaporating, evaporation, expirations, exploration, exportation, expurgation, extirpation, fortepianos, hierophants, hypertonias, impersonate, impetration, importances, importunate, imprecation, impregnator, incorporate, inoperative, interpolate, metanephroi, misanthrope, narcoleptic, neuropathic, nonoperatic, operational, outcapering, partitioned, partitioner, patrimonies, penetration, percolating, percolation, perennation, perforating, perforation, periodontal, permeations, permutation, perorations, personalist, personality, personating, personation, personative, petitionary, pianofortes, potentiator, praetorians, pratincoles, preadopting, precautions, predication, predominant, predominate, prelibation, prenominate, preparation, preromantic, probationer, procreating, procreation, profanities, proletarian, propionates, proteinases, proteinuria, reappointed, reapportion, reoperating, reoperation, reparations, repartition, replication, reprobating, reprobation, repudiation, reputations, respiration, retinopathy, senatorship, separations, supernation, trampoliner, trampolines, trepanation, trepidation, waitpersons. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Quotations: Non-fiction 4. Usage Frequency | 5. Expressions 6. Expressions: Internet 7. Translations: Modern 8. Derivations | 9. Rhymes 10. Anagrams 11. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
