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Definition: Arabian |
ArabianAdjective1. Relating to or associated with Arabia or its people; "Arabian Nights"; "Arabian Sea". 2. Of or relating to Arabian horses. Noun1. An Arabic speaking person who lives in Arabia or North Africa. 2. A spirited graceful and intelligent riding horse native to Arabia. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "Arabian" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1050. (references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The word Arab is used with several meanings.
It is often used to refer to any person of the Middle East or North Africa whose mother tongue is the Arabic language. Broadly, the term refers to anyone of a people living in this area, even though such a people may have no connection to Arabia, other than having been invaded during the Arab expansion. The Berber peoples of North Africa, for example, though often called Arabs by Westerners, are connected to Arabia only by often speaking Arabic as a second language, since that remains the official language of the country in which they live as a result of the Arab expansion.
Racially, an Arab is a person of Arabic descent, whose original ancestry comes from the Arabian Peninsula. Arabs are a Semitic people, who trace their ancestry from the ancient patriarch Abraham.
Most, but not all, Arabs have embraced the religion of Islam. Many American Arabs are Christian Arabs from Syria and Lebanon.
See also: Semitic people, Ababda, Pan-Arabism, Arab League
External link
- Maps of the Arab World
- News from Arabic countries
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Arab."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Arabia is a peninsula at the junction of Africa and Asia, east of Ethiopia and northern Somalia, south of Palestine and Jordan, and southwest of Iran. It is bounded on the southwest by the Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba, on the southeast by the Arabian Sea, and on the northeast by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf. It includes Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar. The term "Arabia" is often used to mean Saudi Arabia alone.Saudi Arabia is by far the largest country. Most people live in Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
Arabia is also a small suburb of Helsinki. Arabia is also a Finnish company making ceramic kitchen and bathroom utensils: see external link http://www.arabia.fi
- See also : Arab World
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Arabia."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Arabian horse is regarded as a "hot" breed, i.e., one that is not at all phlegmatic. They were developed over centuries in the Middle East. They are relatively small, at least compared to Thoroughbreds, with 14 hands (or nearly five feet tall) and around 800-900 pounds being a typical size. Arabian horses have desirable dispositions and make excellent horses for children. The Arabian horse is known for its thin, dished face and high tail cariage. Many Arabian horses are similar to Saddlebred horses, though Saddlebred horses aremuch taller.Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Arabian horse."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The expressions Arabic and Classical Arabic usually refer to ?al luGat ul?\\arabi:yat ulfus'X\\a: ( Literally: the pure Arabic language - اللغة العربية؛الفصحى ) which is, according to Arabic speakers, both the language of present-day media across North Africa and the Middle East (from Morocco to Iraq) and the language of the Qur'an. The expression media includes not only television, radio, newspapers and magazines, but also all written matter, including all books, documents of every kind, and reading primers for small children.
The word "Arabic", in a wide sense, can also refer to one of the many national or regional so-called "dialects", spoken daily across North Africa and the Middle East, which can sometimes differ enough to be mutually incomprehensible. These dialects are not frequently written.
It is sometimes difficult to separate concepts in Islam from concepts specific to Arab culture, from the language itself. The Qur'an is expressed in Arabic and traditionally Muslims deemed it untranslatable, though this view has changed in some circles, e.g. those advocating the Islamization of knowledge in recent decades. A list of Islamic terms in Arabic covers those terms which are too specific to translate in one phrase.
The English word algorithm is derived from the name of the inventor of algebra - an Arabic word like alchemy, alcohol, azimuth, nadir, zenith and oasis. Arabic numerals are what we use in English - but, except in some North African countries, modern Arabs generally use Hindi numerals. Spanish is the European language with the most borrowings from Arabic. See a List of the Arabic loan-words in Spanish.
Arabic is a Semitic language, closely related to the Hebrew language. Many dialects are spoken in modern Arabic states such as Egypt, Lebanon, and Morocco, but all of these countries use Modern Standard Arabic for printed media. Its function however is different from Western standard languages: it is mainly the language of the Qur'an (in its Classical form), and is not spoken in everyday life. Consequently, prestigious vernacular varieties have some of the functions that standard languages have in Western countries (see Chambers, Sociolinguistic Theory). Arabic is the language of Islam, but is also spoken by Arab Christians and Oriental Jews.
Arabic alphabet: Letter Standard
Name Typical SAMPA value ا âlef
alif a ب bâ ba:? b ت tâ ta:? t ث thâ Ta:? T ج jîm
dZi:m dZ ح h.â X\\a:? X\\ خ khaa xa:? x د dâl
da:l d ذ thâl
Da:l D ر r'aa
ra:? r ز zai
za:j z س si'n
si:n s ش shîn
Si:n S ص s'aad
s?a:d s? ض d'aad
d?a:d d? ط t'â t?a:? t? ظ z'â z?a:? z? ع 'ayn
?\\ajn ?\\ غ ghaîn
Gajn G ف faa
fa:? f ق qâf
qa:f q ك kâf
ka:f k ل lâm
la:m l م mîm mi:m m ن nuun
nu:n n ه hâ ha:? h و waau
wa:w w ى yâ ja:? j ء (hamza)
hamza ?¹
- hamza typically occurs as a small superscript over ا, و, or ى. There are also two variants, each used in special contexts: ٱ , آ.
Arabic special characters: Commonly-used variants: ى word-final variant of ا; has value of ى elsewhere ﻻ ligature of ل and ا ة teh marbuta; nominally feminine ending /at/, but the /t/ is dropped except in special cases; changes to ت when suffixes are added ّ shadda; marks gemination of a consonant; kasra (see below) moves to between the shadda and the geminate consonant when present; not used consistently in modern texts Short vowels are indicated only in the Qur'an and in children's reading primers: ْ suku:n; marks a consonant with no following vowel َ fatX\\a; short /a/ vowel ِ kasra; short /i/ vowel ُ d'am:a; short /u/ vowel tanwiin letters: ً , ٍ , ٌ used in combination with ا to produce the grammatical endings /an/, /in/, and /un/ respectively ( اً , اٍ , اٌ ); only اً is commonly used
Arabic consonant phonemes Bilabial Inter-
dentalDental Emphatic
dental(Alveo-)
PalatalVelar Uvular Pharyn-
gealGlottal Stops Voiceless t t' k q ? Voiced b d d' dZ¹ Fricatives Voiceless f T s s' S x X h Voiced D z z' G ?\\ Nasals m n Laterals l² Rhotic (trill) r Semi-vowels w j
/'/ is used to indicate velarization and pharyngalization (=emphatic consonants; usually transcribed as dotted consonants). The other symbols are SAMPA.
- /dZ/ is /g/ for some speakers, i.e. a plosive
- /l/ becomes [l'] only in /?alla:h/, the name of God, i.e. Allah.
In the dialects there are more phonemes, one occurs in the Maghreb as well in the written language mostly for names: /v/.
Vowels and consonants can be (phonologically) short or long.
Grammar
Like many Semitic languages the grammar is based on a (usually) triconsonantal root, which is not a word in itself. The consonants k t b together indicating 'write', q r ? indicate 'read', ? k l indicate 'eat'. The pattern of vowels and affixes gives the exact meaning. The simplest form of the verb is the perfect, third person masculine singular: kataba 'he wrote', qara?a 'he read'. From this the other persons and numbers form:
The imperfect has a different shape and different affixes:
- katabtu I wrote
- katabta you (masc.) wrote
- katabti you (fem.) wrote
- katabat she wrote
- katabna we wrote
- katabu: they (masc.) wrote
- etc., there also being dual forms
Derived verbs are variations on the shape of the primary kataba stem, such as kattaba, ka:taba, inkataba, takattaba, etc., with senses such as intensive, reflexive, and causative, though the exact meaning varies from verb to verb and needs to be recorded in a lexicon.
- jaktubu he is writing
- taktubu she is writing; you (masc.) are writing
- taktubi:na you (fem.) are writing
- ?aktubu I am writing, etc.
In Arabic, a word is classified as one of three: a noun, a verb, and a preposition. There are simply no separate categories for adjectives, adverbs, etc.; all are fulfilled by either a noun or a verb, or in some cases, a preposition. For example, to say in Arabic the sentense "the man ran slowly", one would say in Arabic a sentense whose word-for-word translation is "the man ran with slowness", or "the man ran (with) a slowness". Similarily, the Arabic word for "quick" would be treated as a noun, thus it is more properly translated not as the English word "quick", but as the English phrase "quick one".
This concept of using nouns and verbs to fulfill other linguistic functions is different from other languages, such as English, where usually there are words dedicated to fulfilling these functions. Note, though, that in English, this method is sometimes used with respect to adjectives, as in "the city hall", "the town meeting", etc.
Besides these rules, there are a number of other grammar and literary rules that dictate such things as what position in the sentense is the most proper for a certain word, advanced grammatical rules, word morphology, etc. These rules are known collectively in Arabic as al naX\\u (Arabic النحو), which means "the orientation", as it is viewed as the science that defines the proper orientation (rules) of the Arabic language.
Like many Semitic languages, Arabic has a dual grammatical number.
Calligraphy
In the beginnings of Islam, the Qur'an was mostly recorded in the memory of those who memorized the entire text; they were known as the Huffaz. After witnessing the unreliability of such a form of transmission, mostly because of the untimely death of many of those Huffaz in battle, it was decided to record it in written form and compile it into one book instead of several pieces.Given its sacred nature to Muslims, as the Qur'an is considered the word of Allah, the book would be made with great attention to quality and readability. Given Islam's taboo against pictural representation, however, drawings could not be used to enjolivate the book, as was done in the Christian world. Thus, the art of calligraphy became very important in the Muslim world, and today it is still a major art form; calligraphers are held in great esteem. The aesthetic of their art, which allows for the teaching of the Qur'an, is a unifying aspect of Islam.
After the definitive fixing of the Arabic script around 786, by Khalil ibn Ahmad al Farahidi, many styles were developed, both for the writing down of the Qur'an and other books, and for inscriptions on monuments as decoration.
The first of those to gain popularity was known as the Kufic script; it was angular, made of square and short horizontal strokes, long verticals, and bold, compact circles. It would be the main script used to copy the Qur'an for three centuries; its static aspect made it suitable for monumental inscriptions, too. It would develop many serifs, small decorations added to each character.
More often used for casual writing was the cursive Naskh script, with rounder letters and thin lines; with refinement of its writing techniques it would come to be preferred to Kufic for copying the Qur'an. Most children are taught the Naskh font first, and at a later stage they are introduced to the Req'a font. Almost all printed material in Arabic is in Naskh so, to avoid confusion, children are taught to write in the same script. It is also clearer and easier to decipher.
In the 13th century, the Thuluth would take on the ornamental role formerly associated with the Kufic script. Thuluth meaning "one third", it is based on the principle that one third of each letter slides downward. As such it has a strong cursive aspect and is usually written in ample curves.
As Islam extended farther east, it converted the Persians, who took to using Arabic script for their own language. They contributed to Arabic calligraphy the Taliq and Nastaliq styles. The later is extremely cursive, with exaggeratedly long horizontal strokes; one of its peculiarities is that vertical strokes lean to the right rather than (as more commonly) to the left, making Nastaliq writing particularly well flowing.
The Diwani script is a cursive style of Arabic calligraphy developed during the reign of the early Ottoman Turks (16th-early 17th century). It was invented by Housam Roumi and reached its height of popularity under Süleyman I the Magnificent (1520-66). As decorative as it was communicative, Diwani was distinguished by the complexity of the line within the letter and the close juxtaposition of the letters within the word.
A variation of the Diwani, the Diwani Al Jali, is characterized by its abundance of diacritical and ornamental marks.
Finally, the most commonly used script for everyday use is Riq'a. Simple and easy to write, its movements are small, without much amplitude. It is the one most commonly seen. It's also considered a step up from the Naskh script, and as children get older they are taught this script in school.
The traditional instrument of the Arabic calligrapher is the qalam, a pen made of dried reed; the ink is often in color, and chosen such that its intensity can vary greatly, so that the greater strokes of the compositions can be very dynamic in their effect.
Indeed, Arabic calligraphy hasn't fallen out of use as in the western world. Being cursive by nature, unlike the Latin alphabet, Arabic script is used to write down a verse of the Qur'an, a Hadith, or simply a proverb, in a spectacular composition that is often indecipherable. The composition is often abstract, but sometimes the writing is shaped into an actual form such as that of an animal. One of the current masters of the genre is Hassan Massoudy.
Arabic Script
Arabic script is not used solely for writing Arabic. The script, while still inherently Arabic, has been modified to fit the other languages it is used with. There are phonemes that Arabic doesn't have, but yet Farsi or Malay or Urdu may contain, especially since those three languages are not related to Arabic. For example, the Arabic language lacks a "P" sounding letter, so many languages add their own "P" in the script, yet the symbol used may differ between languages.Arabic script is currently used for:
In the past, it has also been used to represent other languages:
- Dari and Pashto in Afghanistan
- Farsi (Persian) in Iran
- Urdu and Kashmiri in Pakistan
- Punjabi in Pakistan, where it is known as Shahmukhi
- Azeri (Azerbaijani)
- Hausa, known as Ajami
- Malay, known as Jawi. This is still popular in Brunei
- Sanskrit has also been written in Arabic script, though it is more well known as using the Devanagari script - the same script used for writing Hindi
- Somali
- Swahili
- Turkish was written in Arabic script until Atatürk declared the change to Roman script. This form of Turkish is now known as Ottoman and is held by many Turks to be a completely different language. This seems however to be politically motivated and does not hold up linguistically
- Turkmen in Turkmenistan
External links
Web references and examples:
- 6 links
- E2 article
- Free online resources for learners
- http://www.ethnologue.com/show_iso639.asp?code=ara
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Arabic language."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Middle East, as a geographic entity, comprises the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. Also called southwestern Asia.The Middle East includes Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Yemen, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip.
"Middle East" is still not a completely settled term and in some documents this area can also be referred to as the Near East. In some references, "Near East" also includes northeastern Africa. Moreover, the list of countries discussed in the context of Middle East is occasionally extended due to strong cultural, economic and political relationships to include such countries as Morocco, Sudan, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan and even Greece.
The region is well known for its huge stock of crude oil and for being the birthplace and spritual centre of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
The Middle East is a subregion of Africa-Eurasia.
See also Levant, History of Levant, Mesopotamia, Orientalism
History
The Middle East is the earliest area in the world to see the development of civilization in Mesopotamia around 2400 BC. The Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians and others built important states. Not lon afterwards an even more advanced civilization developed in Egypt.The first Empire to dominate the region was the Persian Empire, until it was defeated by Alexander the Great who swept through most of the Middle East. The Roman Empire also gained a large presence in the eastern areas, and it was replaced by the Byzantine Empire. While in the east the Sasanian Empire replaced that of the Persians.
The rise of Islam beginning in the year 610 was one of the most important turning points in the history of the Middle East. The Arabs came to dominate almost the entire region, supplanting many of the original cultures. The great Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates ruled almost all the Middle East.
After Arabian rule centred in Baghdad was ended by a combination if internal decline and external invasion by the Mongols in 1258. The Mongols did not last long in the region and by the 16th century the area was under control of the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire in Persia. The empires lasted for many centuries.
The rise of the economies of western Europe began to transform the region in the 19th century and the region began to fall prey to European colonialism. Egypt was seized by the British in 1882. When the Ottoman Empire finally collapsed after the First World War the Middle East was divided between Britain and France. After the Second World War most of the Middle East was regranted independence.
Since that time the Middle East has fallen behind the rest of the world economically, and has also been plagued with an ongoing conflict between Arabs and Israel. In 1979 the Safavid Empire finally fell to an Islamic revolution in Iran
Transportation
Transportation in the Middle East throughout history was cheaper than in most other areas of the world. While the region lacks rivers, the rivers that did exist, such as the Nile and the Tigris and Euphrates, linked large sections of the population. More importantly, however, was the camel. This hardy and efficient pack animal gave the Middle East a comparative advantage in trade for many centuries.
In part because of this, but mostly because of the impoverished nature of the regional governments railways came very late to the Middle East. In 1883 there were still no railways anywhere outside of Egypt. In those areas that were under European control, such as Egypt after 1882, there was no question of European construction and control of the railways. In areas still under the control of the Ottoman Empire Europeans were also selected to build railways. The area lacked skilled engineers and indigenous efforts were often plagued with technical problems. The most egregious example of this is the Mudanya to Bursa line that was built at too steep a grade for it to be usable by locomotives, and the whole project became a complete waste of resources. Perhaps even more important was a lack of investment capital in the empire, and money for the railway projects was thus raised on the financial markets in Paris, London, and Berlin.
The standard pattern of Middle Eastern railway building was to have the government grant a European company a monopoly over a certain route for a certain period of time. Often added to these concessions were financial guarantees promising that the government would make up a certain portion of any financial loses, if the railways succeeded in carrying a certain annual tonnage. The European companies would raise the large amounts of capital needed to fund the railways on the financial markets in the Western European capitals. There were of course many variations to this pattern. Some railways were built almost entirely by Middle Eastern capital. There is also the Hijaz line that was funded by Muslims from around the world. All these lines still relied upon European engineers, however. In Egypt, while the railways were constructed by European groups, they were managed by a central government organization, but Europeans played an important role there as well.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Middle East."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| ARCU | English | Arabian currency unit | Finance |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonym: ArabianSynonym: Arab (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Imagination | Flying Dutchman, great sea serpent, man in the moon, castle in the air, pipe dream, pie-in-the-sky, chateau en Espagne; Utopia, Atlantis, happy valley, millennium, fairyland; land of Prester John, kindgom of Micomicon; work of fiction; (novel); Arabian nights; le pot au lait; dream of Alnashar; (hope). |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Movie/TV Titles | Arabian Nights (1972) The Arabian Knights (1968) Arabian Daze (1963) 1001 Arabian Nights (1959) Three Arabian Nuts (1951) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Arabian Sea Gets Dusty. Credit: NASA. |  | Swim call in the Arabian Sea OCEANOGRAPHER around the world cruise. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Arabian apothecary's shop. / Published by Lepetit S. p. A. - Milan (Italy). Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Print after a sketch by T. Dart Walker, entitled "Christmas Eve in the United States Navy". Its original caption reads: "Giving the famous Highland toast and song for sweethearts and wives. Wherever Uncle Sam's fighting ships are stationed throughout the world, it is the custom of the officers to rise, as here depicted, at the conclusion of the Christmas Eve festivities in honor of the absent home folks. This sketch was made by the noted marine artist, T. Dart Walker, while crossing the Arabian Sea on board the battleship 'Kansas'.". Credit: NAVY. |
 | Ibn Sa'ud, the Sultan of Saudi Arabia with Sir Percy Cox, the English adviser of Arabian Affairs, seated outside of tent. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Arabian nights. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | The Arabian nights. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Steamer in the Arabian Sea near Bombay (?). Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Arabian Proverb | Too much sun makes a desert. |
| Examine what is said, not him who speaks. | |
| When a mouse laughs at a cat, there's usually a hole nearby. | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | Access to the Saudi Arabian market is otherwise virtually unrestricted. (references) | |
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven emirates located on the Arabian Peninsula. (references) | ||
However, the Saudi Arabian Standards Organization (SASO) will accept electrical products as low as 115 volts, 60 Hertz. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Bahrain | The Government occasionally grants citizenship to Sunni residents, most of whom are from Jordan, the Arabian Peninsula, and Egypt. (references) |
Lebanon | On August 16, three men from the army's intelligence services arrested without a warrant Antoine Bassil, a correspondent for the Saudi Arabian television station Middle East Broadcasting Corporation (MBC). On December 5, a court indicted Bassil on charges of contact with the enemy, entering Israel, forming an association to harm the State's authority, and damaging relations with a sisterly country. (references) | |
Egypt | Confiscated works included poetry by Lebanese poet Joseph Harb, two novels and an autobiography by Egyptian feminist Nawal al-Sa'adawi, "Crazy Stories," by Egyptian author Yehia Ibrahim, three works ("The Tent," "The Naked Bread," and "al-Shutar") by Moroccan author Mohammed Shukri, "The Merciful and the Devil," by Syrian author Firas al-Sawah, "Politics between the Permitted and the Forbidden," by Saudi Arabian author Turki Hamad, two works ("Fear of Modernism" and "Are you Shielded from the Harem?") by Moroccan feminist Fatma al-Mernissi, and "A Banquet for Seaweed," by Syrian author Haidar Haidar. (references) | |
Economic History | Saudi Arabia | Adjective--Saudi Arabian or Saudi. (references) |
Bahrain | Bahrain was the first Arabian Gulf state to discover oil. (references) | |
Djibouti | Major markets--France, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Arabian peninsula countries. (references) | |
Political Economy | Saudi Arabia | The central institution of Saudi Arabian Government is the monarchy. (references) |
SAUDI ARABIA | Foreign companies are no longer required to operate through a Saudi Arabian agent. (references) | |
SAUDI ARABIA | Tax Policies: The Saudi Arabian government imposes few taxes, relying on oil revenues, customs duties, and licensing fees for most revenue. (references) | |
Trade | Saudi Arabia | Certain items such as antiques, Arabian horses, livestock, or subsidized items need special approval to export. (references) |
Saudi Arabia | Moreover, the Saudi Arabian leadership has embarked on a wide-ranging restructuring of the entire Saudi economy. (references) | |
Saudi Arabia | The original documents must be accompanied by an Arabic translation; a Saudi Arabian Standards Organization (SASO) certificate of conformity issued by Intertek Testing Laboratories, if applicable; and a radiation certificate, if applicable. (references) | |
Travel | Saudi Arabia | License numbers of vehicles and descriptions of individuals are extremely helpful for follow up. Saudi Arabian officials continue to cooperate closely with the Embassy to ensure the safety of all Americans. (references) |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | LORE, n. Learning -- particularly that sort which is not derived from a regular course of instruction but comes of the reading of occult books, or by nature. This latter is commonly designated as folk-lore and embraces popularly myths and superstitions. In Baring-Gould's Curious Myths of the Middle Ages the reader will find many of these traced backward, through various people son converging lines, toward a common origin in remote antiquity. Among these are the fables of "Teddy the Giant Killer," "The Sleeping John Sharp Williams," "Little Red Riding Hood and the Sugar Trust," "Beauty and the Brisbane," "The Seven Aldermen of Ephesus," "Rip Van Fairbanks," and so forth. The fable with Goethe so affectingly relates under the title of "The Erl- King" was known two thousand years ago in Greece as "The Demos and the Infant Industry." One of the most general and ancient of these myths is that Arabian tale of "Ali Baba and the Forty Rockefellers." |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Arabian" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 85.99% of the time. "Arabian" is used about 207 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 85.99% | 178 | 23,220 |
| Noun (proper) | 14.01% | 29 | 64,444 |
| Total | 100.00% | 207 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "Arabian" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Arabian | Last name | 170 | 53,081 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Japan | Arabian Oil Co. Ltd | USA | Arabian American Development Company |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "Arabian": arabian bird ♦ arabian camel ♦ arabian coffee ♦ arabian Desert ♦ arabian gulf ♦ arabian jasmine ♦ arabian millet ♦ arabian nights ♦ arabian Nights' Entertainment ♦ arabian Peninsula ♦ arabian sea ♦ arabian tea ♦ league of arabian countries ♦ Saudi Arabian ♦ Saudi Arabian monetary unit ♦ Saudi Arabian riyal ♦ the arabian nights. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "Arabian": arabian-financed. | |
Ending with "Arabian": anglo-arabian, Kuwait-saudi-arabian, part-arabian, Saudi-Arabian. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
arabian horse | 3,404 | arabian porn | 60 |
arabian | 1,378 | arabian egyptian | 60 |
black arabian | 359 | arabian palomino | 58 |
arabian sex | 341 | arabian woman | 56 |
arabian night | 336 | 1001 arabian night | 53 |
arabian chestnut | 222 | arabian nude | 50 |
arabian white | 188 | arabian gulf sea | 47 |
bay arabian | 156 | arabian music | 45 |
arabian horse for sale | 151 | arabian costume | 42 |
arabian girl | 135 | arabian horse white | 41 |
arabian grey | 128 | arabian pussy | 41 |
arabian stallions | 126 | arabian night orlando | 39 |
arabian stallion | 126 | arabian for sale | 38 |
picture of arabian horse | 118 | arabian paint | 38 |
arabian horse registry | 107 | arabian desert | 35 |
saudi arabian airline | 83 | photo of arabian horse | 35 |
black arabian horse | 78 | pinto arabian | 35 |
arabian gray | 77 | black arabian stallion | 34 |
arabian mare | 69 | arabian picture | 32 |
arabian knight | 65 | america arabian horse | 30 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "Arabian"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | Arabies (Arabic). (various references) | |
Albanian | arab (arab, arabic). (various references) | |
Arabic | عربي (arabic, saracenic). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | арабски (arab, arabesque, arabic), арабин (arab, wog). (various references) | |
Chinese | 阿拉伯 (Arabic). (various references) | |
Czech | arabský (arab, arabic). (various references) | |
Danish | arabisk (Arabic). (various references) | |
Dutch | Arabisch (Arabic). (various references) | |
Esperanto | araba (Arabic). (various references) | |
Farsi | عربی (Arabic), عرب . (various references) | |
Finnish | arabialainen (Arab, Arabic). (various references) | |
French | arabe (Arab, Arabian woman, Arabic). (various references) | |
Frisian | Arabysk (Arabic). (various references) | |
German | arabisch (arab, arabic). (various references) | |
Greek | αραβικόσ (arabic), αραπικόσ. (various references) | |
Hungarian | arab (Arab, arabesque, Arabian woman, arabic, wog). (various references) | |
Indonesian | arab. (various references) | |
Italian | arabo (Arab, Arabic). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | アラ"ア夜話 (Arab, Arabian Nights, The Arabian Nights' Entertainments, The Thousand and One Nights), アラ"アゴ の木 (acacia, Arabian light), 単峰駱駝 (Arabian camel, dromedary, one-hump camel). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | た"ぽうらく (Arabian camel, dromedary, one-hump camel), アラ"アンライト (Arabian light), アラ"アよばなし (Arabian Nights, The Arabian Nights' Entertainments, The Thousand and One Nights). (various references) | |
Malay | Arab (Arabic). (various references) | |
Manx | Arabagh 1 (Arab, Arabic), Arabagh (Arab, arabesque, Arabic). (various references) | |
Papiamen | arabir (Arab, Arabic), árabe (Arabic). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | arabianay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | árabe (arab, Arabic, saracen). (various references) | |
Romanian | arab (arab, arabesque, arabic). (various references) | |
Russian | аравиец, арабский (arab, arabesque, arabic), араб аравийский. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | arapski (arab, arabic), arapin (arab). (various references) | |
Spanish | árabe (Arab, Arabic, moorish, moresque). (various references) | |
Swedish | arabisk (Arab, arabic). (various references) | |
Thai | เกี่ยวกับชาวอาหรับ. (various references) | |
Turkish | arap atı (arab, arab horse), arap (Arab, arabic, negro), arabistanlı (arab), arabistana özgü, arabistan ile ilgili. (various references) | |
Ukrainian | араві"ць, аравійський, аравійка, арабський (arab, arabesque, arabic), араб (arab). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | người A-rập. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | Arabicus, Arabius, Coffea arabica, Oryx gazella leucoryx, Oryx leucoryx, rubras, rubri, rubro, rubrum. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Jeremiah Chapter 3, Verse 2 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Aron eiV euqeian touV ofqalmouV sou kai ide pou ouci exefurqhV epi taiV odoiV ekaqisaV autoiV wsei korwnh erhmoumenh kai emianaV thn ghn en taiV porneiaiV sou kai en taiV kakiaiV sou |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Leva oculos tuos in directum et vide ubi non prostrata sis in viis sedebas expectans eos quasi latro in solitudine et polluisti terram in fornicationibus tuis et in malitiis tuis |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | Rere vp thin eyen in to euene riyt, and see, where now thou art leid doun. In weies thou seete, abidende them as a thef in wildernesse, and thou defouledist the lond in thi fornycaciouns and in thi malices. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | Lift up thine eyes unto the high places, and see where thou hast not been lien with. In the ways hast thou sat for them, as the Arabian in the wilderness; and thou hast polluted the land with thy whoredoms and with thy wickedness. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | Lift up thy eyes to the high places, and see where thou hast not been lain with. In the ways hast thou sat for them, as the Arabian in the wilderness; and thou hast polluted the land with thy acts of lewdness, and with thy wickedness. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | Let your eyes be lifted up to the open hilltops, and see; where have you not been taken by your lovers? You have been seated waiting for them by the wayside like an Arabian in the waste land; you have made the land unclean with your loose ways and your evil-doing. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Jeremiah Chapter 3, Verse 2 |
| Cebuano | Iyahat ang imong mga mata ngadto sa mga walay sulod nga kahitas-an, ug tan-awa; diin ikaw wala iponi sa paghigda? Sa kadalanan ikaw milingkod alang kanila, ingon sa usa ka Arabe diha sa kamingawan; ug ikaw naghugaw sa yuta uban sa imong mga pagpakighilawas ug uban sa imong pagkadautan. |
| Croatian | Podigni oèi na goleti i pogledaj: gdje te to nisu oskvrnuli? Na putovima si ih doèekivala kao Arapin u pustinji. Ti si oskvrnula zemlju bludom i opaèinom svojom, |
| Danish | Se til de nøgne Høje: Hvor mon du ej lod dig skænde? Ved Vejene vogted du på dem som Araber i Ørk. Du vanæred Landet både ved din Utugt og Ondskab, |
| Dutch | Hef uw ogen op naar de hoge plaatsen, en zie toe, waar zijt gij niet beslapen? Gij hebt voor hen gezeten aan de wegen, als een Arabier in de woestijn; alzo hebt gij het land ontheiligd met uw hoererijen en met uw boosheid. |
| Finnish | Nosta silmäsi kukkuloihin ja katso: missä ei olisi sinua maattu? Teitten vieressä sinä istuit heitä odotellen, niinkuin arabialainen erämaassa, ja saastutit maan haureellisella menollasi ja pahuudellasi. |
| German | Hebe deine Augen auf zu den Höhen und siehe, wie du allenthalben Hurerei treibst. An den Straßen sitzest du und lauerst auf sie wie ein Araber in der Wüste und verunreinigst das Land mit deiner Hurerei und Bosheit. |
| Hungarian | Emeld fel szemeidet a magaslatokra, és lásd meg: hol nem szeplõsítettek meg téged? Az útakon vártál reájok, mint az arab a pusztában, és megfertõztetted a földet paráznaságaiddal és gonoszságoddal. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Coba lihat ke atas, ke puncak-puncak bukit! Tempat manakah yang belum pernah kaudatangi untuk melacur? Seperti orang Arab di padang gurun, demikian engkau duduk di pinggir jalan menantikan orang yang mau bermain cinta. Engkau menajiskan negeri ini dengan perzinahan dan kejahatanmu. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Hendaklah matamu melihat ke atas, kepada segala bukit, di mana gerangan engkau tiada dipercabuli? Pada sisi jalan-jalan engkau sudah duduk mengintai akan mereka itu, seperti seorang bedui di padang belantara, maka engkau sudah menajiskan negeri dengan segala zinahmu dan dengan segala kejahatanmu. |
| Italian | Alza gli occhi sui colli e osserva: dove non ti sei disonorata? Tu sedevi sulle vie aspettandoli, come fa l'Arabo nel deserto. Così anche la terra hai contaminato con impudicizia e perversit . |
| Maori | Kia ara ou kanohi ki nga pukepuke moremore, tirohia; ko tehea te wahi i kore ai koe e puremutia? Nohoia atu ana ratou e koe i nga ara, pera ana me te Arapi i te koraha; a poke iho i a koe te whenua i ou kairautanga, i tau mahi kino. |
| Norwegian | Løft dine øine til de bare hauger og se: Hvor er du ikke blitt vanæret? Ved veiene satt du og ventet på dem, som en araber i ørkenen, og du vanhelliget landet ved ditt hor og din ondskap. |
| Portuguese | Levanta os teus olhos aos altos escalvados, e vê: onde é o lugar em que não te prostituíste? Nos caminhos te assentavas, esperando-os, como o árabe no deserto. Manchaste a terra com as tuas devassidões e com a tua malícia. |
| Rumanian | ,,Ridicq-yi ochii spre knqlyimi, wi privewte: unde n`ai curvit? Te yineai la drumuri, ca Arabul kn pustie, wi ai spurcat yara prin curviile tale wi cu rqutatea ta! |
| Russian | рП"ОЙНЙ ЗМБЪБ ФЧПЙ ОБ ЧЩУПФЩ Й ПУНПФТЙ, З"Е ОЕ 'МХ"П"ЕКУФЧПЧБМЙ У ФП'ПА? х "ПТПЗЙ УЙ"ЕМБ ФЩ "МС ОЙИ, ЛБЛ бТБЧЙФСОЙО Ч ХУФЩОЕ, Й ПУЛЧЕТОЙМБ ЪЕНМА 'МХ"ПН ФЧПЙН Й МХЛБЧУФЧПН ФЧПЙН. |
| Spanish | Alza tus ojos a los cerros y mira: ¿En qué lugar no se han acostado contigo? En los caminos te sentabas para ellos, como un árabe en el desierto. Con tus prostituciones y con tu maldad has profanado la tierra. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Misspellings | |
"Arabian" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Abraira, Arabah, Arabank, Arabin, Aranibar, Arbia, arhalien, Ataban, Azaiba, Erbakan, kasabian, ouabain, Parabaun, Rabaan, Rabani, Rabiana, Rabiha, Raqabah, Sarafina, Trebbiano. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-a-b-i-n-r" | |
-2 letters: bairn, brain, naira. | |
-3 letters: abri, airn, aria, bani, barn, bran, brin, raia, rain, rani. | |
-4 letters: aba, ain, air, ana, ani, arb, baa, ban, bar, bin, bra, nab, nib, ran, ria, rib, rin. | |
-5 letters: aa, ab, ai, an, ar, ba, bi, in, na. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-a-b-i-n-r" | |
+2 letters: barbarian. | |
+3 letters: barbarians, batrachian. | |
+4 letters: abecedarian, alabastrine, batrachians. | |
+5 letters: abecedarians, aberrational, barbarianism. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Quotations: Familiar | 9. Quotations: Non-fiction 10. Usage Frequency 11. Names: Frequency 12. Names: Company Usage | 13. Expressions 14. Expressions: Internet 15. Translations: Modern 16. Translations: Ancient | 17. Bible Trace 18. Abbreviations 19. Acronyms 20. Derivations | 21. Anagrams 22. Bibliography |
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