Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Apocrypha |
ApocryphaNoun1. 14 books of the Old Testament included in the Vulgate but omitted in Jewish and Protestant versions of the Bible. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
"Apocrypha" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "hidden". |
Date "Apocrypha" was first used: 14th century. (references) |
Etymology: Apocrypha \A*poc"ry*pha\, noun. plural, but often used as sing. with plural Apocryphas. [Latin expression apocryphus apocryphal, Greek hidden, spurious, from to hide; from to hide.]. (Websters 1913) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Bible | Apocrypha hidden, spurious, the name given to certain ancient books which found a place in the LXX. and Latin Vulgate versions of the Old Testament, and were appended to all the great translations made from them in the sixteenth century, but which have no claim to be regarded as in any sense parts of the inspired Word. (1.) They are not once quoted by the New Testament writers, who frequently quote from the LXX. Our Lord and his apostles confirmed by their authority the ordinary Jewish canon, which was the same in all respects as we now have it. (2.) These books were written not in Hebrew but in Greek, and during the "period of silence," from the time of Malachi, after which oracles and direct revelations from God ceased till the Christian era. (3.) The contents of the books themselves show that they were no part of Scripture. The Old Testament Apocrypha consists of fourteen books, the chief of which are the Books of the Maccabees (q.v.), the Books of Esdras, the Book of Wisdom, the Book of Baruch, the Book of Esther, Ecclesiasticus, Tobit, Judith, etc. The New Testament Apocrypha consists of a very extensive literature, which bears distinct evidences of its non-apostolic origin, and is utterly unworthy of regard. Source: Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary. |
Literature | Apocrypha Those books included in the Septuagint and Vulgate versions of the Old Testament, but not considered to be parts of the original canon. They are accepted as canonical by Catholics, but not by Protestants, and are not printed in Protestant Bibles in ordinary circulation. The word means hidden (Greek, apokrupto), "because they were wont to be read not openly. ... but, as it were, in secret and apart" (Bible, 1539, Preface to the Apocrypha). As the reason why these books are not received as canonical is because either their genuineness or their authenticity is doubtful, therefore the word "apocryphal" means not genuine or not authentic. Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In every-day conversation, Apocryphal means "of questionable (or lacking) authenticity", describing a story nevertheless frequently told and widely believed. This article is about the theological meaning.
The word apocrypha, from the Greek άπόκρυφος, "hidden", refers in general to religious works that are not considered canonical, or part of official scripture.
According to the other meaning, primarily used by Catholics, it refers to those books from a similar period and in a similar style to the canonical books, but which nonetheless are not included in the Catholic canon (nor in the Protestant canon). Protestants call these books Pseudepigrapha.
The above terminology applies to the Old Testament. In relation to the New Testament, however, both Protestants and Catholics call books they reject Apocrypha (their NT canons are in agreement.)
When referring to the Old Testament, Protestant Christians use the term Apocrypha to refer to a different set of books from what Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christians do, who accept a fuller canon based on the Septuagint Greek version of the Old Testament in use by Greek-speaking Jews in the time of Jesus and by some Palestinian Jews as well.
The differences cover 7 books: Tobias, Judith, Baruch, Ecclesiasticus, Wisdom, First and Second Maccabees; and also certain additions to Esther and Daniel.
We start with the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Tanach (Hebrew Bible) that was made in Alexandria, Egypt, about 300 BC. This translation included a number of writings that the leaders of the Palestinian Jewish community eventually rejected as part of the Jewish biblical canon. These rejected works became known as the apocrypha; one of the main reasons that these works were rejected was that they were composed at a later date than all the other books which did make it into the Tanach.
Most books in the apocrypha were composed between 200 BC and AD 100.
The books in the Septuagint, but not in the Hebrew version of the Bible, include the following:
Not all books from the Septuagint are accepted by the Roman Catholic church as canonical. The Prayer of Manasseh, 3 and 4 Esdras, 3 and 4 Maccabees and Psalm 151 are not considered to be canonical, and are not included in the canon, although some Protestants include these books in the Apocrypha. In the Vulgate, these books are found in an Appendix.
Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches regard the apocrypha as canonical, and refer to them as "deuterocanonical" (literally, from the 'second canon'); their status as being 'second canon' does not mean they are viewed as being less divinely inspired, but is merely a recognition of the controversy which has ensued over them. Protestant churches do not consider these books as canonical, but they vary in their attitude towards them. Some Protestants view these books as useful for religious purposes, although not to be relied upon for doctrine. Other Protestants largely ignore them, some even rejecting them as having any value at all.
All Eastern Orthodox accept the Catholic deuterocanonical books, sometimes also including books that Catholics do not accept (e.g. 3 Maccabees and Psalm 151).
Among the Oriental Orthodox, the Apocrypha are accepted, and with the Ethiopian Orthodox there are additional books such as Jubilees, Enoch, and the Rest of the Words of Baruch. Enoch was accepted as scripture because the book of Jude in the New Testament quotes it as scripture.
Texts rejected by orthodox Christian churches were also accepted by various Gnostic sects.
The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha - books accepted neither by Catholic, Protestant, nor Jewish readers - include a number of books with an apocalyptic theme.
The New Testament apocrypha strictly defined - books accepted neither by Catholic nor Protestant readers - includes several extra gospels and lives of apostles. Some of these books were clearly produced by Gnostic authors or by members of other groups later defined as heterodox, or outside the body of the Church. Many of these writings were discovered in the 19th and 20th centuries, and have produced lively speculation about the state of affairs in Early Christianity.
Though Protestants, Catholics and most Orthodox agree on the canon of the New Testament the Ethiopian Orthodox are an exception. They add I & II Clement, and Shepherd of Hermas to the New Testament.
The most famous apocryphal book of the New Testament is without doubt the Gospel of Thomas. Most of the codices found in Nag Hammadi, including the only complete text of the Gospel of Thomas, are also considered as apocrypha of the New Testament. Also see the entry on Gnosticism for a list of other recovered works considered to be of Gnostic origin.
Some specific books of the New Testament apocrypha:
While Jews reject the apocrypha as having religious value in and of itself, at various times some in the Jewish community have drawn from it as a legitimate part of Jewish literary creativity; elements of the apocrypha have even been used as the basis for two important parts of the Jewish liturgy.
In the Mahzor (High Holy day prayer book), a medieval Jewish poet used Ben Sira as the basis for a beautiful poem, Ke'Ohel HaNimtah. This is a closing piyut in the Seder Avodah section, in the Yom Kipur Musaf.
It begins:
Four Criteria
The Four Criteria for Canonicity are:Two modern meanings
In modern Christianity, the word has two different specific meanings. According to one meaning, primarily used by Protestants, it refers to the deuterocanonical books which Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christians include as part of the Bible, but which many Protestants and present day Jews exclude. Before the Council of Jamnia in 92 C.E. Jews did not have a single unified canon of scripture. Some Jews (as evidenced in the Dead Sea Scrolls) included much of the Apocrypha as scripture. At the Council of Jamnia these books were excluded predominantly because they were in use by Christians.Apocrypha of the Old Testament
The naming scheme of the Esdras books is complicated.
The Hebrew Bible has one book on this subject, called "Ezra-Nehemiah", but the Septuagint and modern editions of the Christian Old Testament has two separate books, Ezra (called Esdras I by Catholics) and Nehemiah (called Esdras II by Catholics). This book is, or these books are, a canonical part of the Bible.
However, two further books on the same subject are apocryphal, the first being called Esdras III (by Catholics), 1 Esdras (by Protestants), or Esdras A (by Greek Orthodox Christians). The second apocryphal book of Esdras is called Esdras IV (by Catholics), 2 Esdras (by Protestants) and Esdras B (by Greek Orthodox Christians).Apocrypha of the New Testament
For Papyrus Egerton 2, a famous unknown (fragmentary) Gospel compare:
http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Egerton/Egerton_home.html
For the so called Secret Gospel of Mark, mentioned in a letter of Clement of Alexandria discovered in 1958 by Morton Smith compare:
http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Secret/secmark_home.html
The Jewish View of the Apocrypha
(This can be seen, for example, on page 828 of the Birnbaum edition of the Mahzor.)
The Conservative Mahzor replaces the medieval piyut with the relevant section from Ben Sira, which is more direct.
The apocrypha has even formed the basis of the most important of all Jewish prayers, the Amidah (the Shemonah Esrah). Ben Sira provides the vocabulary and framework for many of the Amidah's blessings, which were instituted by the men of the Great Assembly.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Apocrypha."
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Judeo-Christian Revelation | Old Testament, Septuagint, Vulgate, Pentateuch; Octateuch; the Law, the Jewish Law, the Prophets; major Prophets, minor Prophets; Hagiographa, Hagiology; Hierographa; Apocrypha. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Apocrypha |
| English words defined with "Apocrypha": Apocryphalist, Apocryphas ♦ Deuterocanonical ♦ Ecclesiasticus ♦ Judith ♦ Maccabees ♦ New English Bible ♦ Tobit. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "Apocrypha": Maccabees, Books of the. (references) |
| Domain | Title |
Books | |
Theater & Movies | |
Music |
|
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| "Apocrypha" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 90.00% of the time. "Apocrypha" is used about 10 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 90% | 9 | 117,287 |
| Noun (proper) | 10% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 10 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expression using "Apocrypha": the apocrypha. Additional references. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
apocrypha | 269 |
apocrypha book | 29 |
apocrypha solomon | 16 |
apocrypha book solomon | 13 |
new testament apocrypha | 6 |
apocrypha forgotten scroll | 5 |
apocrypha bible | 5 |
apocrypha history | 4 |
apocrypha online | 2 |
apocrypha tab | 2 |
apocrypha james king | 2 |
apocrypha frank zappa | 2 |
apocrypha philo quote | 2 |
old testament apocrypha | 2 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "Apocrypha"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | apokrif, shprehje e paprovuar. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | كتابات مشكوكة فى صحتها, الأبوكريفا. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | апокрифни книги, апокрифи. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | apokryfy. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | apocryphes. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | ספרים "חצו יים, ספרים "' וזים. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | apokriffák (the apocrypha). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | libri apocrifi. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 外典 . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | がいて". (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | Lioaryn Neuashlishagh, Apocryphey. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | apocryphaay apócrifos livros. (various references) апокрифы, апокрифические книги. (various references) apokrif. (various references) libros apócrifos. (various references) de apokryfiska böckerna. (various references) apokrifa, kutsal kitaba girmemiş yazı, doğruluğundan şüphe duyulan yazı. (various references) апокрифи. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Greek | 700 BCE-300 CE | apokryphos. (various references) |
| Late Latin | 300-700 | apocryphus. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "Apocrypha": apocryphal, apocryphally, apocryphalness, apocryphalnesses. (additional references) | |
| |
"Apocrypha" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: apochrypha, apocrapha, apocripha, apocryph, apocryphl, apopcrypha, apovrypha, aprocrypha, apyocrypha. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| Words rhyming with "Apocrypha" (pronounced 'A*poc"ry*pha'): Amorpha, Anthropomorpha, Bdellomorpha, Hagiographa, Myomorpha, nympha, Ophiomorpha, Pentalpha, Pythonomorpha, Sciuromorpha, Scolecomorpha, Synalepha. (additional references) |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-c-h-o-p-p-r-y" | |
-1 letter: apocarpy, approach. | |
-2 letters: apocarp, charpoy. | |
-3 letters: carhop, choppy, coppra, coprah, crappy, papacy, paraph, poachy. | |
-4 letters: chary, copra, happy, harpy, hoary, hoppy, ochry, orach, pacha, parch, payor, poach, porch, rayah, roach. | |
-5 letters: achy, ahoy, arch, arco, ayah, caph, capo, carp, chao, chap, char, chay, chop, copy, cory, crap, crop, haar, harp, hoar, hora, hoya, hypo, opah. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-c-h-o-p-p-r-y" | |
+1 letter: apocryphal. | |
+3 letters: apocryphally. | |
+4 letters: parthenocarpy, typographical. | |
+5 letters: apocryphalness, parapsychology, unapproachably. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)41 70 6F 63 72 79 70 68 61 |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
|
| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
|
| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
|
| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
|
Morse Code (1836) (references).- .--. --- -.-. .-. -.--. .--. .... .- |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
|
Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01000001 01110000 01101111 01100011 01110010 01111001 01110000 01101000 01100001 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)A p o c r y p h a |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0041 0070 006F 0063 0072 0079 0070 0068 0061 |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
|
Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)358281698491827467 |
| Language | Coverage | Language Translations |
Albanian | fjalor, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, transmetim, transferim | shqip, الألبانية, الألباني, албанец, албански език, албански, albánský, Albanais, albán, albanese, Albaneagh, albanês, албанский, albanski, albanac, albanés, alban, Arnavut, албанський, албанка, албанець |
Arabic | معجم, قاموس, الوضوحية في الشيء, حد, تحديد, تعريف, التحديد, الإيضاحية, ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ترجمة, إفتتان | arabishte, العربية, عربي, اللغة العربية, арабски език, арабски, arabský, arabština, arabe, ערבית, ערבי, arab, arabo, Arabish, арабский, arapski, árabe, arabisk, arapça, arap, araplara özgü, арабська мова, арабський |
Bulgarian | речник, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, транслация, превеждане, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, огъване, превод | bulgr, البلغارية, بلغاري, български, български език, българин, bulharský, bolgár, bulgaro, Bulgeyragh, Bulgeyrish, болгарский, болгарин, bugarski jezik, bugarski, bugarka, bugarin, búlgaro, bulgar, bulgaristan ile ilgili, болгарський |
Czech | slovník, definice, překlad | çek, تشيكي, اللغة التشيكوسلوفاكية, التشيكي أحد أبناء تشيكوسلوفاكيا, чешки, èesky, èeské, èech, èeština, èeský, èeška, tchèque, cseh, ceco, Sheckagh, Sheckish, чешский, češki jezik, čeh, češki, checo, tjeck, Çek, çekoslovakyalı kimse, çekoslovakyalı, çek dili, чех, чеська мова, чеський, чешка |
French | dictionnaire, définition, traduction | frëngjishte, frëng, franceze, اللغة الفرنسية, فرنسي, الشعب الفرنسي, френски език, френски, francouzský, francouzština, français, צרפתית, צרפתי, francia, francese, フレコン化 , 仏文 , フランス" , 仏 , ふつぶ", ふつ, フレンチ , フランセ , Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, francês, французский, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, fransk, franska, fransızca, fransız, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький |
Hebrew | אוצר מילים, "'"ר", "'בל", תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתק | hebraishte, اليهودية, اللغة العبرية, يهودي, عبري, العبرية, иврит, староеврейски език, древен жител на юдея, юдейски, израилтянин, евреин, староеврейски, юдей, hebrejský, hebrejec, hebrejka, hebrejština, hébreu, עברי, עברית, zsidó, héber, izraelita, ebreo, ebraico, ヘブライ語 , ヘブライ", Ewagh, Ewnish, Ew, hebreu, hebraico, еврей, древнееврейский язык, древнееврейский, еврейский, hibru, hebreo, jude, hebreiska, hebreisk, musevi, ibranice, ibrani, іудей, іврит, старо"врейська мова, старо"врейський, "врейський, "врей |
Hungarian | szótár, meghatározás, definíció, fordítás | مجري, المجري, الهنغاري, هنغاري, اللغة الهنغارية, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, maïarský, maïarština, maïar, hongrois, "ו 'רי, magyar, ungherese, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, венгр, венгерский, mađarski jezik, mađarski, mađar, húngaro, ungrare, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорський, угорка, угорець |
Italian | dizionario, definizione, traduzione | الإيطالي, اللغة الإيطالية, إيطالي, شخص إيطالي, италиански език, италиански, италианец, italský, italština, ital, italien, איטלקית, איטלקי, olasz, italiano, Iddaalish, итальянский язык, итальянец, итальянский, italijan, italijanski jezik, italijanski, italiensk, italienska, italienare, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка |
Japanese Kanji | 辭典 , 辞典 , 字引 , 辞林 , 字書 , ディーゼル電気車 , 言海 , 辞彙 , 辞書 , 確定 , ディーゼル電気車 , デ'ドロ酢酸 , 翻訳 | japonez, يابانية, ياباني, اليابانية, اللغة اليابانية, японски език, японци, японски, japonský, Japonais, יפ י, japán, giapponese, 邦語 , 邦人 , ジャスミン茶 , ほう", ジャパニーズ , ほうじ", Shapaanagh, Shapaanish, japonês, японский, японец, japanski, japanski jezik, japanac, japonés, japansk, Japonca, японська мова, японський, японка, японець |
Japanese Katakana | じい, じびき, じて", ディクショナリー , じり", じしょ, '"かい, ディクショナリ , デフィニション , ディフィニション , ていぎ, かくてい, へい"ういどう, やくじゅつ, トランスレーション , やくしょ, やくしゅつ, "うどく, ほ"やく, ほ"やくしょ | japonez, يابانية, ياباني, اليابانية, اللغة اليابانية, японски език, японци, японски, japonský, Japonais, יפ י, japán, giapponese, 邦語 , 邦人 , ジャスミン茶 , ほう", ジャパニーズ , ほうじ", Shapaanagh, Shapaanish, japonês, японский, японец, japanski, japanski jezik, japanac, japonés, japansk, Japonca, японська мова, японський, японка, японець |
Manx | fockleyr, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght | gjuha e popullsisë së ishullit men, manština, manský, mann-szigeti nyelv, Manninish, Manninagh, Gaelgagh, Yn Ghaelg, язык жителей о-ва мэн, с о-ва мэн, s ostrva mana, los habitantes de la isla de man, lengua de la isla de man, de la isla de man, från ön man, man adası, man dili, менський, менський діалект |
Portuguese | dicionário, definição, tradução | portugez, portugalisht, اللغة البرتغالية, البرتغالية, البرتغالي, португалски, португалски език, португалец, portugalský, portugais, portugál, portoghese, ポルトガル語 , ポルトガル", Portiugish, Portiugagh, português, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalac, portugalski, portugués, portugis, portekizce, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, португальський, португальська мова, португалець |
Russian | словарь, определение, трансляция, сдвиг, перевод, перемещение | روسي, اللغة الروسية, الروسية, руски език, руски, руснак, ruština, ruský, רוסי, orosz, russo, ロシア語 , ロシア", Rooshish, Rooshagh, русский, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, ryss, Rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський |
Serbo-Croatian | leksikon, rečnik, definicija, tumačenje | servo-croata, srpsko-hrvatski jezik, srpsko-hrvatski, serbokroatiska, serbokroatisk |
Spanish | diccionario, definición, traducción | spanjoll, اللغة الأسبانية, الأسبانية, أسباني, испански език, испански, španìlský, španìlština, espagnol, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, spagnolo, スペイン語 , スパイ罪 , スペイン", スパニッシュ , Spaainish, Spaainagh, espanhol, испанский, španski, španski jezik, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyol, ispanyolca, іспанський, іспанська мова |
Swedish | ordbok, lexikon, översättning | suedez, اللغة السويدية, шведски, шведски език, швед, švédský, švédština, suédois, svéd, svedese, スウェーデン語 , スウェーデン", Soolynish, Soolynagh, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський |
Turkish | sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, tercüme | turk, تركي أحد أبناء تركيا, اللغة التركية, турски език, турски, turecký, tureètina, turque, טורקי, török, Yn Turkish, Turkagh, турецкий, turski jezik, turski, turco, turkisk, türkçe, türk, турецький, турецька мова |
Ukrainian | словник, довідник, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення | ukrainisht, ukrainas, أوكراني أحد أبناء أوكرانيا, الأوكراني, украинец, украински език, ukrajinec, ukrajinština, ukrajinský, ukrajinka, ukrainien, ukrán, ucraino, Ookraanagh, Ookraanish, ucraniano, украинский язык, украинский, украинец украинский, ukrajinski, ukrajina, ucranio, ukrainare, ukraynalı, ukrayna, ukraynaca, український, українець |
English | Dictionary, Definition, Translation | anglezët, anglez, gjuhë zngleze, anglishte, anglisht, الإنجليزية, الأنكليزي, إنكليزي, ترجمة إنكليزية, اللغة الإنكليزية, английски език, английски, англичаните, anglicky, anglais, א 'לית, angol, inglese, Sostynagh, Sostnagh, Baarlagh, inglês, английский, engleski, englez, engleski jezik, inglés, engelsk, ingiltere, ingiliz, Íngílízce, ingilizce, Íngílíz, ýngilizce, англійський, англійці, англійська мова |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Commercial 4. Usage Frequency | 5. Expressions 6. Expressions: Internet 7. Translations: Modern 8. Translations: Ancient | 9. Derivations 10. Rhymes 11. Anagrams 12. Orthography | 13. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
