Algeria

Definition: Algeria

Algeria

Noun

1. A republic in northwestern Africa on the Mediterranean Sea; colonized by France in the 19th century but gained autonomy in the early 1960s.

Date "Algeria" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1862. (references)

Synonyms: Algeria

Synonyms: Algerie (n), Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria (n). (additional references)

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Specialty Definition: Algeria

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria is a country in northern Africa bordering the Mediterranean Sea in the north, Tunisia in the northeast, Libya in the east, Niger in the southeast, Mali and Mauritania in the southwest, and Morocco in the west (the Moroccan border is closed [1]).

Al Jumhūrīyah al Jazā'irīyah
ad Dīmuqrāţīyah ash Sha'bīyah

(In Detail)

National motto: None

Official language Arabic

Capital Algiers

President Abdelaziz Bouteflika

Area
- Total
- % water Ranked 11th
2,381,740 km²
Negligible

Population
- Total (2002)
- Density Ranked 34th
32,818,500
13.3/km²

Independence
- Date From France
July 5, 1962

Currency Algerian dinar

Time zone UTC +1

National anthem Kassaman

Internet TLD .DZ

Calling Code 213

History

Main article: History of Algeria

The native Berber population of Algeria has been under the rule of foreign occupants for most of the last 3000 years. The Phoenicians (1000 BC) and the Roman Republic (200 BC) were the most important of these, until the coming of the Arabs in the 8th century.

Formally a part of the Ottoman Empire, Algeria's coast was used as a base for pirates. This was ended by a French invasion in 1830, followed by a complete conquest of Algeria several years later. In 1954, a guerilla war began to make Algeria independent, which succeeded in 1962.

In the 1990s, Algeria experienced resistance from Islamic fundamentalists, whose political parties were blocked from elections.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Algeria

The head of state is the political association may be formed if it is "based on differences in religion, language, race gender or region." The head of state is the President of the republic, who is elected to a 5-year term, renewable once. Algeria has universal suffrage. The President is the head of the Council of Ministers and of the High Security Council. He appoints the Prime Minister who also is the head of government. The Prime Minister appoints the Council of Ministers.

The Algerian parliament is bicameral, consisting of a lower chamber, the National People's Assembly (APN), with 380 members and an upper chamber, the Council of Nation, with 144 members. The APN is elected every 5 years.

Provinces

Main article: Provinces of Algeria

Algeria is divided into 48 wilayas, or provinces:

Adrar
Ain Defla
Ain Temouchent
Alger
Annaba
Batna
Bechar
Bejaia
Biskra
Blida
Bordj Bou Arreridj
Bouira
Boumerdes
Chlef
Constantine
Djelfa
El Bayadh
El Oued
El Tarf
Ghardaia
Guelma
Illizi
Jijel
Khenchela

Laghouat
Mascara
Medea
Mila
Mostaganem
M'Sila
Naama
Oran
Ouargla
Oum el Bouaghi
Relizane
Saida
Setif
Sidi Bel Abbes
Skikda
Souk Ahras
Tamanghasset
Tebessa
Tiaret
Tindouf
Tipaza
Tissemsilt
Tizi Ouzou
Tlemcen

Geography

Main article: Geography of Algeria

Most of the coastal area is hilly, sometimes even mountainous, and there are few good harbours. The area just south of the coast, known as the Tell, is fertile. Further south is the Atlas mountain range and the Sahara desert. Algiers, Oran and Constantine are the main cities.

Algeria's climate is arid and hot, although the coastal climate is mild, and the winters in the mountainous areas can be severe. Algeria is prone to sirocco, a hot dust- and sand-laden wind especially common in summer.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Algeria

The hydrocarbons sector is the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and over 95% of export earnings. Algeria has the fifth-largest reserves of natural gas in the world and is the second largest gas exporter; it ranks 14th in oil reserves.

Algeria has massive foreign debts. Algeria's financial and economic indicators improved during the mid-1990s, in part because of policy reforms supported by the IMF and debt rescheduling from the Paris Club. Algeria's finances in 2000 and 2001 benefited from the temporary spike in oil prices and the government's tight fiscal policy, leading to a large increase in the trade surplus, record highs in foreign exchange reserves, and reduction in foreign debt. The government's continued efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector has had little success in reducing high unemployment and improving living standards. In 2001, the government signed an Association Treaty with the European Union that will eventually lower tariffs and increase trade.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Algeria

About 90% of the Algerians lives in the northern, coastal area, although there are about 1.5 million Bedouin living in the southern desert. The mixed Arab and Berber population is mostly Islamic (99%); other religions are restricted to small groups of foreign citizens.

The official language is Arabic, while French and Berber languages are also still spoken.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Algeria

Rai, a local music form, has great popularity in Algeria, and enjoys some popularity abroad as well, notably in France, where a large number of Algerians lives.

External links

El Mouradia - Official presidential site (in French and Arabic)
National People's Assembly - Official parliamentary site
Library of Congress Portals to the World - Algeria

Countries of the world | Africa

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Algeria."

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Crosswords: Algeria

English words defined with "Algeria": Algerian, Algerian capital, Algerian dinar, Algerian monetary unit, Algerine, Algeripithecus minutus, Algiers ♦ centime, Constantine ♦ Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, derange, dinar ♦ Oran ♦ perturb ♦ throw out of kilter. (references)

Specialty definitions using "Algeria": Arab Steadfastness Front ♦ dz ♦ The Nineteen. (references)

Etymologies containing "Algeria": Zouave. (references)

Non-English Usage: "Algeria" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses.

Finnish (Algeria), Italian (Algeria), Papiamen (Algeria).

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Modern Usage: Algeria

Domain

Usage

Movie/TV Titles

Candlelight in Algeria (1944)

Such Is Life in Algeria (1917)

Algeria (2002)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Algeria

Domain	Title
References	The 2000 Import and Export Market for Prepared and Preserved Fish, Crustaceans and Molluscs in Algeria (reference) A Strategic Profile of Algeria,1999 edition (reference) Executive Report on Strategies in Algeria, 2000 edition (reference) The 2000 Import and Export Market for Preparations of Fish, Crustaceans, and Mollucs in Algeria (reference) The 2001 Algeria Economic and Product Market Databook (reference) (more reference examples)

Books	A savage war of peace : Algeria, 1954-1962 (reference) Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History (reference) Imperial Identities: Stereotyping, Prejudice and Race in Colonial Algeria (Society and Culture in the Modern Middle East) (reference) Inside Algeria (reference) The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria 1955-1957 (reference) (more book examples)

Music	Algeria (reference) Oxfam Africa: Dance Rhythms From Algeria to Zimbabwe (reference) (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Image Slideshow: Algeria

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Photo Album: Algeria

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Figure 4. Aime' recording thermometer devised by the Frenchman George Aime' at the College of Algeria in 1845. This thermometer was an improvement over the Six's maximum and minimum thermometers and was designed for deployment in the deepest depths of the Mediterranean. He added two reservoirs for the mercury on the bottom to facilitate the mercury staying over the index.Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.		U.S. Army Air Forces General Hospital No. 21, Mirecourt France, and Bou Hanifia, Algeria. : Aerial view.Credit: National Library of Medicine.
	[Army Nurses upon arrival in Algeria, North Africa].Credit: National Library of Medicine.		Anchored at Algiers, Algeria, circa late 1923.Credit: NAVY.
	Participating in amphibious exercises off Arzew, Algeria, as flagship of RADM B. J. Rodgers, 10-11 June 1944. Photographed from USS Catoctin (AGC-5).Credit: NAVY.		At Mers-el-Kebir, Algeria, in late 1944. The APDs present, in center, are: USS Greene (APD-36) -- closest to camera; USS Osmond Ingram (APD-35) -- next inboard; USS Barry (APD-29); USS Roper (APD-20); and USS Tattnall (APD-19). At the extreme right is USS Hilary P. Jones (DD-427). This photograph was dated January 1945, but was taken at least a month earlier. Note old fort in the background.Credit: NAVY.
	At Algiers, Algeria, circa late 1900. Photographed by J. Geiser, Algiers. The original photograph is printed on silk.Credit: NAVY.		Why and how to visit Algeria.Credit: Library of Congress.
	Passenger train in front of Pavilion of Algeria on L'Esplanade des Invalides, Paris Exposition, 1889.Credit: Library of Congress.		Constantine (vicinity), Algeria. A Red Cross clubmobile serving doughnuts and coffee to the crew of a bomber just returned to the airport from a dangerous mission.Credit: Library of Congress.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Algeria

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		Recent outbreaks of WN virus encephalitis in humans have occurred in Algeria in 1994, Romania in 1996-1997, the Czech Republic in 1997, the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1998, Russia in 1999, the United States in 1999-2001, and Israel in 2000. Epizootics of disease in horses occurred in Morocco in 1996, Italy in 1998, the United States in 1999-2001, and France in 2000. In the U.S. through July 2001, WN virus has been documented in Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Florida, Georgia, Virginia, Ohio, and the District of Columbia. (references)
Business		By the end of the summer of 1999, Greece will also receive liquefied natural gas from Algeria. (references)
		The Democratic Republic of Congo (DCR - formerly Zaire and Congo Kinshasa) is Africa's third largest country after Sudan and Algeria. (references)
Civil Liberties	Benin	In addition there are lesser numbers of refugees from Nigeria, Algeria, Burundi, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of Congo, the DRC, Ethiopia, Niger, Liberia, Rwanda, Sudan, and Sierra Leone. (references)
Economic History	Algeria	To date, Algeria has had more than 40 legal political parties. (references)
	Algeria	Housing and medicine continue to be pressing problems in Algeria. (references)
Human Rights	Switzerland	The Court also found that his wife was prevented from living in Algeria because she could not speak Arabic. (references)
	Morocco	The AMDH states that 20 political prisoners remained in detention at years' end on charges of trying to smuggle arms into Algeria. (references)
	Morocco	They include groups on penal law; prison conditions; communications with human rights NGO's; inhuman conditions of refugees in Polisario-controlled camps in Tindouf, Algeria; and economic, social, and cultural rights. (references)
Political Economy	ALGERIA	Several private banks now operate in Algeria. (references)
	ALGERIA	However, for many years tariffs on imports were high in Algeria. (references)
	ALGERIA	Recently, however, Algeria has renewed efforts to resume negotiations. (references)
Political Rights	Algeria	In 1997, Algeria held its first elections to the APN since elections were canceled in 1992, and elected the first multiparty parliament in the country's history. (references)
Trade	Tunisia	TUNISIA IS A MEMBER OF THE ARAB MAGHREB UNION (TUNISIA, ALGERIA, MOROCCO, MAURITANIA, LIBYA), WHICH NOMINALLY ALLOWS DUTY FREE TRADE AMONG MEMBERS BUT FOR WHICH BARRIERS TO TRADE REMAIN. (references)
Travel	Chad	There are Chadian embassies in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan, Libya, Nigeria, Niger, Benin, Algeria, Germany, Egypt, Ethiopia, Lebanon, France, Benelux and the EU, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Italy, Russia, and the United States which can provide entry visas. (references)
Worker Rights	Greece	Women from North Africa (Tunisia and Algeria), Asia (Thailand and the Philippines), the Dominican Republic, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and Serbia, and the Middle East also were trafficked to the country. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: Algeria

"Algeria" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 99.80% of the time. "Algeria" is used about 502 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Noun (proper)	99.8%	501	12,028
Noun (singular)	0.2%	1	339,140
Total	100.00%	502	N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Expression: Algeria

Expression using "Algeria": democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria. Additional references.
Hypenated Usage
	Ending with "Algeria": France-in-algeria.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Algeria

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Expression	Frequency per Day	Expression	Frequency per Day
algeria	1,217	algeria setif	19
algiers algeria	206	algeria skikda	19
algeria hotel	146	algeria bac203	18
algeria earth quake	68	algeria bejaia	18
algeria map	62	algeria biskra	16
travel to algeria	55	algeria ghardaia	16
algeria oran	46	algeria batna	16
adrar algeria	39	algeria history	15
algeria air	39	algeria tebessa	15
algeria in salah	35	algeria arreridj bordj bou	15
algeria constantine	35	algeria tlemcen zenata	15
algeria hassi messaoud	34	achouat algeria jijel	15
algeria news	34	algeria interface	14
algeria picture	32	algeria amenas in	14
algeria annaba	29	algeria tindouf	14
algeria in societe	27	flag of algeria	13
algeria tamanrasset	25	algeria touggourt	13
algeria earth in quake	25	algeria amsel	13
algeria newspaper	22	algeria bechar	13
algeria embassy	22	algeria chlef	12
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translations: Algeria

Language		Translations for "Algeria"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Afrikaan		Algerië. (various references)

Albanian		Algjeri. (various references)

Arabic		الجزائر. (various references)

Bulgarian		Алжир (Algiers). (various references)

Chinese		阿爾及利亞 , 阿�"及利亚 (Algerian). (various references)

Czech		Alžírsko. (various references)

Danish		Algeriet (People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria). (various references)

Dutch		Algerije (People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria), Algerië. (various references)

Esperanto		Alĝerio. (various references)

Finnish		Algeria (People's Democratic Republic of Algeria). (various references)

French		Algérie (People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria). (various references)

German		Algerien (Algeria (dz), People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria). (various references)

Greek		Αλγερία (People's Democratic Republic of Algeria). (various references)

Hungarian		Algéria. (various references)

Indonesian		aljazair. (various references)

Irish		An Ailgéir. (various references)

Italian		Algeria (People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria). (various references)

Japanese Kanji		アルコール発酵 (a "salon" where the hostesses are supposedly part-timers with other jobs, alcohol fermentation, Alcyone, Algol, algorithm, algorithmic, argon, ars amatoria, tango). (various references)

Japanese Katakana		アルジェリア . (various references)

Korean		알� �리아. (various references)

Manx		Yn Algear, Algeyragh. (various references)

Papiamen		Algeria. (various references)

Pig Latin		algeriaay

Polish		Algieria. (various references)

Portuguese		Argélia (People's Democratic Republic of Algeria), Algéria. (various references)

Russian		Алжир (Algiers). (various references)

Serbo-Croatian		alžir. (various references)

Spanish		Argelia (People's Democratic Republic of Algeria), República Argelina Democrática y Popular (People's Democratic Republic of Algeria). (various references)

Swedish		Algeriet (People's Democratic Republic of Algeria). (various references)

Tagalog		Alherya. (various references)

Turkish		Cezayir (algerian, Algiers), Cezayír. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Misspellings: Algeria

Misspellings
	"Algeria" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: aegeria, Albercio, Alberola, Algenib, Algeri, Algerie, Algeriet, Allenia, Almeira, Alnemri, Angarita, Augereau, Balgair, Dalheroia, Iglesia, Laseria, Malgosia, Pagerie, Palmeria, Salguerio. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Anagrams: Algeria

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Direct Anagrams: regalia.
	Words within the letters "a-a-e-g-i-l-r"
	-1 letter: aerial, aglare, alegar, argali, glaire, laager, realia.
	-2 letters: agile, agria, algae, areal, argal, argil, argle, ariel, galea, glair, glare, graal, grail, laari, lager, large, liger, regal.
	-3 letters: agar, ager, alae, alar, alga, area, aria, aril, earl, egal, gala, gale, gear, girl, glia, ilea, lair, lari, lear, liar, lier, lira, lire, raga, rage, ragi.
	-5 letters: aa.
	Words containing the letters "a-a-e-g-i-l-r"
	+1 letter: galleria, gasalier, geranial.
	+2 letters: algebraic, antiglare, armigeral, cartilage, gallerias, gasaliers, geranials, laagering, neuralgia, tailgater.
	+3 letters: algebraist, appareling, aspergilla, cartilages, galvanizer, inarguable, lacerating, lateraling, laureating, managerial, martingale, neuralgias, palavering, paraplegia, paraplegic, plagiaries, plagiarise, plagiarize, reavailing, rigamarole, tailgaters.
	+4 letters: acromegalic, algebraists, allegorical, altercating, alternating, apparelling, archangelic, archegonial, archipelago, berascaling, calendaring, categorical, cavaliering, egalitarian, elaborating, equiangular, farthingale, flagrancies, gallantries, galvanizers, lateralling, lawbreaking, magisterial, maltreating, marginalize, martingales, organizable, panegyrical, paralleling, paraplegias, paraplegics, plagiarised, plagiarises, plagiarized, plagiarizer, plagiarizes, plantigrade, racewalking, reanalyzing, reassailing, rebalancing, retaliating, revaluating, rigamaroles, strategical, talebearing, triangulate.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.