Adrenal Gland

In humans, the adrenal gland is a gland on the anterior aspect of the superior portion of both kidneys, each weighing 4 grams. An adrenal gland consists of two main parts: the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla.

The adrenal medulla is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system and takes up the core 20% of the adrenal gland. It secretes two hormones (both catecholamines) into the blood: epinephrine and norepinephrine. The adrenal medulla produces about 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine.
The adrenal cortex takes up the remaining 80% of the adrenal gland, and wraps circumferentially around the adrenal medulla . The secretion activity of the adrenal cortex is regulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (the hypothalamic-pituatary axis). It secretes hormones, called corticosteroids - glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and androgens, which are produced from the steroid cholesterol. The androgens play a minor role as a sexual hormone that regulates some traits of masculinity (much like testosterone). The glucocorticoids play a part in the regulation of glucose levels in the blood, protein metabolism, and fat metabolism as well as in the control of inflammation processes. The mineralocorticoids help regulate the extracellular concentrations of electrolytes (such as potassium and sodium). Although the adrenal cortex has been found to produce over 30 steroids of the aforementioned types, the only two steroids that have a major bearing on the normal function of the endocrine system are aldosterone (the major mineralocorticoid), and cortisol (the main glucocorticoid).

References

Textbook of Medical Physiology, 10 ed., Guyton and Hall.

Paramedic Emergency Care, 3 ed., Bledsoe, Porter, and Shade.

What's in a name?, The Pharmaceutical Journal Vol 264 No 7087 p388 (url: http://www.pharmj.com/Editorial/20000311/comment/name.html).
Adrenalin - epinephrine, Stein Lyftingsmo, e-drug mailing list (url: http://old.healthnet.org/programs/e-drug-hma/e-drug.200002/msg00060.html).

Commercial Usage: Adrenal Gland

Domain	Title
Books	Adrenal Gland (reference) Adrenal Gland (Current Endocrinology Series, Vol 8) (reference) Adrenal Gland (Handbook of Physiology, Section 7) (reference) Adrenal Gland and Hypertension (reference) Afip Atlas of Tumor Pathology: Tumors of the Adrenal Gland and Extra Adrenal Paraganglia (reference) (more book examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Image Slideshow: Adrenal Gland

Non-Fiction Usage: Adrenal Gland

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		Damage to the adrenal gland. (references)
		Some patients fail to recover and develop chronic pulmonary infection or widespread disseminated infection (affecting mucosal surfaces, liver, spleen, adrenal gland and meninges). (references)
		Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare, genetic disorder characterized by the breakdown or loss of the myelin sheath surrounding nerve cells in the brain and progressive dysfunction of the adrenal gland. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Expressions: Adrenal Gland

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Adrenal Gland

Modern Translations: Adrenal Gland

Language		Translations for "adrenal gland"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Bulgarian		надбъбречна жлеза (adrenal). (various references)

Danish		glandula suprarenalis (suprarenal gland), binyre (paranephros, suprarenal gland). (various references)

Dutch		paranephros (paranephros), glandula suprarenalis (suprarenal gland), glandula adrenalis (suprarenal gland), corpus suprarenale (suprarenal gland), bijnier (suprarenal gland), býnier. (various references)

French		surrénale, glande surrénale, capsule surrénale. (various references)

German		Pararen (paranephros), Nebenniere (suprarenal gland), Glandula suprarenalis (suprarenal gland), Glandula atribiliaria (suprarenal gland), Glandula adrenalis (suprarenal gland), Corpus suprarenale (suprarenal gland). (various references)

Greek		παρανεφρός (paranephros), επινεφρίδιον (suprarenal gland), επινεφρίδιος αδένας (suprarenal gland). (various references)

Italian		paranefro (paranephros), ghiandola surrenale (suprarenal gland), capsula surrenale (suprarenal gland). (various references)

Japanese Kanji		副腎皮質 (adrenal cortex, cortex of the adrenal gland). (various references)

Japanese Katakana		ふくじ�"ひしつ (adrenal cortex, cortex of the adrenal gland). (various references)

Pig Latin		adrenalay andglay

Portuguese		uma das glândulas endócrinas ou supra-renais, paranefro (paranephros), glândula supra-renal (suprarenal gland), cápsula supra-renal (paranephros, suprarenal gland). (various references)

Russian		надпочечный железа (adrenals). (various references)

Spanish		glándula suprarrenal (suprarenal gland). (various references)

Swedish		binjure (suprarenal gland). (various references)

Turkish		böbreküstü bezi (suprarenal). (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Ancestral Language Translations: Adrenal Gland

Anagrams: Adrenal Gland

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "a-a-a-d-d-e-g-l-l-n-n-r"
	-3 letters: engarland, garlanded, rangeland.
	-5 letters: adrenal, anlagen, dandler, dangled, dangler, garland, gladden, gladder, gnarled, grandad, landler, langrel.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

Alternative Orthography: Adrenal Gland

Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

41 64 72 65 6E 61 6C 47 6C 61 6E 64

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01000001 01100100 01110010 01100101 01101110 01100001 01101100 00100000 01000111 01101100 01100001 01101110 01100100

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#65 &#100 &#114 &#101 &#110 &#97 &#108 &#32 &#71 &#108 &#97 &#110 &#100

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

0041 0064 0072 0065 006E 0061 006C 0047 006C 0061 006E 0064

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

Expression	Frequency per Day
adrenal gland	558
adrenal gland tumor	43
adrenal gland cancer	28
adrenal gland disorder	22
adrenal gland problem	14
adrenal gland disease	13
adrenal gland symptom	9
adrenal gland removal	8
adrenal gland picture	6
adrenal gland mass	5
adrenal gland support	5
adrenal gland exhaustion	5
adrenal gland location	5
adrenal gland failure	5
enlarged adrenal gland	5
adrenal gland overactive	4
adenoma adrenal gland	4
adrenal gland symptom tumor	4
adrenal gland palmetto saw	4
adrenal gland stress	3
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Language	Period	Translations
Latin	500 BCE-Modern	glandula suprarenalis. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Expressions using "adrenal gland": Adrenal Gland Hypofunction ♦ Adrenal Gland Neoplasms. Additional references.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Adrenal Gland

Definition: Adrenal Gland

Adrenal Gland

Noun

Synonyms: Adrenal Gland

Specialty Definition: Adrenal gland

References

Crosswords: Adrenal Gland

Commercial Usage: Adrenal Gland

Books

Image Slideshow: Adrenal Gland

Computer Images:Adrenal Gland

More images...

Non-Fiction Usage: Adrenal Gland

Health

Expressions: Adrenal Gland

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Adrenal Gland

adrenal gland

adrenal gland tumor

adrenal gland cancer

adrenal gland disorder

adrenal gland problem

adrenal gland disease

adrenal gland symptom

adrenal gland removal

adrenal gland picture

adrenal gland mass

adrenal gland support

adrenal gland exhaustion

adrenal gland location

adrenal gland failure

enlarged adrenal gland

adrenal gland overactive

adenoma adrenal gland

adrenal gland symptom tumor

adrenal gland palmetto saw

adrenal gland stress

Modern Translations: Adrenal Gland

Bulgarian

Danish

Dutch

French

German

Greek

Italian

Japanese Kanji

Japanese Katakana

Pig Latin

Portuguese

Russian

Spanish

Swedish

Turkish

Ancestral Language Translations: Adrenal Gland

Anagrams: Adrenal Gland

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Alternative Orthography: Adrenal Gland

41 64 72 65 6E 61 6C 47 6C 61 6E 64

01000001 01100100 01110010 01100101 01101110 01100001 01101100 00100000 01000111 01101100 01100001 01101110 01100100

&#65 &#100 &#114 &#101 &#110 &#97 &#108 &#32 &#71 &#108 &#97 &#110 &#100

0041 0064 0072 0065 006E 0061 006C 0047 006C 0061 006E 0064

3570847180677824178678070

INDEX

Computer Images:
Adrenal Gland