Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Electron |
ElectronNoun1. An elementary particle with negative charge. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "electron" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1907. (references) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Computing | Electron |
Aerospace | The subatomic particle that possesses the smallest possible negative electric charge (4.80298 * 10-10 electrostatic units). See physical constants, table.The mass of the electron is approximately equal to 1/1836 that of a hydrogen atom; its theoretical rest mass (Symbol me) is equal to. (references) |
Chemistry | An elementary entity having the smallest charge of negative or positive electricity. Its rest mass is approximately equal to 1/1840 part of that of the hydrogen atom. Source: European Union. (references) |
Energy | An elementary particle of an atom with a negative electrical charge and a mass of 1/1837 of a proton; electrons surround the positively charged nucleus of an atom and determine the chemical properties of an atom. (references) |
| An elementary particle with a negative charge and a mass 1/1837 that of the proton. Electrons surround the positively charged nucleus and determine the chemical properties of the atom. (references) | |
Mining | One of the constituent elementary particles of an atom. A charge of negative electricity equal to about 1.602 X 10-19 C and having a mass when at rest of about 9.107 X 10-28 g or 1/1,837 that of a proton. Electrons surround the positively charged nucleus of the atom anddetermine the chemical properties of the atom. (references) |
Physics | A negatively charged elementary particle that normally resides outside (but is bound to) the nucleus of an atom. (references) |
Space | A lightweight particle, carrying a negative electric charge and found in all atoms. Electrons can be energized or even torn from atoms by light and by collisions, and they are responsible for many electric phenomena in solid matter and in plasmas. (About the discovery of the electron in 1897, click here. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The electron is a subatomic particle. It has a negative electric charge of -1.6 × 10-19 coulombs, and a mass of about 9.10 × 10-31 kg (0.51 MeV/c2).
The electron is commonly represented as e-. The antiparticle of the electron is the positron, which is identical to an electron but has positive electrical charge.
Atoms consist of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. Electrons are very light compared to the other two types of particles: a proton is about 1800 times as heavy as an electron.
The electron is one of a class of subatomic particles called leptons which are believed to be fundamental particles (that is, they cannot be broken down into smaller constituent parts). The electron has spin 1/2, which implies it is a fermion, i.e., follows the Fermi-Dirac statistics.
The electron had been posited by G. Johnstone Stoney, as a unit of charge in electrochemistry, but Thompson realised that it was also a subatomic particle.
The electron was discovereded by J.J. Thomson in 1897 at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, while studying "cathode rays." Influenced by the work of James Clerk Maxwell, and the discovery of the X-ray, he deduced that cathode rayss existed and were negatively charged "particles", which he called "corpuscles".
The electron is described in quantum mechanics by the Dirac Equation.
In the Standard Model it forms a doublet in SU(2) with the electron neutrino, as they interact through the weak interaction. The electron has two more massive partners, with the same charge but different masses: the muon and the tau.
When electrons move, free of the nuclei of atoms, and there is a net flow, this flow is called electricity, or an electric current. This might be compared to a flock of sheep moving north together, while the shepherds do not. Electric charge can be directly measured with an electrometer. Electric current can be directly measured with a galvanometer.
So-called "static electricity" is not a flow of electrons at all. More correctly called a "static charge", it refers to a body that has more or fewer electrons than are required to balance the positive charge of the nuclei. When there is an excess of electrons, the object is said to be "negatively charged". When there are fewer electrons than protons, the object is said to be "positively charged". When the number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, the object is said to be electrically "neutral".
History
Technical details
Electricity
See also
External links
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Electron."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| ELS | English | Electron Loss Spectroscopy | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonym: ElectronSynonym: negatron (n). (additional references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Movie/TV Titles | L' Electron libre (2000) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
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Books |
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Periodicals |
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Music |
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High Tech |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | [Scientist using an electron microscope] / WHO p.Credit: National Library of Medicine; photo by T. Farkas.. |  | The electron microscope - one of the wonders of modern technology. / WHO p.Credit: National Library of Medicine; photo by J. Mohr.. |
| The electron microscope - one of the wonders of modern technology. / WHO p.Credit: National Library of Medicine; photo by J. Mohr.. |  | [Examining tracings of electron micrographs of rat sciatic nerve cross sections] / Photographed by Thomas Joy.Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Play | Caption | Play | Caption |
 | Electricity; voltage; volts; power; AC; DC; current; electromagneticism; electron; galvanism; heat; hot stuff; ignition; juice; light; magneticism; neutron; positron; proton; radioactivity; service; spark; tension; utilities; energy; kilowatts. | | Electricity; voltage; volts; power; AC; DC; current; electromagneticism; electron; galvanism; heat; hot stuff; ignition; juice; light; magneticism; neutron; positron; proton; radioactivity; service; spark; tension; utilities; energy; kilowatts. |
| Electricity; voltage; volts; power; AC; DC; current; electromagneticism; electron; galvanism; heat; hot stuff; ignition; juice; light; magneticism; neutron; positron; proton; radioactivity; service; spark; tension; utilities; energy; kilowatts. | ||
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Scanning electron microscope study. (references) | |
It was taken in an electron microscope. (references) | ||
The ultrastructure of viruses can be examined by electron microscopy. (references) | ||
Business | Irradiation using a source of Gamma radiation has been used as a treatment process for many years, and a newer form of irradiation employing an electron beam has the potential to treat clinical waste. (references) | |
Demand for imported healthcare supplies is expected to grow at an accelerated pace for items such as positron emission tomography scanners (PET), electro-cardiographs, computed axial tomography scanners, ultra-sound scanners and electron microscopes. (references) | ||
Economic History | Finland | Many international companies have established a business in Finland - companies such as Schering, Perkin Elmer and Thermo Electron. (references) |
Australia | In addition, there is a high degree of interest on the part of Australian state governments and commercial entities in Australia's biotechnology sector, which generated A$1 billion (US$520 million) in revenue in 2000. A positive development for the sector was the announcement by the Victorian State Government (in June 2001) of the decision to build a synchrotron (an electron accelerator, which acts as an immensely powerful microscope), likely to attract research and development activities to the state. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Electron" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 98.78% of the time. "Electron" is used about 899 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 98.78% | 888 | 8,019 |
| Noun (proper) | 1.22% | 11 | 106,044 |
| Total | 100.00% | 899 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| China | SVA Electron Co., Ltd. | Japan | Daito Electron Co., Ltd. |
| Thailand | Muramoto Electron (Thailand) Public Company Limited | United Kingdom | Eurodis Electron Plc |
| USA | Thermo Electron Corporation | ||
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "electron": captured electron ♦ cesium electron tube ♦ defect electron ♦ electron accelerator ♦ electron avalanche ♦ electron beam ♦ electron beam d.c.resistance ♦ electron capture detector ♦ electron density ♦ electron emission ♦ electron gun ♦ electron lens ♦ electron microscope ♦ electron microscopic ♦ electron microscopy ♦ electron model ♦ electron multiplier ♦ electron octet ♦ electron optics ♦ electron orbit ♦ electron oven ♦ electron paramagnetic resonance ♦ Electron Probe Microanalysis ♦ electron radiation ♦ electron radiography ♦ electron shell ♦ electron spin ♦ electron spin resonance ♦ Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ♦ Electron Transport ♦ electron tube ♦ electron volt ♦ free electron ♦ initiating electron ♦ lone electron ♦ positive electron ♦ secondary electron emission ♦ separately pumped electron gun ♦ single electron ♦ single electron substance ♦ single Electron Tunneling ♦ single Electron Tunneling Technology ♦ total electron content ♦ valence electron. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "electron": electron-antineutrino, electron-antineutrinos, electron-beam, electron-bombarded, electron-capture, electron-dense, electron-density, electron-donating, electron-energy, electron-grabbing, electron-like, electron-lucency, electron-microscope, electron-microscopic, electron-neutrino, electron-nucleus, electron-phonon, electron-position, electron-positron, electron-proton, electron-radiation, electron-rich, electron-richness, electron-shell, electron-shells, electron-sized, electron-stained, electron-to-photon, electron-transfer, electron-transparent, electron-transport, electron-type, electron-velocity, electron-volt, electron-volts. | |
Ending with "electron": one-electron, valence-electron. | |
Containing "electron": single-electron transistor. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
electron | 222 |
electron microscope | 113 |
thermo electron | 103 |
configuration electron | 94 |
electron beam welding | 61 |
visa electron | 45 |
electron beam tomography | 39 |
electron microscopy | 37 |
electron valence | 35 |
tokyo electron | 34 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "electron"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaan | elektron. (various references) | |
Albanian | elektron. (various references) | |
Arabic | الإلكترون شحنة سالبة. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | магнезиева сплав, електрон. (various references) | |
Chinese | 電子 (electronic), "子 (Electrical, Electrically, Electronic, electronically, electronics). (various references) | |
Czech | elektron. (various references) | |
Danish | elektron (negaton, negatron). (various references) | |
Dutch | elektron (negaton, negatron). (various references) | |
Esperanto | elektrono. (various references) | |
Farsi | الکترون . (various references) | |
Finnish | elektroni. (various references) | |
French | électron. (various references) | |
German | elektron (negaton, negatron). (various references) | |
Greek | ηλεκτρόνιο. (various references) | |
Hebrew | אלקטרון. (various references) | |
Hungarian | elektron. (various references) | |
Indonesian | elektron. (various references) | |
Italian | elettrone. (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 電子 , エル"ー盤 (aerogram, angel, elbow, Electone, Electra complex, electric, electric guitar, electricity, electroluminescence, electronic, electronic banking, electronic cooking, electronic cottage, electronic file, electronic mail, electronic money, electronic music, electronic office, electronic sound, electronics, elegance, elegant, elegy, element, elementary, elevation, elevator, elf, elm, elocution, elven, encapsulation, enclosure, encode, encoder, encoding, encounter, encyclopedia, engage, engagement, engagement ring, engine, engine brake, engineer, engineering, engineering plastics, enjoy, erect, erection, erogenous zone, Eroica, Eros, erotic, erotic and grotesque, erotic and grotesque nonsense, erotic production, erotica, eroticism, erotism, erotomania, Herman, Hermes, ignition key, long-playing record, LP). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | で"し, エレクトロン . (various references) | |
Korean | 자 (Electronic). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | electronay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | eletromotor, electrão. (various references) | |
Romanian | electron (corpuscle). (various references) | |
Russian | электронный (electronic), электрон. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | elektron, kao elektron. (various references) | |
Spanish | electrón. (various references) | |
Swedish | elektron. (various references) | |
Turkish | elektron, negatif elektrik atomu. (various references) | |
Ukranian | електрон. (various references) | |
Vietnamese | $Electron, $ điện tử. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "electron": electronegative, electronegativities, electronegativity, electronic, electronically, electronics, electrons. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "electron": antielectron, interelectron, photoelectron. (additional references) | |
Words containing "electron": antielectrons, interelectronic, isoelectronic, isoelectronically, microelectronic, microelectronically, microelectronics, nonelectronic, nonelectronics, optoelectronic, optoelectronics, photoelectronic, photoelectrons. (additional references) | |
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"Electron" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Alceron, eclectro, Edleston, electol, electon, electrol, electrom, electronc, electrone, elektro, Elektron, Elmeston. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "electron" (pronounced ule"ktrÄn) |
| 4 | -t r Ä n | negatron. |
| 3 | -r Ä n | interferon, nephron, oxymoron. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "c-e-e-l-n-o-r-t" | |
-1 letter: elector, electro, lectern. | |
-2 letters: cenote, center, centre, cloner, colter, cornel, cornet, crenel, creole, encore, lector, recent, relent, tenrec, tercel. | |
-3 letters: cento, ceorl, clone, conte, creel, crone, elect, enrol, enter, erect, lento, leone, loner, nerol, noter, recon, recto, relet, rente, tenor, terce, terne, toner, treen, trone. | |
-4 letters: celt, cent, cere, cero, cete, clon, clot, cole, colt, cone, core, corn, cote, enol, erne, leer, leet, leno, lent, lone, lore, lorn, noel, note, once, orle, reel, rent, rete, role, rote, rotl, teel, teen, tele, tern, tole, tone, torc, tore, torn, tree. | |
-5 letters: cee, cel, col, con, cor, cot, eel, eon, ere, ern, lee, let, lot, nee, net, nor, not, ole, one, orc, ore, ort, rec, ree, ret, roc, roe, rot, tee, tel, ten, toe, ton, tor. | |
| Words containing the letters "c-e-e-l-n-o-r-t" | |
+1 letter: centriole, coeternal, electrons, tolerance. | |
+2 letters: centerfold, centrioles, clinometer, coelentera, coherently, concretely, electroing, electronic, enterocoel, florescent, prelection, reelection, reflection, tolerances. | |
+3 letters: celebration, centerfolds, clinometers, coelenteron, coleopteran, concertedly, convertible, counterplea, crenelation, dereliction, electioneer, electronics, enterocoele, enterocoels, fluorescent, intercooler, intercouple, interlocked, intolerance, neuroleptic, nonelectric, plecopteran, preelection, prelections, reconditely, reelections, reflections, reinoculate, telocentric, thermocline. | |
+4 letters: acceleration, acetonitrile, antielectron, celebrations, coelenterate, coleopterans, concelebrant, concelebrate, conferential, conglomerate, conventicler, convertibles, counterpleas, counterspell, counterstyle, crenelations, crenellation, deceleration, dechlorinate, decontrolled, derelictions, efflorescent, electioneers, electrogenic, electrotonic, electrotonus, endotracheal, enterococcal, enterocoeles, enterocoelic, fluorescents, heliocentric, inclinometer, incoherently, inoperculate, intercoolers, internucleon, intolerances, lectionaries, microelement, neorealistic, neuroleptics, nomenclature, noncelebrity, nonelectrics, perceptional, plecopterans, precentorial, predilection, preelections, preselection, recollecting, recollection, recreational, reescalation, reflectional, reinoculated, reinoculates, retinotectal, telocentrics, thermoclines, tredecillion, uncorrelated, underclothes. | |
+5 letters: accelerations, acetonitriles, adrenalectomy, antielectrons, ceremonialist, cobelligerent, coelenterates, colinearities, complementary, concelebrants, concelebrated, concelebrates, conglomerated, conglomerates, considerately, containerless, conventiclers, convertaplane, convertiplane, coresidential, countermelody, counterplayer, counterspells, counterstyles, countervailed, courtlinesses, crenellations, decelerations, dechlorinated, dechlorinates, directionless, electioneered, electioneerer, electrocuting, electrocution, electrolyzing, electromagnet, electrotyping, ensorcellment, enterocoelous, enterocolitis, helicoptering, inclinometers, inconvertible, inoperculates, interelectron, intersocietal, isoelectronic, laryngectomee, microelements, nephelometric, nomenclatures, nonelectrical, nonelectronic, nonreflecting, nonretractile, nucleoprotein, photoelectron, preadolescent, predilections, preselections, recollections, reconcilement, reconsolidate, reescalations, retroflection, scleroprotein, selenocentric, thermonuclear, tredecillions, trinucleotide, ultraviolence, uncorrectable, untheoretical. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)45 6C 65 63 74 72 6F 6E |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references). .-.. . -.-. - .-. --- -. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01000101 01101100 01100101 01100011 01110100 01110010 01101111 01101110 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)E l e c t r o n |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0045 006C 0065 0063 0074 0072 006F 006E |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)3978716986848180 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Sounds | 9. Quotations: Non-fiction 10. Usage Frequency 11. Names: Company Usage 12. Expressions | 13. Expressions: Internet 14. Translations: Modern 15. Abbreviations 16. Acronyms | 17. Derivations 18. Rhymes 19. Anagrams 20. Orthography | 21. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
