Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Arab |
ArabNoun1. An Arabic speaking person who lives in Arabia or North Africa. 2. A spirited graceful and intelligent riding horse native to Arabia. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
"Arab" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "multiplying", "sowing sedition", "a window", "a locust". |
Date "Arab" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references) |
Etymology: Arab \Ar"ab\, noun. [Probably ultimately from Hebrew arabah desert, the name employed, in the Old Testament, to denote the valley of the Jordan and Dead Sea. Ar. Arab, Hebrew arabi, arbi, arbim: compare to the French expression Arabe, from Latin expression Arabs, Greek]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Bible | Arab ambush, a city in the mountains of Judah (Josh. 15:52), now Er-Rabiyeh. Source: Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The word Arab is used with several meanings.
It is often used to refer to any person of the Middle East or North Africa whose mother tongue is the Arabic language. Broadly, the term refers to anyone of a people living in this area, even though such a people may have no connection to Arabia, other than having been invaded during the Arab expansion. The Berber peoples of North Africa, for example, though often called Arabs by Westerners, are connected to Arabia only by often speaking Arabic as a second language, since that remains the official language of the country in which they live as a result of the Arab expansion.
Racially, an Arab is a person of Arabic descent, whose original ancestry comes from the Arabian Peninsula. Arabs are a Semitic people, who trace their ancestry from the ancient patriarch Abraham.
Most, but not all, Arabs have embraced the religion of Islam. Many American Arabs are Christian Arabs from Syria and Lebanon.
See also: Semitic people, Ababda, Pan-Arabism, Arab League
External link
- Maps of the Arab World
- News from Arabic countries
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Arab."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Arab is a city located in Marshall County, Alabama. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 7,174.Geography
Arab is located at 34°19'40" North, 86°29'55" West (34.327863, -86.498613)1. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 33.3 km² (12.9 mi²). 33.1 km² (12.8 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.62% water.Demographics
As of the census2 of 2000, there are 7,174 people, 3,012 households, and 2,075 families residing in the city. The population density is 216.9/km² (561.8/mi²). There are 3,223 housing units at an average density of 97.4/km² (252.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 98.29% White, 0.18% Black or African American, 0.49% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.17% from other races, and 0.49% from two or more races. 0.66% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 3,012 households out of which 31.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.3% are married couples living together, 11.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.1% are non-families. 28.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 13.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.35 and the average family size is 2.87. In the city the population is spread out with 23.9% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 87.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 82.8 males. The median income for a household in the city is $36,716, and the median income for a family is $45,761. Males have a median income of $32,425 versus $24,265 for females. The per capita income for the city is $20,035. 10.0% of the population and 8.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 12.5% are under the age of 18 and 14.9% are 65 or older.Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Arab, Alabama."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The expressions Arabic and Classical Arabic usually refer to ?al luGat ul?\\arabi:yat ulfus'X\\a: ( Literally: the pure Arabic language - اللغة العربية؛الفصحى ) which is, according to Arabic speakers, both the language of present-day media across North Africa and the Middle East (from Morocco to Iraq) and the language of the Qur'an. The expression media includes not only television, radio, newspapers and magazines, but also all written matter, including all books, documents of every kind, and reading primers for small children.
The word "Arabic", in a wide sense, can also refer to one of the many national or regional so-called "dialects", spoken daily across North Africa and the Middle East, which can sometimes differ enough to be mutually incomprehensible. These dialects are not frequently written.
It is sometimes difficult to separate concepts in Islam from concepts specific to Arab culture, from the language itself. The Qur'an is expressed in Arabic and traditionally Muslims deemed it untranslatable, though this view has changed in some circles, e.g. those advocating the Islamization of knowledge in recent decades. A list of Islamic terms in Arabic covers those terms which are too specific to translate in one phrase.
The English word algorithm is derived from the name of the inventor of algebra - an Arabic word like alchemy, alcohol, azimuth, nadir, zenith and oasis. Arabic numerals are what we use in English - but, except in some North African countries, modern Arabs generally use Hindi numerals. Spanish is the European language with the most borrowings from Arabic. See a List of the Arabic loan-words in Spanish.
Arabic is a Semitic language, closely related to the Hebrew language. Many dialects are spoken in modern Arabic states such as Egypt, Lebanon, and Morocco, but all of these countries use Modern Standard Arabic for printed media. Its function however is different from Western standard languages: it is mainly the language of the Qur'an (in its Classical form), and is not spoken in everyday life. Consequently, prestigious vernacular varieties have some of the functions that standard languages have in Western countries (see Chambers, Sociolinguistic Theory). Arabic is the language of Islam, but is also spoken by Arab Christians and Oriental Jews.
Arabic alphabet: Letter Standard
Name Typical SAMPA value ا âlef
alif a ب bâ ba:? b ت tâ ta:? t ث thâ Ta:? T ج jîm
dZi:m dZ ح h.â X\\a:? X\\ خ khaa xa:? x د dâl
da:l d ذ thâl
Da:l D ر r'aa
ra:? r ز zai
za:j z س si'n
si:n s ش shîn
Si:n S ص s'aad
s?a:d s? ض d'aad
d?a:d d? ط t'â t?a:? t? ظ z'â z?a:? z? ع 'ayn
?\\ajn ?\\ غ ghaîn
Gajn G ف faa
fa:? f ق qâf
qa:f q ك kâf
ka:f k ل lâm
la:m l م mîm mi:m m ن nuun
nu:n n ه hâ ha:? h و waau
wa:w w ى yâ ja:? j ء (hamza)
hamza ?¹
- hamza typically occurs as a small superscript over ا, و, or ى. There are also two variants, each used in special contexts: ٱ , آ.
Arabic special characters: Commonly-used variants: ى word-final variant of ا; has value of ى elsewhere ﻻ ligature of ل and ا ة teh marbuta; nominally feminine ending /at/, but the /t/ is dropped except in special cases; changes to ت when suffixes are added ّ shadda; marks gemination of a consonant; kasra (see below) moves to between the shadda and the geminate consonant when present; not used consistently in modern texts Short vowels are indicated only in the Qur'an and in children's reading primers: ْ suku:n; marks a consonant with no following vowel َ fatX\\a; short /a/ vowel ِ kasra; short /i/ vowel ُ d'am:a; short /u/ vowel tanwiin letters: ً , ٍ , ٌ used in combination with ا to produce the grammatical endings /an/, /in/, and /un/ respectively ( اً , اٍ , اٌ ); only اً is commonly used
Arabic consonant phonemes Bilabial Inter-
dentalDental Emphatic
dental(Alveo-)
PalatalVelar Uvular Pharyn-
gealGlottal Stops Voiceless t t' k q ? Voiced b d d' dZ¹ Fricatives Voiceless f T s s' S x X h Voiced D z z' G ?\\ Nasals m n Laterals l² Rhotic (trill) r Semi-vowels w j
/'/ is used to indicate velarization and pharyngalization (=emphatic consonants; usually transcribed as dotted consonants). The other symbols are SAMPA.
- /dZ/ is /g/ for some speakers, i.e. a plosive
- /l/ becomes [l'] only in /?alla:h/, the name of God, i.e. Allah.
In the dialects there are more phonemes, one occurs in the Maghreb as well in the written language mostly for names: /v/.
Vowels and consonants can be (phonologically) short or long.
Grammar
Like many Semitic languages the grammar is based on a (usually) triconsonantal root, which is not a word in itself. The consonants k t b together indicating 'write', q r ? indicate 'read', ? k l indicate 'eat'. The pattern of vowels and affixes gives the exact meaning. The simplest form of the verb is the perfect, third person masculine singular: kataba 'he wrote', qara?a 'he read'. From this the other persons and numbers form:
The imperfect has a different shape and different affixes:
- katabtu I wrote
- katabta you (masc.) wrote
- katabti you (fem.) wrote
- katabat she wrote
- katabna we wrote
- katabu: they (masc.) wrote
- etc., there also being dual forms
Derived verbs are variations on the shape of the primary kataba stem, such as kattaba, ka:taba, inkataba, takattaba, etc., with senses such as intensive, reflexive, and causative, though the exact meaning varies from verb to verb and needs to be recorded in a lexicon.
- jaktubu he is writing
- taktubu she is writing; you (masc.) are writing
- taktubi:na you (fem.) are writing
- ?aktubu I am writing, etc.
In Arabic, a word is classified as one of three: a noun, a verb, and a preposition. There are simply no separate categories for adjectives, adverbs, etc.; all are fulfilled by either a noun or a verb, or in some cases, a preposition. For example, to say in Arabic the sentense "the man ran slowly", one would say in Arabic a sentense whose word-for-word translation is "the man ran with slowness", or "the man ran (with) a slowness". Similarily, the Arabic word for "quick" would be treated as a noun, thus it is more properly translated not as the English word "quick", but as the English phrase "quick one".
This concept of using nouns and verbs to fulfill other linguistic functions is different from other languages, such as English, where usually there are words dedicated to fulfilling these functions. Note, though, that in English, this method is sometimes used with respect to adjectives, as in "the city hall", "the town meeting", etc.
Besides these rules, there are a number of other grammar and literary rules that dictate such things as what position in the sentense is the most proper for a certain word, advanced grammatical rules, word morphology, etc. These rules are known collectively in Arabic as al naX\\u (Arabic النحو), which means "the orientation", as it is viewed as the science that defines the proper orientation (rules) of the Arabic language.
Like many Semitic languages, Arabic has a dual grammatical number.
Calligraphy
In the beginnings of Islam, the Qur'an was mostly recorded in the memory of those who memorized the entire text; they were known as the Huffaz. After witnessing the unreliability of such a form of transmission, mostly because of the untimely death of many of those Huffaz in battle, it was decided to record it in written form and compile it into one book instead of several pieces.Given its sacred nature to Muslims, as the Qur'an is considered the word of Allah, the book would be made with great attention to quality and readability. Given Islam's taboo against pictural representation, however, drawings could not be used to enjolivate the book, as was done in the Christian world. Thus, the art of calligraphy became very important in the Muslim world, and today it is still a major art form; calligraphers are held in great esteem. The aesthetic of their art, which allows for the teaching of the Qur'an, is a unifying aspect of Islam.
After the definitive fixing of the Arabic script around 786, by Khalil ibn Ahmad al Farahidi, many styles were developed, both for the writing down of the Qur'an and other books, and for inscriptions on monuments as decoration.
The first of those to gain popularity was known as the Kufic script; it was angular, made of square and short horizontal strokes, long verticals, and bold, compact circles. It would be the main script used to copy the Qur'an for three centuries; its static aspect made it suitable for monumental inscriptions, too. It would develop many serifs, small decorations added to each character.
More often used for casual writing was the cursive Naskh script, with rounder letters and thin lines; with refinement of its writing techniques it would come to be preferred to Kufic for copying the Qur'an. Most children are taught the Naskh font first, and at a later stage they are introduced to the Req'a font. Almost all printed material in Arabic is in Naskh so, to avoid confusion, children are taught to write in the same script. It is also clearer and easier to decipher.
In the 13th century, the Thuluth would take on the ornamental role formerly associated with the Kufic script. Thuluth meaning "one third", it is based on the principle that one third of each letter slides downward. As such it has a strong cursive aspect and is usually written in ample curves.
As Islam extended farther east, it converted the Persians, who took to using Arabic script for their own language. They contributed to Arabic calligraphy the Taliq and Nastaliq styles. The later is extremely cursive, with exaggeratedly long horizontal strokes; one of its peculiarities is that vertical strokes lean to the right rather than (as more commonly) to the left, making Nastaliq writing particularly well flowing.
The Diwani script is a cursive style of Arabic calligraphy developed during the reign of the early Ottoman Turks (16th-early 17th century). It was invented by Housam Roumi and reached its height of popularity under Süleyman I the Magnificent (1520-66). As decorative as it was communicative, Diwani was distinguished by the complexity of the line within the letter and the close juxtaposition of the letters within the word.
A variation of the Diwani, the Diwani Al Jali, is characterized by its abundance of diacritical and ornamental marks.
Finally, the most commonly used script for everyday use is Riq'a. Simple and easy to write, its movements are small, without much amplitude. It is the one most commonly seen. It's also considered a step up from the Naskh script, and as children get older they are taught this script in school.
The traditional instrument of the Arabic calligrapher is the qalam, a pen made of dried reed; the ink is often in color, and chosen such that its intensity can vary greatly, so that the greater strokes of the compositions can be very dynamic in their effect.
Indeed, Arabic calligraphy hasn't fallen out of use as in the western world. Being cursive by nature, unlike the Latin alphabet, Arabic script is used to write down a verse of the Qur'an, a Hadith, or simply a proverb, in a spectacular composition that is often indecipherable. The composition is often abstract, but sometimes the writing is shaped into an actual form such as that of an animal. One of the current masters of the genre is Hassan Massoudy.
Arabic Script
Arabic script is not used solely for writing Arabic. The script, while still inherently Arabic, has been modified to fit the other languages it is used with. There are phonemes that Arabic doesn't have, but yet Farsi or Malay or Urdu may contain, especially since those three languages are not related to Arabic. For example, the Arabic language lacks a "P" sounding letter, so many languages add their own "P" in the script, yet the symbol used may differ between languages.Arabic script is currently used for:
In the past, it has also been used to represent other languages:
- Dari and Pashto in Afghanistan
- Farsi (Persian) in Iran
- Urdu and Kashmiri in Pakistan
- Punjabi in Pakistan, where it is known as Shahmukhi
- Azeri (Azerbaijani)
- Hausa, known as Ajami
- Malay, known as Jawi. This is still popular in Brunei
- Sanskrit has also been written in Arabic script, though it is more well known as using the Devanagari script - the same script used for writing Hindi
- Somali
- Swahili
- Turkish was written in Arabic script until Atatürk declared the change to Roman script. This form of Turkish is now known as Ottoman and is held by many Turks to be a completely different language. This seems however to be politically motivated and does not hold up linguistically
- Turkmen in Turkmenistan
External links
Web references and examples:
- 6 links
- E2 article
- Free online resources for learners
- http://www.ethnologue.com/show_iso639.asp?code=ara
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Arabic language."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| Arabia | English | Arab International Airlines | Transportation |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonym: ArabSynonym: Arabian (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Carrier | Beast, beast of burden, cattle, horse, nag, palfrey, Arab, blood horse, thoroughbred, galloway, charger, courser, racer, hunter, jument, pony, filly, colt, foal, barb, roan, jade, hack, bidet, pad, cob, punch, roadster, goer; racehorse, pack horse, draft horse, cart horse, dray horse, post horse; ketch; Shetland pony, shelty, sheltie; garran, garron; jennet, genet, bayard, mare, stallion, gelding; bronco, broncho, cayuse; creature, critter; cow pony, mustang, Narraganset, waler; stud. |
Traveler | Tourist, excursionist, explorer, adventurer, mountaineer, hiker, backpacker, Alpine Club; peregrinator, wanderer, rover, straggler, rambler; bird of passage; gadabout, gadling; vagrant, scatterling, landloper, waifs and estrays, wastrel, foundling; loafer; tramp, tramper; vagabond, nomad, Bohemian, gypsy, Arab, Wandering Jew, Hadji, pilgrim, palmer; peripatetic; somnambulist, emigrant, fugitive, refugee; beach comber, booly; globegirdler, globetrotter; vagrant, hobo, night walker, sleep walker; noctambulist, runabout, straphanger, swagman, swagsman; trecker, trekker, zingano, zingaro. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Arab |
| English words defined with "Arab": Abu Dhabi, Arab chief, Arab League, Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabist ♦ Baggala ♦ dirham, Douar, Dubai ♦ Egypt ♦ fellah ♦ Gutter snipe ♦ Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ♦ Jordan ♦ Katar, Koweit, Kuwait ♦ Lawrence, Lawrence of Arabia ♦ Mahomet, Mahound, Mohammed, Moor, Muhammad ♦ partition, partition off ♦ Qatar ♦ Saracen, sheik, sheikh, Sherif, State of Katar, State of Kuwait, State of Qatar ♦ T. E. Lawrence, Thomas Edward Lawrence ♦ United Arab Emirate dirham, United Arab Emirate monetary unit, United Arab Emirates, United Arab Emirates's capital, United Arab Republic ♦ Zouave. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "Arab": Albiazar, Arab Monetary Fund ♦ Darley Arabians ♦ Hafed ♦ Machaerus, Marabuts, Mibsam, Mishma ♦ OAPEC ♦ UAE dirham ♦ War of the Meal-sacks ♦ Zem. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Arab" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. Albanian (arab, arabian, arabic), Czech (arab), Hungarian (Arab, arabesque, arabian, Arabian woman, arabic, wog), Indonesian (arabian), Malay (Arabian, Arabic), Provencal (Arabic), Romanian (arab, arabesque, arabian, arabic), Swedish (arab, arabian, saracen), Welsh (Arab, facetious, jocular, merry, pleasant, witty). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | I couldn't even take an Arab brothel with this rabble (Sahara; writing credit: David Phillips) We've put our heads together, and we've decided we're gonna rip off the Arab, on the road, during the car race (Cannonball Run II; writing credit: Harvey Miller; Hal Needham) Perhaps some Arab sheik has bought us all. (Are You Being Served?; writing credit: John T. Chapman; David Croft) Arab women stripped them of their tunics and their swords and lances (Patton; writing credit: Ladislas Farago; Omar N. Bradley) You're not an Arab, so you must be a drug dealer (The Ratings Game; writing credit: Michael Barrie; Jim Mulholland) | |
Lyrics | Riding across the desert with a fine Arab charger (EMOTIONAL RESCUE; performing artist: Rolling Stones) There's an Arab on the corner buying everything in sight (Happy Birthday; performing artist: Weird Al Yankovic) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Arab Ka Saudagar (1956) Ankam el Arab (1947) The Arab (1924) A Street Arab (1898) Geneva Arab Cortege (1896) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title |
References |
|
Books | |
Periodicals | |
Theater & Movies | |
Music |
|
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | ... a little boy treated for Banti's disease by Arab quacks ... / WHO p. Credit: National Library of Medicine; photo by Paul Almasy.. |  | [Surgical Instruments and Apparatus] : An Arab operating table for luxation. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |
 | The Arab (Turkish) colony in New York City / W.A. Rogers. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | The Arab and the camel. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Tent of Arab chief, and water buffaloes, on flooded Babylonian plain. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Arab leisure in a coffee house of Mosul. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Arab. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Arab gypsies in a tent. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Suez - a native Arab dhow. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | N. Africa (?) man with rifle on horseback, "An Arab Cavalier - Tunis". Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Burj Al Arab" by Martin Manegold Commentary: "7 Star Hotel in Dubai." | "Arab Tower of Bujaco" by Luis Alves Commentary: "The Bujaco Tower is the most beautiful one of the five that are left in the city when it was under Muslim control throughout the 12th century. Also known as the New Tower or Watch Tower, its most popular name derives from the Calif Abu-ya-gub. This slend" |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | Arab Health 2000 will be held in Dubai, usually in December. (references) | |
These fundamentals are the source for United Arab Emirates's latent demand. (references) | ||
Some of these factories export their products to Arab and African countries. (references) | ||
Children | Israel and the occupied territories | Arab groups note that the public school curriculum stresses Israel's Jewish culture and heritage. (references) |
Yemen | The HCMC participates in the World Bank's Child Development Program and the Arab Council for Childhood and Development's program for street children. (references) | |
Israel and the occupied territories | According to 1998 statistics, 58 percent of the teachers in Jewish schools had university degrees compared with 39 percent of the teachers in Arab schools. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | United Arab Emirates | Dubai Media City hosts a wide range of Western and Arab media outlets. (references) |
Israel and the occupied territories | Police officials and Israeli Arab leaders cooperated closely before each of the demonstrations. (references) | |
Iraq | Frequently, a security force official demands that a family change its ethnicity from Kurdish or Turkmen to Arab. (references) | |
Economic History | Saudi Arabia | Most Saudis are ethnically Arab. (references) |
Yemen | Ethnic group: Predominantly Arab. (references) | |
Israel | Most important are its ties with Arab states. (references) | |
Human Rights | Lebanon | Hizballah made various demands for the release of other Arab prisoners, especially Palestinians, during the year. (references) |
Israel and the occupied territories | In December 2000, for the first time since 1994, the Government placed an Israeli Arab, Jhasan Athamnah, in administrative detention based on secret evidence. (references) | |
Tunisia | The Arab Institute for Human Rights, headquartered in Tunis, was founded in 1989 by the LTDH, the Arab Organization for Human Rights, and the Union of Arab lawyers. (references) | |
Minorities | Israel and the occupied territories | Arab composition in the remaining nine ministries was approximately 5 percent. (references) |
Israel and the occupied territories | Arab citizens hold fewer than 60 of the country's 5,000 university faculty positions. (references) | |
Israel and the occupied territories | Some Bedouin and other Arab citizens who are not subject to the draft serve voluntarily. (references) | |
Political Economy | KUWAIT | Business with Israel is restricted by application of the direct Arab League Boycott. (references) |
Israel and the occupied territories | However, there continued to be problems with respect to its treatment of Arab citizens. (references) | |
Israel and the occupied territories | Since its founding in 1948, Israel has been in a state of war with most of its Arab neighbors. (references) | |
Political Rights | Israel and the occupied territories | No Arab or Druze citizens, serve on the 14-member High Court of Justice. (references) |
Algeria | No party may use religion, Amazigh heritage, or Arab heritage as a basis of organizing for political purposes. (references) | |
Israel and the occupied territories | There are 11 Arabs and 2 Druze in the Knesset; most represent parties that derive their support largely or entirely from the Arab community. (references) | |
Trade | Syria | Syria enforces the Arab League Boycott of Israel. (references) |
Saudi Arabia | Recently, Arab League states have agreed to negotiate an Arab Free Trade Zone. (references) | |
Egypt | The two exempted banks are the Arab International Bank and the National Investment Bank. (references) | |
Travel | Morocco | Moroccan business customs reflect a mix of Arab and Mediterranean influences, rather than African. (references) |
Saudi Arabia | Women traveling alone, Americans of Arab origin, and private consultants are often required to use this process. (references) | |
Oman | In terms of business customs, while most leading businessmen are accustomed to Western business practices, some still operate along more traditional Arab lines. (references) | |
Women | Israel and the occupied territories | At least 10 of the 11 Arab women killed during the year by male relatives were killed in family "honor" cases; families often attempted to cover up the cause of such deaths. (references) |
Israel and the occupied territories | The law prohibits domestic violence; however, violence against women is a problem, despite the steps taken by the Government and other organizations to reduce violence against women in Jewish and Arab communities. (references) | |
Israel and the occupied territories | Arab human rights advocates also have formed a coalition to raise public awareness of so-called honor crimes, a violent assault with intent to commit murder against a woman or girls by a relative for her perceived immodest behavior or alleged sexual misconduct. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Syria | The GFTU is affiliated with the International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions. (references) |
Sri Lanka | Boys are trafficked to the Middle East (primarily Qatar and the United Arab Emirates) as camel jockeys. (references) | |
Kazakhstan | Women and girls from Kazakhstan were trafficked to the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Greece, Turkey, Israel, and South Korea. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Al Hunt | Congressman, let me return to your trip to the Middle East. As well as Israel, you also went to four Arab countries, and you specifically praised the Egyptians for the help they've offered in our war against terrorism. |
Dan Rather | In Jerusalem tonight, right at the dividing line between the Israeli west and the mostly Arab east Jerusalem, yet another suicide bombing. We had driven by only minutes before the bomb went off. |
King Hussein of Jordan | My role in this process is to ensure that what we have achieved so far will be a model, a good example to others. It will be a cornerstone for peace, a comprehensive peace, which all of us search and seek between the Arab world and Israel. |
Rush Limbaugh | You're going to please your Arab customer base if you're a little harder on the Israelis than you are on the Arabs. |
Senator Joseph Biden | I think the United States talks to the Arab world, starting with the Saudis, the Egyptians and the Jordanians. And they are the ones that create the consensus and force Arafat into the position to negotiate a real deal. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Gerald Ford | 1974-1977 | The Arab states and Israel continue to look to us to lead them from confrontation and war to a new era of accommodation and peace. |
George Bush | 1989-1993 | Soon after, the Arab world and Israel sat down to talk seriously, and comprehensively, about peace, an historic first. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Arab" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 80.61% of the time. "Arab" is used about 1,710 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 80.61% | 1,379 | 5,793 |
| Noun (singular) | 10.57% | 181 | 22,953 |
| Noun (proper) | 8.82% | 151 | 25,596 |
| Total | 100.00% | 1,710 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "Arab" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Arab | Last name | 300 | 24,934 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
| Country | Name |
| Jordan | Arab Bank Group |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
1. Arab, AL (city, FIPS 2116) 2. Arab, MO |
Expressions using "Arab": arab chief ♦ arab head kerchief ♦ arab headkerchief ♦ arab horse ♦ arab league ♦ Arab Monetary Fund ♦ arab Republic of Egypt ♦ Arab Steadfastness Front ♦ arab villager ♦ Arab World ♦ socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ♦ steet arab ♦ street arab ♦ syrian Arab Republic ♦ United Arab Emirate dirham ♦ United Arab Emirate monetary unit ♦ united arab emirates ♦ United Arab Emirates's capital ♦ united arab republic. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "Arab": arab-african, arab-american, Arab-americans, arab-arab, arab-backed, arab-designated, arab-dominated, arab-held, arab-inhabited, arab-islamic, Arab-israel, Arab-israeli, Arab-Israeli War, arab-jewish, arab-killer, arab-led, arab-looking, arab-occupied, arab-owned, arab-sponsored, arab-style. | |
Ending with "Arab": al-arab, inter-arab, israeli-arab, non-arab, pan-arab, pro-arab. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
arab sex | 2,950 | arab sex photo | 132 |
dubai united arab emirates | 2,095 | arab alabama | 113 |
arab | 1,681 | arab strap | 111 |
arab news | 728 | free arab sex | 110 |
arab girl | 711 | arab newspaper | 101 |
united arab emirates | 618 | arab pussy | 91 |
arab time | 529 | arab sex com | 89 |
abu dhabi united arab emirates | 459 | arab times | 87 |
arab music | 376 | arab culture | 83 |
burj al arab | 357 | arab man | 81 |
arab gay | 293 | gay arab man | 80 |
arab chat | 259 | sexe arab | 79 |
arab porn | 252 | arab woman nude | 73 |
arab woman | 226 | burj al arab hotel | 73 |
arab nude | 199 | arab new | 68 |
sharjah united arab emirates | 160 | arab joke | 66 |
united arab emirates hotel | 154 | arab tv | 65 |
arab song | 142 | arab danza | 64 |
israeli arab conflict | 138 | arab american | 63 |
sexy arab | 137 | ||
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "Arab"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | Arabier. (various references) | |
Albanian | arab (arabian, arabic). (various references) | |
Arabic | فرس عربي, العربي. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | арабски кон, арабски (arabesque, arabian, arabic), арабин (arabian, wog). (various references) | |
Chinese | 阿拉伯人, 阿拉伯 (Arabian, Arabic). (various references) | |
Czech | arabský (arabian, arabic), arab. (various references) | |
Danish | araber (Arab horse, Arabian horse). (various references) | |
Dutch | Arabier (Arab horse, Arabian horse). (various references) | |
Esperanto | arabo. (various references) | |
Finnish | arabialainen (Arabian, Arabic), arabi. (various references) | |
French | Arabe (Arabian, Arabian woman, arabic). (various references) | |
German | Araber (arab horse, arabian, Arabs). (various references) | |
Greek | άραβασ, άστεγοσ (homeless, roofless, shelterless), αράπησ (black, negro), αραβικόσ ίπποσ. (various references) | |
Hungarian | arab (arabesque, arabian, Arabian woman, Arabic, wog). (various references) | |
Icelandic | Arabi. (various references) | |
Indonesian | orang arab. (various references) | |
Italian | arabo (arabian, Arabic). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | アラブ人 (arabesque), アラビア馬 , アラビア夜話 (Arabian Nights, The Arabian Nights' Entertainments, The Thousand and One Nights). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | アラブじん, アラビアうま, アラブ . (various references) | |
Korean | 아라비아 사람. (various references) | |
Manx | Arabagh 1 (Arabian, Arabic), Arabagh (arabesque, Arabian, Arabic), cabbyl Arabagh (Arab horse). (various references) | |
Papiamen | arabir (Arabian, Arabic). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | arabay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | árabe (Arabian, Arabic, saracen). (various references) | |
Romanian | arab (arabesque, arabian, arabic), arãbesc, cal arab. (various references) | |
Russian | араб (sand nigger). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | arapski (arabian, arabic), arapin (arabian). (various references) | |
Spanish | árabe (arabian, Arabic, moorish, moresque). (various references) | |
Swahili | Mwarabu. (various references) | |
Swedish | arab (arabian, saracen), arabisk (Arabian, arabic). (various references) | |
Thai | ชาวอาหรับ. (various references) | |
Turkish | arap (arabian, arabic, negro). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | арабський кінь, арабський (arabesque, arabian, arabic), арабка, араб (arabian). (various references) | |
Welsh | Arab (facetious, jocular, merry, pleasant, witty). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | Arabs. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Isaiah Chapter 13, Verse 20 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Ou katoikhqhsetai eiV ton aiwna cronon oude mh eiselqwsin eiV authn dia pollwn genewn oude mh dielqwsin authn arabeV oude poimeneV ou mh anapauswntai en auth |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Non habitabitur usque in finem et non fundabitur usque ad generationem et generationem nec ponet ibi tentoria Arabs nec pastores requiescent ibi |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | It shal not be dwellid vn to the ende, and shal not be foundid vnto the ieneracioun and ieneracioun; ne shal sette there tente a man of Arab, ne shepperdes shul reste there. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | It shall never be inhabited, neither shall it be dwelt in from generation to generation: neither shall the Arabian pitch tent there; neither shall the shepherds make their fold there. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | It shall never be inhabited, neither shall it be dwelt in from generation to generation: neither shall the Arabian pitch tent there; neither shall the shepherds make their fold there. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | People will never be living in it again, and it will have no more men from generation to generation: the Arab will not put up his tent there; and those who keep sheep will not make it a resting-place for their flocks. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Isaiah Chapter 13, Verse 20 |
| Cebuano | Kini dili na gayud pagatawoan, ni pagapuy-an pa gikan sa usa ka kaliwatan hangtud sa usa ka kaliwatan: ni motaod pa ang mga Arabiahanon sa balong-balong didto; ni mopahigda didto ang mga magbalantay sa carnero sa ilang mga panon. |
| Croatian | Nikad se više neæe naseliti, od koljena do koljena ostat æe nenapuèen. Arapin ondje neæe dizati šatora, nit' æe pastiri ondje poèivati. |
| Danish | Det skal aldrig i Evighed bebos, ej bebygges fra Slægt til Slægt; der telter Araberen ikke, der lejrer Hyrder sig ej; |
| Dutch | Daar zal geen woonplaats zijn in der eeuwigheid, en zij zal niet bewoond worden van geslacht tot geslacht; en de Arabier zal daar geen tent spannen, en de herders zullen er niet legeren. |
| Finnish | Ei sitä ikinä enää asuta, autioksi jää se polvesta polveen; ei arabialainen sinne telttaansa tee, eivätkä paimenet siellä laumaansa lepuuta. |
| French | Elle ne sera plus jamais habitée, Elle ne sera plus jamais peuplée; L`Arabe n`y dressera point sa tente, Et les bergers n`y parqueront point leurs troupeaux. |
| German | daß man hinfort nicht mehr da wohne noch jemand da bleibe für und für, daß auch die Araber keine Hütten daselbst machen und die Hirten keine Hürden da aufschlagen; |
| Hungarian | Nem ülik meg soha, és nem lakják nemzetségrõl nemzetségre, nem von sátort ott az arábiai, és pásztorok sem tanyáznak ott; |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Tak seorang pun akan tinggal lagi di sana. Tak ada orang Arab pengembara yang akan memasang kemahnya di tempat itu, dan tak ada gembala yang akan membawa kambing dombanya untuk merumput di situ. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Maka tiada akan lagi di sana tempat kedudukan orang sampai selama-lamanya dan tiada lagi ia itu diduduki orang turun-temurun, jikalau orang Arab sekalipun tiada akan berkemah di sana dan gembalapun tiada akan memperhentikan kawannya di sana. |
| Maori | E kore e nohoia a, ake ake, e kore e waiho hei kainga a, tena whakatupuranga, tena whakatupuranga; e kore ano e whakaturia e te Arapi tona teneti ki reira; e kore ano a reira e waiho e nga hepara hei takotoranga mo a ratou kahui. |
| Norwegian | Det skal aldri mere reise sig igjen, og ingen skal bo der fra slekt til slekt; ingen araber skal slå op sitt telt der, og ingen hyrde la sin hjord hvile der. |
| Portuguese | Nunca mais será habitada, nem nela morará alguém de geração em geração; nem o árabe armará ali a sua tenda; nem tampouco os pastores ali farão deitar os seus rebanhos. |
| Rumanian | El nu va mai fi locuit, nu va mai fi niciodatq popor kn el. Arabul nu-wi va mai kntinde cortul acolo, wi pqstorii nu-wi vor mai yqrcui turmele acolo, |
| Russian | ОЕ ЪБУЕМЙФУС ОЙЛПЗДБ, Й Ч ТПДЩ ТПДПЧ ОЕ ВХДЕФ ЦЙФЕМЕК Ч ОЕН; ОЕ ТБУЛЙОЕФ бТБЧЙФСОЙО ЫБФТБ УЧПЕЗП, Й РБУФХИЙ УП УФБДБНЙ ОЕ ВХДХФ ПФДЩИБФШ ФБН. |
| Swedish | Aldrig mer skall det bliva bebyggt, från släkte till släkte skall det ligga obebott; ingen arab skall där slå upp sitt tält, ingen herde lägra sig där med sin hjord. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "Arab": arabesk, arabesks, arabesque, arabesques, arabic, arabica, arabicas, arabicization, arabicizations, arabicize, arabicized, arabicizes, arabicizing, arabilities, arability, arabinose, arabinoses, arabinoside, arabinosides, arabize, arabized, arabizes, arabizing, arable, arables. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "Arab": scarab. (additional references) | |
Words containing "Arab": bearabilities, bearability, bearable, bearably, carabao, carabaos, carabid, carabids, carabin, carabine, carabineer, carabineers, carabiner, carabinero, carabineros, carabiners, carabines, carabinier, carabiniere, carabinieri, carabiniers, carabins, charabanc, charabancs, clearable, comparabilities, comparability, comparable, comparableness, comparablenesses, comparably, declarable, hearable, inarable, incomparabilities, incomparability, incomparable, incomparably, inseparabilities, inseparability, inseparable, inseparableness, inseparablenesses, inseparables, inseparably, irreparable, irreparableness, irreparablenesses, irreparably, karabiner, karabiners. (additional references) | |
| |
"Arab" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Aaab, Aabb, Aaby, Aarg, Abab, Adabo, Apagb, Araba, Arabah, Arax, Arba, Ardbo, arib, Arrad, Arram, arub, Arva, Aurab, Avra, azab, Azabu, Bairab, Marab, Oraba. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-b-r" | |
-1 letter: aba, arb, baa, bar, bra. | |
-2 letters: aa, ab, ar, ba. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-b-r" | |
+1 letter: bazar, brava, braza, kabar, labra, rabat, sabra. | |
+2 letters: abaser, abater, abator, aboard, aboral, abrade, abroad, airbag, ambari, ambary, arabic, arable, arroba, barbal, barman, baryta, bayard, bazaar, bazars, bharal, brahma, bravas, brazas, kabars, labara, rabato, rabats, ragbag, ratbag, sabras, sambar, scarab, tabard, zareba, zariba. | |
+3 letters: abasers, abaters, abators, abfarad, abraded, abrader, abrades, abreact, abreast, abroach, abrosia, acrobat, aerobia, airbags, airboat, algebra, allobar, ambaris, antbear, arabesk, arabica, arabize, arables, araroba, armband, arrobas, baccara, bahadur, bandora, barbate, barchan, bargain, barilla, barmaid, barrack, barrage, barware, barytas, basilar, bastard, bayards, bazaars, bearcat, bharals, bidarka, brachia, bradawl, brahmas, bravado, bravura, broadax, cabaret, carabao, carabid, carabin, caramba, carbarn, carbora, drawbar, fabular, gabbard, gabbart, garbage, labarum, macaber, macabre, marabou, marimba, megabar, pabular, palabra, parable, rabatos, ragbags, rasbora, ratable, ratably, ratbags, sambars, sambhar, sandbar, scarabs, subadar, subalar, subarea, tabards, tabaret, tabular, tambura, tanbark, zarebas, zareeba, zaribas. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Non-fiction 10. Quotations: Spoken 11. Quotations: Speeches 12. Usage Frequency | 13. Names: Frequency 14. Names: Company Usage 15. Cities 16. Expressions | 17. Expressions: Internet 18. Translations: Modern 19. Translations: Ancient 20. Bible Trace | 21. Abbreviations 22. Acronyms 23. Derivations 24. Anagrams | 25. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
