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RICHARD

Specialty Definition: Richard Cromwell

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Richard Cromwell (Tumbledown Dick) (October 4, 1626- July 12, 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, from September 3, 1658 until May 25, 1659.

Richard was an unlikely successor, coming to prominence only because his two elder brothers both died before their father. Having previously sat in parliament, but only having joined the Council of State a year before his appointment as Protector, he had neither the political experience nor the interest required to maintain his position. He gave it up with little hesitation, resigning or "abdicating" after a demand by the Rump Parliament. This was the beginning of a short period of restoration of the Commonwealth of England but led to a state of anarchy that resulted in the return of the exiled King Charles II of England and the English Restoration. Unlike his father, Richard was not held accountable for the death of King Charles I. He retired to obscurity, going into exile on the Continent under the soubriquet of "John Clarke", but returning in 1680 to live out the remainder of his life in Britain.

Preceded by: Oliver Cromwell

List of British monarchs

Succeeded by: Charles II

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Richard Cromwell."

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Richard I of England

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Richard I (September 8, 1157 - April 6, 1199) was King of England from 1189 to 1199. He was often referred to as Richard the Lionheart, Coeur de Lion and Oc et No by the French, and Melek-Ric by the Saracens (his name in Arabic used to frighten children: "King Rick will get you if you don't watch out!"). He was considered a hero in his day and has often been portrayed as one in works of literature. In fact he did little for England, using the kingdom's resources to support his crusades in the Holy Land. He became known as an ambitious man.

Richard I of England (London)

The third of King Henry II's legitimate sons, Richard was never expected to accede to the throne. He was, however, the favourite son of his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Although born in Oxford, England, he soon came to know France as his home. When his parents effectively separated, he remained in Eleanor's care, and was invested with her duchy of Aquitaine in 1168, and of Poitiers in 1172. This was his consolation prize for the fact that his eldest brother, Henry the Young King, was simultaneously crowned as his father's successor. Richard and his other brother, Geoffrey, thus learned how to defend their property while still teenagers. As well as being an educated man, able to compose poetry in French and Provençal, Richard was also a magnificent physical specimen (his height is estimated at six feet four inches tall) and gloried in military activity. From an early age he appeared to have significant political and military abilities, became noted for his chivalry and courage, and soon was able to control the unruly nobles of his territory.

As with all the true-born sons of Henry II, Richard had limited respect for his father and lacked foresight and a sense of responsibility. In 1173 he joined his brothers, Henry the Young King, crowned king of England as Henry III (but known as "the Young King" so as not to be confused with the later king of this name who was his brother John's son) in 1170, and Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, (Brittany being a major county of what is now France), in a revolt against their father. They were planning to dethrone their father and leave the Young King as the only king of England. Henry II invaded Aquitaine twice. At the age of seventeen, Richard was the last of the brothers to hold out against Henry; though, in the end, he refused to fight him face to face and humbly begged his pardon. In 1174, after the end of the failed revolt, Richard gave a new oath of subservience to his father.

After his failure Richard concentrated in putting down internal revolts by the dissatisfied nobles of Aquitaine, especially the territory of Gascony. The increasing cruelty of his reign led to a major revolt of Gascony in 1183. Richard had a terrible reputation, including reports of various rapes and murders. The rebels hoped to dethrone Richard and asked his brothers Henry and Geoffrey to help them succeed. Their father feared that the war between his three sons could lead to the destruction of his kingdom. He led the part of his army that served in his French territories in support of Richard. The Young King's death on June 11, 1183, ended the revolt, and Richard remained on his throne.

Young Henry's death left Richard as the eldest surviving son and the natural heir when the old King died. However, there was some uncertainty over King Henry's intentions. When Geoffrey also died, Richard was the only realistic possibility, his youngest brother, John, being too weak and inexperienced to be considered as an alternative. From the Young King's death Richard was considered -- though not officially proclaimed -- heir to the joint thrones of England, Normandy and Anjou. In 1188 Henry II planned to concede Aquitaine to his youngest son John Lackland, later King John I of England. In opposition to his father's plans, Richard allied himself with King Philip II of France, the son of Richard's mother's ex-husband. In exchange for Philip's help against his father, Richard promised to concede his rights to both Normandy and Anjou to Philip. Richard gave an oath of subservience to Philip in November of the same year. In 1189 Richard attempted to take the throne of England for himself by joining Philip's expedition against his father. They were victorious. Henry, with John's consent, agreed to name Richard his heir. On July 6, 1189 Henry died in Chinon, and Richard succeeded him as King of England, Duke of Normandy, and Count of Anjou. He was officially crowned duke on July 20 and king in Westminster on September 3, 1189.

As a result of an incident during Richard's coronation celebrations, great persecution of the Jews took place throughout the county. This was distasteful to him personally, not because he was not racist, but because he had been counting on them to finance his crusading activities, but he was unable to prevent it.

Richard had one major reason for discontent with his father. Henry had appropriated Princess Alice, the daughter of the French king and Richard's betrothed, as his mistress. This made a marriage between Richard and Alice technically impossible - at least in the eyes of the church, but Henry, not wishing to cause a diplomatic incident, prevaricated and did not confess to his misdeed. As for Richard, he was discouraged from renouncing Alice because she was Philip's sister. It is Richard's early friendship with Philip which has led to the suggestion that he may have been homosexual, but the historical evidence for this is scant. Whether or not he and Philip were lovers, they quickly became enemies and, within a few years, were at one another's throats.

Leaving the country in the hands of various officials he designated (including his mother, at times), Richard spent only a small fraction of his reign in England, being far more concerned with his possessions in what is now France and his battles in Palestine. He had grown up on the Continent, and had never seen any need to learn the English language. Soon after his accession to the throne, he decided to join the Third Crusade, inspired by the loss of Jerusalem to the "infidels" under the command of Saladin. Afraid that, during his absence, the French might usurp his territories, Richard tried to persuade Philip to join the Crusade as well. Philip agreed and both gave their crusader oaths on the same date.

Richard did not concern himself with the future of England. He wanted to engage in an adventure that would cause the troubadours to immortalise his name, as well as guaranteeing him a place in heaven. The evidence suggests that he had deep spiritual needs, and he swore an oath to renounce his past wickedness in order to show himself worthy to take the cross. He started to raise a new English crusader army, though most of his warriors were Normans, and supplied it with weapons. He spent most of his father's treasury, raised taxes, and even agreed to free King William I of Scotland from his oath of subservience to Richard in exchange for 10,000 marks. To raise even more money he sold official positions, rights, and lands to those interested in them. He finally succeeded in raising a huge army and navy. After repositioning the part of his army he left behind so that it would guard his French possessions, Richard finally started his expedition to the Holy Land in 1190. Richard appointed as regents Hugh, Bishop of Durham, and William de Mandeville, who soon died and was replaced by Richard's chancellor William Longchamp. Richard's brother John was not satisfied by this decision and started scheming against William.

In September 1190 both Richard and Philip arrived in Sicily. In 1189 King William II of Sicily had died. His heir was his aunt Constance, later Queen Constance of Sicily, who was married to Emperor Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor. But immediately after William's death, William's cousin, Tancred, rebelled, seized control of the island and was crowned early in 1190 as King Tancred I of Sicily. He was favored by the people and the pope but had problems with the island's nobles. Richard's arrival caused even more problems. Tancred had imprisoned William's widow, Queen Joan, who was Richard's sister, and did not give her the money she had inherited according to William's will. Richard demanded that his sister be released and given her inheritance. Meanwhile the presence of two foreign armies caused unrest among the people. In October, the people of Messina revolted, demanding that the foreigners leave the island. Richard attacked Messina and captured it on October 4, 1190. After looting and burning the city Richard established his base in it. He remained there until March 1191 when Tancred finally agreed to sign a treaty. The treaty was signed during the same month by Richard, Philip and Tancred. According to the treaty's main terms:

• Joan was to be released, receiving her inheritance along with the dowry her father had given to the deceased William.
• Richard and Philip recognized Tancredi as legal King of Sicily and vowed to keep the peace between all three of their kingdoms.
• Richard officially proclaimed his nephew, the son of Geoffrey, Arthur of Brittany, as his heir, and Tancred promised to later marry one of his daughters to Arthur when he came of age (Arthur was only four years old at the time).

After signing the treaty Richard and Philip left Sicily. The treaty undermined England's relationships with the Holy Roman Empire and caused the revolt of Richard's brother John, who hoped to be proclaimed heir instead of their nephew. Although his revolt failed, John continued to scheme against his brother after this point.

During April Richard stopped on the Byzantine island of Rhodes to avoid the stormy weather. He left in May but a new storm drove Richard's fleet to Cyprus. On May 6, 1191, Richard's fleet arrived in the port of Lemesos (now Limassol). Richard captured the city. When the island's despot Isaac Dukas Comnenus arrived to stop the Crusaders he discovered he was too late, and retired to Kolossi. Richard called Isaac to negotiations but Isaac broke his oath of hospitality and started demanding Richard's departure. Richard ordered his cavalry to follow him in a battle against Isaac's army in Tremetusia. The few Roman Catholics of the island joined Richard's army and so did the island's nobles who were dissatisfied with Isaac's seven years of tyrannical rule. Though Isaac and his men fought bravely, Richard's army was bigger and better equipped, assuring his victory. Isaac continued to resist from the castles of Pentadactylos but after the siege of his castle of Kantaras he finally surrendered. Richard became the new ruler of Cyprus.

Richard looted the island and massacred those trying to resist him. Meanwhile, Richard was finally able to marry the woman to whom he was engaged, who had been brought by his mother to join him on the crusade route. His marriage to Princess Berengaria of Navarre, first-born daughter of King Sancho VI of Navarre, was held in Limassol on May 12, 1191. It was attended by his sister Joan, whom Richard had brought from Sicily. There were no children from the marriage; opinions vary as to whether it was ever a love match. The unfortunate Berengaria had almost as much difficulty in making the journey home as her husband did, and did not see England until after his death.

Richard and most of his army left Cyprus for the Holy Land early in June. In his absence Cyprus would be governed by Richard Kamvill. Richard arrived at Acre in June 1191, in time to relieve the siege of the city by Saladin. Deserted by Philip and having fallen out with Duke Leopold V of Austria, he suddenly found himself without allies.

Richard's tactics ensured success at the siege of Acre and on the subsequent march south, Saladin's men being unable to harass the Crusader army into an impulsive action which might not have gone their way. However, the desertion of the French king had been a major blow, from which they could not hope to recover. Realising that he had no hope of holding Jerusalem even if he took it, Richard sadly ordered a retreat. Despite being only a few miles from the city, he refused, thereafter, to set eyes on it, since God had ordained that he should not be the one to conquer it. He had finally realised that his return home could be postponed no longer, since both Philip and John were taking advantage of his absence to make themselves more powerful.

Having planned to leave Conrad of Montferrat as "King" of the Crusader state and Cyprus in the hands of his own protégé, Guy of Lusignan, Richard was dealt another blow when Conrad was assassinated before he could be crowned. His replacement was Richard's own nephew, Henry of Champagne.

On his return to Europe in the autumn of 1192, Richard was captured by Duke Leopold -whom he had publicly insulted in the course of the crusade - and was handed over as a prisoner to the Emperor Henry VI. Although the circumstances of his captivity were not severe, he was frustrated by his inability to travel freely. The imprisonment gave rise to the legend of Blondel. On payment of a ransom of 150,000 marks, which left England destitute for years, he was released and returned to England in 1194. Once again repenting of his sins, he underwent a second coronation. Nevertheless, he spent the remainder of his reign attempting to regain the territory he had lost in France. After his departure in May 1194, he never returned to England.

There is no doubt that Richard had many admirable qualities, as well as many bad ones. He was a military mastermind, and politically astute in many ways - yet incredibly foolish in others, and unwilling to give way to public opinion. He was capable of great humility as well as great arrogance. He loved his family, but behaved ruthlessly to his enemies. He was revered by his most worthy rival, Saladin, and respected by the Emperor Henry, but hated by many who had been his friends, especially King Philip. He was often careless of his own safety: the wound which killed him need not have been inflicted at all if he had been properly armoured. Almost the same thing had happened, ten years earlier when, while feuding with his father, he had encountered William Marshal while unarmed and had to beg for his life. Richard's existence had been one whole series of contradictions. Although he had neglected his wife and had to be commanded by priests to be faithful to her, she was distraught at the news of his death.

During his absence, his brother John had come close to seizing the throne; Richard forgave him, and even named him as his heir in place of Arthur, who was growing into an unpleasant youth. Richard died on April 6 1199 from the after-effects of an arrow wound received during the siege of Chalus in France and was buried next to his parents at Fontevraud Abbey near Chinon and Saumur, France. It is said that he summoned the bowman who had delivered the fatal wound to his bedside, and was so impressed with the man's refusal to be cowed that he pardoned him.

Richard was succeeded by his brother John as king of England. However, his French territories initially rejected John as a successor, preferring his nephew Arthur of Brittany, the son of their late brother Geoffrey, whose claim was technically better than John's.

The tales of Robin Hood are traditionally set during the reign of Richard I. However, the only certainty about Robin Hood is that he lived some time during the 12th and/or 13th centuries. It was not until much later that a connection came to be made between the two men. The typical usage of the link is that the major political goal of Robin's war is to restore Richard to the throne after Prince John ursurped it.

Preceded by: Henry II

List of British monarchs

Succeeded by: John

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Richard I of England."

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Richard II of England

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Richard II (January 6?, 1367 - February 14, 1400) was the son of Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, and Joan "The Fair Maid of Kent. He was born at Bordeaux and became his father's heir when his elder brother died in infancy.

Out of the fact that Richard was born at Epiphany and that three kings were present at his birth came a legend that, despite being a second son, he was destined for great things. He became heir to the throne of England, and was created Prince of Wales, when the Black Prince died suddenly in 1376. The following year his grandfather King Edward III of England also died, leaving Richard as king at the age of ten.

It was the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 that brought Richard into the limelight. His successful negotiations with the leaders of the rebellion brought the violence to an end, and he showed great promise. On reaching adulthood, however, he proved a weak, vacillating, and at the same time rather tyrannical king.

In 1382 he married Anne of Bohemia, daughter of Emperor Charles IV of Bohemia, but they had no children, and she died in 1394. In 1396 he married Princess Isabella of Valois, daughter of the king of France, and they had no children, either.

He was eventually deposed by his cousin, Henry Bolingbroke (later Henry IV), placed in Pontefract Castle, and probably murdered there in 1400. He was dead by February 17.

He was buried in King's Langley Church, Herfordshire but later moved to Westminster Abbey. His coffin was badly designed, however, and it proved easy for disrespectful visitors to place their hands in to several openings in the coffin and interfere with what was inside. It is said that a schoolboy walked off with Richard's jawbone.

[See also the Shakespeare play Richard II.]

Preceded by: Edward III

List of British monarchs

Succeeded by: Henry IV

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Richard II of England."

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Richard III of England

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Richard III (October 2, 1452 - August 22, 1485) was king of England from 1483 (crowned on July 6) to 1485.

Richard was born at Fotheringay Castle, the fourth son of Richard, Duke of York who had been a strong claimant to the throne of King Henry VI. He was involved in ongoing battles between different alliances of the House of Lancaster and the House of York factions during the last half of the 15th Century. At the time of his father's death at the Battle of Wakefield, Richard was still a boy, and was taken into the care of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, known to history as "The Kingmaker" because of his strong influence on the course of the Wars of the Roses. Warwick was instrumental in deposing Henry VI and replacing him with Richard's eldest brother, Edward.

During the reign of his brother, Edward IV, Richard demonstrated his loyalty, as well as his prodigious skill as a military commander, and was rewarded with the title Duke of Gloucester and the position of Governor of the North. It was from northern England that he always drew his greatest support, having spent much of his childhood at Middleham Castle, where he later made his married home. Following the decisive Yorkist victory over the Lancastrians at the Battle of Tewkesbury, Richard married the widowed Anne Neville, daughter of the late Earl of Warwick. Anne's first husband had been Edward of Westminster, son of Henry VI.

Richard and Anne had one son, Edward Plantagenet(1473 - April 9, 1484), who died not long after being invested with the title of Prince of Wales. Anne also died before her husband.

On the death of Edward IV, Richard was entrusted with the role of protector to the king's sons, his young nephews, Edward V and another Richard, Duke of York. When the boy king's retinue was on its way from Wales to London, Richard intercepted them and took them into custody at the Tower of London (then a royal palace). He was wary of the relatives of the boys' mother, the Woodvilles, who were intent on acquiring power. A little more than two months after Edward IV's death in 1483, Richard accepted the throne himself after Parliament declared the two boys illegitimate.

Lord Hastings, who had been a regular visitor to the young Edward V at the Tower and who, with dowager queen Elizabeth Woodville, was a leading member of the anti-Ricardian faction at court, was charged with treason, convicted, and executed in the Tower of London. Three other members of the conspiracy -- the queen's brother Lord Rivers, her second son Richard Grey, and Edward V's chamberlain Sir Thomas Vaughan -- were also convicted and executed elsewhere. But Jane (or Elizabeth) Shore, who had been mistress of King Edward IV, and then of his step-son Thomas Grey (who avoided prosecution in the conspiracy by going into sanctuary at Westminster with his mother), and was now Hastings's mistress, was convicted of only lesser offences and was made to do public penance and briefly imprisoned.

When the members of Parliament met on June 25 (although there was no king to convene a formal session), it apparently heard evidence from a priest (believed to have been Robert Stillington, Bishop of Bath and Wells, although no records survive) that Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville had been bigamous, therefore all their children were bastards. Some of the proceedings of that Parliamentary session are believed to survive in a document known as "Titulus Regius", which Parliament issued some months later explaining its actions and of which a single copy escaped destruction.

Richard's three elder brothers were all dead. The children of George, Duke of Clarence were attainted because of their father's treason and not eligible to inherit the throne. With Edward IV's children having been declared illegitimate, Richard was next in line for the crown. He was the last Plantagenet king. By the time of his last stand against the Lancastrians, he was a widower without a legitimate son. After his son's death, he had initially named his nephew, Edward, Earl of Warwick, Clarence's young son and also the nephew of Queen Anne Neville, as his heir. After Anne's death, however, Richard named another nephew, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, as his heir.

Richard was, at least outwardly, a devout man and an efficient administrator. However, he was a Yorkist and heirless, and had ruthlessly removed the Woodvilles and their allies; he was therefore vulnerable to political opposition. His apparently loyal supporter, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, turned against him and was executed late in 1483. Richard's enemies united against him, and he was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field on August 22, 1485, by Lancastrian forces led by Henry Tudor. Tudor, though his claim to the throne was weak, was able to rally an army as big as the king's. He succeeded Richard to become Henry VII, and cemented the succession by marrying the Yorkist heir, Elizabeth of York. Richard's body was treated disgracefully before being buried at Greyfriars Church, Leicester. According to one tradition, during the Dissolution of the Monasteries his body was thrown into the nearby River Soar, although other evidence suggests that this may not be the case and that his burial site may currently be under a car park in Leicester. There is currently a memorial plaque in the Cathedral where he may have once been buried.

Since his death, Richard III has become one of England's most controversial kings. Modern historians recognise the damage done to his reputation by "historians" of the next reign, and particularly by William Shakespeare. Amongst other things, Richard was represented as physically malformed, which in those days was accepted as evidence of an evil character. However, it has been demonstrated that he could not have carried out most of the crimes attributed to him. The major exception is the question of whether he was responsible for the deaths of his nephews, the "Princes in the Tower".

The Richard III Society was set up during the 20th century in an attempt to rehabilitate Richard, and has gathered considerable research material about his life and reign. Its members, known as "Ricardians", hold events, raise monuments and attempt to preserve the king's memory.

Richard appears in the 2002 List of "100 Great Britons" (sponsored by the BBC and voted for by the public), alongside such other greats as David Beckham, Aleister Crowley, and Johnny Rotten. The BBC History Magazine lists him under "doubtful entrants, based on special interest lobbying or 'cult' status", and comments: "On the list due to the Ricardian lobby, but a minor monarch".

Fiction about Richard III

A lasting mystery surrounding the accession of Richard was the disappearance and presumed death of Richard's nephews, known as the Princes in the Tower. One of the most readable accounts of the evidence on all sides of the question is Josephine Tey's The Daughter of Time, written in 1951 (when some of the sources now available had not yet come to light). The American Branch of the Richard III Society carries out its own review of all the suspects in the case of Richard III, in "Whodunit?" in the online library at :http://www.r3.org/bookcase/whodunit.html (external link). Another fictional representation is the 1939 film Tower of London, where Basil Rathbone is Richard and Boris Karloff his evil henchman; it is available on videotape.

Further reading

Source material on all aspects of Richard's reign is neatly and impartially brought together by Keith Dockray in Richard III: A Reader in History (Sutton, 1988).

• The Trial of Richard III by Richard Drewett & Mark Redhead (ISBN 0862991986)
• Royal Blood by Bertram Fields {ISBN 006039269X}
• Richard III: The Road to Bosworth Field by Peter Hammond & Anne Sutton (ISBN 009466160X)
• Richard the Third by Michael Hicks (Tempus, 2001)(ISBN 0752423029)
• Richard III: A Study in Service by Rosemary Horrox (ISBN 0521407265)
• Richard III and the North edited by Rosemary Horrox (ISBN 0859580660)
• Richard III: The Great Debate edited by Paul Murray Kendall {ISBN 0393003108}
• Richard the Third by Paul Murray Kendall {ISBN 0393007855}
• The Betrayal of Richard III by V.B. Lamb (ISBN 086299778X)
• Richard III and the Princes in the Tower by A.J. Pollard (ISBN 0312067151)
• Good King Richard? by Jeremy Potter {ISBN 0094646309}
• Richard III by Charles Ross (Methuen, 1981) (ISBN 0413295303)
• Richard III: England's Black Legend by Desmond Seward {ISBN 0140266348}
• The Coronation of Richard III by Anne Sutton & Peter Hammond (ISBN 0904387752)
• Richard III's Books by Anne Sutton & Livia VIsser-Fuchs (ISBN 0750914068)
• The Princes in the Tower by Alison Weir {ISBN 0345391780}
• Joan of Arc and Richard III by Charles Wood (ISBN 019506951X)

External links

Richard III Society, headquartered in London, England

Richard III Society, American Branch -- includes links to online editions of many primary texts and secondary sources

Richard III article at dmoz.org

Preceded by: (Edward V)

List of British monarchs

Succeeded by: Henry VII

For the play Richard III by William Shakespeare, see Richard III (play)

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Richard III of England."

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Richard Leakey

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Richard Erskine Frere Leakey (born December 19, 1944), son of Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey, became known for following in his parents' footsteps with discoveries of early hominid fossils in East Africa.

More recently Leakey has played a prominent role in politics and conservation in East Africa.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Richard Leakey."

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Richard of Dover

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Richard (d. 1184), archbishop of Canterbury, was a Norman, who became a monk at Canterbury, where he acted as chaplain to Archbishop Theobald and was a colleague of Thomas Becket.

In 1173, more than two years after the murder of Becket, it was decided to fill the vacant archbishopric of Canterbury; there were two candidates, Richard, at that time prior of St Martin's, Dover, and Odo, prior of Canterbury, and in June Richard was chosen, although Odo was the nominee of the monks. Objections were raised against this election both in England and in Rome, but in April 1174 the new archbishop was consecrated at Anagui by Pope Alexander III, and he returned to England towards, the close of the year.

The ten years during which Richard was archbishop were disturbed by disputes with Roger, archbishop of York, over the respective rights of the two sees, and in 1175, at a council held in London, there was a free fight between their partisans. Henry II arranged a truce for five years between the rival prelates, but Richard was soon involved in another quarrel, this being with Roger, abbot of St Augustine's, Canterbury, whose action also trenched upon the privileges of the archbishop.

Richard was more acceptable to Henry II than Becket had been; he attended the royal councils, and more than once he was with the king in Normandy. Henry probably preferred him because he insisted less on the rights of the clergy than his great predecessor had done; but the monastic writers and the followers of Becket regarded this attitude as a sign of weakness. Richard died at Rochester on February 16 1184 and was buried in his cathedral.

See the article by W Hunt in the Dict. Nat. Biog vol. xlviii. (1896); and WF Hook, Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury.

This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Richard of Dover."

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Richard Thompson

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Richard Thompson (born April 3, 1949) is a musician, most known as a guitar-player and songwriter. He first became prominent as a founding member of Fairport Convention, "the English Jefferson Airplane" and later pioneers of British Folk Rock. He went solo in 1971, then later performed as a duo with wife Linda. They made two notable albums as a duo - "I Want To see The Bright Lights Tonight" and "Shoot Out The Lights". The couple divorced in 1982, and he now performs solo again. Richard continues to make critically acclaimed albums but has somehow avoided mainstream success.

External links

• BeesWeb: Official web site

• http://www.richardthompsonforcompletists.com

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Richard Thompson."

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Richard, Duke of York

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This article is about Richard, Duke of York, father of of King Edward IV. For the article about Edward IV's son who was imprisoned in the Tower of London see: Richard, Duke of York (Prince in the Tower).

Richard, Duke of York (1411-1460) was the son of Richard, Earl of Cambridge, a noble who had been executed for treason by King Henry V of England in 1415, and of Anne Mortimer, who, like her husband, was a direct descendant of King Edward III. Richard thus had an excellent claim on the throne of England, which he began to press in 1448 by assuming the long-disused surname of Plantagenet. In doing so, he made a direct challenge to the weak King Henry VI. In about 1424, he married Cecily Neville, a descendant of John of Gaunt. Having had the attainder against his father reversed in 1426, he was himself attainted on November 20, 1459. This made him all the more determined to achieve the throne for the House of York, and he died fighting the Lancastrians at the Battle of Wakefield on December 30, 1460. He was buried at Pontefract. Richard's eldest son finally succeeded in putting his dynasty on the throne in 1461 as King Edward IV of England. Edward V of England was Richard's grandson, and Richard III of England was Richard's son.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Richard, Duke of York."

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Richard, Earl of Cornwall

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Richard Plantagenet (5 January 1209 - 2 April 1272), Earl of Cornwall (1227) and King of the Romans (1257), was the second son of King John of England and, thus, the younger brother of Henry III.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Richard, Earl of Cornwall."

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Synonyms within Context: RICHARD

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Modern Usage: RICHARD

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Commercial Usage: RICHARD

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Image Slideshow: RICHARD

Photos: RICHARD More pictures...

Illustrations: RICHARD More pictures...

Computer Images: RICHARD More pictures...

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Photo Album: RICHARD

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Shown here is President Richard Nixon signing the National Cancer Act on December 23, 1971. This is a formal setting with a row of senators visible and some other officials and dignitaries. See also AR001123. Credit: Linda Bartlett (photographer).		Senator Richard Schweiker, Dr. Roslyn Robinson, and Senator Edward Kennedy in CDC Maximum Containment Lab during Senate Hearing on Legionnaires' Disease, CDC, 11/9/77. Credit: CDC.
	At the Panel Table from L-R: Kathleen Rest, Dep. Dir. Program, NIOSH (speaking); Richard Jackson, Dir. of NCEH; Jim Hughes, Dir. NCID; Joe Henderson, Assoc. Dir. for B.T.; Julie Gerberding, Dir. of CDC. Credit: CDC.		Richard Whitcomb Examines Model. Credit: NASA.
	Astronaut Administrator Richard Truly. Credit: NASA.		Richard Maxey observing with Wild T-4 Theodolite. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.
	Astro setup in Mojave Desert Richard Cohen preparing to record in truck Astro party of Lt.(j.g.) Albert Theberge. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.		Richard Bourgerie of the NOAA NOS CO-OPS office atop the south tower of the Golden Gate Bridge on a glorious fall day. Credit: America's Coastlines.
	Bust of Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd at McMurdo Station. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth.		Dr. Richard Fleming on the bow of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Ship BROWN BEAR. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: RICHARD
 

"Father richard" by Ariel C. Commentary: "Father richard. im an atheist."

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Familiar Quotations: RICHARD

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Historic Usage: RICHARD

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Use in Literature: RICHARD

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Non-Fiction Usage: RICHARD

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Spoken Usage: RICHARD

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Speeches: RICHARD

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Usage Frequency: RICHARD

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Name Usage Frequency: RICHARD

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Derived & Related Names: RICHARD

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Usage in Company Names: RICHARD

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Expressions: RICHARD

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: RICHARD

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Modern Translation: RICHARD

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Misspellings: RICHARD

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Anagrams: RICHARD

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