Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Definitions: Reciprocal |
ReciprocalAdjective1. Concerning each of two or more persons or things; especially given or done in return; "reciprocal aid"; "reciprocal trade"; "reciprocal respect"; "reciprocal privileges at other clubs". Noun1. (math) one of a pair of numbers whose product is 1: the reciprocal of 2/3 is 3/2; the inverse of 7 is 1/7. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "reciprocal" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1509. (references) |
| Domain | Definitions |
Aerospace | 1. A direction 180 degrees from a given direction.2. The quotient of 1 divided by a given number. (references) |
Mathematics | The harmonic mean H of a set of N numbers. . . is the -- of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the numbers. . Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Zero does not have a reciprocal. Every complex number except zero has a reciprocal that is a complex number. If it is real then so is its reciprocal, and if it is rational, then so is its reciprocal. The reciprocal of x is denoted 1/x or x-1.
To approximate the reciprocal of x, using only multiplication and subtraction, one can guess a number y, and then repeatedly replace y with 2y-xy2. Once the change in y becomes (and stays) sufficiently small, y is an approximation of the reciprocal of x.
In constructive mathematics, for a real number x to have a reciprocal, it is not sufficient that it be false that x = 0. Instead, there must be given a rational number r such that 0 < r < |x|. In terms of the approximation algorithm in the previous paragraph, this is needed to prove that the change in y will eventually get arbitrarily small.
In modular mathematics, the multiplicative inverse of x is also defined: it is the number a such that (a * x) mod n = 1. However, this multiplicative inverse exists only if a and n are relatively prime. For example, the inverse of 3 modulo 11 is 4 because it is the solution to (3 * x) mod 11 = 1 The extended Euclidean algorithm may be used to compute the multiplicative inverse modulo a number.
See also: Additive inverse, Division, Fraction, group (mathematics), ring (mathematics)
In navigation a reciprocal bearing is the bearing that will take you in the reverse direction to that of the original bearing.
In the humanities and social sciences, an interaction between actors is said to be reciprocal when each action or favour given by one party is matched by another in return. See also the principle of reciprocity in international negotiations.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Reciprocal."
Synonym: ReciprocalSynonym: inverse (n). (additional references) |
| Antonym: nonreciprocal (adj). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Correlation | Adjective: reciprocal, mutual, commutual, correlative, reciprocative, interrelated, closely related; alternate; interchangeable; interdependent; international; complemental, complementary. |
Interchange | Adjective: interchanged; Verb: reciprocal, mutual, commutative, interchangeable, intercurrent. |
Number | Sum, difference, complement, subtrahend; product; multiplicand, multiplier, multiplicator; coefficient, multiple; dividend, divisor, factor, quotient, submultiple; fraction, rational number; surd, irrational number; transcendental number; mixed number, complex number, complex conjugate; numerator, denominator; decimal, circulating decimal, repetend; common measure, aliquot part; prime number, prime, relative prime, prime factor, prime pair; reciprocal; totient. |
Adjective: numeral, complementary, divisible, aliquot, reciprocal, prime, relatively prime, fractional, decimal, figurate, incommensurable. | |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | I'm reading this great new book on the benefits of reciprocal social integrational relationships within the work environment. (Drop the Dead Donkey; writing credit: Andy Hamilton; Guy Jenkin) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
![]() | Diorama by Norman Bel Geddes, depicting the attack by USS Yorktown (CV-5) and USS Enterprise (CV-6) dive bombers on the Japanese aircraft carriers Soryu, Akagi and Kaga in the morning of 4 June 1942. The diorama was created during World War II on the basis of information then available. It is therefore somewhat inaccurate in scope and detail. This angle of view is essentially the reciprocal of that shown in Photo # 80-G-701869. It depicts Soryu (attacked by Yorktown aircraft) in the center foreground, with Kaga and Akagi (both attacked by Enterprise aircraft) as the two most distant burning ships. The burning ship at far right is a light cruiser, which had been erroneously reported to have been hit.Credit: NAVY. | ![]() | One year of reciprocal aid. Labor resources of New Zealand, with its total population of less than 2,000,000 persons, have been strained by the demands of wartime and her women have turned to the farms and the factories to assure production of food and fa.Credit: Library of Congress. |
![]() | One year of reciprocal aid. New Zealand butter in making. Our Army has received 2,032,000 pounds of this staple from New Zealand, under reciprocal lend-lease. Most of the food for the U.S. armed forces stationed in New Zealand including 10,279,000 pounds.Credit: Library of Congress. | ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Author | Quotation |
Louis Anspacher | Marriage is that relation between man and woman in which the independence is equal, the dependence mutual, and the obligation reciprocal. |
Samuel Johnson | Life cannot subsist in society but by reciprocal concessions. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
John Locke | 1690 | A state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another; there being nothing more evident, than that creatures of the same species and rank, promiscuously born to all the same advantages of nature, and the use of the same faculties, should also be equal one amongst another without subordination or subjection, unless the lord and master of them all should, by any manifest declaration of his will, set one above another, and confer on him, by an evident and clear appointment, an undoubted right to dominion and sovereignty. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | Insurance contracts shall be considered as contracts of life assurance for the purpose of paragraphs 11 to 14 when they depend on the probabilities of human life combined with the rate of interest for the calculation of the reciprocal engagements between the two parties. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | The benefit with which you honour me will be reciprocal. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Other studies at the NINDS have probed the spinal reflex function and found abnormalities consistent with the defect in reciprocal inhibition. (references) | |
One of the most important characteristics is the failure of reciprocal inhibition, a normal process in which muscles with opposite actions work without opposing each other. (references) | ||
Identification of the gene locus on the long arm of chromosome 11 for the MEN I gene, discovery of reciprocal translocations in parathyroid adenomas involving the parathyroid hormone gene, and evidence for deletions of one or both copies of the MEN I gene in hyperplasia and adenomas (suggesting the MEN I gene is an antioncogene) all provide an exciting opportunity to explore abnormal parathyroid function. (references) | ||
Business | The law gives equal treatment to foreign companies on a reciprocal basis. (references) | |
The Polish Center for Testing and Certification (PCBC) also has the rights to accept, particularly on a reciprocal basis, testing results from other foreign laboratories and international organizations. (references) | ||
A reciprocal agreement on product certification between the CSA and Underwriter's Laboratories (UL) in the United States has made it much easier for manufacturers on both sides of the border to attain product certification required in both countries. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Cyprus | No reciprocal visits took place during the year under the agreement. (references) |
Sweden | NGO's have raised the issue of insufficient protection for returnees to countries without a reciprocal return agreement. (references) | |
Sweden | The Government expeditiously returns asylum seekers from EU countries or from countries with which there are reciprocal return agreements. (references) | |
Economic History | Guinea | The code of economic activities limits reciprocal holdings to 10% between two firms. (references) |
Trinidad | At present there is no reciprocal enforcement of judgments obtained in the United States. (references) | |
Belgium | In addition, Belgium and the United States have enjoyed strong reciprocal trade relations over the years. (references) | |
Political Economy | TAIWAN | Reciprocal treatment will likewise be accorded similar U.S. products imported into Taiwan. (references) |
COLOMBIA | It grants equal treatment to foreign companies on a reciprocal basis and eliminates the 20 percent surcharge previously added to foreign bids. (references) | |
DENMARK | A 1993 administrative note advised the Danish central and local governments of the EU/U.S. agreement on reciprocal access to certain public procurement. (references) | |
Trade | Bulgaria | Agricultural concessions are applied on a reciprocal basis. (references) |
Argentina | A complicated system of reciprocal obligations exists between Argentina and Brazil. (references) | |
Chad | Counter trade (barter) requires contractual linked reciprocal import/export transactions between two enterprises and countries. (references) | |
Travel | Taiwan | Foreign visitors from nations with which Taiwan has reciprocal visa agreements receive visitor visas free-of-charge. (references) |
Qatar | The U.S. and the Qatari Governments have a reciprocal arrangement by which Qatar issues U.S. businessmen a multiple-entry visa for 10 years. (references) | |
Saudi Arabia | Most visas are single entry and allow for a maximum 90-day stay, even though Saudi authorities agreed in October 1999 to issue two-year, multiple-entry business visas to U.S. citizens on a reciprocal basis. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | Commerce with all is fostered and protected by reciprocal good will under the sanction of liberal conventional or legal provisions. |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | The Congress has renewed the Trade Agreements Act which provides the necessary framework within which to negotiate a reduction of trade barriers on a reciprocal basis. |
John F. Kennedy | 1961-1963 | Concessions, in this bargaining, must of course be reciprocal, not unilateral. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Reciprocal" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 96.54% of the time. "Reciprocal" is used about 433 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 96.54% | 418 | 13,577 |
| Noun (singular) | 2.54% | 11 | 106,044 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.92% | 4 | 175,879 |
| Total | 100.00% | 433 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "reciprocal": law of reciprocal proportions ♦ nonreciprocal vs reciprocal ♦ reciprocal action ♦ reciprocal agreement ♦ reciprocal bearing ♦ reciprocal crosses ♦ reciprocal equation ♦ reciprocal figures ♦ reciprocal inhibition ♦ reciprocal ohm ♦ reciprocal pronoun ♦ reciprocal proportion ♦ reciprocal quantities ♦ reciprocal ratio ♦ reciprocal relationship ♦ reciprocal terms ♦ reciprocal trade ♦ reciprocal trading ♦ reciprocal trust ♦ reciprocal value ♦ reciprocal wills. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "reciprocal": reciprocal-inhibition therapy, reciprocal-non-reciprocal. | |
Ending with "reciprocal": non-reciprocal, reciprocal-non-reciprocal. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "reciprocal"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albanian | reciprok (mutual), invers, i ndërsjellë (mutual), i dyanshëm (bilateral, mutual), i anasjellë (converse, inverse). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | متداول (current, reciprocally), متبادل (alternate, cross, interplay, mutual, mutually), تبادلي (mutual), عكسي (adverse, counter, inverse, retrograde, reverse). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgarian | съответен (adequate, analogous, appropriate, congruent, congruous, consentaneous, correspondent, corresponding, homologous, opposite, parallel, proper, relevant, respective, several), реципрочна стойност, реципрочен, взаимен (mutual, reciprocative), обратен (back, backward, contrary, converse, counter, cross, inverse, inversive, obverse, opposite, reactive, retrograde, return, reverse, wrong). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 相' (Mutual, Mutually), ' . (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | reciproèní, vzájemný (mutual), střídavý (alternate, diversified, intermittent, remittent). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Danish | gensidig (mutual). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dutch | wederkerig (mutual), onderling (mutual). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Esperanto | reciproka (mutual). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Farsi | متقابل (Polar), عمل متقابل (Rebuttal, Reciprocity), دوطرفه (Bilateral, Mutual), دوجانبه (Bilateral). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | vastavuoroinen (mutual), molemminpuolinen (bilateral, mutual). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | réciproque, inverse (reciprocal inverse, reverse, reversed). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | wechselseitig (bidirectional, both way, both-way, either-way, mutual, mutually, reciprocally, two way, two-way), reziprok (mutually, reciprocally), gegenseitig (agreed, mutual, mutually, reciprocally, reciprocative). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | αντίστροφος, αμοιβαίοσ (mutual, reciprocating), αλληλοπαθήσ. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | """י (mutual). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | reciprok érték, reciprok, inverz, ellenoldali. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | timbal-balik, saling (mutual), berbalasan (exchange replies, gunfire). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | reciproco (mutual, relative). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 相' (mutual), 'い (mutual). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | たがい (great numbers, mutual, numerical superiority), おたがい (each other, mutual), そう" (bragging, exaggeration, mutual), そうは"せい, そうは"てき (reciprocally), "う" (alternate, colloquial language, hereafter, mutual). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Korean | 상호 (Mutual). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | maylartagh (barterer, commutative, exchange, exchanger, interchangeable, reciprocating), jelleenagh, jelleen, covaylartaght. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | eciprocalray recíproco (alternate, equivalent, mutual, reflective), recíproca, mútuo (advance, equivocal, loan, loan credit, mutual, simple loan). (various references) reciproc (each other, interchangeable, mutual, mutually, reciprocally), mutual (mutual, mutually, reciprocally), corespunzãtor (accordingly, adequate, answerable, commensurate, congenial, congruent, correct, correspondent, corresponding, decent, equal, equivalent, fit, fitting, normal, relative, respondent, several, suitable), conform cu (according to, after, consentaneous, in compliance with, to), bilateral (bilateral). (various references) соответственный (accordant, answerable, commensurate, corresponding, rateable), равный (equable, equal, equal to, even), взаимный (mutual), обратная величина, обоюдный (mutual), противоположность (contrariety, contrary, contrast, inverse, opposite). (various references) recipročna vrednost, recipročan, uzajaman (common, mutual), međusoban (mutual). (various references) recíproco. (various references) ömsesidig (mutual, mutural). (various references) karşıt (adverse, anti-, antipathetic, antipathetical, antithetic, antithetical, athwart, contra, contra-, contradictory, contrary, converse, cross, inimical, jarring, objector, opponent, opposed, opposite, reciprocating, reverse), karşılıklı (conjugate, inter-, mutual, opposed, opposing, opposite, reciprocating, tete a tete), işteş, evrik (sub-), çift taraflı (bipartite, double edged, two way). (various references) обопільний (alternate), еквівалентний (equivalent, tantamount), протилежність (contradistinction, inverse, opposite, oppositeness, opposition, reverse). (various references) thuận nghịch, qua lại; có đi có lại, lẫn nhau (each, mutual, mutually), h m thuận nghịch. (various references) cilyddol. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | contraria, contrariae, contrarias, contrarii, contrario, contrarios, contrarium, contrarius, mutuus, reciprocus. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "reciprocal": reciprocally, reciprocals. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "reciprocal": nonreciprocal. (additional references) | |
Words containing "reciprocal": nonreciprocals. (additional references) | |
| |
"Reciprocal" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: reciperocal, reciporocal, reciprical, reciprocat, reciprocol, recirpocal. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "reciprocal" (pronounced rusi"prukul) |
| 5 | -r u k u l | allegorical, clerical, coracle, miracle, numerical, Oracle, oratorical, satirical. |
| 4 | -u k u l | aeronautical, agrochemical, anarchical, anatomical, anthropological, article, barnacle, biblical, biochemical, chemical, Chronicle, clavicle, clinical, commonsensical, cortical, cuticle, diacritical, domical, epochal, equivocal, etymological, farcical, follicle, geophysical, grammatical, hierarchical, hypothetical, impractical, maniacal, medical, meteorological, methodical, monocle, mythical, nautical, obstacle, particle, photochemical, pinnacle, polemical, political, pontifical, practical, quizzical, radical, receptacle, skeptical, spectacle, tentacle, typical, unequivocal. |
| 3 | -k u l | acoustical, alphabetical, analytical, ankle, antithetical, apolitical, archaeological, archeological, astrological, astronautical, astronomical, asymmetrical, atypical, autobiographical, bicycle, bifocal, biographical, biological, biomedical, biotechnological, botanical, brickle, buckle, cackle, categorical, cervical, chronological, chuckle, circle, classical, comical, conical, crackle, critical, cubicle, cycle, cyclical, cylindrical, cynical, debacle, dermatological, diabolical, dialectical, ducal, ecclesiastical, ecological, economical, ecumenical, egotistical, electrical, electrochemical, electromechanical, elliptical, empirical, encircle, encyclical, epidemiological, eschatological, ethical, ethnical, evangelical, fanatical, fecal, fickle, fiscal, focal, freckle, galenical, geographical, geological, geometrical, geopolitical, gonococcal, grackle, granduncle, graphical, gynecological, hackle, heckle, helical, heretical, heterocercal, historical, honeysuckle, Huckle, hypercritical, hypocritical, hysterical, icicle, identical, ideological, illogical, immunological, inimical, ironical, jackal, knuckle, lackadaisical, lexical, liturgical, local, logical, logistical, lyrical, magical, mathematical, matriarchal, mechanical, meikle, metallurgical, metaphorical, metaphysical, methodological, metrical, Mickle, morphological, motorcycle, muckle, musical, mystical, mythological, neoclassical, neurological, nickel, Nickle, Nicol, nonelectrical, nonpolitical, nonsensical, nonsurgical, nontechnical, ontological, optical, ornithological, paradoxical, pathological, patriarchal, pedagogical, periodical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, pharmacological, philosophical, phonological, physical, physiological, pickle, popsicle, preclinical, problematical, prototypical, psychical, psychological, pumpernickel, puritanical, rabbinical, radiological, ramshackle, rankle, rascal, recycle, rhetorical, ruckle, runkle, sabbatical, semiclassical, semicylindrical, semitropical, serological, shackle, shekel, sickle, sociological, Sokol, sparkle, speckle, spherical, sprinkle, statistical, stereotypical, stickle, strategical, suckle, surgical, symmetrical, tabernacle, tackle, tactical, technical, technological, teleological, testicle, theatrical, theological, theoretical, tickle, tinkle, topical, toxicological, trickle, tricycle, tropical, twinkle, typographical, tyrannical, umbilical, uncle, uncritical, uneconomical, unethical, unicycle, unshackle, untypical, vehicle, vertical, viatical, virological, vocal, whimsical, Winkle, wrinkle, zoological. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-c-c-e-i-l-o-p-r-r" | |
-1 letter: precocial. | |
-2 letters: alopecic, capriole, carriole. | |
-3 letters: caliper, caloric, calorie, caprice, cariole, caroler, circler, coalier, coeliac, coracle, loricae, peloria, peloric, peroral, replica. | |
-4 letters: calico, capric, carcel, caroli, carpel, carper, carrel, celiac, cicale, cicero, circle, cleric, coaler, coiler, copier, corral, corrie, eclair, epical, icecap, ipecac, irreal, lacier, lorica, oracle, orrice, palier, parcel, parlor, parole, parrel, picaro, placer, plaice, plicae, police, pricer, racier, railer, rapier, recoal, recoil, repair, ricrac, ropier. | |
-5 letters: airer, areic, ariel, caper, carer, carle, carol, carpi, cecal, ceorl, cerci, ceria, ceric, circa, claro, clear, colic, copal, coper, copra, coral, corer, coria, crape, crier, cripe, croci, crore, erica, ileac, lacer, loper, ocrea, oiler, oleic, opera, oriel, pacer, paler, pareo, parer, parle, parol, pearl, peril, pical, pilar, pilea, place, plica, plier, polar, poler, price, prier, prior, prole, racer, raper, recap, relic, reoil, repro, ricer, riper, roper. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-c-c-e-i-l-o-p-r-r" | |
+1 letter: reciprocals. | |
+2 letters: reciprocally. | |
+3 letters: microparticle, nonreciprocal. | |
+4 letters: microparticles, microspherical, nonreciprocals. | |
+5 letters: ultramicroscope. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)52 65 63 69 70 72 6F 63 61 6C |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).-. . -.-. .. .--. .-. --- -.-. .- .-.. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010010 01100101 01100011 01101001 01110000 01110010 01101111 01100011 01100001 01101100 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)R e c i p r o c a l |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0052 0065 0063 0069 0070 0072 006F 0063 0061 006C |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)52716975828481696778 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Quotations: Familiar 8. Quotations: Historic | 9. Quotations: Fiction 10. Quotations: Non-fiction 11. Quotations: Speeches 12. Usage Frequency | 13. Expressions 14. Expressions: Internet 15. Translations: Modern 16. Translations: Ancient | 17. Derivations 18. Rhymes 19. Anagrams 20. Orthography | 21. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.