Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Operation |
OperationNoun1. A business especially one run on a large scale: "a large-scale farming operation"; "a multinational operation"; they paid taxes on every stage of the operation"; "they had to consolidate their operations". 2. A planned activity involving many people performing various actions: "they organized a rescue operation"; "the biggest police operation in French history"; "running a restaurant is quite an operation"; "consolidate the companies various operations". 3. A process or series of acts especially of a practical or mechanical nature involved in a particular form of work: "the operations in building a house"; "certain machine tool operations". 4. The state of being in effect or being operative; "that rule is no longer in operation". 5. A therapeutic procedure with instruments to repair damage or arrest disease in a living body; "they will schedule the operation as soon as an operating room is available"; "he died while undergoing surgery". 6. A military or naval action (as a maneuver or campaign); "it was a joint operation of the navy and air force". 7. (computer science) data processing in which the result is completely specified by a rule (especially the processing that results from a single instruction); "it can perform millions of operations per second". 8. Process or manner of functioning or operating; "the power of its engine determine its operation"; "the plane's operation in high winds"; "they compared the cooking performance of each oven"; "the jet's performance conformed to high standards". 9. Calculation by mathematical methods; "the problems at the end of the chapter demonstrated the mathematical processes involved in the derivation"; "they were learning the basic operations of arithmetic". 10. : the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents; "the process of thinking"; "the act of remembering". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "operation" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1321. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Computing | An elementary action associated with one or more types. Source: European Union. (references) |
| The process of using a Target of Evaluation. Source: European Union. (references) | |
Electrical Engineering | The transfer of the moving contact(s)from one position to an adjacent position. Source: European Union. (references) |
Engineering & Technology | The intended result of the work system. May be performed as one or more human operations or machine operations. Source: European Union. (references) |
Mechanical Engineering | The whole of the manipulations carried out in using a machine. Source: European Union. (references) |
Military | A military action or the carrying out of a strategic, tactical, service, training, or administrative military mission; the process of carrying on combat, including movement, supply, attack, defense and maneuvers needed to gain the objectives of any battle or campaign. (references) |
Mining | In crystallography, the rotation, reflection, or inversion of an attributeof a crystal structure to complete its symmetry. CF:element. (references) |
Nuclear Energy & Physics | All activities performed to achieve, in a safe manner, the purpose for which the plant was constructed, including maintenance, refuelling, in-service inspection and other associated activities. Source: European Union. (references) |
Politics & International Affaires | Project, programme, study and expert fund or general commodity aid. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
nds:Irakorlog
The 2003 invasion of Iraq began on March 20, 2003, when a large force of United States and British troops invaded Iraq, leading to the collapse of the Ba'athist Iraqi government in about three weeks and the start of the U.S.-led occupation of Iraq. Ground forces from Australia and Poland and naval forces from Denmark and Spain also took part. The international community was divided on the legitimacy of this invasion; see worldwide government positions on war on Iraq.
The start of hostilities came after the expiration of a 48-hour deadline which was set by U.S. President George W. Bush, demanding that Saddam Hussein and his two sons Uday and Qusay leave Iraq, ending the diplomatic Iraq disarmament crisis.
The U.S. name for the military campaign was Operation Enduring Freedom. The US military operations in this war were conducted under the name of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The UK military operations in this war were conducted under the name of Operation Telic. The Australian codename was Operation Falconer.
The United States, with support from approximately 45,000 British, 2,000 Australian and 200 Polish combat forces, entered Iraq primarily through their staging area in Kuwait. Coalition forces also supported Iraqi Kurdish militia troops, estimated to number upwards of 50,000. Included in these forces were groups of Australia SAS and Commando Personnel who performed Recon and combat search and rescue mission along side American and British SF units.
Timeline of the invasion
See 2003 invasion of Iraq timeline for a detailed timelineThe invasion was notably swift, with the collapse of the Iraq government and the military of Iraq in about three weeks. The oil infrastructure of Iraq was rapidly secured with limited damage in that time. Securing the oil infrastructure was considered important in order to prevent Saddam Hussein's forces from destroying it (as happened in 1991, creating environmental and economic problems).
Casualties of the invading forces were limited, while Iraqi military and civilian casualties are unknown, probably at least in the thousands. A study from the Project on Defense Alternatives ( http://www.comw.org/pda/ ), a Boston-based think tank, numbered the Iraqi casualities between 11,000 and 15,000 ( http://www.comw.org/pda/fulltext/0310rm8.pdf ), and the Iraq Body Count project numbered the civilian Iraqis injured in 20,000 ( http://www.iraqbodycount.net/editorial_aug0703.htm ).
The U.S. Third Division moved westward and then northward through the desert toward Baghdad, while the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force and a UK expeditionary force moved northward through marshland. UK forces secured Iraq's second-largest city, Basra, following two weeks of conflict, although their control of the city was limited. Preexisting electrical and water shortages continued through the conflict and looting began as Iraqi forces collapsed. While British forces began working with local Iraqi Police to enforce order, humanitarian aid began to arrive from ships landing in the port city of Umm Qasr and trucks entering the country through Kuwait.
Three weeks into the invasion U.S. forces moved into Baghdad with limited resistance, Iraqi government officials either disappeared or conceded defeat. Looting took place in the days following. It was alleged that many items in the National Museum of Iraq were amongst those things looted. The F.B.I. was soon called into Iraq to track down the stolen items. However, it has been found that the initial claims of looting of substantial portions of the collection were somewhat exaggerated. Yet, as some of the dust has settled, thousands of antiquities are still missing including 30 invaluable objects from the main collection.
There has been speculation that some objects still missing were not taken by looters after the war, but were taken by Saddam Hussein or his entourage before or during the fighting. There have also been reports that early looters had keys to vaults that held the more rare pieces and speculation of systematic removal of key artifacts. The arts and antiquities communities warned policymakers in advance of the need to secure the museums. Despite the looting being somewhat less bad than initially feared, the cultural loss of items from ancient Sumeria is significant. The accusation that US forces did not guard the museum because they were guarding the Ministry of Oil and Ministry of Interior is apparently true. The reality of the situation on the ground was that hospitals needed guarding, water plants needed guarding, and ministries with vital intelligence inside needed guarding. There were only enough US troops on the ground to guard a subset of everything that ideally needed guarding, and so some "hard choices" were made.
In the north Kurdish forces under the command of U.S. Special Forces captured oil-rich Kirkuk on April 10. On April 15, U.S. forces mostly took control of Tikrit.
As areas were secured, coalition troops began searching for the key members of Saddam Hussein's regime. These individuals were identified by a variety of means, most famously through sets of most wanted Iraqi playing cards.
George W. Bush announced, with great fanfare and a banner stating "Mission Accomplished", the end of major combat on May 1, 2003. However, this did not mean that peace returned to Iraq. The U.S.-led occupation of Iraq thereupon commenced, marked by ongoing violent conflict between the Iraqi and the occupying forces. As of Novermber 15, 2003, the total deaths of American soldiers in the Iraq war since march have reached 400. Of these the majority has been killed after the end of major hostilities on May 1. There is concern being voiced from domestic quarters comparing the situation to previous wars such as the Vietnam War.
The ongoing resistance in Iraq is concentrated in, but not limited to, an area known as the Sunni triangle and Baghdad [1]. Critics point out that the regions where violence is most common are also the most populated regions. This resistance may be described as guerilla warfare. The tactics used thus far include mortars, suicide bombers, roadside bombs, small arms fire, and RPGs, as well as purported sabotage against the oil infrastructure. There are also accusations about attacks toward the power and water infrastructure, but these are rather questionable in nature. In the only widely covered example of what some considered an attack on the power system, two US soldiers were killed, indicating that they may instead have been the target. In the purported attack against a water main, some witnesses reported seeing an explosion on the pipe, but US soldiers and repair crews on the scene stated that it did not appear to have been caused by an explosion.
There is evidence that some of the resistance is organized, perhaps by the fedayeen and other Saddam Hussein or Baath loyalists, religious radicals, Iraqis simply angered over the occupation, and foreign fighters. [1]
Events leading to the invasion
In September 2000, in the Rebuilding America's Defenses report [1], the Project for the New American Century planned an attack on Iraq, independently of whether or not Saddam Hussein remained in power. One year later, on the day of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack, Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld is reported to have written in his notes, "best info fast. Judge whether good enough hit S.H. [Saddam Hussein] at same time. Not only UBL [Osama bin Laden]". Shortly thereafter, the George W. Bush administration announced a War on Terrorism, accompanied by the doctrine of preemptive military action dubbed the Bush doctrine. In 2002 the Iraq disarmament crisis arose primarily as a diplomatic situation. In October 2002, the United States Congress granted President Bush the authority to wage war against Iraq. The Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq was worded so as to encourage, but not require, UN Security Council approval for military action. In November 2002, United Nations actions regarding Iraq culminated in the unanimous passage of UN Security Council Resolution 1441 and the resumption of weapons inspections. The United States also began preparations for an invasion of Iraq, with a host of diplomatic, public relations and military preparations.
Payoff of Iraqi Military
Shortly after the sudden collapse of the defense of Baghdad, rumors were circulating in Iraq and elsewhere that there had been a deal struck (a "safqua") wherein the US had bribed key members of the Iraqi military elite and/or the Baath party itself to stand down. These rumors were ignored or treated dismissively in the US media and among the US public.
In late May, 2003, General Tommy Franks announced his retirement. Shortly thereafter, he confirmed in an interview with Defense Week that the US had paid Iraqi military leaders to defect. The extent of the defections and their effect on the war were not clear as of this writing (May 24, 2003).
Invasion justification and goals
The stated justification for the invasion included Iraqi production and use of weapons of mass destruction, links with terrorist organizations and human rights violations in Iraq under the Saddam Hussein government. To that end, the stated goals of the invasion, according to Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, were: to end the Saddam Hussein government and help Iraq transition to representative self-rule; to find and eliminate weapons of mass destruction and terrorists; to collect intelligence on networks of weapons of mass destruction and terrorists; to end sanctions and to deliver humanitarian support; and to secure Iraq's oil fields and resources.
No weapons of mass destruction have been reported as found as of September 21, 2003, though Saddam Hussein's government collapsed, former Palestine Liberation Front leader Abu Abbas was captured, and the oil fields and resources were rapidly secured but have since suffered continued sabotage.
After the fall of Baghdad, U.S. officials claimed that Iraqi officials were being harbored in Syria, and several high-ranking Iraqis have since been detained after being expelled from Syria.
Support and opposition
See Support and opposition for the 2003 invasion of Iraq for the full article.The Bush administration claimed that the U.S.-led coalition against Iraq included 49 nations, a group that was frequently referred to as the "coalition of the willing". These nations provided combat troops, support troops, and logistical support for the invasion. The nations contributing combat forces were, roughly: United States (250,000), United Kingdom (45,000), Australia (2,000), Denmark (200), and Poland (54). Ten other countries were known to have offered small numbers of noncombat forces, mostly either medical teams and specialists in decontamination. In several of these countries a majority of the public was opposed to the war. In Spain polls reported at one time a 90% opposition to the war.
Popular opposition to war on Iraq led to global protests, and the war was criticized by Belgium, Russia, France, the People's Republic of China, Germany, and the Arab League.
There are some that claim the US intervention took place without any international legal framework. Others would counter by pointing out that the UN Security Council Resolutions authorizing the 1991 invasion gave legal authority to use "...all necessary means...", which is diplomatic code for going to war. This war ended with a cease fire instead of a permanent peace treaty. Their view was that Iraq had violated the terms of the cease-fire by breaching two key conditions and thus made the invasion of Iraq a legal continuation of the earlier war. To support this stance, one has to "reactivate" the war resolution from 1991; if a war resolution can be reactivated ten years after the fact, it would imply that almost any nation that has ever been at war that ended in a ceasefire (such as Korea) could have the war restarted if any other nation felt at any time that they were no longer meeting the conditions of the cease fire that ended that war. Since the majority of the United Nations security council members (both permanent and rotating) did not support the attack, it appears that they viewed the attack as not being valid under the 1991 resolution.
However, a resolution drafted and accepted the year before the invasion fully endorsed the use of military action to force Iraq to comply with the United Nations desires, and every country that sat upon the Security Council voted to draft that resolution.
Several nations say the attack violated international law as a war of aggression since it lacked the validity of a U.N. Security Council resolution to authorize military force. The Egyptian former United Nations Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali called the intervention a violation of the UN charter.
The United States and United Kingdom claim it was a legal action which they were within their rights to undertake. Along with Poland and Australia, the invasion was supported by the governments of several European nations, including the Czech Republic, Denmark, Portugal, Italy, Hungary, and Spain.
Many people regarded the attack on Iraq to be hypocritical, when other nations such as Israel are also in breach of UN resolutions and have nuclear weapons; this argument is controversial [1].
Although Iraq was known to have pursued an active nuclear weapons development program previously, as well tried to procure materials and equipment for their manufacture, these weapons and material have yet to be discovered. This casts doubt on some of the accusations against Iraq. However, some believe that the weapons were moved into Syria and Lebanon.
Related slogans and terms
This campaign has featured a variety of new and weighted terminology, much coined by the U.S. government and then repeated by the media. The name "Operation Iraqi Freedom", for example, expresses one viewpoint of the purpose of the invasion. Also notable was the exclusive usage of "regime" to refer to the Saddam Hussein government (see also regime change), and "death squads" to refer to fedayeen paramilitary forces. Members of the Hussein government were called by disparaging nicknames - e.g., "Chemical Ali" (Ali Hassan al-Majid), "Comical Ali" (Mohammed Saeed al-Sahaf), "Mrs Anthrax" (Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash) - for propaganda purposes and because Western peoples are unfamiliar with Arabic names.
Other terminology introduced or popularized during the war include:
- Shock and awe - The strategy of focusing on reducing the enemy's will to fight through a display of overwhelming force.
- "embedding" - process of assigning reporters to particular military units
- "coalition of the willing"
- untidiness - Rumsfeld's term for the looting and unrest which followed the government's collapse
Media coverage
Media coverage of this war was different in certain ways from that of the Gulf War. The Pentagon established the policy of "embedding" reporters with military units. Viewers in the United States were able to watch U.S. tanks rolling into Baghdad live on television, with a split screen image of the Iraqi Minister of Information claiming that U.S. forces were not in the city. Many foreign observers of the media and especially the television coverage in the USA felt that it was excessively partisan and in some cases "gung-ho"
Another difference was the wide and independent coverage in the World Wide Web demonstrating that for web-surfers in rich countries and the elites in poorer countries, the internet has become mature as a medium, giving about half a billion people access to different versions of events.
However, the coverage itself was intrinsically biased by the fact that internet penetration in Iraq was already very weak (estimate of 12,000 users in Iraq in 2002 [1]), and the deliberate destruction of Iraqi telecommunication facilities by US forces made internet communication even more difficult. Different versions of truth by people who have equal ignorance of first-hand, raw data are by definition a very biased substitute for original, first-hand reports from people living locally.
Al-Jazeera, the Qatar-based news network, which was formed in 1996, gained a lot of worldwide attention for its coverage of the war. Their broadcasts were popular in much of the Arab world, but also to some degree in western nations, with major American networks such as CNN and MSNBC re-broadcasting some of their coverage. Al-Jazeera was well-known for their graphic footage of civilian casualties, which American news media branded as overly sensationalistic. The English website of Al-Jazeera was brought down during the middle of the Iraq war by hackers who saw its coverage as casting a negative view on the American cause.
Iraq
- For previous wars in Iraq, see Iraq War
- History of Iraq
- List of places in Iraq
- Military of Iraq
- Iraqi Regular Army
- Iraqi Republican Guard
- Iraqi opposition group
War casualities
- 2003_invasion_of_Iraq_casualties
- Iraq Body Count project
- Possible death of Saddam Hussein
- Joseph Menusa
- Vatche Arslanian, head of logistics in Iraq for the International Committee of the Red Cross
See also
- 2003 invasion of Iraq casualties
- 2003 invasion of Iraq people
- 2003 invasion of Iraq timeline
- 2003 occupation of Iraq timeline
- Alleged effects of invading Iraq
- American government position on war on Iraq
- American popular opinion of war on Iraq
- Baghdad Bob
- Catholic Church against war on Iraq
- Disarmament of Iraq
- doublespeak
- fascism
- friendly fire
- History of United States Imperialism
- imperialism
- Iraq crisis of 2003
- Iraq disarmament crisis
- Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq
- Polish contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq
- propaganda
- slogan
- The UN Security Council and the Iraq war
- Worldwide government positions on war on Iraq
- U.S. list of most wanted Iraqis
- War on Terrorism
- Human shield
External links and references
- The Iraq Antiwar Homepage on Nonviolence.org
- Operation Telic
- dropped leaflets
- independent media reports from Iraqis and others in Iraq
- Coalition war casualties in Iraq
- Pictures of Destruction and Civilian Victims
- Iraqbodycount.net
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "2003 invasion of Iraq."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In mathematics, a binary operation, or binary operator, is a calculation involving two input quantities and one kind of a specific operation. It is sometimes called a dyadic operation as well.
More precisely, a binary operation on a set S is a binary function from S and S to S, in other words a function f from the Cartesian product S × S to S. Sometimes, especially in computer science, the term is used for any binary function. That f takes values in the same set S that provides its arguments is the property of closure.
Binary operations are the keystone of algebraic structures studied in abstract algebra: they form part of groups, monoids, semigroups, ringss, and more. Most generally, a magma is a set together with any binary operation defined on it.
Many binary operations of interest are commutative or associative. Many also have identity elements and inverse elements. Typical examples of binary operations are the addition and multiplication of numbers and matrices as well as composition of functions on a single set.
Binary operations are often written using infix notation such as a * b, a + b, or a · b rather than by functional notation of the form f(a,b). Sometimes they are even written just by juxtaposition: ab. They can also be expressed using prefix or postfix notations. A prefix notation, Polish notation, dispenses with parentheses; it is probably more often encountered now in its postfix form, Reverse Polish Notation.
External binary operations
An external binary operation is a binary function from K and S to S. This differs from a binary operation in the strict sense in that K need not be S; its elements come from outside.
An example of an external binary operation is scalar multiplication in linear algebra. Here K is a field and S is a vector space over that field.
An external binary operation may alternatively be viewed as an action; K is acting on S.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Binary operation."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The word operation can mean any of several things:
Note: Examples of operations include addition, multiplication, extraction, comparison, bit-shift, transfer.
- The method, act, process, or effect of using a device or system. See military operations, manufacturing operations, anomalous operation.
- In mathematics, a well-defined action that, when applied to any permissible combination of known entities, produces a new entity, e.g. , the process of addition in arithmetic--in adding 5 and 3 to obtain 8, the numbers 5 and 3 are the operands, the number 8 is the result, and the plus sign is the operator indicating that the operation performed is addition. See operator, unary operation, binary operation.
- In computer programming, a program step, usually specified by a part of an instruction word, that is undertaken or executed by a computer. Gates such as And, Or and Not are also operations.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Operation."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In mathematics, an operator generally is a symbolism to show a certain mapping, usually from one or more given functions to another (between function spaces), however, operators can refer to mappings between vector spaces in general as well.
Operators in mathematics
Operators generally transform functions into other functions. We also say an operator maps a function to another. In some literature, they are designated by showing a small uphat over the operator name. In certain circumstances, they are written unlike functions, when an operator has a single argument or operand, for example, if the operator name is called Q and operates on a function f, we write Qf and not usually Q(f), however this latter notation may be used for clarity if there is a product for instance, eg. Q(fg). Throughout this article we will use Q to denote a general operator, and xi to denote the i-th argument.Notations for operations on functions may also be notated as the following. If f(x) is a function of x and Q is the general operator we can write Q acting on f as:
also.
- (Qf)(x)
Functions can be considered operators, but are generally thought of differently conceptually. "Numbers" can be considered functions too, if f(x)=x0, this represents the number 1. Similarly after multiplication by a constant, any number can be defined. When an operator takes some numbers as arguments, we can consistenly regard the operator as still transforming functions, since we have seen that numbers can be considered as functions.
Notations and ideas
Describing operators
Operators are described usually by the number of operands:and so on.
- monodic, or unary: one argument
- dyadic, or binary: two arguments
- triadic, or ternary: three arguments
Notating operators
There are three major ways of writing operators and their arguments. These areQ(x1, x2,...,xn).
- prefix: where the operator name comes first and the arguments follow, for example:
In prefix notation, the brackets are sometimes omitted if it is known that Q is a n-ary operator. (x1, x2,...,xn) Q
- postfix: where the operator name comes last and the arguments precede, for example:
In postfix notation, the brackets are sometimes omitted if it is known that Q is a n-ary operator. x1 Q x2
- infix: where the operator name comes between the arguments. This is not commonly used for operators taking greater than 2 arguments, ie binary operators. Trivially for an operator taking 1 argument, writing infix is equivalent to writing prefix. Infix style is written, for example:
Linear operators
A key concept is the concept of the linear operator. Linear operators are those which satisfy the following conditions; take the general operator Q, the function acted on under the operator Q, written as f(x), and the constant a:Such examples of linear operators are the differential operator and Laplacian operator, which we will see later.
Linear operators with respect to mappings between vector spaces are known more commonly as linear transformations or linear mappings.
Such an example of a linear transformation between vectors in R2 is reflection, given a vector x=(x1, x2)
- Q(x1, x2)=(-x1, x2)
Additive operators
An additive operator, in abstract algebra, may satisfy the commutative and associative laws. If there is also a predefined multiplicative operator then the operator must satisfy the distributive law.
Multiplicative operators
A multiplcative operator, in abstract algebra, may satisfy the associative law. If there is also a predefined multiplicative operator the operator must satisfy the distributive law.
Standard operators
Arithmetic operators are binary operators that perform simple transformations that many would find familiar. It is not obvious, but addition, subtraction, etc. are in fact operators. Many of these standard arithmetic operators use symbols to denote what operations are being performed.
Addition
Addition is written using the symbol +. It transforms two numbers x1 and x2 into their sum. For example:It is written most commonly as x1+x2. In prefix notation, it may be written as + x1 x2, or +(x1,x1), or even with + changed to a word, such as
- 3 + 5 = 8
Addition follows the field axioms.
- plus x1 x1.
Subtraction
Subtraction is written using the symbol -. It transforms two numbers x1 and x2 into their difference. For example:It is written most commonly as x1-x2. In prefix notation, it may be written as - x1 x2, or -(x1,x1), or even with - changed to a word, such as
- 11 - 4 = 7
Subtraction is equivalent to addition. The identity is that:
- sub x1 x1.
where - as a unary operator represents negation (see next section)
- x1 - x2 ≡ x1 + (-x2)
Negation
Negation is written also using the symbol -, however, it is only a unary operator. Given a number α, we denote the transformation of α to its additive inverse by -α. The additive inverse of a number k is an element k', such that k+k'=0.
Multiplication
Multiplication is written using the symbol ×. In certain circumstances, the operator symbol is omitted usually when the arguments to × are variable quantities, eg xy. Less commonly when representing the product of two numbers, they are placed in brackets and placed adjacently, eg. (2)(3)=6. Less commoner still, a small dot is used infix instead of ×, eg 2·3=6Multiplication transforms two numbers x1 and x2 into their product. For example:
It is written most commonly as x1x2. In prefix notation (using ×) it may be written as × x1 x2, or ×(x1,x1), or even with × changed to a word, such as
- 6 × 2 = 12
Multiplication is equivalent to repeated addition. The identity is that:
- mul x1 x1.
- x1x2 ≡ x1 + x1 + ...( x2 times)...+x1
Division
Division is written using the symbol /. Like multiplication, there are several ways to denote this, other than using /. If there is not much room on a page, or when typeset on a single line, the two arguments are written infix, eg 3 / 4, or x1/x2. If there is room on a page, the two arguments are usually written atop each other and a line seperating them, eg:Division transforms two numbers x1 and x2 into their quotient. For example:
It is written most commonly as x1/x2. In prefix notation (using /) it may be written as / x1 x2, or /(x1,x1), or even with / changed to a word, such as
- 8 / 2 = 4
Division is equivalent to repeated subtraction. x2 is subtracted from x1 until there only is a positive remainder left. When, after application of this algorithm, there is zero remainder, we call the amount of subtractions we have performed the quotient. If not, we can write the result of this operation as either a fraction or as a decimal number (See those articles for further information).
- div x1 x1.
Exponentiation
Exponentiation is most generally not written using a symbol, but with the second argument written as a superscript, for example . In certain circumstances, as in representing this operation in programming, the symbol ^ is used.Exponentiation transforms two numbers x1 and x2 into their repeated product. For example:
In prefix notation (using ^) it may be written as ^ x1 x2, or ^(x1,x1), or even with ^ changed to a word, such as
- 62 = 6 × 6 = 36
Exponentiation is equivalent to repeated multiplication. The identity is that:
- pow x1 x1.
- x1x2 ≡ x1x1 ...( x2 times)...x1.
Generalizations
With addition as a basic operator, we can see that the extension of multiplication is an iterated addition. Exponentiation is an iterated multiplication.We have a notation we can use to show an extension of this generality.
hyper4 is the operator that is defined as repeated exponentiation. If we define Q to be a binary operator, Q x1 x2 =
where x1 is exponentiated x2 times.
This operation has several names, viz., tetration, superpower, superdegree, or powerlog. The two most common notations for this is Knuth's up-arrow notation as x1 ↑↑ x2, and hyper4. Less commonly seen, though somewhat more convenient notations are x1(4)x2.
Only the hyper4, definition is technically a different operator, since this operation can be reduced to exponentiated exponentiation (iterated exponentiation). If we again define Q x1 x2 = : as before, then we define x1 ↑↑↑ x2 or hyper5(x1,x2) as being:
nesting x2 times.
Further generalizations can be taken similarly ad infinitum.
We can generalize back addition, multiplication, and exponentiation in terms using the notations we have just described, ie.,
- hyper1 x1 x2 = x1 + x2
- hyper2 x1 x2 = x1x2
- hyper3 x1 x2 =
Similar behaviors
Some operators aforementioned can also have other behaviours than what was previously described. In programming terms, this is known as overloading, however in mathematics the meaning of an operation is understood from the context by generally the subject matter or what the arguments are. Some examples follow.
Addition operator
The concept of the addition operator + has been extended to cover addition of sets, vectorss and matrices.
Matrix multiplication
Multiplication of a vector by a particular matrix is a unary operator or transformation. We can regard the multiplication of the matrix to be an operator (see below).
Elementary function operators
We have seen that an operator transforms one function to another. So, we can define + to be the sum of the two functions, x1 and x2. resulting in another function. For example, if we define Q this way;We can define multiplication, division, etc. in the same way.
- Q (x2+3x) (5x2+9) = 6x2+3x+9
Function composition
Additionally, we have some other operators which we can define on functions. One such fundamental operator is that of function composition. Given two functions x1=f(t) and x2=g(t), define the operator Q:We write this operator infix using a small circle. So, with the same definitions as before,
- Q x1 x2 = f(g(t))
- f(g(t))=(fog)(x)=x1 o x2
Probability theory
Operators are also involved in probability theory. Such operators as expectation, variance, covariance, factorials, et al.Factorials are essential to the combination and permutation functions of probability and combinatorics, and are also the most commonly known postfix operator, being denoted by a ! placed after the number it expands. Its expansion follows the pattern,
- x! = 1 * 2 * ... * (x-1) * x
Calculus and operators
Calculus is, essentially, the study of one particular operator, and its behavior embodies and exemplifies the idea of the operator in great clarity. This key operator we study in Calculus is the differential operator.
The differential operator
The differential operator is the symbolism used in Calculus to denote the action of taking a derivative. Common notations are such d/dx, y'(x) to denote the derivative of y(x). However here we will use the notation that is closest to the operator notation we have been using, that is, using D f to represent the action of taking the derivative of f.
Notations
If f is a function of n variables t1,t1,...,tn, we writeto represent the action of differentiating f with respect to ti. If we differentiate f, k times, we write
How does the differential operator exemplify the idea of the operator? Consider the function f=x2. Elementary calculus tells us that D f = 2x, futhermore if f=xα, D f = αxα-1. So we see clearly that the differential operator maps, or transforms, functions of the form xα to functions αxα-1.
The act of integration is also equivalent somewhat to taking the derivative backwards. So, in a sense it is differentiating -1 times, so we have integration in terms of the differential operator:
It is clear that integration thus is equivalent to differentiation, so integration acts just like an operator as well -- mapping functions to functions.
Integral operators
Given that integration is an operator as well, we have some important operators we can write in terms of integration.
Convolution
The convolution of two functions is a mapping from two functions to one other, defined by an integral as follows:If x1=f(t) and x2=g(t), define the operator Q such that;
which we write as .
Fourier transform
The Fourier transform is another integral operator, and is used in many areas, not only in mathematics, but in physics and in signal processing, to name a few.It is based on the theorem that any continuous periodic function can be represented as the sum of a series of sine waves:
f(x) = ∑ A1 sin ω + A2 sin ω/2 + A3 sin ω/3 + ...
See Fourier transform for more information.
Laplacian transform
The Laplacian transform is another integral operator and is involved in simplifying the process of solving differential equations.Given f=f(s), it is defined by:
See Laplace transform for more information.
Operators in physics
In physics, an operator often takes on a more specialized meaning that in mathematics. It often means a linear transformation from a Hilbert space to another or an element of a C* algebra. See Operator (physics).Operators are also a key part of the theory of quantum mechanics.
Operators in programming
Programming languages, being that computers are mathematical devices, have a set of operators that perform various functions.
The arithmetic operators are the same as the mathematical ones while the bit (binary digit) operations deal with the binary number system. The logical operators determine boolean values. The string operators manipulate strings of text and there are operators which allocate segments of memory for use.
Operators are also terms for some functionality in programming languages. Consider the C programming language syntax for pointers, using the operators * and &. sizeof is sometimes considered an operator, and in C++, new and delete are also operators.
In object oriented languages, like C++, you can define your own uses for operators.
Operators in telecommunications
Operators in telecommunications, who are usually women, aid telephone users in various ways including long distance calling, directory assistance and telephone repair. As technology advances, human operators are becoming more often replaced by a computerized system, and the idiom is turning over to mean a secret agent.
See also
- function, unary operation, binary operation, trinary operation.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Operator."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Surgery is the medical specialty that treats diseases or injuries by operative manual and instrumental treatment. Its practitioners are referred to as surgeons.
History of surgery
Although surgeons are now considered to be specialised physicians, the profession of surgeon and that of physician have different historical roots. For example, the Hippocratic Oath warns physicians against practicing surgery (in particular surgery to relieve kidney stones), which was to be left to specialized craftsmen.
- mention ancient surgery: trepanning etc.
Among the first surgeons were battlefield doctors in the Napoleonic Wars who were primarily concerned with amputation. Naval surgeons were often barber-surgeons, who combined surgery with their main jobs as barbers.
In London an Operating Theatre or []Emergency Room ]] from the day before modern anaesthesia or antiseptic surgery still exists and is open to the public. Is is found in the roof space of St Thomas Church and is called the Old Operating Theatre.
Development of modern surgery
- to be written
- mention Ambrose Pare
Common surgical procedures
Of the eight most common surgical procedures in the US, four are obstetric: episiotomy, repair of obstetric laceration, cesarean section, and artificial rupture of the amniotic membrane.According to 1996 data from the US National Center for Health Statistics, 40.3 million inpatient surgical procedures were performed in the United States in 1996, followed closely by 31.5 million outpatient surgeries.
Noted surgeons
- Christiaan Barnard
- Joaquín Barraquer
- Norman Bethune (1890-1939), battlefield surgery.
- Michael E. DeBakey
- William deVries
- David Hayes Agnew
- William Jardine
- Walter Karl Koch
- Sushruta
- George H. Tichenor
- Realdo Colombo (c. 1516-1559)
- Abraham Colles (1773-1843)
See also
- medicine, biomaterial
- General Surgery, plastic surgery, Abdominal surgery, Laparoscopic surgery, Traumatology, Sexual reassignment surgery, dental surgery
- List of surgical procedures
External links
- WikiMed, substantial German wiki about surgery
Other meanings
A surgery can be a place where surgery is performed, or simply the office of a physician, dentist, or veterinarian.In British English, a surgery is a regular time scheduled by a Member of Parliament to meet with her constituents and discuss their concerns.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Surgery."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| OP | English | Operation | Computing |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: OperationSynonyms: act (n), cognitive operation (n), cognitive process (n), functioning (n), mathematical operation (n), mathematical process (n), military operation (n), performance (n), procedure (n), process (n), surgery (n), surgical operation (n), surgical procedure (n), surgical process (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Action | Noun: action, performance; doing; Verb: perpetration; exercise, excitation; movement, operation, evolution, work; labor; (exertion); praxis, execution; procedure; (conduct); handicraft; business; agency; (power at work). |
Be in action; come into operation; (power at work). | |
Adjective: doing; Verb: acting; in action; in harness; on duty; in operation. | |
Agency | Noun: agency, operation, force, working, strain, function, office, maintenance, exercise, work, swing, play; interworking, interaction; procurement. |
Come play, come bring into operation; have play, have free play; bring to bear upon. | |
At work, on foot; acting; (doing); in operation, in force, in action, in play, in exercise; acted upon, wrought upon. | |
Remedy | Treatment, medical treatment, regimen; dietary, dietetics; vis medicatrix, vis medicatrix naturae; medecine expectante; bloodletting, bleeding, venesection, phlebotomy, cupping, sanguisae, leeches; operation, surgical operation; transfusion, infusion, intravenous infusion, catheter, feeding tube; |
Use | Verb: use,.make use of, employ, put to use; put in action, put in operation, put in practice; set in motion, set to work. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Oh, you must be the brains of the operation. Yes, guns that fire shot (Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels; writing credit: Guy Ritchie) Why don't you just call it operation ass-cream, you ass. (Austin Powers in Goldmember; writing credit: Mike Myers) I'm gettin' ready to launch a little thing called operation sweep her off her feet (Shanghai Knights; writing credit: Alfred Gough; Miles Millar) It's the perfect cover for a money laundering operation . No one can keep track of all those kids with the little orange boxes of change (Seinfeld; writing credit: Andreas Lenze; Bea Schmidt) Richard, tell me this operation doesn't hurt (Caroline in the City; writing credit: Angela Carneiro) | |
Lyrics | That keeps this thing in operation (Clockwork Creep; performing artist: 10CC) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Operation Kirsebærsten (1972) The Great De Gaulle Stone Operation (1965) Operation C.I.A. (1965) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals |
| ||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Pictured is Dr. William Halsted. He is shown from the waist up in a formal, portrait-like image, in a suit, with his left hand touching his chin. In 1894, this surgeon devised an operation that removed the entire breast, lymph nodes and chest muscles, based on the belief that cancer spreads to adjacent tissues. This became known as the Halsted radical mastectomy, a type of breast cancer surgery. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | Shown are two surgeons performing an operation. The operating site is dramatically lit, silhouetting the figures. Various images are included. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
 | FAST CTAS system operation trials at Dallas/FT Worth. Credit: NASA. |  | Lt. Charles A. Schoene observing magnetics at Little America IV Schoene accompanied Operation High Jump. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
 | Chain drag operation - hung up on obstruction Launches off of PEIRCE. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |  | New land created by dredging operation behind temporary levee will be planted with Spartina alterniflora, smooth cordgrass, to form a new marsh area. Credit: America's Coastlines. |
 | The Greenhill/East Timbalier dredging operation -- bucket dredge scooping material from channel which will be sent by pipe to the marsh creation site. Credit: America's Coastlines. |  | Nighttime operation of collecting thin sea ice cores for analysis. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |
 | The net is now on board and the operation of collecting the fish has begun. Credit: Fisheries. |  | The floating cross at the mouth of the trap. Excluding the statuette of St. Peter, the patron saint of fishermen, which is traditionally always the same, each Rais places his own images of saints. The cross serves the functional purpose of helping the fishermen read the currents. Slack water is the most desirable time to start the fishing operation. Credit: Fisheries. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Kigoma Harbor" by Luke Wertz Commentary: "This is a pretty cool view of the Kigoma Harbor (located in Tanzania, East Africa). The boat in the harbor that you see is the Liemba -- the oldest passanger boat in operation (in Africa for sure, possibly in the world). If you've ever seen the movie The" | "Highway Sign" by Parahype Commentary: "Operation Summer - Going to the beach in Brazil." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
John Ruskin | Skill is the unified force of experience, intellect and passion in their operation. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
US Declaration of Independence | 1776 | He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. (reference) |
US Constitution | 1791 | The president of the convention transmitted it to Congress, with a resolution stating how the proposed Federal Government should be put in operation, and an explanatory letter. (reference) |
Marbury v. Madison | 1803 | If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each. (reference) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | The presentation of a claim to the Clearing Office suspends the operation of any period of prescription. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | As for cleansing, that operation was confided to the showers, which obstructed more than they swept out. |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | This mentality, Lepidus would say, is indeed bred out of your mud by the operation of your sun. |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | He had a operation. |
Gulliver's Travels | Swift, Jonathan | The dog died on the spot, and we left the doctor endeavoring to recover him by the same operation. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | I recently had an operation. (references) | |
This operation gives you a new kidney. (references) | ||
The surgery is called a pull-through operation. (references) | ||
Business | UzDaewoo Auto’s production started as an assembly operation. (references) | |
The hotel reported 80% occupancy in the first year of operation. (references) | ||
Right now, 217 companies are involved in grid management and operation. (references) | ||
Children | Ethiopia | It estimates that for every successful operation performed, 10 other young women need the treatment. (references) |
Cuba | The letter specifically referred to a November 2000 incident in which a special police operation dislodged a number of persons with disabilities from selling their products in Central Havana. (references) | |
Peru | Among those who do, many have been channeled into occupations traditionally assumed to be "suitable" for persons with disabilities, such as telephone switchboard operation and massage, in the case of the blind. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | East Timor | UNTAET was organizing a new passenger ferry service, but the ferry was not in operation by year's end. (references) |
Liberia | Many observers believe that the Government blocked the operation of potential Internet service providers (ISP's). (references) | |
Zimbabwe | Most observers believe that the Government or ruling party was responsible due to the professional nature of the operation. (references) | |
Economic History | Guatemala | Some provide a full turnkey operation. (references) |
Nicaragua | SAHLMAN SEAFOODS, U.S.-owned aquaculture operation. (references) | |
Botswana | The academy is scheduled to begin operation in 2001. (references) | |
Human Rights | Ghana | Government officials said the operation was not aimed at Rawlings. (references) |
Mongolia | A smaller operation functions under the U.N. Development Program (UNDP). (references) | |
Indonesia | The TNI also arbitrarily detained over 100 persons during the search operation. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Philippines | She also issued an executive order to review the operation of the NCIP. (references) |
Political Economy | MEXICO | Mexico does allow private, including foreign, ownership and operation of electric power plants. (references) |
PHILIPPINES | Serious problems continue to hamper the effective operation of agencies tasked with IPR enforcement. (references) | |
Political Rights | Macau | Article 75 of the Basic Law stipulates that legislators may not initiate legislation related to public expenditure, the SAR's political structure, or the operation of the Government. (references) |
Tajikistan | President Rahmonov exercised a virtual monopoly over mass media access, and there were obvious irregularities in the operation of polling places, such as multiple voting by pro-Rahmonov supporters. (references) | |
Malawi | Although the Government does not prevent the operation of opposition political parties, the parties continue to allege that the Government uses bribery and other inducements to encourage opposition party divisions and defections of key personnel to the ruling party. (references) | |
Trade | Mexico | It covers instructions, operation manuals, and warranties. (references) |
Kenya | Kenya has 14 export processing zones; six are in operation. (references) | |
Cote D'ivoire | There are 15 commercial banks in operation in Côte d'Ivoire. (references) | |
Travel | Greece | The new Athens Spata International Airport started operation on March 28, 2001. (references) |
Costa Rica | Numerous eradication programs are presently in operation throughout Costa Rica. (references) | |
Taiwan | Several taxi services that can be booked over the telephone are also in operation. (references) | |
Women | Israel and the occupied territories | Prostitution per se is not illegal; however, the operation of brothels and organized sex enterprises is outlawed. (references) |
Poland | Police estimated that there are 770 agencies in operation, with an estimated 4,300 women working in them as prostitutes. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Togo | Many companies have EPZ status, and more than 30 are in operation. (references) |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | HEAD-:MONEY:, n. A capitation tax, or poll-tax. In ancient times there lived a king Whose tax-collectors could not wring From all his subjects gold enough To make the royal way less rough. For pleasure's highway, like the dames Whose premises adjoin it, claims Perpetual repairing. So The tax-collectors in a row Appeared before the throne to pray Their master to devise some way To swell the revenue. "So great," Said they, "are the demands of state A tithe of all that we collect Will scarcely meet them. Pray reflect: How, if one-tenth we must resign, Can we exist on t'other nine?" The monarch asked them in reply: "Has it occurred to you to try The advantage of economy?" "It has," the spokesman said: "we sold All of our gray garrotes of gold; With plated-ware we now compress The necks of those whom we assess. Plain iron forceps we employ To mitigate the miser's joy Who hoards, with greed that never tires, That which your Majesty requires." Deep lines of thought were seen to plow Their way across the royal brow. "Your state is desperate, no question; Pray favor me with a suggestion." "O King of Men," the spokesman said, "If you'll impose upon each head A tax, the augmented revenue We'll cheerfully divide with you." As flashes of the sun illume The parted storm-cloud's sullen gloom, The king smiled grimly. "I decree That it be so -- and, not to be In generosity outdone, Declare you, each and every one, Exempted from the operation Of this new law of capitation. But lest the people censure me Because they're bound and you are free, 'Twere well some clever scheme were laid By you this poll-tax to evade. I'll leave you now while you confer With my most trusted minister." The monarch from the throne-room walked And straightway in among them stalked A silent man, with brow concealed, Bare-armed -- his gleaming axe revealed! G.J. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Dan Rather | Well, in the same way that the U.S. military has names for operations such as Operation Desert Storm, Anaconda, the Israeli military has their version of that. And they do call this, you know, Operation Protective Wall. |
Rush Limbaugh | The Electoral College, in elegant operation for the duration of the Republic, must be abolished. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
George Washington | 1789-1797 | Measures are in operation for effecting treaties with the Regencies of Tunis and Tripoli. |
Thomas Jefferson | 1801-1809 | A prompt settlement, too, of all existing rights and claims within this territory presents itself as a preliminary operation. |
James Madison | 1809-1817 | Because experience witnesseth that ecclesiastical establishments, instead of maintaining the purity and efficacy of Religion, have had a contrary operation. |
John Quincy Adams | 1825-1829 | Its object was to balance the burdens upon native industry imposed by the operation of foreign laws, but not to aggravate the burdens of one section of the Union by the relief afforded to another. |
Andrew Jackson | 1829-1837 | But beyond this object we have already seen the operation of the system productive of discontent. |
Martin van Buren | 1837-1841 | Overlooking partial and temporary evils as inseparable from the practical operation of all human institutions, and looking only to the general result, every patriot has reason to be satisfied. |
Grover Cleveland | 1885-1889; 1893-1897 | We should never be ashamed of the simplicity and prudential economies which are best suited to the operation of a republican form of government and most compatible with the mission of the American people. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | I am confident the economic program we have put into operation will protect the needy while it triggers a recovery that will benefit all Americans. |
George Bush | 1989-1993 | American forces had just unleashed Operation Desert Storm. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Operation" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 99.48% of the time. "Operation" is used about 10,042 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 99.48% | 9,990 | 935 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.52% | 52 | 47,145 |
| Total | 100.00% | 10,042 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "operation": 3D boolean operation ♦ Agatston operation ♦ air logistic support operation ♦ airborne operation ♦ alternate operation ♦ amphibious operation ♦ AND operation ♦ anticrop operation ♦ antimateriel operation ♦ antisubmarine support operation ♦ antisurface air operation ♦ area interdiction operation ♦ arithmetic operation ♦ arithmetical operation ♦ asynchronous operation ♦ attended operation ♦ augmented operation code ♦ automated vehicle operation ♦ autonomous operation ♦ auxiliary operation ♦ average calculating operation ♦ basic arithmetical operation ♦ be in operation ♦ be out of operation ♦ bearish operation ♦ bidirectional operation ♦ binary arithmetic operation ♦ binary operation ♦ biological operation ♦ block operation ♦ boolean operation ♦ Boolean operation table ♦ bootstrap operation ♦ bring into operation ♦ business operation ♦ business operation cycle ♦ bypass operation ♦ caesarean operation ♦ caesarian operation ♦ caesurean operation ♦ cesarean operation ♦ clandestine operation ♦ clearing operation ♦ cognitive operation ♦ combined operation ♦ come into operation ♦ complete operation ♦ computer operation ♦ concurrent operation ♦ consecutive operation ♦ constrained current operation ♦ control operation ♦ counter air operation ♦ countermine operation ♦ covering operation ♦ covert operation ♦ deep operation ♦ defoliant operation ♦ delay operation ♦ delaying operation ♦ Distributive operation ♦ Don King's operation ♦ dyadic operation ♦ equivalence operation ♦ evolutionary operation ♦ exceptional operation ♦ feedback operation ♦ field of operation ♦ gilling operation ♦ go under an operation ♦ have a prostate operation ♦ have an operation ♦ hip operation ♦ hook operation ♦ in operation ♦ inadvertent operation ♦ integrated reservoirs operation ♦ intelligence operation ♦ interconnected operation ♦ joint amphibious operation ♦ joint operation ♦ key operation ♦ logic operation ♦ logical operation ♦ machine operation ♦ majority operation ♦ management operation system ♦ maritime operation ♦ mathematical operation ♦ matrix operation ♦ military operation ♦ mode of operation ♦ monadic operation ♦ multiplex operation ♦ NAND operation ♦ network operation ♦ NOR operation ♦ normal operation with successful outcome ♦ NOT operation ♦ offensive counter air operation ♦ offensive operation. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "operation": operation-and, operation-scarred. | |
Ending with "operation": non-co-operation, sub-operation. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "operation"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | operasie (surgical, surgical operation). (various references) | |
Albanian | operim (resection), operacion (manipulation, process, transaction), zhvillim (development, elaboration, evolution, growth, make, making, nurse, occurrence, progress, prosecution, treatment), veprim (act, action, activity, agency, deed, doing, engagement, fact, motion, move, movement, play, procedure, proceeding, reaction, step, transaction, turn), shfrytëzim (exercise, exertion, use, utilization, working), punë (affair, affairs, appointment, avocation, berth, business, concern, concernment, deed, doing, duty, employ, engagement, function, job, labor, labour, make, making, metier, movement, occupation, office, practice, question, service, shebang, slot, task, task-work, thing, work), përpunim (development, elaboration, formation, manipulation, manufacture, processing, recovery, refinement, rehash, treatment), përdorim (application, consumption, currency, deal, employment, exercise, exertion, exploitation, reclamation, usage, use, using, utilization, wear, wear and tear, working), funksionim (functioning, operating, running, working), drejtim (accost, administration, conduct, course, direction, directorship, disposal, drift, guide, headship, helm, lead, leadership, lie, line, management, manual, orientation, quarter, rectification, regimen, resort, run, set, steerage, supervision, tenor, trend, vector, way). (various references) | |
Arabic | عملية (process, sum), دخل حيز التنفيذ (effect, take effect), إدارة (administration, conduct, department, direction, directorate, dispensation, executive, helm, husbandry, management, rotation, running, stewardship, superintendence, trust), إستثمر (develop, exploit, invest, mine, monopolize, place, plough), إستثمار (development, exploitation, investment, placement, placing), العملية (practicability, procedure), دخل الخدمة, طبق (apply, carry out, clench, close, dish, effect, enforce, live, paten, plate, practise, tray, waiter), جِرَاحَة (surgery), عملية رياضية, عملية جراحية (surgery), عملية عسكرية, تشغيل (employment, implementation, running, working), حملة (attack, campaign, drive, expedition, push), قوة (ability, agency, arm, authority, birr, capacity, clout, dint, energy, faculty, force, forcefulness, forcing, hardihood, intension, intensity, iron, leverage, might, potency, power, severity, sinew, solidity, stamina, starch, stoutness, strength, vehemence, vigor, vigour, violence, virility, virtue), جرى عملية. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | управление (administration, bureau, charge, control, direction, directorate, governance, government, guidance, headquarters, helm, management, office, regimen, regiment, rule, superintendence), разработка (amplification, development, elaboration, treatment), работа (affair, avocation, berth, billet, business, char, concern, dealings, do, employ, employment, engagement, function, job, labor, labour, lay, line, matter, occasions, occupation, part, performance, place, ploy, proceedings, proposition, run, running, service, shebang, shop, show, situation, thing, undertaking, work, working, workmanship), ход (action, bat, course, current, foot, gait, going, lapse, motion, move, movement, pace, passage, passing, play, ploy, process, race, rate, run, running, stream, swing, tenor, tide, track, train, tread, twist, walk, way), операция (knife, operator), операционен (operating, operational, operative, surgical), опериране, начин на управление, манипулация (handling, manipulation, treatment), задвижване, експлоатация (exploitation, maintenance, working), процес (plea, process, trial), изпълнение (accomplishment, acquittal, acting, completion, discharge, effect, effectuation, enforcement, execution, exercise, implementation, interpretation, performance, pursuance, rendering, rendition, working out), действие (act, action, deed, effect, movements, performance, play, potency, process, run, scene, scourge). (various references) | |
Chinese | 運算 , 行動 (action, mobile, to move), 手術 (surgery, surgical operation), 操作 (manipulate, Manipulated, Manipulating, manipulation, OP, Operate, Operated, Operating, operations), 作業 (school assignment, task, to operate, work). (various references) | |
Czech | operace, obsluha (attendant, crew, manipulation, service, waiting), výkon (achievement, exercise, feat, output, performance, prosecution), transakce (deal, dealings, transaction), podnik (business, company, concern, enterprise, establishment, factory, firing, gala, joint, office), platnost (force, validity), pùsobení (action, agency, agents, coverage, effect, working), řízení (conduct, control, controls, direction, government, guidance, management, steering), úkon (act), úèinek (effect, impact, specificity), èinnost (action, activity, doing, doings, office, ploy, work, working). (various references) | |
Danish | operation (surgical operation). (various references) | |
Dutch | operatie (surgical operation), bewerking (adaptation, adjustment, cultivation, process, surgical operation, tillage), ingreep (surgical operation). (various references) | |
Esperanto | operacio (surgical operation). (various references) | |
Faeroese | tiltak (enterprise, surgical operation), skurðviðgerð (surgical operation). (various references) | |
Farsi | گرداندن (Inflect, Manage, Operate, Turquoise, Wheel, Wrest), گردش (Canter, Circuit, Gyration, Hike, Jaunt, Meander, Movement, Period, Progress, Promenade, Race, Rev, Roll, Stroll, Trip, Twirl, Wrest), وابسته به عمل , عمل جراحی (Surgery), عمل (Act, Experiment, Exploit, Function, Issue, Jest, Latitude, Ploy, Work), اداره (Bureau, Helm, Management, Office, Steerage). (various references) | |
Finnish | toiminta (action, activities, activity, function). (various references) | |
French | opération (surgical operation), exploitation (operation and management, operations). (various references) | |
German | Operation (job, surgery, surgical operation), Betrieb (business, bustle, carried on, company, concern, deadausser, down, enterprise, factory, management, mode, operating, prosecuted, running, undertaking, working, works), Arbeitsgang (cycle, pass, shop operation, work routine), bedienung (attendance, crew, handling, operating, service, service charge, sevice, staff, waiting, waitress), handhabung (handling, implementation, management, working). (various references) | |
Greek | λειτουργία (action, choral service, function, liturgy, mass, ministration, office, service), επιχείρηση (business, enterprise, proposition, undertaking). (various references) | |
Hebrew | תפעול (handling, working), פעולה (act, action, activity, deed, doing, function, performance), הפעלה (activation, implementation, setting in motion, start up), החלה (application, incidence), בצוע (achievement, carrying into effect, completion, execution, implementation, performance, pursuance, realization, rendering, rendition), נתיחה (operating, surgery), נתוח (analysis, examination, surgery). (various references) | |
Hungarian | operáció (op, surgery), mûvelet (action, operations), mûtét, mûködés (agency, behavior, behaviour, function, movement, pursuit), művelet (action, pass, procedure), műtét (op, surgery), harctevékenység (action, battle, combat, struggle), hadmûvelet (maneuver, manoeuvre, operations, ops), akció (action, share), üzemeltetés, üzemelés (run), ütközet (action, battle, combat, engagement, fight). (various references) | |
Indonesian | operasi, pembedelan. (various references) | |
Italian | operazione (attempt, enterprise, transaction), funzionamento (action, behavior, behaviour, functioning, run, running, working). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 演算 , 実施 (carry out, enact, enforcement, put into practice), 作動 (functioning, running), 作業 (fatigue duty, manufacturing, work), 作用 (action, effect, function), 操作 (management, processing), オプション取引 (medical operation, obelisk, oblisque, Omaha, omega, omelette, omelette rice, omit, omnibus, Omron Corporation, opaque, opcode, OPEC, opera, opera glasses, opera house, opera-comique, operand, operating, operating system, operating-system, operation center, operation code, operational, operational amplifier, operations, operations research, operator, operetta, opossum, opportunism, opportunist, opposition party, optical, optical art, optimism, optimist, optimistic, optimize, optimizer, option dealing, option trading, option transaction, optoelectronics, OR, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, OS), 操車 , 運転 (driving, motion), 施術 , 働き (ability, achievement, action, activity, conjugation, function, inflection, labor, motion, movement, talent, work, workings), 稼動 (actual work), 稼働 (actual work), 運営 (administration, management), 運転 (driving, motion), 操業 . (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | そうぎょう (dawn, daybreak, establishment, priestly attire, the form of a Buddhist priest), そうしゃ (bijection, instrumentalist, man in prime, mowing down, player, runner, strafing, sweeping with fire), そうさ (investigation, management, processing, scanning, search), しじゅつ, さぎょう (fatigue duty, manufacturing, work), さどう (differential motion, functioning, running, tea ceremony, Way of Tea), さよう (action, effect, function, indeed, like that, of that kind, so, such, that's right, well..., yes), うんてん (driving, motion), うんえい (administration, cloud shape, management), かどう (actual work, flower arrangement, influencingfor good, mobile, moveable, tanka poetry, versification, vortex), オペレーション , じっし (carry out, enact, enforcement, one's elder sister, one's own child, put into practice, the ten fingers), はたらき (ability, achievement, action, activity, conjugation, function, inflection, labor, motion, movement, talent, work, workings), えんざん (distant mountain). (various references) | |
Korean | 가동 (Movables, operations). (various references) | |
Manx | obbreeaght, obbraid, obbraghey (act, action, behaviour, behaviour of machines, crew, cultivate, elaboration, employment, exercise, forge, function, handle, handling, influence, labour, motion, operate, performance, ply, process, start, wangle; persuance, work, work up, wreak). (various references) | |
Papiamen | operashon (surgical operation). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | operationay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | operação (agency, run, surgical operation), trabalho (ado, craftsmanship, employment, function, hardship, job, job-, labor, labour, needlework, pain, painstaking, service, workmanship, works). (various references) | |
Portuguese Brazilian | funcionamento. (various references) | |
Romanian | operaţie (action, agency, intervention, process, reckoning, speculation, work), punere în funcţiune (release), proces (act, action, case, course, law, law case, law suit, process, suit, suit at law, trial), muncã (grub, job, labor, labour, service, task, work, working), lucru (act, activity, article, belongings, business, cert, deed, employment, happening, implement, job, labor, labour, matter, object, occurrence, predecessor, service, situation, thing, things, traps, work, working), desfãşurare (course, development, display, evolution, fireworks, March, passage, process, progress, spread, unfolding), activitate (action, activity, business, function, practice, work, working), acţiune (act, action, activity, agency, deed, feat, gesture, go, move, proceeding, share, speculation, story, undertaking, work), acţionare (acting, activities). (various references) | |
Russian | управление (administration, conduct, control, control of, direction, governance, government, guidance, handling, management, office, run, steerage, steering, stewardship, superintendence), эксплуатация (exploitation, maintenance, operational phase), рабочий процесс, работа (dead horse, duty, job, labor, labour, making, proceedings, service, work, working), функционирование;операция;управление, команда (command, company, crew, detail, instruction, squad, squady, team), операция (op, operations, procedure, surgeries), оператор (controller, instruction, operating surgeon, operator, statement, typist), манипуляция (manipulation), процесс (process), действие (act, action, agency, cardinal sin, deed, effect, motion, move, performance, play, reaction, service). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | operacija, zahvat (action, clutch, grip, hug, incidence, move), rukovanje (grip, guidance, guide, handling, handshake, handshaking, manipulation, ordering), pogon (drive, propulsion, section, shop), manipulacija (manipulation). (various references) | |
Spanish | operación (motion, transaction), manejo (control, driving, handling, horsemanship, management, running, usage, use), funcionamiento (action, behavior, behaviour, gear, lode, motion, passage, performance, running, working), explotación (development, exploitation, mining, running, sweating, working). (various references) | |
Swedish | operation (surgery, surgical operation), verksamhet (activating, activity, efficacy, function, occupation, play, working). (various references) | |
Turkish | operasyon (operational), yürürlük (effect, force), tatbikat (practice, sham battle), kullanma (driving, exercise, exploitation, handling, imposition, operating, tenure, usage, use, using, utilization, wear), işleyiş (mechanism, treatment), işletme (exploitation, hoax, keeping, leg pull, management, operating, operational, plant, running, undertaking, working, workings), işlem (banking, bargain, procedure, proceeding, process, processing, transaction, treatment), iş (activity, affair, appointment, assignment, ball game, billet, biz, business, calling, cause, commerce, concern, dealing, deed, doing, doings, employment, ergo-, function, gig, handiwork, job, metier, mission, occupation, occupational, piece, piece of work, place, ploy, post, profession, pursuit, racket, regulation, shop, show, spindle, stint, task, things to do, trade, work, working, workings, works), harekât (operational), hüküm (adjudication, assize, authority, award, conclusion, decision, deliverance, dicta, dictum, doom, estimate, fiat, judgement, predication, provision, proviso, rule, ruling, sentence, statute, verdict), etkinlik (activity, efficiency, forcefulness, strength, trenchancy), cerrahi müdahale (surgical intervention), ameliyat (operating, surgical), çalıştırma (actuation, employment, operating, operational, starting, training). (various references) | |
Turkmen | operasiяa (r). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | торговельна операція, процес (act, cause, process), битва (battle, combat, exploit, fight, war), бойові дії (action, ops, warfare), бій (action, affair, combat, fight, fighting), експлуатація (exploitation, working), вплив (action, ascendant, authority, effect, impact, influence, interest, pressure, reaction, weight), дія (act, action, deed, do, effect, performance, work), керування машиною, угода (accedence, agreement, compact, covenant, do, stipulation), фінансова операція, функціонування (functioning), цикл обробки, хірургічна операція, робота (action, business, job, labor, labour, occupation, performance, proceedings, work, working), розробка (working), управління машиною, військова операція (ops). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | sự hoạt động (activity), quá trình hoạt động thao tác hiệu quả, phép toán. (various references) | |
Welsh | gweithrediad (action), goruchwyliaeth (agency, dispensation, oversight, process). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Greek | 700 BCE-300 CE | energeia. (various references) |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | operatio, operatione, operationem, operationes, operationis, operationum. (various references) |
| Late Latin | 300-700 | operativus. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | 2 Corinthians Chapter 3, Verse 9 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Ei gar h diakonia thV katakrisewV doxa pollw mallon perisseuei h diakonia thV dikaiosunhV en doxh |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Nam si ministratio damnationis gloria est multo magis abundat ministerium iustitiae in gloria |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | For if the mynystracioun of dampnacioun was in glorie, myche more the mynysterie of riytwisnesse is plenteuouse in glorie. |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | For if ye ministringe of condempnacio beglorious: moche more do the the ministracion of rightewesnes excede in glory. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | For if the ministration of condemnation be glory, much more doth the ministration of righteousness exceed in glory. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | For if the ministration of condemnation was glory, much more doth the ministration of righteousness exceed in glory. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | For if the operation of the law, producing punishment, had its glory, how much greater will be the operation of the Spirit causing righteousness? |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | 2 Corinthians Chapter 3, Verse 9 |
| Cebuano | Kay kon masanagon man gani ang pag-alagad sa hukom sa silot, labaw pa gayud kaayo niini ang pagkamasanagon sa pag-alagad sa pagkamatarung. |
| Chinese | 若 是 定 罪 的 職 事 有 榮 光 、 那 稱 義 的 職 事 、 榮 光 就 越 發 大 了 。 |
| Croatian | Jer ako je služba osude bila slavna, mnogo je slavnija služba pravednosti. |
| Danish | Thi når Fordømmelsens Tjeneste havde Herlighed, er meget mere Retfærdighedens Tjeneste rig på Herlighed. |
| Dutch | Want indien de bediening der verdoemenis heerlijkheid geweest is, veel meer is de bediening der rechtvaardigheid overvloedig in heerlijkheid. |
| Finnish | Sillä jos kadotustuomion virka jo oli kirkkautta, niin on vanhurskauden virka vielä paljoa runsaammassa määrin kirkkautta. |
| French | Si le ministère de la condamnation a été glorieux, le ministère de la justice est de beaucoup supérieur en gloire. |
| German | Denn so das Amt, das die Verdammnis predigt, Klarheit hat, wie viel mehr hat das Amt, das die Gerechtigkeit predigt, überschwengliche Klarheit. |
| Haitian Creole | Travay ki t'ap fè yo kondannen moun lan te gen pouvwa, se vre! Nou pa bezwen mande ki kalite pouvwa ki dwe genyen nan travay k'ap fèt pou Bondye fè moun gras. |
| Hungarian | Mert ha a kárhoztatás szolgálata dicsõséges, mennyivel inkább dicsõséges az igazság szolgálata? |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Kalau perjanjian yang menghukum manusia itu begitu cemerlang, tentu terlebih cemerlang lagi perjanjian yang memungkinkan manusia berbaik dengan Allah. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Karena jikalau jawatan yang mendatangkan hukum itu menaruh kemuliaan, apatah lagi jawatan yang mendatangkan kebenaran melimpah dengan kemuliaan. |
| Latvian | Ja jau pazudinâðanas kalpoðanai ir sava godîba, tad daudz vairâk ðî godîba pârpilnîbâ ir taisnîbas kalpoðanai. |
| Maori | Na, mehemea te minitatanga o te whakatau he he kororia, heoi hira rawa atu te kororia o te minitatanga o te tika. |
| Norwegian | For dersom fordømmelsens tjeneste er herlighet, da er rettferdighetens tjeneste ennu langt mere rik på herlighet; |
| Rumanian | Dacq slujba aducqtoare de oskndq, a fost slqvitq, cu ckt mai mult o kntrece kn slavq slujba aducqtoare de neprihqnire? |
| Shuar | Kame mesertinnium ejeana Nú chicham winchajai susamuyayi. Tura nujai nankaamas Yúsnum ejeana Nú chichamka Yus iimmianum pénkeraiti. |
| Swahili | Ikiwa basi, kulikuwa na utukufu katika huduma ile iliyoleta hukumu, ni wazi kwamba huduma ile iletayo kukubaliwa kuwa waadilifu itakuwa na utukufu mkuu zaidi. |
| Swedish | Ty om redan fördömelsens ämbete var härligt, så måste rättfärdighetens ämbete ännu mycket mer överflöda av härlighet. |
| Uma | To Yahudi owi jadi' masala' hi poncilo Alata'ala apa' ratiboki Atura-na. Aga nau' wae, uma mowo kabaraka' -na Alata'ala to rahilo to Yahudi nto'u toe. Jadi', hangkedi' kabaraka' -na Pojanci Alata'ala to bo'u, apa' Pojanci-na toe mpomonoa' -ta hi poncilo-na. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "operation": operational, operationalism, operationalisms, operationalist, operationalistic, operationalists, operationally, operationism, operationisms, operationist, operationists, operations. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "operation": cooperation, noncooperation, reoperation. (additional references) | |
Words containing "operation": cooperationist, cooperationists, cooperations, noncooperationist, noncooperationists, noncooperations, nonoperational, preoperational, reoperations. (additional references) | |
| |
"Operation" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: aparation, epuration, ooperation, opcration, operarios, operati, operationed, Operazione, opersation, opertion, opperation, orperation, peration, popperlation, toperation. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "operation" (pronounced Ä'perā"shun) |
| 7 | Ä' p er ā" sh u n | cooperation. |
| 6 | -p er ā" sh u n | aspiration, corporation, desperation, evaporation, exasperation, expiration, incorporation, inspiration, perspiration, preparation, recuperation, reincorporation, reparation, respiration, separation. |
| 5 | -er ā" sh u n | federation, figuration, acceleration, aberration, admiration, adoration, agglomeration, alteration, amelioration, cogeneration, collaboration, coloration, commemoration, confederation, configuration, conglomeration, consideration, corroboration, deceleration, declaration, decoration, degeneration, deliberation, discoloration, elaboration, enumeration, exaggeration, exhilaration, exoneration, exploration, generation, inauguration, incarceration, laceration, liberation, maturation, moderation, nonproliferation, perforation, proliferation, reconfiguration, reconsideration, redecoration, refrigeration, regeneration, reinvigoration, reiteration, remuneration, restoration, reverberation, saturation, toleration. |
| 4 | -ā" sh u n | facilitation, falsification, fascination, fermentation, fertilization, fibrillation, filtration, abrogation, acclimation, accommodation, abbreviation, abdication, abomination, accreditation, accumulation, accusation, acidification, activation, adaptation, adjudication, administration, adulation, advocation, affectation, affiliation, affirmation, aggravation, agitation, alienation, allegation, alleviation, allocation, alphabetization, altercation, amalgamation, amortization, amplification, amputation, animation, annexation, annihilation, annotation, anticipation, antidiscrimination, appellation, application, appreciation, approbation, appropriation, approximation, arbitration, argumentation, articulation, assassination, assimilation, association, augmentation, authentication, authorization, automation, aviation, avocation, balkanization, bifurcation, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, carnation, castration, categorization, causation, celebration, centralization, certification, cessation, cetacean, characterization, citation, civilization, clarification, classification, coagulation, codification, cogitation, cohabitation, collectivization, colonization, colorization, combination, commendation, commercialization, communication, communization, compensation, compilation, complication, computation, computerization, concatenation, concentration, conciliation, condemnation, condensation, confabulation, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, confrontation, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, connotation, consecration, conservation, consolation, consolidation, constellation, consternation, constipation, consultation, consummation, contamination, contemplation, continuation, conversation, convocation, coordination, coronation, correlation, creation, cremation, criminalization, crustacean, culmination, cultivation, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, decapitation, decentralization, decertification, decontamination, decriminalization, dedication, defamation, deflation, deforestation, deformation, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deification, deinstitutionalization, delegation, delineation, demarcation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, denationalization, denomination, denuclearization, denunciation, depopulation, deportation, depravation, depreciation, depredation, deprivation, deregulation, derivation, desalination, desalinization, desecration, desegregation, desiccation, designation, desolation, destabilization, destination, determination, detonation, detoxication, detoxification, devaluation, devastation, deviation, dictation, differentiation, dilatation, dilation, discontinuation, discrimination, disembarkation, disinclination, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorganization, disorientation, dispensation, disputation, disqualification, dissemination, dissertation, dissipation, dissociation, distillation, diversification, divination, documentation, domestication, domination, donation, dramatization, duplication, duration, echolocation, edification, education, ejaculation, elation, electrification, elevation, elimination, elongation, emanation, emancipation, embarkation, emigration, emulation, equalization, equitation, equivocation, eradication, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evocation, exacerbation, examination, excavation, excitation, exclamation, excommunication, exfoliation, exhalation, exhortation, exhumation, expatriation, expectation, experimentation, explanation, explication, exploitation, expropriation, extermination, extrapolation, fabrication, fixation, flirtation, flotation, fluctuation, fluoridation, foliation, formation, formulation, fortification, foundation, fragmentation, frustration, fumigation, gasification, gastrulation, generalization, gentrification, germination, gestation, glaciation, globalization, glorification, gradation, graduation, granulation, gratification, gravitation, gyration, habitation, hallucination, harmonization, hesitation, hibernation, hospitalization, humiliation, hybridization, hydration, hydrogenation, hyperinflation, identification, illumination, illustration, imagination, imitation, immigration, immunization, impersonation, implantation, implementation, implication, importation, impregnation, improvisation, imputation, inactivation, incantation, incapacitation, incarnation, inclination, incoordination, incrimination, incrustation, incubation, indemnification, indentation, indexation, indication, indignation, indoctrination, industrialization, infatuation, infestation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, information, inhabitation, inhalation, initiation, innovation, inoculation, insemination, insinuation, installation, instigation, institutionalization, instrumentation, insubordination, insulation, integration, intensification, internationalization, interpretation, interrogation, intimation, intimidation, intonation, intoxication, inundation, invalidation, investigation, invitation, invocation, ionization, irradiation, irrigation, irritation, isolation, jubilation, justification, lactation, legalization, legislation, levitation, liberalization, libration, ligation, limitation, liquidation, litigation, localization, location, lubrication, machination, magnetization, magnification, malformation, manifestation, manipulation, marginalization, masturbation, maximization, mechanization, mediation, medication, meditation, menstruation, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, misappropriation, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscommunication, miscreation, misidentification, misinformation, misinterpretation, misrepresentation, mitigation, mobilization, modernization, modification, modulation, molestation, monopolization, motivation, multiplication, mummification, mutation, mutilation, narration, nation, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, negotiation, neutralization, nitration, nomination, nondiscrimination, normalization, notation, notification, nucleation, nullification, obfuscation, obligation, observation, occupation, optimization, oration, orchestration, ordination, organisation, organization, orientation, origination, ornamentation, oscillation, ossification, ostentation, ovation, overpopulation, overregulation, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pacification, pagination, palpitation, participation, pasteurization, penetration, permutation, perpetuation, personalization, personification, perturbation, pigmentation, plantation, polarization, politicization, pollination, pontification, popularization, population, precipitation, predestination, prefabrication, premeditation, preoccupation, presentation, preservation, pressurization, privation, privatization, probation, proclamation, procrastination, procreation, profanation, prognostication, pronunciation, propagation, proration, prostration, protestation, provocation, publication, punctuation, purification, qualification, quantification, quotation, radiation, radicalization, ramification, ratification, rationalization, reaffirmation, realization, reallocation, reauthorization, recalculation, recantation, recapitalization, recertification, recitation, reclamation, reclassification, recommendation, reconciliation, reconfirmation, recreation, recrimination, rectification, rededication, reevaluation, reexamination, reflation, reforestation, reformation, refutation, regimentation, registration, regulation, rehabilitation, rehydration, reincarnation, reinterpretation, rejuvenation, relation, relaxation, relocation, remediation, renationalization, renegotiation, renomination, renovation, renunciation, reorganization, repatriation, replication, representation, repudiation, reputation, reregulation, reservation, resignation, resuscitation, retaliation, retardation, reunification, revaluation, revelation, revitalization, revocation, rotation, rumination, salvation, sanctification, sanitation, saponification, securitization, sedation, sedimentation, segmentation, segregation, sensation, sequestration, simplification, simulation, situation, socialization, solicitation, sophistication, specialization, specification, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, stagnation, standardization, starvation, station, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, subordination, subsidization, substantiation, suburbanization, suffocation, summation, superstation, syndication, tabulation, taxation, telecommunication, temptation, termination, titillation, transformation, transillumination, translation, transplantation, transportation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, undervaluation, unification, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vacation, vaccination, vacillation, validation, valuation, vaporization, variation, vegetation, ventilation, verification, vibration, victimization, vilification, vindication, violation, visitation, visualization, vocation, vulgarization, westernization. |
| 3 | -sh u n | faction, fashion, fiction, fission, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, accession, abduction, abolition, abortion, accretion, acquisition, action, addiction, addition, admission, admonition, adoption, advection, affection, affliction, aggression, alliteration, alternation, ambition, ammunition, antiabortion, anticorruption, apparition, apportion, apprehension, ascension, ashen, assertion, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, beautician, benediction, brutalization, caption, carburetion, caution, circulation, circumspection, clinician, coalition, coercion, cognition, collection, commission, commotion, compassion, competition, completion, complexion, composition, comprehension, compression, compulsion, compunction, conception, conceptualization, concession, concoction, concussion, condescension, condition, conduction, confection, confession, conjunction, connection, conniption, conscription, constitution, constriction, construction, consumption, contention, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conviction, convolution, convulsion, correction, corruption, counterrevolution, crucifixion, cushion, deception, decimation, decommission, decomposition, decompression, deconstruction, deduction, defection, definition, deletion, demolition, demotion, dentition, depiction, depletion, deposition, depression, dereliction, description, desertion, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, devolution, devotion, diction, dietitian, diffraction, digression, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, disconnection, discretion, discussion, disinfection, disposition, disruption, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissension, dissolution, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, dysfunction, edition, egyptian, ejection, election, electrician, electrocution, elocution, emission, emotion, emulsion, encryption, erection, erudition, eruption, eviction, evolution, exaction, exception, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exhibition, expansion, expedition, exposition, expression, expulsion, extension, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, flexion, formalization, fraction, freshen, friction, fruition, function, gentian, geriatrician, gumption, hessian, homogenization, hypertension, hypotension, ignition, impassion, imperfection, imposition, impression, inaction, inception, incineration, indiscretion, induction, infarction, infection, inflection, infliction, infraction, inhibition, injection, injunction, inquisition, inscription, insertion, inspection, institution, instruction, insurrection, interaction, interception, intercession, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, interruption, intersection, introduction, introspection, intuition, invention, junction, jurisdiction, juxtaposition, lilliputian, liposuction, liquefaction, locomotion, logician, lotion, magician, malfunction, malnutrition, mansion, martian, mathematician, mention, midsection, misapprehension, misconception, misimpression, misperception, mission, mortician, motion, munition, musician, nonaggression, nonfiction, nonprescription, notion, nutrition, objection, obsession, obstetrician, obstruction, ocean, omission, opposition, oppression, optician, option, overconsumption, overexpansion, overproduction, overprotection, overreaction, oversimplification, partition, passion, patrician, pediatrician, pension, perception, percussion, perfection, permission, persecution, petition, physician, politician, pollution, portion, position, possession, potion, precaution, precession, preconception, precondition, prediction, predilection, predisposition, preelection, preemption, preignition, premonition, prescription, presumption, presupposition, pretension, prevention, procession, production, profession, progression, prohibition, projection, promotion, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proscription, prosecution, prostitution, protection, ration, reaction, reassertion, reception, recession, recognition, recollection, recondition, reconstruction, redefinition, redemption, redirection, redistribution, reduction, reeducation, reelection, reflection, regression, reimposition, reinspection, reintegration, reintroduction, reinvention, rejection, remission, rendition, repercussion, repetition, reposition, repossession, repression, reproduction, requisition, resolution, restitution, restriction, resumption, resurrection, retention, retraction, retransmission, retribution, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, sanction, satisfaction, secession, secretion, section, sedition, seduction, selection, session, solution, statistician, submission, subscription, subsection, substation, substitution, subtraction, succession, suction, superstition, supposition, suppression, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, tactician, technician, tension, theoretician, titian, traction, tradition, transaction, transcription, transection, transgression, transition, transmission, tuition, venetian, volition, workstation. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-e-i-n-o-o-p-r-t" | |
-1 letter: atropine. | |
-2 letters: atropin, operant, oration, painter, patroon, pertain, pointer, portion, pronate, pronota, protean, protein, repaint, tropine. | |
-3 letters: aroint, arpent, atoner, enrapt, enroot, entrap, norite, operon, opiate, option, orient, ornate, orpine, panier, pantie, parent, parton, patine, patron, pineta, pirate, pointe, potion, pronto, protea, protei, proton, pterin, rapine, ratine, ration, ratoon, retain, retina, tarpon, teopan. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-e-i-n-o-o-p-r-t" | |
+1 letter: fortepiano, operations, peroration, pianoforte, propionate. | |
+2 letters: aponeurotic, apportioned, cooperating, cooperation, deportation, evaporation, exploration, exportation, fortepianos, incorporate, nonoperatic, operational, percolation, perforation, periodontal, perorations, personation, pianofortes, potentiator, probationer, procreation, propionates, reapportion, reoperation, reprobation. | |
+3 letters: anisotropies, cooperations, deportations, enantiomorph, evaporations, explorations, exportations, flavoprotein, impersonator, incorporated, incorporates, interpolator, metropolitan, nonoperating, nonoperative, operationism, operationist, organoleptic, percolations, perforations, perorational, personations, potentiators, preformation, probationers, procreations, projectional, protestation, reapportions, reoccupation, reoperations, repopulation, reprobations. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Familiar 10. Quotations: Historic 11. Quotations: Fiction 12. Quotations: Non-fiction | 13. Quotations: Spoken 14. Quotations: Speeches 15. Usage Frequency 16. Expressions | 17. Expressions: Internet 18. Translations: Modern 19. Translations: Ancient 20. Bible Trace | 21. Abbreviations 22. Acronyms 23. Derivations 24. Rhymes | 25. Anagrams 26. Bibliography |
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